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. , [+] = 10 -3 /, [-] : [-] = i / [+] = 10 -14 / 10 -3 = 10 -11

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1. :

2. , : ) ________________________________________________ ) _______________________________________________

3. , (1) (2): ) 1 = 2 ____________________________________________________ ) 1 2 ____________________________________________________

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7. ______________________________________________

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8. 1) 2S4, 2) N, 3) 2S, 4) l ________________________________________________________________

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l_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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11. AgJ (gN3 + J = gJ + N3), J ?______________________________________________________

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[+] []

l NaOH H2O Nal

NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4

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1. ? ) 180,0 ) 104,3

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) 3N, ) N24.

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Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2S2O3 H2S2O3 = H2O + SO2 + S .

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Na2S2O3 = /+

t,

V = 1/ t Na2S2O3

() H2O ()

1 6

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2 4 2

3 3 3

4 2 4

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3. . , ,

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, ,

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2. = 3,

27 ? , 20 50 8 ?

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4. , , :

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5. 2 + l2 = 2l, ? ________________________________________________________________

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6. :

) l2 + 2 = 2 + 2l + Q ) FeO+ H2 = Fe + H2O H 0

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7. ) 32 + N2 = 2N3 ) 2N2 = N24 ? ) ________________________________________________________________

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1. : r2 2Br ? ) , ) ,

) , ) .

2. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2 ? ) V = k [O2], ) V = k [NO]2 [O2],

) V = k [NO2], ) V = k [NO2]/[O2 ],

3. + 2 = 2 ? ) V =k [C][CO2], ) V = k [O2],

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) V =k[CO2], )V =/t.

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1 (N). , . ,

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:

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2. (III) : 2

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:___________________________________________________

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4. . : 1

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: 3 ; : :

OH OH

CH2 - CH2

OH

CH2 - CH - CH2

OHOH

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,

:

1 () 2 ();

CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH2OH ; OH

CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3

OH

H3C - C - CH3

CH3

2- 2 ();

.

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.

1. :

2 3 + 2Na 2 CH3ONa + H2

3 + NaOH CH3ONa + H2O

, ,

:

RONa ROH + NaOH; 2. :

25 + 3 25 3 + 2; -

3. ( ): ) 3 + 3 33 + 2; - ;

CH2O - C = OC17H35

CH2O - C = OC17H35

CHO - C = OC17H35

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

C17H35COOH + H2O+

-

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) 3 + N3 3NO2 + H2O;

-

4. , , ,

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) : 3 2 + [] 3 = + 2 ) : 3 3 + [] 3 3 + 2

) .

5. . , :

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:

) : 3 2 + Cl2 l32 + 3Cl;

) , :

2 = 2 + 2 3 2 2; -1 -1

,

, . OH

:

1. ; 65 + 3 653 + 2;

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3 + 65 365 + 2; -

2. , .

65 + NaOH C6H5ONa + 2; 3. . .

65 + Br2 C6H4BrOH + HBr; 4. ( ):

65 + FeCl3 (C6H5O)3Fe + 3HCl; () ( ). .

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, , , 57()5, 68()6 .

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1. () CH2 CH CH2 + [O] CH2 CH C = O + H2O OH OH OH OH OH H

2. .

CH2 CH CH2 + [O] CH2 C CH2 + H2O OH OH OH OH O OH

3. .

CH2O - C = OC17H35

CH2O - C = OC17H35

CHO - C = OC17H35

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

C17H35COOH + H2O+

4. .

Copyright & A K-C

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.

.

CH2 CH CH2 + u(OH)2 CH2 CH CH2 + H2O OH OH OH OH O O Cu ( )

.

, ( C = O) , ( ) = = , - ,

.

( ) ( ). , :

C=OH

H

, () C=O

HCH3

, C=O

HC2H5

, .

.

.

1. ( ).

3 = + g2 3 + 2g

2. ( ).

C=OH

CH3 CH3COOH + Cu2O + H2OCu(OH)2+

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3. .

.

3 = + 2 3 2

CH3

CH3

CH3 - CHOH - CH3C = O H2+

2 4. . .

.

C=OH

R1 - OHR R - CH - O - R1OH

+

1. : ,

( ), .

()

( )

) -

) -

Copyright & A K-C

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)

)

) -

) - -

2. .

) CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3

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) 3

3

______________________________________________________

) CH3 C= CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C= CH2 CH3 ____________________________________________________________

) C=

2

2

C= 2

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3. :

) 1--3-, ________________________________________________________________

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) 3--2-, ________________________________________________________________

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) 1,4- ________________________________________________________________

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4.

2--1, 2--2, .

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5. , .

-

Na

(Na2O, NaOH)

(. u()2)

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ROH

3

[]

6. :

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) -2 ________________________________________________________________

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) (III) ________________________________________________________________

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) -1, ________________________________________________________________

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) 3--2? ________________________________________________________________

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10. :

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)

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1. , , ? ) )

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4. 2,3 - -1 ? ) 2,3 ) 2,3

) 2,3 ) 2,2

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) - 2 ) 2 - -3

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:

Copyright & A K-C

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1. (, , , , ).

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: C = O

OH

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() (), , , .

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-

.

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45

, ,

.

,

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R COOH n H2n+1 COOH.

:

3

25

37

49 ..

1531

1735

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Copyright & A K-C

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C = OOH

R R - C = OO

H+

+

,

.

.

.

,

, , .

C = OR R - C = OONa

H2O + CO2OH

Na2CO3 ++

, ,

(1531Na) , (C15 31) . .

R - COONa + HOH R - COOH + OH-Na+

.

,

.

, .

1. :

CH2O - C = OC17H35

CH2O - C = OC17H35

CHO - C = OC17H35

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

C17H35COOH + H2O+

2. : 3 + N3 3N2 + H2O;

3. : 3 - + 3 Cl2 Cl3 + 3 l;

.

30 % .

Copyright & A K-C

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( ). .

2 = - () 3 = - -2- ()

: 1733 - ( ) 1731 - ( ) 1729 - ( ) , ,

-, .

C=CH

OHHOOC

CH3C=C

CH3COOH

HO H

-2- -2-

(, , ..) .

, , .

1.2 = + NaOH CH2 = CH COONa + H2O;

() 2. 2 = + 3 2 = 3 + 2;

() 3. 2 = - + 2 3 2

() - 4. 2 = + 3

() - 2 ( -)

:

3 - (2)7 = (2)7 + [O] + 3 (2)7 (2)7 -

Copyright & A K-C

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.

.

.

2

2 2

(2)3 . .

,

, .

, .

,

- 2.

1. ,

:

HOOC COOH -OOC COOH + H+ -OOC COO- + 2H+

2. .

+ NaOH HOOC COONa + H2O; - -

Na + Na NaOOC CNa + H2O; -

3. , .

- + 3 - 3 + 2

- -

- 3 + 3 3 - 3 + 2; -

4. . ,

.

,

- 2.

[] - (2)3 CH3 (CH2)2 - COOH + CO2

Copyright & A K-C

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: ,

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( ), .

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COOH

COOHCOOH

.

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.

1. : 65 + Na OH C6H5COONa + H2O

2. : 65 + N2 64NO2COOH + H2O ,

, .

.

,

, , .

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CH3 - CH - COOH

OH

CH3 - CH - CH2 - COOHOH

HOOC - CH2 - CH - COOHOH

:

.

.

(10 ). .

,

, .

, ,

, .

CH3 - C - COOH

O ()

CH3 - C - CH2 - COOH

O

HOOC - C - CH2 - COOH

O - ()

HOOC - C - CH2 - CH2 - COOH

O - -

-

; - - . , -

,

, :

CH3 - C - COOH + H2O

CH3 - CHOH - COOH

()

Copyright & A K-C

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1. , 482. .

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2. : )

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3.

1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 3. 6.

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1.

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2.

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3.

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7.

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1.___________________________________________________________

2.___________________________________________________________

3.___________________________________________________________

Copyright & A K-C

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4.___________________________________________________________

5. , .

.

2 =

65

Na

(Na2O, NaOH)

ROH

2

2

Copyright & A K-C

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N2

6. . :

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1. 3 2 -

3 3

) 2,4 , ) 2,4 - ,

) , ) 2,3 .

2. 3 = ? ) 2, ) 4,

) 5, ) 3.

3. ? ) , ) ,

) , ) .

Copyright & A K-C

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4. 2 2- ? ) , ) ,

) , ) .

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:

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)

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: ,

, , 20% , ,

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1. . 3 10 .

( ) 1 .

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2 1%- NaOH. ( )

. .

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2. . 1 20%-

HN3. .

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3. . ) 2 3

. ; ) 23

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5. ( ).

. 1 , - . 1 30% - 1 . .

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6. . ,

1 , , , , 1 , .

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Copyright & A K-C

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:

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7. .

5 0,1 . , 0,1 . NaCl. 23 . 0,02 . NaOH , .

0,02 . 1. NaCl. , NaCl. .

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,

.

:

1. , , , , .

2. , . . 3. . . . . 4. . .

5. , (). 6. : , , , . .

7. . , . .

( ). 8. ( ).

(- NO2 , - NH2 , = NH , - HN = NH = N NH2 , - N = N- ) , .

,

.

,

(3 - 2 - NH2 - , 3 NH2

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65

). , , ,

.

, , : CH3 - NH2 CH3 - NH - CH3 CH3 - N - CH3

CH3

() () (). ,

: CH3 - CH2 - COOH + NH3 = CH3 - CH2 - CO - NH2 + H2O

,

,

.

.

( ) - :

CH2 - COOHCH3 - CH - COOH

NH2 NH2

:

HOOC - CH - CH2 - COOH HOOC - CH - CH2 - CH2 - COOHNH2NH2

: NH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - COOH

NH2

: :

CH2 - CH - COOHNH2

CH2 - CH - COOHNH2HO

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66

:

CH2 - CH - COOHNH2N

N = C

CHHCNH

CH2 - CH - COOHNH2

20 . (

) N2 2

()

N2

3

()

N2

3 3

() *

N2

2

3

() *

N2

3

2 3

() *

N2

2

()

N2

2

2

()

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67

N2

2

()

N2

3

() *

N2

2

S

()

N2

2

2

S 3

() *

N2

(2)3 NH

N2 = NH

()

N2

(2)4 NH2

() *

N2

2

N

C N

()

N

2 2 2

()

N2

2

65

() *

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68

N2

2

64

()

N2

2

N

() *

N2

2

N2

()

N2

2

2

N2

()

*

.

, () .

.

2- 2

N2 N3+

-

.

CH3 - CH - COOH

NH2

HCl = CH3 - CH - COOH

NH3Cl

CH3 - CH - COOH

NH3+

CL-+

:

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69

CH3 - CH - COOH

NH2

NaOH CH3 - CH - COONa + H2O

NH2

CH3 - CH - COO- +

NH2

Na+

+OH

,

.

,

.

3-- + 2- 3---N-2-+2 N2 N2 N2

(- - N - ) , - .

,

. ,

, .

:

1. ? .

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________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. ,

, :

) 2--3-,

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70

__________________________________________________________________

) 2,4--3,3-,

_________________________________________________________________

) 2--2-,

_________________________________________________________________

) 1--2-.

_________________________________________________________________

3. , , :

) 2-,

______________________________________________________________

) ,

______________________________________________________________

) ,

______________________________________________________________

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71

) 1,5-,

______________________________________________________________

4. ? .

____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. : ) ;

________________________________________________________________

) ,

________________________________________________________________

) .

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72

________________________________________________________________

6. , : ) , ) , ) . )

________________________________________________________________

)

________________________________________________________________

)

________________________________________________________________

7. , , .

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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73

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

8. ? .

____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

9. , .

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74

1. ? ) , - NH2, ) =NH,

) ,

) NO2

2. ? ) NH2, ) = NH,

) = N, ) - NO2.

3. ? ) 25 NH2, ) 3 ONH4,

) 2 2- NH2, ) 65 2 NH2 .

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75

4. : ) , ) ,

) , ) .

5. : ) ( ), ) ( ),

) ( ), ) ( )

.

6. ? ) , ) ,

) , ) .

7. (3 NH2 )? ) ,

) ,

) , ) .

8. - : ) , ) ,

) , ) .

9. ? ) , ) ,

) , ) .

10. ? ) , ) ,

) , ) .

:

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76

1 .

.. . .

.

:

1. . 2. - . 3. ... 4. . 5. . . 6. . 7. , , .

1. , : ) 13 ; ) 55n ; ) 97. :__________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. : 126

178

2

6 12 8

6 13 12 10

6 10 10 10

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77

0 2 0 1+

3. . ?

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4. , , : Li, Be, F, S, Cl ?

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

5. : )F Cl Br I , )Li Na K Rb , ) S Se Te Po, ) Si P S Cl. .

:______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

6. ? : ) 3s2 ) 4s2 ) 3s1 ) 4s1. .

:______________________________________________________

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78

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

7. , -, : ) 0, ) 3, ) 2, ) 1. .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

8. ? . ) Na, Mg, Al, Si ) Li, Be, , ) P, S, CI, Ar ) F, O, N,

:______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

9. R2O3 R2O5 : ) ; ) ; ) ; )

10. : ) Li ) Be )B )S

11. : ) BeCl2 ) ZnCl2 ; ) NaCl; ) CCl4? .

: __________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

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12. : )NH3; )CO2(); ) H2O() )Fe()? .

: __________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

13. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:__________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

14. ( ):

) ) ) ) )

15. sp3 : ) SO2 ; ) BF3 ; ) H2O ; ) BeF2 .

:__________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

16. : )

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; ) ? :_________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

17. : ) 2 ; ) NH3 ; )BaCl2; ) . .

:_________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

18. : ) H2S ; ) KCl ; ) ; ) N2 .

:__________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

19. , : ) SO2; ) 2S; ) H2O; ) BeF2 .

20. : ) ()3, ) ()3, ) l()3, ) ()3.

21. (II) 50 450 . (%) (II) .

_____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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81

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

22. , 0,23 , 4,6 .

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________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

23. 1 , 98 % (= 1,837 /). .

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________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

24. 2 0,2 .

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________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________

25. , 300 0,2 .

_____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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82

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

26. , 0,02 2 .

_____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

27. Na2SO4 350 Na2SO4 0,50 ?

_____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

28. 250 . 340 /. 0,28 9 . .

_____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

29. 20%-

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60%- , 200 30%- ? _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

30. = 13. 100% .

_____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2 :

.

:

1. . . . 2. . ( ). 3. , , . 4. - .

1. , :

CuS + HNO3 Cu(N3)2 + H2SO4 + N2 + H2O :_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. , : ) H2S; ) H2SO3; ) H2SO4; ) Na2S4?

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84

.

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3. , +4, : ) Li2SO4 )FeS2 , ) Na2SO3, )KHSO4

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4. : ) 2n4; ) n2; ) n: ) n4; ) n3? .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

5. : ) S; ) H2S3; ) H2S; ) H2S4 ?

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

6. , : ) H2S; ) n4; ) Ag; ) F2; ) S ?

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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7. - : K2MnO4 + CI2 KMnO4 + KCl .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

8. - :

HgS + HN3 + 1 HgCI2 + S + NO + 2 :_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

9. : IO2 + ()2 (IO2)2 + (lO3)2 + 2 .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

10. Nal + H2SO4 + NalO3 Na2SO4 + I2 + H2O

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) :_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

11. , 1 - J2 + Cl2 + H2O HJO3 + HCl?

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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86

________________________________________________________________

12. , : Fe, Ca, Pb, A1, u.

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

13. : ) u; ) Pb; ) Ag; ) Zn; ) Pt. .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

14. : ) Na1; ) l2; ) MgSO4; ) Pb(NO3)2. ? .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

15. , Fe(NO3)3 c 1 /, , (N3)2 c 0,02 /. , . 0Fe/Fe

3+

= 0,036 ; 0/

2+ = 0,277 .

:____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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87

________________________________________________________________

16. . :_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

17. . .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

18. - Na2S4? .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

19. AgN3. .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

20. CuS4. . .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

21.

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: ) KI ; ) CuSO4 ; ) H2S ; ) C2H5OH. . :_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

22. : ) KI ; ) CuSO4 ; )H2SO4 ; ) NaOH .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

23. Zn|Zn2+||Pb2+|Pb, ) , ) , ) , ) . .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

24. (II), 22,4 (..)? :________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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25. , 2SO4, 5 , 2.

:____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

26. 71 . ( 100%).

:____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

27. . ? ?

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

28. . ,

. .

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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29. ?

:_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

30. , : , , , .

? :_______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3

.

.

:

1. .

2. .. . 3. . . .

.

4. . , .

5. . : .

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91

6. : .

1. : ______________________________.

2. . , , :

) ; ) ; ) . : _____________________________________________________

3. : ) ; ) (II); ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

4. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

: ______________________________________________________

5. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

: ______________________________________________________

6. , , : ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

7. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

8. : )

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; ) ; ) . :_______________________________________________________

9. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

10. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

11. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

: ______________________________________________________

12. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

13. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

14. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

15. : ) -; ) --; ) - ; ) - .

:_______________________________________________________

16. , , : ) ; ) ; ) ; )

: ______________________________________________________

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17. , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

18. : _____________ , ______________________________ .

19. : ) ; ) ; ) - ; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

20. , , ,

: ) ; ) ; ) -; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

21. , , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) -.

:_______________________________________________________

22. : ) ; ) ; ) -; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

23. . - ,

) ; ) ; ) ; )

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94

:_______________________________________________________

24. , , , : ) ; ) ; ) ; )

:_______________________________________________________

25. : ) ; ) ; ) ; )

:_______________________________________________________

26. , :

:_______________________________________________________

27. - SO42- : ) Ba2+ ) N+ ) OH- ) Ag.

:_______________________________________________________

28. , Fe3+, :

29. , ,

) Na+ 1. ) K+ 2. ) Cu2+ 3.

4.

) , - 1. - ) , NH4SCN, SCN- 2. ) K4[Fe(CN)6], Fe(CN)64-

3. -

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95

: ) ; ) ; ) ; )

:_______________________________________________________

30. NH4+ : ) , -; ) , NH4SCN; ) K4[Fe(CN)6]; ) .

:_______________________________________________________

1. . , .

2. . -, . 3. . . 4. . . . 5. . . .

6. . . .

7. . . . . .

. .

8. - . . .

9. . . . .

10. . , , . .

11. . . .

.

12. . .

13. . . 14. . . . , . . .

15. . . .

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16. .. .

17. . .

18. . .

19. . . . . . .

20. . .

.

21. . . . 22. . . . 23. . . 24. . , . 25. . . . . .

26. . . 27. . . . . .

28. 29. . . 30. . 31. . . . .

32. . .

33. , .

34. . .

35. . . . . . . .

36. : , , , . .

37. . .

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38. . , . .

39. . 40. . . .

41. . 42. .

1. , . . : . .: , 1998. 544 . 2. , . . : . .: , 1999. 679 . 3. , . ., . . . . . .: . 2001 768 . 4. , . . . .-.: , 1995. 286 . 5. , . ., . ., . ., . . . - , - . 2000. 503. 6. , . . : . .: , 1986. 704. 7. , . . : . . ., 2003. 621. 8. , . ., . . . .: , 1994. 450 . 9. , .. : ( ) / .. , ... : , 2009. 146. 10. , .. / .. , .. . : , 2009. 116. 11. , . . . .: , 1990 . 358. . 12. , . . . .: , 2001. 496 . 13. , . : . . .: , 2002. 448 .

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14. , . , . . : .: , 1991. 432 . 15. http://www.xumuk.ru/ 16. http://biochemistry.ru 17. http://fepo.ru

, ,

.

:

:

.. , ..., . . .

. . . 6,0

150 . _______ .

400005, . , . , 78.

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Copyright & A K-C