246.Химия рабочая тетрадь.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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034300.62 034400.62 ( )
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[+] [-] , . ,
10 -7 10 -7 / + 10 -7 / -
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(229 ) 10 -14. i = [+][-] = 10 -7 10 -7 = 10 -14
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. , [+] = 10 -3 /, [-] : [-] = i / [+] = 10 -14 / 10 -3 = 10 -11
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3 / 3Na 23 / N3 , .
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: Na+ + OH- + H+ +HCO3- = Na+ + HCO3- + H2O ,
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1. :
2. , : ) ________________________________________________ ) _______________________________________________
3. , (1) (2): ) 1 = 2 ____________________________________________________ ) 1 2 ____________________________________________________
4. [-] , : [ + ] = 10 -3 ___________________________________________________ [ + ] = 10 -8 ___________________________________________________
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7. ______________________________________________
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8. 1) 2S4, 2) N, 3) 2S, 4) l ________________________________________________________________
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9. , :
l_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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N___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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10.
11. AgJ (gN3 + J = gJ + N3), J ?______________________________________________________
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[+] []
l NaOH H2O Nal
NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4
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1. ? ) 180,0 ) 104,3
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Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2S2O3 H2S2O3 = H2O + SO2 + S .
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Na2S2O3 = /+
t,
V = 1/ t Na2S2O3
() H2O ()
1 6
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2 4 2
3 3 3
4 2 4
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3. . , ,
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A+2B=AB2 V = k c c 2, A B ( / ), k- .
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N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3, k = [NH3]2/ [N2][H2]3 .
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, ,
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CaCO3 = CaO + CO2, k = p [CO2] . ,
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2. = 3,
27 ? , 20 50 8 ?
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3. 10 2 . 20 0,04 /-. : ) 40 __________________________________________________________
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4. , , :
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5. 2 + l2 = 2l, ? ________________________________________________________________
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6. :
) l2 + 2 = 2 + 2l + Q ) FeO+ H2 = Fe + H2O H 0
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7. ) 32 + N2 = 2N3 ) 2N2 = N24 ? ) ________________________________________________________________
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1. : r2 2Br ? ) , ) ,
) , ) .
2. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2 ? ) V = k [O2], ) V = k [NO]2 [O2],
) V = k [NO2], ) V = k [NO2]/[O2 ],
3. + 2 = 2 ? ) V =k [C][CO2], ) V = k [O2],
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) V =k[CO2], )V =/t.
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:
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2. (III) : 2
(Fl3) .
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3. . : 1
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:___________________________________________________
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4. . : 1
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5. .
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: 3 ; : :
OH OH
CH2 - CH2
OH
CH2 - CH - CH2
OHOH
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,
:
1 () 2 ();
CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH2OH ; OH
CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3
OH
H3C - C - CH3
CH3
2- 2 ();
.
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1. :
2 3 + 2Na 2 CH3ONa + H2
3 + NaOH CH3ONa + H2O
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:
RONa ROH + NaOH; 2. :
25 + 3 25 3 + 2; -
3. ( ): ) 3 + 3 33 + 2; - ;
CH2O - C = OC17H35
CH2O - C = OC17H35
CHO - C = OC17H35
CH2OH
CHOH
CH2OH
C17H35COOH + H2O+
-
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) 3 + N3 3NO2 + H2O;
-
4. , , ,
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) : 3 2 + [] 3 = + 2 ) : 3 3 + [] 3 3 + 2
) .
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) : 3 2 + Cl2 l32 + 3Cl;
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2 = 2 + 2 3 2 2; -1 -1
,
, . OH
:
1. ; 65 + 3 653 + 2;
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3 + 65 365 + 2; -
2. , .
65 + NaOH C6H5ONa + 2; 3. . .
65 + Br2 C6H4BrOH + HBr; 4. ( ):
65 + FeCl3 (C6H5O)3Fe + 3HCl; () ( ). .
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:
1. () CH2 CH CH2 + [O] CH2 CH C = O + H2O OH OH OH OH OH H
2. .
CH2 CH CH2 + [O] CH2 C CH2 + H2O OH OH OH OH O OH
3. .
CH2O - C = OC17H35
CH2O - C = OC17H35
CHO - C = OC17H35
CH2OH
CHOH
CH2OH
C17H35COOH + H2O+
4. .
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.
.
CH2 CH CH2 + u(OH)2 CH2 CH CH2 + H2O OH OH OH OH O O Cu ( )
.
, ( C = O) , ( ) = = , - ,
.
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C=OH
H
, () C=O
HCH3
, C=O
HC2H5
, .
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1. ( ).
3 = + g2 3 + 2g
2. ( ).
C=OH
CH3 CH3COOH + Cu2O + H2OCu(OH)2+
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3. .
.
3 = + 2 3 2
CH3
CH3
CH3 - CHOH - CH3C = O H2+
2 4. . .
.
C=OH
R1 - OHR R - CH - O - R1OH
+
1. : ,
( ), .
()
( )
) -
) -
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)
)
) -
) - -
2. .
) CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3
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) 3
3
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) CH3 C= CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 C= CH2 CH3 ____________________________________________________________
) C=
2
2
C= 2
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3. :
) 1--3-, ________________________________________________________________
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) 3--2-, ________________________________________________________________
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) 1,4- ________________________________________________________________
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4.
2--1, 2--2, .
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5. , .
-
Na
(Na2O, NaOH)
(. u()2)
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ROH
3
[]
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) (III) ________________________________________________________________
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8. ( ) :
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) 3--2? ________________________________________________________________
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10. :
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OH
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, ,
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R COOH n H2n+1 COOH.
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25
37
49 ..
1531
1735
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C = OOH
R R - C = OO
H+
+
,
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C = OR R - C = OONa
H2O + CO2OH
Na2CO3 ++
, ,
(1531Na) , (C15 31) . .
R - COONa + HOH R - COOH + OH-Na+
.
,
.
, .
1. :
CH2O - C = OC17H35
CH2O - C = OC17H35
CHO - C = OC17H35
CH2OH
CHOH
CH2OH
C17H35COOH + H2O+
2. : 3 + N3 3N2 + H2O;
3. : 3 - + 3 Cl2 Cl3 + 3 l;
.
30 % .
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( ). .
2 = - () 3 = - -2- ()
: 1733 - ( ) 1731 - ( ) 1729 - ( ) , ,
-, .
C=CH
OHHOOC
CH3C=C
CH3COOH
HO H
-2- -2-
(, , ..) .
, , .
1.2 = + NaOH CH2 = CH COONa + H2O;
() 2. 2 = + 3 2 = 3 + 2;
() 3. 2 = - + 2 3 2
() - 4. 2 = + 3
() - 2 ( -)
:
3 - (2)7 = (2)7 + [O] + 3 (2)7 (2)7 -
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.
.
.
2
2 2
(2)3 . .
,
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- 2.
1. ,
:
HOOC COOH -OOC COOH + H+ -OOC COO- + 2H+
2. .
+ NaOH HOOC COONa + H2O; - -
Na + Na NaOOC CNa + H2O; -
3. , .
- + 3 - 3 + 2
- -
- 3 + 3 3 - 3 + 2; -
4. . ,
.
,
- 2.
[] - (2)3 CH3 (CH2)2 - COOH + CO2
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: ,
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COOH
COOHCOOH
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1. : 65 + Na OH C6H5COONa + H2O
2. : 65 + N2 64NO2COOH + H2O ,
, .
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CH3 - CH - COOH
OH
CH3 - CH - CH2 - COOHOH
HOOC - CH2 - CH - COOHOH
:
.
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(10 ). .
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CH3 - C - COOH
O ()
CH3 - C - CH2 - COOH
O
HOOC - C - CH2 - COOH
O - ()
HOOC - C - CH2 - CH2 - COOH
O - -
-
; - - . , -
,
, :
CH3 - C - COOH + H2O
CH3 - CHOH - COOH
()
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1. , 482. .
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1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 3. 6.
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1.
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4.___________________________________________________________
5. , .
.
2 =
65
Na
(Na2O, NaOH)
ROH
2
2
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N2
6. . :
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1. 3 2 -
3 3
) 2,4 , ) 2,4 - ,
) , ) 2,3 .
2. 3 = ? ) 2, ) 4,
) 5, ) 3.
3. ? ) , ) ,
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2 1%- NaOH. ( )
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2. . 1 20%-
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3. . ) 2 3
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6. . ,
1 , , , , 1 , .
- (). .
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:
:_____________________________________________________
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7. .
5 0,1 . , 0,1 . NaCl. 23 . 0,02 . NaOH , .
0,02 . 1. NaCl. , NaCl. .
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:
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8: . ( ) : ,
(, , , ). ,
,
.
:
1. , , , , .
2. , . . 3. . . . . 4. . .
5. , (). 6. : , , , . .
7. . , . .
( ). 8. ( ).
(- NO2 , - NH2 , = NH , - HN = NH = N NH2 , - N = N- ) , .
,
.
,
(3 - 2 - NH2 - , 3 NH2
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). , , ,
.
, , : CH3 - NH2 CH3 - NH - CH3 CH3 - N - CH3
CH3
() () (). ,
: CH3 - CH2 - COOH + NH3 = CH3 - CH2 - CO - NH2 + H2O
,
,
.
.
( ) - :
CH2 - COOHCH3 - CH - COOH
NH2 NH2
:
HOOC - CH - CH2 - COOH HOOC - CH - CH2 - CH2 - COOHNH2NH2
: NH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - COOH
NH2
: :
CH2 - CH - COOHNH2
CH2 - CH - COOHNH2HO
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:
CH2 - CH - COOHNH2N
N = C
CHHCNH
CH2 - CH - COOHNH2
20 . (
) N2 2
()
N2
3
()
N2
3 3
() *
N2
2
3
() *
N2
3
2 3
() *
N2
2
()
N2
2
2
()
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N2
2
()
N2
3
() *
N2
2
S
()
N2
2
2
S 3
() *
N2
(2)3 NH
N2 = NH
()
N2
(2)4 NH2
() *
N2
2
N
C N
()
N
2 2 2
()
N2
2
65
() *
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N2
2
64
()
N2
2
N
() *
N2
2
N2
()
N2
2
2
N2
()
*
.
, () .
.
2- 2
N2 N3+
-
.
CH3 - CH - COOH
NH2
HCl = CH3 - CH - COOH
NH3Cl
CH3 - CH - COOH
NH3+
CL-+
:
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CH3 - CH - COOH
NH2
NaOH CH3 - CH - COONa + H2O
NH2
CH3 - CH - COO- +
NH2
Na+
+OH
,
.
,
.
3-- + 2- 3---N-2-+2 N2 N2 N2
(- - N - ) , - .
,
. ,
, .
:
1. ? .
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2. ,
, :
) 2--3-,
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) 2,4--3,3-,
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) 2--2-,
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) 1--2-.
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3. , , :
) 2-,
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) ,
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) ,
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) 1,5-,
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4. ? .
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5. : ) ;
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) ,
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) .
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6. , : ) , ) , ) . )
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)
________________________________________________________________
)
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7. , , .
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8. ? .
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9. , .
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1. ? ) , - NH2, ) =NH,
) ,
) NO2
2. ? ) NH2, ) = NH,
) = N, ) - NO2.
3. ? ) 25 NH2, ) 3 ONH4,
) 2 2- NH2, ) 65 2 NH2 .
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4. : ) , ) ,
) , ) .
5. : ) ( ), ) ( ),
) ( ), ) ( )
.
6. ? ) , ) ,
) , ) .
7. (3 NH2 )? ) ,
) ,
) , ) .
8. - : ) , ) ,
) , ) .
9. ? ) , ) ,
) , ) .
10. ? ) , ) ,
) , ) .
:
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1 .
.. . .
.
:
1. . 2. - . 3. ... 4. . 5. . . 6. . 7. , , .
1. , : ) 13 ; ) 55n ; ) 97. :__________________________________________________________
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2. : 126
178
2
6 12 8
6 13 12 10
6 10 10 10
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0 2 0 1+
3. . ?
:_______________________________________________________
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4. , , : Li, Be, F, S, Cl ?
:_______________________________________________________
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5. : )F Cl Br I , )Li Na K Rb , ) S Se Te Po, ) Si P S Cl. .
:______________________________________________________
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6. ? : ) 3s2 ) 4s2 ) 3s1 ) 4s1. .
:______________________________________________________
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7. , -, : ) 0, ) 3, ) 2, ) 1. .
:_______________________________________________________
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8. ? . ) Na, Mg, Al, Si ) Li, Be, , ) P, S, CI, Ar ) F, O, N,
:______________________________________________________
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9. R2O3 R2O5 : ) ; ) ; ) ; )
10. : ) Li ) Be )B )S
11. : ) BeCl2 ) ZnCl2 ; ) NaCl; ) CCl4? .
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12. : )NH3; )CO2(); ) H2O() )Fe()? .
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13. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:__________________________________________________________
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14. ( ):
) ) ) ) )
15. sp3 : ) SO2 ; ) BF3 ; ) H2O ; ) BeF2 .
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16. : )
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; ) ? :_________________________________________________________
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17. : ) 2 ; ) NH3 ; )BaCl2; ) . .
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18. : ) H2S ; ) KCl ; ) ; ) N2 .
:__________________________________________________________
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19. , : ) SO2; ) 2S; ) H2O; ) BeF2 .
20. : ) ()3, ) ()3, ) l()3, ) ()3.
21. (II) 50 450 . (%) (II) .
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22. , 0,23 , 4,6 .
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23. 1 , 98 % (= 1,837 /). .
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24. 2 0,2 .
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25. , 300 0,2 .
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26. , 0,02 2 .
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27. Na2SO4 350 Na2SO4 0,50 ?
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28. 250 . 340 /. 0,28 9 . .
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29. 20%-
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60%- , 200 30%- ? _____________________________________________________
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30. = 13. 100% .
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2 :
.
:
1. . . . 2. . ( ). 3. , , . 4. - .
1. , :
CuS + HNO3 Cu(N3)2 + H2SO4 + N2 + H2O :_______________________________________________________
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2. , : ) H2S; ) H2SO3; ) H2SO4; ) Na2S4?
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.
:_______________________________________________________
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3. , +4, : ) Li2SO4 )FeS2 , ) Na2SO3, )KHSO4
:_______________________________________________________
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4. : ) 2n4; ) n2; ) n: ) n4; ) n3? .
:_______________________________________________________
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5. : ) S; ) H2S3; ) H2S; ) H2S4 ?
:_______________________________________________________
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6. , : ) H2S; ) n4; ) Ag; ) F2; ) S ?
:_______________________________________________________
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7. - : K2MnO4 + CI2 KMnO4 + KCl .
:_______________________________________________________
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8. - :
HgS + HN3 + 1 HgCI2 + S + NO + 2 :_______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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9. : IO2 + ()2 (IO2)2 + (lO3)2 + 2 .
:_______________________________________________________
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10. Nal + H2SO4 + NalO3 Na2SO4 + I2 + H2O
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) :_______________________________________________________
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11. , 1 - J2 + Cl2 + H2O HJO3 + HCl?
:_______________________________________________________
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12. , : Fe, Ca, Pb, A1, u.
:_______________________________________________________
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13. : ) u; ) Pb; ) Ag; ) Zn; ) Pt. .
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14. : ) Na1; ) l2; ) MgSO4; ) Pb(NO3)2. ? .
:_______________________________________________________
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15. , Fe(NO3)3 c 1 /, , (N3)2 c 0,02 /. , . 0Fe/Fe
3+
= 0,036 ; 0/
2+ = 0,277 .
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16. . :_______________________________________________________
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17. . .
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18. - Na2S4? .
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19. AgN3. .
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20. CuS4. . .
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21.
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: ) KI ; ) CuSO4 ; ) H2S ; ) C2H5OH. . :_______________________________________________________
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22. : ) KI ; ) CuSO4 ; )H2SO4 ; ) NaOH .
:_______________________________________________________
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23. Zn|Zn2+||Pb2+|Pb, ) , ) , ) , ) . .
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24. (II), 22,4 (..)? :________________________________________________________
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25. , 2SO4, 5 , 2.
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26. 71 . ( 100%).
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27. . ? ?
:_______________________________________________________
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28. . ,
. .
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29. ?
:_______________________________________________________
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30. , : , , , .
? :_______________________________________________________
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3
.
.
:
1. .
2. .. . 3. . . .
.
4. . , .
5. . : .
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6. : .
1. : ______________________________.
2. . , , :
) ; ) ; ) . : _____________________________________________________
3. : ) ; ) (II); ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
4. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
: ______________________________________________________
5. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
: ______________________________________________________
6. , , : ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
7. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
8. : )
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; ) ; ) . :_______________________________________________________
9. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
10. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
11. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
: ______________________________________________________
12. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
13. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
14. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
15. : ) -; ) --; ) - ; ) - .
:_______________________________________________________
16. , , : ) ; ) ; ) ; )
: ______________________________________________________
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17. , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
18. : _____________ , ______________________________ .
19. : ) ; ) ; ) - ; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
20. , , ,
: ) ; ) ; ) -; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
21. , , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) -.
:_______________________________________________________
22. : ) ; ) ; ) -; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
23. . - ,
) ; ) ; ) ; )
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:_______________________________________________________
24. , , , : ) ; ) ; ) ; )
:_______________________________________________________
25. : ) ; ) ; ) ; )
:_______________________________________________________
26. , :
:_______________________________________________________
27. - SO42- : ) Ba2+ ) N+ ) OH- ) Ag.
:_______________________________________________________
28. , Fe3+, :
29. , ,
) Na+ 1. ) K+ 2. ) Cu2+ 3.
4.
) , - 1. - ) , NH4SCN, SCN- 2. ) K4[Fe(CN)6], Fe(CN)64-
3. -
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: ) ; ) ; ) ; )
:_______________________________________________________
30. NH4+ : ) , -; ) , NH4SCN; ) K4[Fe(CN)6]; ) .
:_______________________________________________________
1. . , .
2. . -, . 3. . . 4. . . . 5. . . .
6. . . .
7. . . . . .
. .
8. - . . .
9. . . . .
10. . , , . .
11. . . .
.
12. . .
13. . . 14. . . . , . . .
15. . . .
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16. .. .
17. . .
18. . .
19. . . . . . .
20. . .
.
21. . . . 22. . . . 23. . . 24. . , . 25. . . . . .
26. . . 27. . . . . .
28. 29. . . 30. . 31. . . . .
32. . .
33. , .
34. . .
35. . . . . . . .
36. : , , , . .
37. . .
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38. . , . .
39. . 40. . . .
41. . 42. .
1. , . . : . .: , 1998. 544 . 2. , . . : . .: , 1999. 679 . 3. , . ., . . . . . .: . 2001 768 . 4. , . . . .-.: , 1995. 286 . 5. , . ., . ., . ., . . . - , - . 2000. 503. 6. , . . : . .: , 1986. 704. 7. , . . : . . ., 2003. 621. 8. , . ., . . . .: , 1994. 450 . 9. , .. : ( ) / .. , ... : , 2009. 146. 10. , .. / .. , .. . : , 2009. 116. 11. , . . . .: , 1990 . 358. . 12. , . . . .: , 2001. 496 . 13. , . : . . .: , 2002. 448 .
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14. , . , . . : .: , 1991. 432 . 15. http://www.xumuk.ru/ 16. http://biochemistry.ru 17. http://fepo.ru
, ,
.
:
:
.. , ..., . . .
. . . 6,0
150 . _______ .
400005, . , . , 78.
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