an introduction to ecology and the biosphereocw.nthu.edu.tw/ocw/upload/17/349/【l16...

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

BiologyEighth Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

Chapter 52

An Introduction to Ecology

and the Biosphere

Key concepts

1. Ecology is to study “interaction”

within, between, and across

species, as well as the environment.

2. Ecology is an integrated discipline.

Overview: The Scope of Ecology

• Ecology is the scientific study of the

interactions between organisms and the

environment

• These interactions determine distribution of

organisms and their abundance

• Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphere

Fig. 52-1

Why do gray whales migrate?

• Organismal ecology studies how an

organism‟s structure, physiology, and (for

animals) behavior meet environmental

challenges

• A population is a group of individuals of the

same species living in an area

• Population ecology focuses on factors

affecting how many individuals of a species live

in an area

• A community is a group of populations of

different species in an area

• Community ecology deals with the whole

array of interacting species in a community

• An ecosystem is the community of organisms

in an area and the physical factors with which

they interact

• Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow

and chemical cycling among the various biotic

and abiotic components

• A landscape is a mosaic of connected

ecosystems

• Landscape ecology deals with arrays of

ecosystems and how they are arranged in a

geographic region

• The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the

sum of all the planet‟s ecosystems

• Global ecology examines the influence of

energy and materials on organisms across the

biosphere

Fig. 52-2Organismal

ecology

Population

ecology

Community

ecology

Ecosystem

ecology

Landscape

ecology

Global

ecology

Fig. 52-3

TroughPipe

“Dry” “Wet” “Ambient”

Studying how a forest responds to altered precipitation

Ecology has a long history as a descriptive science,

but it is also a rigorous experimental science

Ecology and Environmental Issues

• Ecology

– Provides the scientific understanding

underlying environmental issues

• Rachel Carson

Silent Spring (1962)

“The „control of nature‟ is a

phrase conceived in

arrogance, born of the

Neanderthal age of biology

and philosophy, when it was

supposed that nature exists for

the convenience of man.”

Concept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species

• Ecologists recognize two kinds of factors that

determine distribution: biotic, or living factors,

and abiotic, or nonliving factors

Fig. 52-5

Kangaroos/km2

0–0.1

0.1–1

5–10

10–20

> 20Limits ofdistribution

Distribution and abundance of the

red kangaroo in Australia, based

on aerial surveys

Fig. 52-6

Why is species X absentfrom an area?

Does dispersallimit its

distribution?Does behavior

limit itsdistribution?

Area inaccessibleor insufficient time

YesHabitat selection

Do biotic factors(other species)

limit itsdistribution?

Predation, parasitism,competition, disease

Do abiotic factorslimit its

distribution?

Chemicalfactors

Physicalfactors

WaterOxygenSalinitypHSoil nutrients, etc.

TemperatureLightSoil structureFireMoisture, etc.

Flowchart of factors limiting geographic distribution

Fig. 52-7

Current

1965 1960

Dispersal of the cattle

egret in the Americas

Natural range

expansions show

the influence of

dispersal on

distribution

Species Transplants

• Species transplants include organisms that are

intentionally or accidentally relocated from their

original distribution

Behavior and Habitat Selection

• Some organisms do not occupy all of their

potential range

• Species distribution may be limited by habitat

selection behavior

Fig. 52-8

RESULTS

Sea urchin

Limpet

)Both limpets and urchinsremoved

Only urchinsremoved

Only limpets removed

Control (both urchinsand limpets present)

August1982

August1983

February1983

February1984

Does feeding by sea urchins limit seaweed

distribution?

Biotic Factors

• Biotic factors that affect the distribution of

organisms may include:

– Interactions with other species

– Predation

– Competition

Abiotic Factors

• Abiotic factors affecting distribution of

organisms include:

– Temperature

– Water

– Sunlight

– Wind

– Rocks and soil

• Most abiotic factors vary in space and time

Fig. 52-9

Fig. 52-10aLatitudinal Variation in Sunlight Intensity

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Sun directly overhead at equinoxes

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Atmosphere

90ºS (South Pole)60ºS

23.5ºS (Tropic ofCapricorn)

0º (equator)

30ºN23.5ºN (Tropic ofCancer)

90ºN (North Pole)

Seasonal Variation in Sunlight Intensity

0º (equator)

March equinox

June solstice

Constant tiltof 23.5º

September equinox

December solstice

Fig. 52-10dGlobal Air Circulation and Precipitation Patterns

0º (equator)

Global Wind Patterns

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

Ascendingmoist airreleasesmoisture

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

Aridzone

Tropics Aridzone

66.5ºN(Arctic Circle)

(equator)

60ºS66.5ºS(Antarctic Circle)

Westerlies

Northeast trades

Doldrums

Southeast trades

Westerlies

23.5º30º 23.5º 30º

Fig. 52-11

Labrador

current

stream

Equator

Cold water

The great ocean conveyor belt

Fig. 52-12

Warm air

over land rises.1

Air cools at

high elevation.

Cool air over water

moves inland, replacingrising warm air over land.

Cooler

air sinksover water.

Moderating

effects of a large

body of water on

climate

Fig. 52-13

Winddirection

Mountainrange

Leeward sideof mountain

How mountains affect rainfall

Currentrange

Predictedrange

Overlap

(a) 4.5ºC warming overnext century

(b) 6.5ºC warming overnext century

Current range and predicted range for the American beech

(Fagus grandifolia) under two scenarios of climate change

Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth

• Biomes are the major ecological associations

that occupy broad geographic regions of land

or water

• Varying combinations of biotic and abiotic

factors determine the nature of biomes

Fig. 52-15

LakesCoral reefs

RiversOceanicpelagic andbenthic zones

Estuaries

Intertidal zones

Tropic ofCancer

Equator

Tropic ofCapricorn

The distribution of major aquatic biomes

Fig. 52-16

Littoralzone Limnetic

Photiczone

PelagiczoneBenthic

zoneAphoticzone

(a) Zonation in a lake (b) Marine zonation

2,000–6,000 mAbyssal zone

Benthiczone

Aphoticzone

Pelagiczone

Continentalshelf

200 mPhotic zone

Oceanic zoneNeritic zone

Intertidal zone

Zonation in aquatic environments

Fig. 52-17-5

Winter

4º4º

Spring Summer Autumn

Thermocline

4º4º

2º0º

4ºC5º6º

8º18º

20º22º

Seasonal turnover in lakes with winter ice cover

Fig. 52-18a

An oligotrophic lake in GrandTeton National Park, Wyoming

Fig. 52-18b

A eutrophic lake in theOkavango Delta, Botswana

Fig. 52-18c

Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia

Fig. 52-18d

A headwater stream in the GreatSmoky Mountains

Fig. 52-18e

The Mississippi River far fromits headwaters

Fig. 52-18f

An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia

Fig. 52-18g

Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast

Fig. 52-18h

Open ocean off the island of Hawaii

Fig. 52-18i

A coral reef in the Red Sea

Fig. 52-18j

A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community

Fig. 52-19

Tropical forest

Savanna

Desert

Chaparral

Temperategrassland

Temperatebroadleaf forest

Northernconiferous forest

Tundra

High mountains

Polar ice

Tropic ofCancer

Equator

Tropic ofCapricorn

The distribution of major terrestrial biomes

Fig. 52-20

Tropical forestTemperate grasslandDesert

Temperatebroadleafforest

Northernconiferousforest

Arctic andalpinetundraA

Annual mean precipitation (cm)

100 200 300 400

Climograph

Fig. 52-21a

A tropical rain forest in Borneo

Fig. 52-21b

A desert in the southwesternUnited States

Fig. 52-21c

A savanna in Kenya

Fig. 52-21d

An area of chaparralin California

Fig. 52-21e

Sheyenne National Grasslandin North Dakota

Fig. 52-21f

Rocky Mountain National Parkin Colorado

northern coniferous forest

Fig. 52-21g

Great Smoky MountainsNational Park in North Carolinatemperate broadleaf forest

Fig. 52-21h

Denali National Park, Alaska,in autumntundra

You should now be able to:

1. Distinguish among the following types of

ecology: organismal, population, community,

ecosystem, and landscape

2. Explain how dispersal may contribute to a

species‟ distribution

3. Distinguish between the following pairs of

terms: potential and actual range, biotic and

abiotic factors, macroclimate and microclimate

patterns

4. Explain how a body of water or mountain

range might affect regional climatic conditions

5. Define the following terms: photic zone,

aphotic zone, benthic zone, abyssal zone,

thermal stratification, thermocline, seasonal

turnover, climograph, disturbance

6. List and describe the characteristics of the

major aquatic biomes

7. List and describe the characteristics of the

major terrestrial biomes

8. Compare the vertical layering of a forest and

grassland

an introduction to ecology and the biosphereocw.nthu.edu.tw/ocw/upload/17/349/【l16...

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