his 102 chapter 22 - imperialism and colonialism 1870-1914

Imperialism and Colonialism 1870-1914Chapter 22

Introduction

Britain, France, Egypt, and the Suez Canal

Technology, money, and politics

Western superiority

The Inauguration of the Suez Canal.

Imperialism

Definitions

The process of extending one state’s control over another

Formal imperialism

Colonialism or direct control

Annexed territories outright

Established new governments

Imperialism

Definitions

Informal imperialism

Conquering nations reached agreements with indigenous leaders and governed through them

Allowed weaker state to maintain its independence while reducing its sovereignty

Carving out zones of European sovereignty and privilege

Imperialism

Imperialist endeavors

1875–1902: Europeans took up 90 percent of Africa

1870–1900: small group of European states colonized one-quarter of the world’s lands

European Empires in 1900

Imperialism

Eighteenth-century losses

The British in the North American colonies

French Atlantic trade

Spanish and Portuguese in South America

Imperialism

Nineteenth-century imperialism

Appeared against the backdrop of industrialization, liberal revolutions, and the rise of nation-states

The need for raw materials

Imperialists sought to distance themselves from earlier histories of conquest

Imperialism

Nineteenth-century imperialism

Colonial resistance and rebellion forced Europeans to develop new strategies of rule

Nineteenth-century empires established carefully codified racial hierarchies

Guided more by “settlement and discipline” than independent entrepreneurial activity

The creation of new kinds of interaction between Europeans and indigenous peoples

Images of Women in the Colonies

Photograph of a group of Afghani women posed in front of a tent in Afghanistan, taken by an unknown photographer in the 1890s. During the nineteeth century it was the scene of conflict between the expanding British and Russian empires and led to three Anglo-Afghan Wars, to stop Russia gaining control of the Khyber Pass.

Imperialism in South Asia

India and the British empire

The “jewel of the British Crown”

The British East India Company

Had its own military divided into European and Indian divisions

Held the right to collect taxes on land from Indian peasants

Imperialism in South Asia

India and the British empire

The British East India Company

Held legal monopolies over trade in all goods (the most lucrative was opium)

Constituted a military and repressive government

British policy divided

One group wanted to Westernize India

Another thought it safer and more practical to defer to local culture

Imperialism in South Asia

The Sepoy Rebellion (1857–1858)

Uprising began near Delhi

Social, economic, and political grievances

Indian peasants attacked law courts and burned tax rolls

Imperialism in South Asia

The Sepoy Rebellion (1857–1858)

A protest against debt and corruption

The British response

Systematic campaign of repression

Rebel-supported towns and villages were destroyed

Defeat of the rebellion fired the imagination of the British public

Imperialism in South Asia

After the mutiny: reorganizing the Indian empire

East India Company was abolished

British raj governed directly

Military reorganization

Reform of the civil service

Missionary activity subdued

Imperialism in South Asia

India and Britain

India as Britain’s largest export market

India provided Britain with highly trained engineers and bureaucrats

1.2 million Indian troops fought with the British in World War I

Imperialism in South Asia

India and Britain

British indirect rule sought to create an Indian elite to serve British interests

Large social group of British-educated Indian civil servants and businessmen

Imperialism in China

Europe and China

Forced trade agreements

Set up treaty ports

Established outposts of missionary activity

Imperialism in China

The opium trade

A direct link between Britain, British India, and China

Opium—one of the few products Europeans could sell in China

Northeast India as richest opium-growing area

Opium production was labor-intensive

British Opium Trade

Imperialism in China

The Opium Wars (1839–1842)

The first Opium War

Drugs not the main focus

The issue was sovereignty and economic status

Treaty of Nanking (1843)

British trading privileges

Hong Kong

Imperialism in China

The Opium Wars (1839–1842)

The second Opium War

Britain granted further rights

Other countries demand similar rights and economic opportunities

The United States and the “open door”

Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)

Forced China to concede trading privileges

The independence of Korea

Imperialism in China

The Opium Wars (1839–1842)

The Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)

Radical Christian rebels challenged the authority of the emperor

China’s agricultural heartland was devastated

Imperialism in China

The Boxer Rebellion (1900)

The Boxers

Secret society of men trained in martial arts

Antiforeign and anti-missionary

Attacked foreign engineers, destroyed railway lines, and marched on Beijing

Imperialism in China

The Boxer Rebellion (1900)

The European response

Great powers drew together

Repression of the Boxers

The rebellion highlighted the vulnerability of European imperial power

Imperialism in China

The new imperialism in 1900

Asia is partitioned

Japan alone retains its independence

British: India, Burma, Malaya, Australia, and New Zealand

Dutch: Indonesia

Imperialism in China

The new imperialism in 1900

French: Indochina

Problems

Struggle between great powers exacerbated nationalist feelings

The destabilizing effects of the new imperialism

Imperialism in South and East Asia, c. 1914

Imperialism in China

Russian imperialism

Policy of annexation

Southern colonization

Georgia (1801)

Bessarabia, Turkestan, and Armenia

Brought Russia and Britain close to war, especially over Afghanistan

Building the Russian Empire

The French Empire and the Civilizing Mission

The French in Algeria

Algeria as a settler state

Under the Third Republic (1870), Algeria was made a department of France

Gave French settlers full rights of republican citizenship

Consolidated privileges

Disenfranchised indigenous populations

The Scramble for Africa and the Congo

The Congo Free State

The 1870s

A new drive into central Africa—the fertile valleys of the Congo River

European colonizers under the Belgian king, Leopold II (1835–1909, r. 1865–1909)

Herbert M. Stanley and his “scientific” journeys

The Scramble for Africa and the Congo

The Congo Free State

The 1870s

International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo (1876)

Signed treaties with local elites

Opened the Congo to commercial exploitation (palm oil, rubber, diamonds)

Other colonizers reacted (especially Portugal)

The Scramble for Africa and the Congo

The Congo Free State

The 1870s

The Treaty of Berlin (1884)

Chaired by Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)

Established ground rules for a new phase of European expansion

The Congo would be open to free trade and commerce

The Congo Free State

Actually run by Leopold’s private company

Slave trade suppressed in favor of free labor

The Congo becomes a Belgian colony (1908)

Slaves in Chains, 1896

The Scramble for Africa and the Congo

The partition of Africa

Britain

Southern and eastern Africa

Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902)

Made a fortune from South African diamond mines (DeBeers)

Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890)

Personal goal was to build an African empire founded on diamonds

Carved out territories in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Botswana

The Scramble for Africa and the Congo

The partition of Africa

Colonial powers increase their holdings in Africa (1880s)

Germany

Bismarck was a reluctant colonizer

Seized strategic locations (Cameroon and Tanzania)

France

Aimed to move eastward across the continent

The Scramble for Africa and the Congo

The partition of Africa

Britain

The “Cape-to-Cairo” railway

Making Britain self-sufficient

Imperial Culture

Images of empire

Advertising

Museums displayed the products of empire

Music halls and imperial songs

The White Man’s Burden and Pears’ Soap

Imperial Culture

Empire and identity

The “civilizing mission” of the French

Bringing progress to other lands

Women and empire

Imperial Culture

Theories of race

Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882)

Race as the master key to understanding the world’s problems

The racial question overshadowed all others

Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927)

Making racial theory more scientific

Tied racial theories to Darwinism and Herbert Spencer

Imperial Culture

Theories of race

Francis Galton (1822–1911)

Eugenics: the science of improving racial qualities

Selective breeding

Karl Pearson (1857–1936)

Systematic study of intelligence and genius

The rhetoric of progress, the civilizing mission, and race

Provided a rationale for imperial conquest

Imperial Culture

Critics

Hobson and Lenin criticized imperialism as an act of greed and antidemocratic arrogance

Joseph Conrad argued that imperialism signified deep problems

The Pan-African Congress (1900)

The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of race

Africa, c. 1886

Imperial Culture

Colonial cultures

Growth of Bombay, Calcutta, and Shanghai

Colonialism created new hybrid cultures

Annexed areas as laboratories for creating orderly and disciplined societies

Worry over preserving national traditions and identity

Compromises about “acceptability”

Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Europe in 1900

Sharp tensions between Western nations

The expansion of European economic and military commitments to territories overseas

Fashoda (1898)

Britain and France faced one another for dominance of Africa

Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Ethiopia

Italy developed a small empire along the shores of the Red Sea (1880s to 1890s)

Annexed Eritrea and parts of Somalia

An expedition sent to conquer Ethiopia (1896)

The Ethiopians killed six thousand Italians at Adowa

Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

South Africa: the Boer War

Afrikaners (Boers)—Dutch and Swiss settlers who had arrived in the early nineteenth century

Troubled relationship with the British in South Africa

Afrikaners set up two free states: Transvaal and the Orange Free State

Afrikaners and British went to war (1899)

Africa, c. 1914

Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

South Africa: the Boer War

British army was completely unprepared for war

British government refused to compromise

A guerrilla war dragged on for three years

British used concentration camps where Afrikaner citizens were rounded up

The Union of South Africa—British and Boers shared power

Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

U.S. imperialism

Spanish–American War (1898)

Antecedents

War with Mexico in the 1840s

The conquest of new territories

Conflict with Spain

Spanish imperial authority face problems in the Caribbean and Pacific colonies

American press sided with the rebels

Crisis of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

U.S. imperialism

Panama

U.S.-backed rebellion in 1903

Recognized Panama as a republic

The Panama Canal (1914)

Intervention in Hawaii and Santo Domingo

Renewed missionary activity

Conclusion

Rapid extension of formal European control

The West as a self-consciously imperial culture