amplpitude modulation

8/8/2019 amplpitude modulation

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COMMUNICATION

THEORY: THE LEARNING

EXPECTATION

Pensyarah: Dr. Mohd. Syuhaimi Bin Ab. Rahman

Makmal Penyelidikan komputer dan Sekuriti Rangkaian

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Elektronik & Sistem

Universiti Kebangsaaan Malaysia

43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Email: [email protected]

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Lecture 1


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Course Outcomes

No.

Hasil Pembelajaran Kursus O

P

1

O

P

2

O

P

3

O

P

4

O

P

5

O

P

6

O

P

7

O

P

8

O

P

9

O

P

10

O

P

11

O

P

1

2

Kaedah Penyampaian Kaedah Pengukuran

& Penilaian

1 Ability to describe basic blocks of

communication systems

(Knowledge)

3 Classroom lecture PKP, peperiksaan,

kuiz dan tugasan

2 Ability to understand and apply the

theoretical of amplitude and digitalmodulation i n communication systems.

(Comprehension and application)

3 2 Classroom lecture and

tutorial

PKP, peperiksaan,

amali, laporan danbertulis

3 Ability to understand and calculate

noise effect on the per formance of

analog and digital communication

systems.

(Knowledge and application)

3 2 Classroom lecture and

tutorial

PKP, Peperiksaan,

kuiz dan tugasan

4 Ability to explain and give examples on

the real application of communication

systems.

(Comprehension)

1 1 1 3 Gr oup work PKP, PRK, laporan

bertulis dan

Perbentangan


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Program Outcomes (POs)

PO 1 Ability to acquire knowledge of basic science and engineering

fundamentals.PO 2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical

community.

PO 3 Having in-depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering

course.

PO 4 Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution

PO 5 Ability to utilize systems appr oach to design and evaluate operational

performance

PO 6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the

capacity tobe a leaderormanager as well as an effective team member.

PO 7 Having the understanding ofthe social, cultural, global and environmental

responsibilities and ethics of a professional engineer and the need for

sustainable development.





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Program Outcomes (POs)

PO 8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiring

the capacity to do so and the need to have information management skill.

PO 9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and

interpret data.

PO10 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.

PO11 Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those

related to microelectronics engineering.

PO12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary

for engineeringpractice.





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Relationship to PEOs (linking process)

PEO

1 Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of basic science and engineering

fundamentals

2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical

community

3Having in depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering

courses

4Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution

5 Ability to utilize systems approach to design and evaluate operational

performance

6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the

capacity to be a leader or manager as well as an effective team member

7 Having the understanding of the social, cultural, global and

environmental responsibilities and ethics of a professional engineer and

the need for sustainable development

8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiringthe capacity to do so and the need to have information management skill

9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and

interpret data.

10Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.

11Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those related

to microelectronics engineering

# PO1 2

3

4 5 6

12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessaryfor engineering practice

Table 1 Program Outcomes and Links to Program Educational Outcomes


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REFERENCE BOOK

Electronic Communication Systems, Blake,Delmar, 2nd Edition.

Buku teks: An Introduction to Analog and

Digital Communications, Haykin, Wiley &Sons.

Digital AnalogCommunication Systems, Leon

Couch , 2

nd

Edition, Prentice Hall.





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Architecture

Programme

Outcomes

Curriculum/ Course

Outcomes

PEO Faculty Member

Students

Parents

Industry

SYSTEM Stakeholders

Alumni

Were formulated to

congruent with

Were design to

support

Fig.1. The relation between COs, POs and POs, and the list ofthe stakeholders.





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Weekly Teaching Plan

Week Topic

1 Intr oduction to communication systems: blockdiagram, signal

representative, and noise.2 Analogmodulation (AM): AM, QAM, DSB, SSB

3 Analog Modulation: VSB, modulator anddemodulator, applications

4 Frequency modulation (FM): Bessel function, modulator and

demodulator, applications

5 Phase modulation (PM): modulator anddemodulator, applications

6 Digitization techniques: PCM, Delta modulation, ADPCM

7 Coding RZ, NRZ, AMI etc.

8 Mid-Semester examination

9 Project Communication system application

10 Digital modulation: ASK, FSK

11 Digital Modulation: PSK, BPSK, MSK, QAM

12 Digital multiplex: FDM, TDM, hierarchy

13 Multiple access technique: CDMA. FDMA, WDMA

14 Communication system application i.e. antenna, radar etc


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Evaluation Weightage

Project & Presentation 20 - 30 %

Assignment 10 - 30 %

Examination 40 - 60 %


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Telecommunication is the assisted transmission ofsignal over a distance for

the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the

use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or heliograph. In moderntimes, telecommunication typically involves the use ofelectronic transmitters

such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the

field of telecommunication include Antonio Meucci (telephone), Alexander

Graham Bell (telephone), Guglielmo Marconi (radiotelegraph) and John

Logie Bair d (television). Telecommunication is an important part of the

world economy and the telecommunication industry's revenue has been

placed at just under 3 percent ofthe gross worldproduct

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to communication systems


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- The Technology Evolved


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Block DiagramofCommunication System




Input Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver Output Transducer

Message

signal

Transmitted

signal

Received

Signal

Output

signalOutput

Message

Output

Message

CarrierAdditive noise, interference, distortion

resultingfrom band limiting and

nonlinearities, switching noise in

networks, electromagnetic discharges

such as lightning, powerline coronadischarge and soon.

Transducer : an electronic device that converts energy fromone form to another, for

example speech waves are converted by a microphone to voltage variation.

Transmitter : The device that is purposely used to couple the signal to the signal. The place

where modulation process happened.Channel : The mediumwhere the signal is transmittedfrom transmitter to receiver. For

instance; air, copper cable, optical cable, free space


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All information transmission system invariably involve three major

subsystem a transmitter, the channel, and the receiver.




INTRODUCTION: The Blockdiagramofcomm. system

The wide variety ofpossible sources ofinformation results in many different formfor

messages. Regardless oftheir exact form, however, messages may be categorized as

analogordigital.

The analog signal modeled as function ofcontinuous-time variable, x(t) (e.g. pressure,temperature, speech, music), whereas the digital signal consists ofdiscrete symbols,

x[n].

The massage produced by the source must be converted by a transducer to a form

suitable for the particular type ofcommunication system employed. Ex: Speech waves

are converted by a microphone to voltage variations. The convertedmassage referred toas the message signal.

The signal can be interpreted as the variation ofa quantity, often a voltage or current,

with time.

Input transducer


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Block DiagramofComm. System

The purpose ofthe transmitter is to coupler the message to the channel.

Modulation is the systematic variation ofsome attribute ofthe carrier, such as amplitude,

phase orfrequency in accordance with the function ofthe message signal.

The several reasons for using a carrier and modulating it.

1. For ease of radiation Enveloping the low frequency to high frequency

2. To reduce noise and interference The amplitude & immunity

3. For channel assignment Frequency or wavelength alllocation

4. For multiplexing or transmission of several messages over a single channel

- Multiplexing by means of FDM,WDM, CWDM, DWDM

5. To overcome equipment limitations Require many equipment to

accomplish the task

The other process which involve in the transmitter alsofiltering, amplification, and coupling the

modulated signal to the channel. Ex. antenna.

Transmitter





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Receiver




The receivers function is toextract the desiredmessage from the received signal at

the channel output and toconvert it to a form suitable for the output transducer.

Although amplification may be one ofthe first operations performed by the receiver,

especially in radio communications, where the received signal may be extremely

weak, the main function ofthe receiver is tomodulate the received signal.

Often it is desired that the receiveroutput be a scaled, possibly delayed, version of

the message signal at the modulatoroutput, although in some case a more general

function ofthe input message is desired. However , as a result ofthe presence of

noise anddistortion, this operation is less than ideal.

Output Transducer (Decoder/Interpreter)

Block DiagramofComm. System

The output transducer completes the communication system. The device coverts the

electric signal at its input into the formdesired by the system user. The examples oftransducer includes telephone, tape recorder, personal computer,

meter andCRT.


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2. Channel Characteristic

Noise Source




Noise in a communication system can be classified intotwo broad categories,

dependingon its source.; Internal noise andExternal noise.

Noise generated by components within a communication system, such as resistor,

electron tubes and solid-state active devices, is referred to as internal noise.

The second category, external noise, results from sources outside a communication

system, includingatmospheric, man-made and extraterrestrial sources.

Atmospheric noise results primarily from spurious radiowaves generated by the

natural electrical discharges within the atmosphere associatedwith thunderstorms,

commonly referred to as static or spheric. Below about 100 MHz, the field strength of

such radiowaves is inversely proportional tofrequency. Therefore, it affects

commercial AM broadcast radio, which occupies the frequency range from530 kHz

to 1.6 MHz, more than it affects television and FM radio, which operate in frequency

bands above 50 MHz.


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Noise Source Man-made noise include high-voltage powerline corona discharge, commutator-

generated noise in electrical motors, automobile and aircraft ignition noise, and

switching-gear noise. This impulsive noise (audio) is the predominantly type in

switched wireline channels, such as telephone channels. For applications such as

voice transmission, impulse noise is only an irritation factor; however, it can be a

serious source oferror in application involving transmission of digital data.

Impulse noise is a category of (acoustic) noise which includes unwanted, almost

instantaneous (thus impulse-like) sharp sounds (like clicks andpops). Noises of

the kind are usually caused by electromagnetic interference, scratches on the

recording disks, and ill synchronization in digital recording and communication.

Extraterrestrial noise source include our sun and other hot heavenly bodies, such as stars.

Owing to its high temperature (6000C) and relatively close proximity to the earth, the sun

is an intense, but fortunately localized, source of radio energy that extends over a br oad

frequency spectrum. Similarly, the stars are sources of wideband energy. Although much

more distant and hence less the intense than the sun, nevertheless they are collective an

important source ofnoise because oftheir vast numbers.

Radio-Frequency interference (RFI) is noise due to interfering transmitter. It is

particularly troublesome in situation in which a receiving antenna is subject to a high-

density transmitter environment, as in mobile communications in a lar ge city.


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Noise Source

Internal noise results from the randommotion ofcharge carriers in electronic

components. It can be three general type: Thermal noise, short noise andflicker

noise.

Thermal noise caused by the randommotion offree electrons in a conductoror

semiconductor excited by thermal agitation.

Shot noise is cause by the random arrival ofdiscrete charge carriers in such devicesas thermionic tubes or semiconductorjunction devices.

Flicker noise is produced in semiconductors by a mechanism not well understood and

is more severe the lower the frequency.





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Thermal agitation of electron

Thermal Agitation refers to the motion of electrons in a conductordue toheat. That is, without a current being

applied, the electrons are not still, but move about randomly in accordance with the amount ofheat energy (the

temperature) ofthe material.

Temperature is essentially the measure of the energy of a particle. The warmer something is, the more energetic

its particles are, so the more they move around. Thermal agitation is just about how much particles (mainly

electrons) move around based on their energy. It's primarily a quality seen and talked about in conductors of

electricity - as more current applied, the thermal agitation increases.

http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a102-thermal-agitation

Signal w/o noise

Signal with noise

Spectrumofsignal will thermal noise affection

Thermal Noise


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3. Types oftransmission Channels

1. The basic physical principle involved is the coupling of electromagnetic

energy into a propagation medium, which can be free space or the

atmosphere, by means of a radiation element referred to as an antenna.

Many different propagation modes are possible, depending on the physical

configuration of the antenna & the characteristics of the pr opagationmedium.

Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels

The types ofTransmission Channels consist of3 classes:

1. Electr omagnetic-Wave propagation Channels

2. Guided Electromagnetic-wave Channels

3. Optical Links





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Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels




Wireless communication is the transferofinfo. over a distance without the use ofelectrical

conductors or "wires". The distances involvedmay be short (a fewmeters as in television remotecontrol) or long (thousands ormillions ofkilometers for radio communications). When the context is

clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is generally considered to be a

branch oftelecommunications.

It encompasses various types offixed, mobile, and portable twoway radios, cellular telephones,

personal digital assistants (PDAs), andwireless networking. Other examples ofwireless technology

include GPS units, garage dooropeners andorgarage doors, wireless computermice, keyboards and

headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones.


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Guided electromagnetic-Wave Channels

1. Up until the last part of the twentienth century the most extensive example

of guided electromagnetic wave channel is the part of the long-distance

telephone network that uses wire line, but this has almost exclusively been

replacedby the optical fiber

2. Bandwidths on coaxial-cable links are a few megahertz. The need forgreater Bandwidth initiated the development of millimeter-wave

waveguide transmission systems.

3. However, with the development of low-loss optical fiber, efforts to

improve millimeterwave systems to achieve greater ceased.






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Optical Links




1. A typical fiber-optic communication system has a light source, which maybe either a LED or a semiconductor laser, in which the intensity ofthe light

is variedby the message source.

2. The output ofthis modulator is the input to a light-conducting fiber.

3. The receiver, or light sensor, typically consists of a photodiode. In a

photodiode, an average current flows that is pr oportional to the opticalpowerof the incident light. However, the exact numberof charge carriers

(electron) is random. The output of the detector is the sum of the average

current which is proportional to modulation & a noise component.



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1. Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

2. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

3. Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

4. Ethernet

5. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)




The Projects The Contemporary Issue in Communication


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1. Intr oduction Why we need the Technology ?

2. Architecture

3. Equipment

4. Latest Technology/Issue

5. Comparison




The Contents


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Customer access network: FTTH ON-SITE

COOLT

OS

Feeder

Drop


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Communication equipment :Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

ISCOM5504 is Optical Line Terminal of Raisecom GEPON system that aggregates Ethernet traffic from

remote ONU devices through passive optical splitters. It provides 4 single-strand PON interfaces for

communicating with downlink ONU devices and 4 gigabit combo interfaces for connecting with uplink

switches, enabling a high-speed and cost efficient FTTH solution in last mile. Raisecom GEPON complies

with IEEE802.3ah standard and enhances the transfer rates ofhigh-speed Internet connection services by

fiber optics while reducing the cost by sharing multiple lines. It can greatly reduce the networking CAPEX

and OPEX for its reducing failure points and simplifying network architecture, presenting carriers an ideal

solution fordeploying packet switching network with limited fiber resources.





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1. Leader

2. Moderator

3. Artistic

4. Engineer I

5. Engineer II




The Man Strength

Each group should assigned the responsibilities to all ofthe members. The

responsibilities must comprise of:


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Details

Duration : 3 weeks

Time ofPresentation : 20 minutes

Marks

Report : 15 %

Presentation : 15 %

amplpitude modulation

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