analytical chemistry

Analytical Chemistry1 2

2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3

2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2

2.1.1 Accuracy precision

2.1.1 ABCD WFe=37.40%)36.00 36.50 37.00 37.50 38.00

2.1.2 Error) : BT n x1x2x3 xnn

2.1.2 T (True value)123

2.1.2 deviation): di R S CV

2.1.3 Systematic error) Random error) Gross error, mistake)

Bias and accuracy systematic error bias = + Error = random error + bias

Bias and accuracy = =

= + j i xij12 j

4

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0

Sheet1

Noni)ni/n)ni/ns)

115.8310.0050.16

14.0216.0215.8515.88215.8710.0050.16

14.0516.0515.8515.91315.9030.0140.48

14.0516.0515.8715.94415.9380.0381.28

14.0516.0515.8715.97515.96180.0862.87

14.0516.0515.8716615.99390.1876.22

14.0516.0515.8716.03716.02610.2929.73

13.8815.8815.8716.07816.06400.1916.38

13.8715.8715.8716.1916.09200.0963.19

14.0116.0115.8816.131016.12110.0531.75

13.9915.9915.881116.1550.0240.80

14.1116.1115.8816.011216.1810.0050.16

14.1116.1115.91316.2110.0050.16

14.0616.0615.920933.33

14.0816.0815.9

13.9815.9815.91

13.9815.9815.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0516.0515.91

13.9915.9915.91

13.9915.9915.94

14.0416.0415.94

14.0316.0315.94

14.0316.0315.95

14.0116.0115.95

141615.95

13.9815.9815.96

13.9815.9815.96

13.9915.9915.96

13.9715.9715.96

13.9715.9715.96

14.0116.0115.96

14.0116.0115.97

14.0116.0115.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0716.0715.97

14.0616.0615.97

14.0516.0515.97

14.0414.03015.97

14.0316.0315.97

14.0816.0815.98

14.0716.0715.98

14.0416.0415.98

14.0316.0315.98

13.9115.9115.98

13.915.915.98

13.9915.9915.98

13.9615.9615.98

14.0316.0315.98

14.0216.0215.98

13.9415.9415.98

13.9115.9115.98

14.0716.0715.99

14.0816.0815.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9915.9915.99

13.9715.9715.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9615.9615.99

13.9515.9515.99

13.8715.8715.99

13.8515.8515.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0616.0615.99

14.0516.0515.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0216.0216

14.0216.0216

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.8815.8816.01

13.8715.8716.01

14.0116.0116.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0816.0816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.0416.0416.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0116.0116.01

141616.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9715.9716.01

13.9715.9716.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0716.0716.02

14.0616.0616.02

14.0516.0516.02

141616.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.02

14.0816.0816.02

14.0716.0716.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.03

13.9115.9116.03

13.915.916.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9615.9616.03

14.0316.0316.03

14.0216.0216.03

13.9415.9416.03

13.9115.9116.03

14.0716.0716.03

14.0816.0816.03

14.0116.0116.03

14.0116.0116.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9715.9716.03

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

13.9615.9616.04

13.9515.9516.04

13.8715.8716.04

13.8515.8516.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0616.0616.04

14.0516.0516.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0216.0216.04

14.0216.0216.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.8815.8816.05

13.8715.8716.05

14.0116.0116.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0816.0816.05

13.9815.9816.05

13.9815.9816.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.9915.9916.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.0416.0416.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0116.0116.06

141616.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9915.9916.06

13.9715.9716.06

13.9715.9716.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0716.0716.06

14.0616.0616.06

14.0516.0516.06

14.0414.03016.07

14.0316.0316.07

14.0816.0816.07

14.0716.0716.07

14.0416.0416.07

14.0316.0316.07

13.9115.9116.07

13.915.916.07

13.9915.9916.07

13.9615.9616.08

14.0316.0316.08

14.0216.0216.08

13.9415.9416.08

13.9115.9116.08

14.0716.0716.08

14.0816.0816.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9915.9916.08

13.9715.9716.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9615.9616.08

13.9515.9516.08

13.8715.8716.11

13.8515.8516.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0616.0616.11

14.0516.0516.11

Sheet2

Noni)ni/n)ni/ns)ni/ns)

115.8310.0050.1715.830.17

215.8710.0050.1715.870.17

315.9030.0150.5115.900.51

415.9380.0401.3515.931.35

515.96180.0913.0315.963.03

615.99340.1725.7215.995.72

716.02550.2789.2616.029.26

816.06400.2026.7316.066.73

916.09200.1013.3716.093.37

1016.12110.0561.8516.121.85

1116.1550.0250.8416.150.84

1216.1820.0100.3416.180.34

1316.2100.0000.0016.210.00

198

Sheet2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sheet3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0

Sheet1

No

115.8310.0050.16

14.0216.0215.8515.88215.8710.0050.16

14.0516.0515.8515.91315.9030.0140.48

14.0516.0515.8715.94415.9380.0381.28

14.0516.0515.8715.97515.96180.0862.87

14.0516.0515.8716615.99390.1876.22

14.0516.0515.8716.03716.02610.2929.73

13.8815.8815.8716.07816.06400.1916.38

13.8715.8715.8716.1916.09200.0963.19

14.0116.0115.8816.131016.12110.0531.75

13.9915.9915.881116.1550.0240.80

14.1116.1115.8816.011216.1810.0050.16

14.1116.1115.91316.2110.0050.16

14.0616.0615.920933.33

14.0816.0815.9

13.9815.9815.91

13.9815.9815.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0516.0515.91

13.9915.9915.91

13.9915.9915.94

14.0416.0415.94

14.0316.0315.94

14.0316.0315.95

14.0116.0115.95

141615.95

13.9815.9815.96

13.9815.9815.96

13.9915.9915.96

13.9715.9715.96

13.9715.9715.96

14.0116.0115.96

14.0116.0115.97

14.0116.0115.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0716.0715.97

14.0616.0615.97

14.0516.0515.97

14.0414.03015.97

14.0316.0315.97

14.0816.0815.98

14.0716.0715.98

14.0416.0415.98

14.0316.0315.98

13.9115.9115.98

13.915.915.98

13.9915.9915.98

13.9615.9615.98

14.0316.0315.98

14.0216.0215.98

13.9415.9415.98

13.9115.9115.98

14.0716.0715.99

14.0816.0815.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9915.9915.99

13.9715.9715.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9615.9615.99

13.9515.9515.99

13.8715.8715.99

13.8515.8515.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0616.0615.99

14.0516.0515.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0216.0216

14.0216.0216

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.8815.8816.01

13.8715.8716.01

14.0116.0116.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0816.0816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.0416.0416.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0116.0116.01

141616.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9715.9716.01

13.9715.9716.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0716.0716.02

14.0616.0616.02

14.0516.0516.02

141616.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.02

14.0816.0816.02

14.0716.0716.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.03

13.9115.9116.03

13.915.916.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9615.9616.03

14.0316.0316.03

14.0216.0216.03

13.9415.9416.03

13.9115.9116.03

14.0716.0716.03

14.0816.0816.03

14.0116.0116.03

14.0116.0116.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9715.9716.03

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

13.9615.9616.04

13.9515.9516.04

13.8715.8716.04

13.8515.8516.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0616.0616.04

14.0516.0516.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0216.0216.04

14.0216.0216.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.8815.8816.05

13.8715.8716.05

14.0116.0116.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0816.0816.05

13.9815.9816.05

13.9815.9816.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.9915.9916.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.0416.0416.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0116.0116.06

141616.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9915.9916.06

13.9715.9716.06

13.9715.9716.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0716.0716.06

14.0616.0616.06

14.0516.0516.06

14.0414.03016.07

14.0316.0316.07

14.0816.0816.07

14.0716.0716.07

14.0416.0416.07

14.0316.0316.07

13.9115.9116.07

13.915.916.07

13.9915.9916.07

13.9615.9616.08

14.0316.0316.08

14.0216.0216.08

13.9415.9416.08

13.9115.9116.08

14.0716.0716.08

14.0816.0816.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9915.9916.08

13.9715.9716.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9615.9616.08

13.9515.9516.08

13.8715.8716.11

13.8515.8516.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0616.0616.11

14.0516.0516.11

Sheet2


115.8310.0050.1715.830.17

215.8710.0050.1715.870.17

315.9030.0150.5115.900.51

415.9380.0401.3515.931.35

515.96180.0913.0315.963.03

615.99340.1725.7215.995.72

716.02550.2789.2616.029.26

816.06400.2026.7316.066.73

916.09200.1013.3716.093.37

1016.12110.0561.8516.121.85

1116.1550.0250.8416.150.84

1216.1820.0100.3416.180.34

1316.2100.0000.0016.210.00

198

Sheet2

Sheet3

N (, 2) y x x- 0 x-

12

2

0.10051243050.00005355390.0055458108

0.18519654510.00014830190.0122466999

0.32612624970.00039250170.0258471625

0.54888125830.00099283320.0521370482

0.88289857830.00240021860.1005124305

1.35732235820.00554581080.1851965451

1.99432052290.01224669990.3261262497

2.80057162230.02584716250.5488812583

3.75870445940.05213704820.8828985783

4.82135871260.10051243051.3573223582

5.91072126750.18519654511.9943205229

6.92550241340.32612624972.8005716223

7.75535817380.54888125833.7587044594

8.30026972040.88289857834.8213587126

8.4902860051.35732235825.9107212675

8.30026972041.99432052296.9255024134

7.75535817382.80057162237.7553581738

6.92550241343.75870445948.3002697204

5.91072126754.82135871268.490286005

4.82135871265.91072126758.3002697204

3.75870445946.92550241347.7553581738

2.80057162237.75535817386.9255024134

1.99432052298.30026972045.9107212675

1.35732235828.4902860054.8213587126

0.88289857838.30026972043.7587044594

0.54888125837.75535817382.8005716223

0.32612624976.92550241341.9943205229

0.18519654515.91072126751.3573223582

0.10051243054.82135871260.8828985783

0.05213704823.75870445940.5488812583

0.02584716252.80057162230.3261262497

0.01224669991.99432052290.1851965451

0.00554581081.35732235820.1005124305

0.00240021860.88289857830.0521370482

0.00099283320.54888125830.0258471625

0.00039250170.32612624970.0122466999

0.00014830190.18519654510.0055458108

0.00005355390.10051243050.0024002186

0.00001848320.05213704820.0009928332

A1exp(B/C)

A1exp(B/C)

A1exp(B/C)

x

y

Sheet1

Noni)ni/n)ni/ns)

115.8310.0050.16

14.0216.0215.8515.88215.8710.0050.16

14.0516.0515.8515.91315.9030.0140.48

14.0516.0515.8715.94415.9380.0381.28

14.0516.0515.8715.97515.96180.0862.87

14.0516.0515.8716615.99390.1876.22

14.0516.0515.8716.03716.02610.2929.73

13.8815.8815.8716.07816.06400.1916.38

13.8715.8715.8716.1916.09200.0963.19

14.0116.0115.8816.131016.12110.0531.75

13.9915.9915.881116.1550.0240.80

14.1116.1115.8816.011216.1810.0050.16

14.1116.1115.91316.2110.0050.16

14.0616.0615.90.055061106820933.33

14.0816.0815.9

13.9815.9815.91

13.9815.9815.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0516.0515.91

13.9915.9915.91

13.9915.9915.94

14.0416.0415.94

14.0316.0315.94

14.0316.0315.95

14.0116.0115.95

141615.95

13.9815.9815.96

13.9815.9815.96

13.9915.9915.96

13.9715.9715.96

13.9715.9715.96

14.0116.0115.96

14.0116.0115.97

14.0116.0115.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0716.0715.97

14.0616.0615.97

14.0516.0515.97

14.0414.03015.97

14.0316.0315.97

14.0816.0815.98

14.0716.0715.98

14.0416.0415.98

14.0316.0315.98

13.9115.9115.98

13.915.915.98

13.9915.9915.98

13.9615.9615.98

14.0316.0315.98

14.0216.0215.98

13.9415.9415.98

13.9115.9115.98

14.0716.0715.99

14.0816.0815.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9915.9915.99

13.9715.9715.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9615.9615.99

13.9515.9515.99

13.8715.8715.99

13.8515.8515.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0616.0615.99

14.0516.0515.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0216.0216

14.0216.0216

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.8815.8816.01

13.8715.8716.01

14.0116.0116.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0816.0816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.0416.0416.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0116.0116.01

141616.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9715.9716.01

13.9715.9716.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0716.0716.02

14.0616.0616.02

14.0516.0516.02

141616.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.02

14.0816.0816.02

14.0716.0716.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.03

13.9115.9116.03

13.915.916.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9615.9616.03

14.0316.0316.03

14.0216.0216.03

13.9415.9416.03

13.9115.9116.03

14.0716.0716.03

14.0816.0816.03

14.0116.0116.03

14.0116.0116.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9715.9716.03

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

13.9615.9616.04

13.9515.9516.04

13.8715.8716.04

13.8515.8516.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0616.0616.04

14.0516.0516.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0216.0216.04

14.0216.0216.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.8815.8816.05

13.8715.8716.05

14.0116.0116.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0816.0816.05

13.9815.9816.05

13.9815.9816.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.9915.9916.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.0416.0416.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0116.0116.06

141616.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9915.9916.06

13.9715.9716.06

13.9715.9716.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0716.0716.06

14.0616.0616.06

14.0516.0516.06

14.0414.03016.07

14.0316.0316.07

14.0816.0816.07

14.0716.0716.07

14.0416.0416.07

14.0316.0316.07

13.9115.9116.07

13.915.916.07

13.9915.9916.07

13.9615.9616.08

14.0316.0316.08

14.0216.0216.08

13.9415.9416.08

13.9115.9116.08

14.0716.0716.08

14.0816.0816.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9915.9916.08

13.9715.9716.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9615.9616.08

13.9515.9516.08

13.8715.8716.11

13.8515.8516.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0616.0616.11

14.0516.0516.11

Sheet2


115.8310.0050.1715.830.17

215.8710.0050.1715.870.17

315.9030.0150.5115.900.51

415.9380.0401.3515.931.35

515.96180.0913.0315.963.03

615.99340.1725.7215.995.72

716.02550.2789.2616.029.26

816.06400.2026.7316.066.73

916.09200.1013.3716.093.37

1016.12110.0561.8516.121.85

1116.1550.0250.8416.150.84

1216.1820.0100.3416.180.34

1316.2100.0000.0016.210.09

198

Sheet2

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0.09

Sheet5

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0.09

Sheet4

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0.09

Sheet3

xA1exp(B/C)A1exp(B/C)A1exp(B/C)

15.830.10051243050.00005355390.0055458108

15.840.18519654510.00014830190.0122466999

15.850.32612624970.00039250170.0258471625

15.860.54888125830.00099283320.0521370482

15.870.88289857830.00240021860.1005124305

15.881.35732235820.00554581080.1851965451

15.891.99432052290.01224669990.3261262497

15.902.80057162230.02584716250.5488812583

15.913.75870445940.05213704820.8828985783

15.924.82135871260.10051243051.3573223582

15.935.91072126750.18519654511.9943205229

15.946.92550241340.32612624972.8005716223

15.957.75535817380.54888125833.7587044594

15.968.30026972040.88289857834.8213587126

15.978.4902860051.35732235825.9107212675

15.988.30026972041.99432052296.9255024134

15.997.75535817382.80057162237.7553581738

16.006.92550241343.75870445948.3002697204

16.015.91072126754.82135871268.490286005

16.024.82135871265.91072126758.3002697204

16.033.75870445946.92550241347.7553581738

16.042.80057162237.75535817386.9255024134

16.051.99432052298.30026972045.9107212675

16.061.35732235828.4902860054.8213587126

16.070.88289857838.30026972043.7587044594

16.080.54888125837.75535817382.8005716223

16.090.32612624976.92550241341.9943205229

16.100.18519654515.91072126751.3573223582

16.110.10051243054.82135871260.8828985783

16.120.05213704823.75870445940.5488812583

16.130.02584716252.80057162230.3261262497

16.140.01224669991.99432052290.1851965451

16.150.00554581081.35732235820.1005124305

16.160.00240021860.88289857830.0521370482

16.170.00099283320.54888125830.0258471625

16.180.00039250170.32612624970.0122466999

16.190.00014830190.18519654510.0055458108

16.200.00005355390.10051243050.0024002186

16.210.00001848320.05213704820.0009928332

Sheet3

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

A1exp(B/C)

A1exp(B/C)

A1exp(B/C)

xA1exp(B/C)A2exp(B/C2)

15.830.0068.7E-13

15.840.0122.4E-11

15.850.0265.4E-10

15.860.0521.0E-08

15.870.1011.6E-07

15.880.1852.0E-06

15.890.3262.1E-05

15.900.5491.9E-04

15.910.8831.4E-03

15.921.3578.2E-03

15.931.9944.1E-02

15.942.8011.7E-01

15.953.7595.8E-01

15.964.8211.6E+00

15.975.9113.8E+00

15.986.9267.4E+00

15.997.7551.2E+01

16.008.3001.6E+01

16.018.4901.7E+01

16.028.300269720415.7849683099

16.037.755358173811.8876998459

16.046.92550241347.4106225239

16.055.91072126753.8239684255

16.064.82135871261.6333401869

16.073.75870445940.577486375

16.082.80057162230.1690089023

16.091.99432052290.0409430474

16.101.35732235820.0082101954

16.110.88289857830.001362792

16.120.54888125830.0001872442

16.130.32612624970.0000212956

16.140.18519654510.0000020048

16.150.10051243050.0000001562

16.160.05213704820.0000000101

16.170.02584716250.0000000005

16.180.01224669990

16.190.00554581080

16.200.00240021860

16.210.00099283320

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

A1exp(B/C)

A2exp(B/C2)

xA1A2BC1exp(B/C1)A1exp(B/C)C2exp(B/C2)A2exp(B/C2)

15.838.49028600517.3497148797-0.0169-3.82526029880.0218127570.1851965451-15.97353497160.00000011560.0000020048

15.848.49028600517.3497148797-0.0144-3.25939339070.03841169180.3261262497-13.61058601130.00000122740.0000212956

15.858.49028600517.3497148797-0.0121-2.73879583520.06464814710.5488812583-11.43667296790.00001079240.0001872442

15.868.49028600517.3497148797-0.01-2.26346763240.10398926230.8828985783-9.45179584120.00007854840.001362792

15.878.49028600517.3497148797-0.0081-1.83340878230.15986768381.3573223582-7.65595463140.00047321790.0082101954

15.888.49028600517.3497148797-0.0064-1.44861928470.23489438661.9943205229-6.04914933840.00235986860.0409430474

15.898.49028600517.3497148797-0.0049-1.10909913990.32985598142.8005716223-4.63137996220.00974130720.1690089023

15.98.49028600517.3497148797-0.0036-0.81484834770.44270645973.7587044594-3.40264650280.03328506430.577486375

15.918.49028600517.3497148797-0.0025-0.56586690810.56786764424.8213587126-2.36294896030.09414219191.6333401869

15.928.49028600517.3497148797-0.0016-0.36215482120.69617457695.9107212675-1.51228733460.22040526043.8239684255

15.938.49028600517.3497148797-0.0009-0.20371208690.81569718736.9255024134-0.85066162570.42713223687.4106225239

15.948.49028600517.3497148797-0.0004-0.09053870530.91343897837.7553581738-0.37807183360.685181279811.8876998459

15.958.49028600517.3497148797-0.0001-0.02263467630.97761956618.3002697204-0.09451795840.909811395715.7849683099

15.968.49028600517.3497148797-0-018.490286005-0117.3497148797

15.978.49028600517.3497148797-0.0001-0.02263467630.97761956618.3002697204-0.09451795840.909811395715.7849683099

15.988.49028600517.3497148797-0.0004-0.09053870530.91343897837.7553581738-0.37807183360.685181279811.8876998459

15.998.49028600517.3497148797-0.0009-0.20371208690.81569718736.9255024134-0.85066162570.42713223687.4106225239

168.49028600517.3497148797-0.0016-0.36215482120.69617457695.9107212675-1.51228733460.22040526043.8239684255

16.018.49028600517.3497148797-0.0025-0.56586690810.56786764424.8213587126-2.36294896030.09414219191.6333401869

16.028.49028600517.3497148797-0.0036-0.81484834770.44270645973.7587044594-3.40264650280.03328506430.577486375

16.038.49028600517.3497148797-0.0049-1.10909913990.32985598142.8005716223-4.63137996220.00974130720.1690089023

16.048.49028600517.3497148797-0.0064-1.44861928470.23489438661.9943205229-6.04914933840.00235986860.0409430474

16.058.49028600517.3497148797-0.0081-1.83340878230.15986768381.3573223582-7.65595463140.00047321790.0082101954

16.068.49028600517.3497148797-0.01-2.26346763240.10398926230.8828985783-9.45179584120.00007854840.001362792

16.078.49028600517.3497148797-0.0121-2.73879583520.06464814710.5488812583-11.43667296790.00001079240.0001872442

16.088.49028600517.3497148797-0.0144-3.25939339070.03841169180.3261262497-13.61058601130.00000122740.0000212956

16.098.49028600517.3497148797-0.0169-3.82526029880.0218127570.1851965451-15.97353497160.00000011560.0000020048

16.18.49028600517.3497148797-0.0196-4.43639655950.01183852120.1005124305-18.52551984880.0000000090.0000001562

16.118.49028600517.3497148797-0.0225-5.09280217290.00614078820.0521370482-21.26654064270.00000000060.0000000101

16.128.49028600517.3497148797-0.0256-5.7944771390.00304432180.0258471625-24.196597353500.0000000005

16.138.49028600517.3497148797-0.0289-6.54142145770.00144243670.0122466999-27.315689981100

16.148.49028600517.3497148797-0.0324-7.3336351290.00065319480.0055458108-30.623818525500

16.158.49028600517.3497148797-0.0361-8.1711181530.00028270170.0024002186-34.120982986800

16.168.49028600517.3497148797-0.04-9.05387052970.00011693750.0009928332-37.807183364800

16.178.49028600517.3497148797-0.0441-9.98189225890.00004622950.0003925017-41.682419659700

16.188.49028600517.3497148797-0.0484-10.95518334090.00001746720.0001483019-45.746691871500

16.198.49028600517.3497148797-0.0529-11.97374377550.00000630770.0000535539-5000

16.28.49028600517.3497148797-0.0576-13.03757356270.0000021770.0000184832-54.442344045400

16.218.49028600517.3497148797-0.0625-14.14667270260.00000071810.0000060968-59.073724007600

1

0.00554581080

0.01224669990

0.02584716250.0000000005

0.05213704820.0000000101

0.10051243050.0000001562

0.18519654510.0000020048

0.32612624970.0000212956

0.54888125830.0001872442

0.88289857830.001362792

1.35732235820.0082101954

1.99432052290.0409430474

2.80057162230.1690089023

3.75870445940.577486375

4.82135871261.6333401869

5.91072126753.8239684255

6.92550241347.4106225239

7.755358173811.8876998459

8.300269720415.7849683099

8.49028600517.3497148797

8.300269720415.7849683099

7.755358173811.8876998459

6.92550241347.4106225239

5.91072126753.8239684255

4.82135871261.6333401869

3.75870445940.577486375

2.80057162230.1690089023

1.99432052290.0409430474

1.35732235820.0082101954

0.88289857830.001362792

0.54888125830.0001872442

0.32612624970.0000212956

0.18519654510.0000020048

0.10051243050.0000001562

0.05213704820.0000000101

0.02584716250.0000000005

0.01224669990

0.00554581080

0.00240021860

0.00099283320

A1exp(B/C)

A2exp(B/C2)

x

y

Sheet1

Noni)ni/n)ni/ns)

115.8310.0050.16

14.0216.0215.8515.88215.8710.0050.16

14.0516.0515.8515.91315.9030.0140.48

14.0516.0515.8715.94415.9380.0381.28

14.0516.0515.8715.97515.96180.0862.87

14.0516.0515.8716615.99390.1876.22

14.0516.0515.8716.03716.02610.2929.73

13.8815.8815.8716.07816.06400.1916.38

13.8715.8715.8716.1916.09200.0963.19

14.0116.0115.8816.131016.12110.0531.75

13.9915.9915.881116.1550.0240.80

14.1116.1115.8816.011216.1810.0050.16

14.1116.1115.91316.2110.0050.16

14.0616.0615.90.055061106820933.33

14.0816.0815.9

13.9815.9815.91

13.9815.9815.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0616.0615.91

14.0516.0515.91

13.9915.9915.91

13.9915.9915.94

14.0416.0415.94

14.0316.0315.94

14.0316.0315.95

14.0116.0115.95

141615.95

13.9815.9815.96

13.9815.9815.96

13.9915.9915.96

13.9715.9715.96

13.9715.9715.96

14.0116.0115.96

14.0116.0115.97

14.0116.0115.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0816.0815.97

14.0716.0715.97

14.0616.0615.97

14.0516.0515.97

14.0414.03015.97

14.0316.0315.97

14.0816.0815.98

14.0716.0715.98

14.0416.0415.98

14.0316.0315.98

13.9115.9115.98

13.915.915.98

13.9915.9915.98

13.9615.9615.98

14.0316.0315.98

14.0216.0215.98

13.9415.9415.98

13.9115.9115.98

14.0716.0715.99

14.0816.0815.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9915.9915.99

13.9715.9715.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

13.9615.9615.99

13.9515.9515.99

13.8715.8715.99

13.8515.8515.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0116.0115.99

14.0616.0615.99

14.0516.0515.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0416.0415.99

14.0216.0216

14.0216.0216

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.8815.8816.01

13.8715.8716.01

14.0116.0116.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.1116.1116.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0816.0816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0616.0616.01

14.0516.0516.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9915.9916.01

14.0416.0416.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0316.0316.01

14.0116.0116.01

141616.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9815.9816.01

13.9915.9916.01

13.9715.9716.01

13.9715.9716.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0116.0116.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0816.0816.01

14.0716.0716.02

14.0616.0616.02

14.0516.0516.02

141616.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.02

14.0816.0816.02

14.0716.0716.02

14.0416.0416.02

14.0316.0316.03

13.9115.9116.03

13.915.916.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9615.9616.03

14.0316.0316.03

14.0216.0216.03

13.9415.9416.03

13.9115.9116.03

14.0716.0716.03

14.0816.0816.03

14.0116.0116.03

14.0116.0116.03

13.9915.9916.03

13.9715.9716.03

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

13.9615.9616.04

13.9515.9516.04

13.8715.8716.04

13.8515.8516.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0116.0116.04

14.0616.0616.04

14.0516.0516.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0416.0416.04

14.0216.0216.04

14.0216.0216.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.8815.8816.05

13.8715.8716.05

14.0116.0116.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.1116.1116.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0816.0816.05

13.9815.9816.05

13.9815.9816.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0616.0616.05

14.0516.0516.05

13.9915.9916.05

13.9915.9916.05

14.0416.0416.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0316.0316.05

14.0116.0116.06

141616.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9815.9816.06

13.9915.9916.06

13.9715.9716.06

13.9715.9716.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0116.0116.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0816.0816.06

14.0716.0716.06

14.0616.0616.06

14.0516.0516.06

14.0414.03016.07

14.0316.0316.07

14.0816.0816.07

14.0716.0716.07

14.0416.0416.07

14.0316.0316.07

13.9115.9116.07

13.915.916.07

13.9915.9916.07

13.9615.9616.08

14.0316.0316.08

14.0216.0216.08

13.9415.9416.08

13.9115.9116.08

14.0716.0716.08

14.0816.0816.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9915.9916.08

13.9715.9716.08

14.0116.0116.08

14.0116.0116.08

13.9615.9616.08

13.9515.9516.08

13.8715.8716.11

13.8515.8516.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0116.0116.11

14.0616.0616.11

14.0516.0516.11

Sheet2


115.8310.0050.1715.830.17

215.8710.0050.1715.870.17

315.9030.0150.5115.900.51

415.9380.0401.3515.931.35

515.96180.0913.0315.963.03

615.99340.1725.7215.995.72

716.02550.2789.2616.029.26

816.06400.2026.7316.066.73

916.09200.1013.3716.093.37

1016.12110.0561.8516.121.85

1116.1550.0250.8416.150.84

1216.1820.0100.3416.180.34

1316.2100.0000.0016.210.09

198

Sheet2

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0.09

Sheet4

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0.09

Sheet3

0.1683501684

0.1683501684

0.5050505051

1.3468013468

3.0303030303

5.7239057239

9.2592592593

6.734006734

3.367003367

1.8518518519

0.8417508418

0.34

0.09

xA1exp(B/C)A2exp(B/C2)

15.830.0068.7E-13

15.840.0122.4E-11

15.850.0265.4E-10

15.860.0521.0E-08

15.870.1011.6E-07

15.880.1852.0E-06

15.890.3262.1E-05

15.900.5491.9E-04

15.910.8831.4E-03

15.921.3578.2E-03

15.931.9944.1E-02

15.942.8011.7E-01

15.953.7595.8E-01

15.964.8211.6E+00

15.975.9113.8E+00

15.986.9267.4E+00

15.997.7551.2E+01

16.008.3001.6E+01

16.018.4901.7E+01

16.028.300269720415.7849683099

16.037.755358173811.8876998459

16.046.92550241347.4106225239

16.055.91072126753.8239684255

16.064.82135871261.6333401869

16.073.75870445940.577486375

16.082.80057162230.1690089023

16.091.99432052290.0409430474

16.101.35732235820.0082101954

16.110.88289857830.001362792

16.120.54888125830.0001872442

16.130.32612624970.0000212956

16.140.18519654510.0000020048

16.150.10051243050.0000001562

16.160.05213704820.0000000101

16.170.02584716250.0000000005

16.180.01224669990

16.190.00554581080

16.200.00240021860

16.210.00099283320

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

A1exp(B/C)

A2exp(B/C2)

xA1A2BC1exp(B/C1)A1exp(B/C)C2exp(B/C2)A2exp(B/C2)

15.838.49028600517.3497148797-0.0324-7.3336351290.00065319480.0055458108-30.623818525500

15.848.49028600517.3497148797-0.0289-6.54142145770.00144243670.0122466999-27.315689981100

15.858.49028600517.3497148797-0.0256-5.7944771390.00304432180.0258471625-24.196597353500.0000000005

15.868.49028600517.3497148797-0.0225-5.09280217290.00614078820.0521370482-21.26654064270.00000000060.0000000101

15.878.49028600517.3497148797-0.0196-4.43639655950.01183852120.1005124305-18.52551984880.0000000090.0000001562

15.888.49028600517.3497148797-0.0169-3.82526029880.0218127570.1851965451-15.97353497160.00000011560.0000020048

15.898.49028600517.3497148797-0.0144-3.25939339070.03841169180.3261262497-13.61058601130.00000122740.0000212956

15.98.49028600517.3497148797-0.0121-2.73879583520.06464814710.5488812583-11.43667296790.00001079240.0001872442

15.918.49028600517.3497148797-0.01-2.26346763240.10398926230.8828985783-9.45179584120.00007854840.001362792

15.928.49028600517.3497148797-0.0081-1.83340878230.15986768381.3573223582-7.65595463140.00047321790.0082101954

15.938.49028600517.3497148797-0.0064-1.44861928470.23489438661.9943205229-6.04914933840.00235986860.0409430474

15.948.49028600517.3497148797-0.0049-1.10909913990.32985598142.8005716223-4.63137996220.00974130720.1690089023

15.958.49028600517.3497148797-0.0036-0.81484834770.44270645973.7587044594-3.40264650280.03328506430.577486375

15.968.49028600517.3497148797-0.0025-0.56586690810.56786764424.8213587126-2.36294896030.09414219191.6333401869

15.978.49028600517.3497148797-0.0016-0.36215482120.69617457695.9107212675-1.51228733460.22040526043.8239684255

15.988.49028600517.3497148797-0.0009-0.20371208690.81569718736.9255024134-0.85066162570.42713223687.4106225239

15.998.49028600517.3497148797-0.0004-0.09053870530.91343897837.7553581738-0.37807183360.685181279811.8876998459

168.49028600517.3497148797-0.0001-0.02263467630.97761956618.3002697204-0.09451795840.909811395715.7849683099

16.018.49028600517.3497148797-0-018.490286005-0117.3497148797

16.028.49028600517.3497148797-0.0001-0.02263467630.97761956618.3002697204-0.09451795840.909811395715.7849683099

16.038.49028600517.3497148797-0.0004-0.09053870530.91343897837.7553581738-0.37807183360.685181279811.8876998459

16.048.49028600517.3497148797-0.0009-0.20371208690.81569718736.9255024134-0.85066162570.42713223687.4106225239

16.058.49028600517.3497148797-0.0016-0.36215482120.69617457695.9107212675-1.51228733460.22040526043.8239684255

16.068.49028600517.3497148797-0.0025-0.56586690810.56786764424.8213587126-2.36294896030.09414219191.6333401869

16.078.49028600517.3497148797-0.0036-0.81484834770.44270645973.7587044594-3.40264650280.03328506430.577486375

16.088.49028600517.3497148797-0.0049-1.10909913990.32985598142.8005716223-4.63137996220.00974130720.1690089023

16.098.49028600517.3497148797-0.0064-1.44861928470.23489438661.9943205229-6.04914933840.00235986860.0409430474

16.18.49028600517.3497148797-0.0081-1.83340878230.15986768381.3573223582-7.65595463140.00047321790.0082101954

16.118.49028600517.3497148797-0.01-2.26346763240.10398926230.8828985783-9.45179584120.00007854840.001362792

16.128.49028600517.3497148797-0.0121-2.73879583520.06464814710.5488812583-11.43667296790.00001079240.0001872442

16.138.49028600517.3497148797-0.0144-3.25939339070.03841169180.3261262497-13.61058601130.00000122740.0000212956

16.148.49028600517.3497148797-0.0169-3.82526029880.0218127570.1851965451-15.97353497160.00000011560.0000020048

16.158.49028600517.3497148797-0.0196-4.43639655950.01183852120.1005124305-18.52551984880.0000000090.0000001562

16.168.49028600517.3497148797-0.0225-5.09280217290.00614078820.0521370482-21.26654064270.00000000060.0000000101

16.178.49028600517.3497148797-0.0256-5.7944771390.00304432180.0258471625-24.196597353500.0000000005

16.188.49028600517.3497148797-0.0289-6.54142145770.00144243670.0122466999-27.315689981100

16.198.49028600517.3497148797-0.0324-7.3336351290.00065319480.0055458108-30.623818525500

16.28.49028600517.3497148797-0.0361-8.1711181530.00028270170.0024002186-34.120982986800

16.218.49028600517.3497148797-0.04-9.05387052970.00011693750.0009928332-37.807183364800

123x = y

N (0,1)

| u || u | u | u 0.6740.25001.0000.34131.6450.45001.9600.47502.0000.47732.5760.49503.0000.49870.5000

2221

u%-1, +1)(-1 , +1 )68.3(-1.96, +1.96)(-1.96 , +1.96 )95.0(-2, +2)(-2 , +2 )95.5(-2.58, 2.58)(-2.58 , +2.58 )99.0(-3, +3)(-3 , +3 )99.7

2-11u=1.5 2 0.4332 = 0.866 = 86.6 %2u >2.5 0.5 0.4938 = 0.0062 =0.62%1.75% = 0.10, 11.750.15% 22 %86.6%P a aP + a = 1a P

500g 3 4 4 = T T

2.3.1BT n x1x2x3 xn Average Median

R RangeR Deviation Mean deviation relative mean deviation standard deviation()Relative standard deviation (Coefficient of variation , CV )

x1x2x3

m n 12m

2.3.2 12 Confidence level Degree of confidence Probability level Confidence interval Confidence limit

12 u 3ux

t P = 1 - 2-42-312-322-5

f =(n-1)0.500.100.050.0111.006.3112.7163.6620.822.924.309.9330.762.353.185.8440.742.132.784.6050.732.022.574.0360.721.942.453.7170.711.902.373.5080.711.862.313.3690.701.832.263.25100.701.812.233.17200.691.732.092.850.671.651.962.58

2 f t t 1-100%

2-337.4537.2037.5037.3037.25%1295%99%1

2 95%99%95%1- = 0.95 = 0.05t 0.05, 4 = 2.78 95%1 99%1- = 0.99 = 0.01t 0.01,4= 4.60 99%

2.3.3 Significant Test

1.1 t t t 23t t

2-4( = 0.05%)T = T

u u t ut2-5T4.55%0.08%54.28%4.40%, 4.42%, 4.35%, 4.37%( = 0.05%) = T

1F S1S22t 34

95%F90%F

f f23456219.0019.1619.2519.3019.3339.559.289.129.018.94 46.946.596.396.166.0955.795.415.195.054.9565.144.764.534.394.28

2.3.4 Outlier rejection20 = 0.7979 0.80 4 34

2Q Dixons Q-test12R 3d4Q5Q2-6%Na2O)640.0240.1240.1640.1840.1840.2090% n = 6 , Q = 0.56

n345678910Q 0.900.940.760.640.560.510.470.440.41Q 0.950.970.840.730.640.590.540.510.49

3Grubbs)1 2 n 3 T> T

2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3

2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2

1kiY ABCABCsAsBsC2.3.5 Propagation of Error

2Y ABCABCsAsBsC

2-7 s = 0.10 mg 2-80.05 0.01) mL, 22.10 0.01) mL, V = 0.01 + 0.01 = 0.02 22.10-0.05 0.02 mL = 22.05 0.02 mL

2.3 6 12

No.g / L15.000.045210.00.093320.00.140430.00.175540.00.23660.200

1

0

0.045

0.089

0.136

0.178

0.236

0.181

ug / mL)

A

Sheet1

mg / L

0.00

5.00.045

10.00.089

20.00.136

30.00.178

40.00.236

30.00.181

Sheet1

0.045

0.089

0.136

0.178

0.236

0.181

ug / mL)

A

Sheet2

0

0.045

0.089

0.136

0.178

0.236

0.181

ug / mL)

A

Sheet3

Sheet3

0

0.045

0.089

0.136

0.178

0.236

0.181

ug / mL)

A

Linear regression1 method of least squaresyn yi Q

Correlation coefficient 2

3. R 01 1.yiR=12.yxR=0

2-9 n = 5, R = 0.920, 95%f = 5 2 = 3, = 0.05, R0 = 0.878,R > R0,

f = n-20.100.050.010.00110.9880.9970.99980.99999920.9000.9500.9900.99930.8050.8780.9590.991

2.4 2.4.1 Ei= 0.0001 g Ea = 0.0002 g Ei = 0.01 mL Ea = 0.02 mL

2-1040.00 mL 0.1000 mol.L-1 NaOH, HCl39.10 mL, 10.12%, V = 40.00 39.10 = 0.90 (mL) >

2.4.3 1

2.5 Significant figures1Significant figures---all the digits known with certainty plus the first uncertain digit. 28.56 mL 0.2080 g

23 Calculate the molar mass (MW) of HNO3; atomic mass are: H: 1.00797; N: 14.0067; O: 15.9994.MW = 1.00797 + 14.0067 + 47.9982 = 63.0128763.0129 g mol-1Calculate the molar concentration of a 70% HNO3 solution whose density is 1.413 kg L-1C = 1.413 0.701000 / 63.0129 = 15.696716 mol L-1

2.6 Quality Assurance (QA)

2.6.1 SRM Standard Reference Material, QC Quality Control,

2.6.2 Meaning Measurement System1976

1 2345

2ISOISO International Organization for Standardization

5 Control chartUCL UWL LWL LCL

* R

x R+2S+2/3(A2 )+2/3(D4 - )+3S+ A2D4-2S-2/3(A2 -3S- A2D3

XiXiRi10.5010.4910.4960.01020.4900.4900.4900.000

W. S. Gossettu 123419982250 million)10%several billion US$)%20231 p.423-

analytical chemistry

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