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탄성체역학 Applied Theory of Elasticity 토목안전환경공학과 옥승용 Week04: 인장, 압축 전단 (3)

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Page 1: Applied Theory of Elasticitycontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/hankyong/... · 2016-09-09 · 26 Example 3’: 전단응력과 전단변형률 • Three plates joined by two rivets

탄성체역학

Applied Theory of Elasticity

토목안전환경공학과

옥승용

Week04: 인장, 압축 및 전단 (3)

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2

Class Schedule(1)

Week Topics Remarks

01 Introduction to class Ch. 1

02 Tensile, Compressive and Shear Forces (1) Ch. 1

03 Tensile, Compressive and Shear Forces (2) Ch. 1

04 Tensile, Compressive and Shear Forces (3) Ch. 1

05 Axially Loaded Members (1) Ch. 2

06 Axially Loaded Members (2) Ch. 2

07 Shear Force and Bending Moment (1) Ch. 4

08 Mid-Term Exam

09 Shear Force and Bending Moment (2) Ch. 4

10 Stresses in Beams (1) Ch. 5

11 Stresses in Beams (2) Ch. 5

12 Analysis of Stress and Strain (1) Ch. 7

13 Analysis of Stress and Strain (2) Ch. 7

14 Analysis of Stress and Strain (3) Ch. 7

15 Final-Term Exam

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Chapter Preview

학습목표

전단응력(Shear Stress)이란?

전단변형률(Shear Strain)이란?

허용응력(Allowable Stress)이란?

Design of Members in Tension, Compression and Shear Stress

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4

전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단응력 (Shear stress)

– 정의: 재료면(단면)에 접선방향으로 작용하는 응력

– 전단응력은 물체의 한 단면을 인접한 단면에 대해 미끄러지도록 할 때 발생

• 종이를 가위로 자를 때, 종이에 발생하는 응력과 유사

V

A

전단력

단면적

PP

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전단개념

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Applications of Shear Key

Shear connection for composite bridge

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7

Applications of Shear Key

Studs on steel beams for

shear connection

http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?bl

ogId=jlove928&logNo=130034207452

Shear connection for composite bridge

Page 8: Applied Theory of Elasticitycontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/hankyong/... · 2016-09-09 · 26 Example 3’: 전단응력과 전단변형률 • Three plates joined by two rivets

8

Applications of Shear Key

Shear connection for seismic performance improvement

Studs on steel beams for

shear connection

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Applications of Shear Key

What else?

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10

전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단응력 (Shear stress)

– 정의: 재료면(단면)에 접선방향으로 작용하는 응력

단면적

전단력

A

V

A road destroyed by shear Shear failure of

bamboo I-shaped beam

Normal fault caused by

shear stress

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Single Shear Bolted Connection

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단일전단

Bolted connection in which the bolt is loaded in single shear

Failure of a bolt in single shear

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Double Shear Bolted Connection

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14

전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단응력 (Shear stress) vs 지압응력 (bearing stress)

– 인장하중 P 작용으로 인해, A와 C는 지압(bearing)을 받는 볼트 B

를 누르며, 지압응력(bearing stress)이라는 접촉응력이 발생.

– 또한 A와 C는 볼트를 전단시키려는 경향이 있고, 이러한 경향은

볼트의 전단응력에 의해 억제되고 있다.

Bolted connection in which the bolt is loaded in double shear

볼트 연결체

인장하중

클레비스 볼트

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15

전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단응력 (Shear stress)

Bolted connection in which the bolt is loaded in double shear

측면도 볼트의 자유물체도

봉 클레비스

볼트

m n

(e)

m n

p q

V

전단면적

지압면적

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Example 1 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 강철판에 구멍 뚫기

d=20mm인 펀치가 8mm두께의 판에 구멍을 뚫는데 사용된다고 가정한다. 구멍을 뚫기 위해 P=110kN의 힘이 필요하다면, 판의 전단응력과 펀치의 평균압축응력은 얼마인가?

Punching a hole in a steel plane

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전단응력과 전단변형률

• 강철판에 구멍 뚫기

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Example 1 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 강철판에 구멍 뚫기

구멍을 뚫기 위해 P=110kN의 힘이 필요하다면,

판의 전단응력과 펀치의 평균압축응력은 얼마인가?

판의 전단응력 aver

단면적

전단력

A

Vaver

MPa219mm7.502

kN110

)mm8)(mm20( 2

P

dt

P

A

P

steel

aver

t

110P kN

d

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Example 1 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 강철판에 구멍 뚫기

구멍을 뚫기 위해 P=110kN의 힘이 필요하다면,

판의 전단응력과 펀치의 평균압축응력은 얼마인가?

펀치의 평균압축응력 sc

aver

P

As

MPa350)mm20(

kN1102

412

41

sd

P

A

P

punch

aver

d

t

110P kN

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Example 2 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Angle bracket bolted to a column

Two bolts

d = 0.625 in.

t = thickness of angle = 0.5 in.

L=6 in. ; b=2.5 in.

F = pbL = 4.50 k

지압면적

지압하중

b

bb

A

Fs

Determine the average bearing pressure sb between the angle bracket and the

bolts and the average shear stress taver in the bolts.

b

bA

F

2s Ab : bearing area of one bolt

2in.3125.0)in.5.0)(in.625.0( tdAbksi20.7

)in.3125.0(2

k50.42

bs

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Example 2 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Angle bracket bolted to a column

Two bolts

d = 0.625 in.

t = thickness of angle = 0.5 in.

L=6 in. ; b=2.5 in.

F = pbL = 4.50 k

Determine the average bearing pressure sb between the angle bracket and the

bolts and the average shear stress taver in the bolts.

As : shear area of one bolt 단면적

전단력

A

Vaver

s

averA

F

2

222

in.3068.0)in.625.0(44

d

Asksi33.7

)in.3068.0(2

k50.42

aver

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Example 3 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Three plates joined by two rivets

Three steel plates, each 16 mm thick, are

joined by two 20-mm diameter rivets.

(a) If the load P =50 kN, what is the largest

bearing stress acting on the rivets?

(b) If the ultimate shear stress for the rivets is

180 MPa, what force Pult is required to

cause the rivets to fail in shear?

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Example 3 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

FBD

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Example 3 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Three plates joined by two rivets

t = thickness of plates = 16mm

d = diameter of rivets = 20mm

(a) If the load P =50 kN, what is the largest

bearing stress acting on the rivets?

Maximum bearing stress on the rivets

Maximum bearing stress occurs at the middle plate.

지압면적

지압하중

b

bb

A

Fs

b

bA

F

2s Ab : bearing area of one rivet

MPa1.78mm)2(20mm)(16

kN50

22

dt

P

A

F

b

bs

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Example 3 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Three plates joined by two rivets

t = thickness of plates = 16mm

d = diameter of rivets = 20mm

(b) If the ultimate shear stress for the rivets is

180 MPa, what force Pult is required to

cause the rivets to fail in shear (ultimate

load in shear)?

Shear force on two rivets = P/2

Shear force on one rivet = P/4

Shear stress for one rivet 2

4

2

4

4/

d

PP

A

P

d

2dP

At the ultimate load: kN226)MPa180()mm20( 22 ultult dP

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Example 3’ : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Three plates joined by two rivets

tb = thickness of upper/lower plate = 6mm

tc = thickness of upper/lower plate = 16mm

d = diameter of rivets = 20mm

(a) If the load P =50 kN, what is the largest

bearing stress acting on the rivets?

Maximum bearing stress on the rivets

Maximum stress occurs at the upper/lower plates.

지압면적

지압하중

b

bb

A

Fs

b

bA

F

2s Ab : bearing area of one rivet

/ 2 25104.2

2 2 2(20 )(6 )b

b

F P kNMPa

A dt mm mms

5078.1

2 2 2(20 )(16 )b

b

F P kNMPa

A dt mm mms

At upper/lower plates:

At middle plate:

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Example 3’ : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Three plates joined by two rivets

tb = thickness of upper/lower plate = 6mm

tc = thickness of upper/lower plate = 16mm

d = diameter of rivets = 20mm

(b) If the ultimate shear stress for the rivets is 180

MPa, what force Pult is required to cause the

rivets to fail in shear (ultimate load in shear)?

Shear force on two rivets = P/2

Shear force on one rivet = P/4

Shear stress for one rivet 2

4

2

4

4/

d

PP

A

P

d

2dP

At the ultimate load: kN226)MPa180()mm20( 22 ultult dP

The same!

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Example 4 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Plates joined by a bolt

The connection consists of 5 steel plates, each 3⁄16 in. thick, joined by a

single 1⁄4-in. diameter bolt. The total load transferred between the plates is

1200 lb, distributed among the plates.

(a) Calculate the largest shear stress in the bolt, disregarding friction between

the plates.

(b) Calculate the largest bearing stress acting against the bolt.

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Example 4 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

FBD

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Example 4 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Plates joined by a bolt

t = thickness of steel plates = 3⁄16 in.

d = diameter of bolt = 1⁄4 in.

The total load transferred between the plates is 1200 lb, distributed among the

plates.

(a) Calculate the largest shear stress in the bolt, disregarding friction between

the plates.

Maximum shear stress in bolt:

2

41

maxmaxmax

d

V

A

V

bolt

maxVMaximum shear force of bolt:

Free body diagram of bolt

Section A-A: V = 360 lb

Section B-B: V = 240 lb

Vmax = 360 lb psi7330max

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Example 4 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Plates joined by a bolt

t = thickness of steel plates = 3⁄16 in.

d = diameter of bolt = 1⁄4 in.

The total load transferred between the plates is 1200 lb, distributed among the

plates.

(b) Calculate the largest bearing stress acting against the bolt.

지압면적

지압하중

b

bb

A

Fs

dt

F

A

F

b

bmaxmax s

Fmax = maximum force applied by a plate against the bolt

= 600 lb

psi800,12in.)in.)(0.25(3/16

lb 600max dt

Fbs

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32

Example 4’ : 전단응력과 전단변형률

(1) What if the thickness of

the plates are different

from each other? - plate1: 2⁄16 in. thick

- plate2: 3⁄16 in. thick

- plate3: 4⁄16 in. thick

(2) What if two bolts are used? - two 1⁄4-in. diameter bolts

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Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결(Pin connection between strut and base plate)

보트의 호이스트에 대한 버팀대로 사용되는 강철지주 S는 압축하중

P=12k를 각주의 데크에 전달한다. 지주는 벽두께가 t=0.375in.인 속이

빈 정사각형 단면을 가지며, 지주와 수평선 사이의 q각은 40°이다. 지주에 달린 핀은 지주로부터 밑바닥판 B 에 용접된 두개의 이음판 G까지

압축력을 전달한다. 4개의 앵커볼트는 밑바닥판을 데크에 고정시킨다.

(a) Pin connection between strut S and base plate B.

(b) Cross section through the strut S.

핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

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Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결

다음 응력 값들을 구하라:

(a) 지주와 핀 사이의 지압응력

(b) 핀의 전단응력

(c) 핀과 이음 사이의 지압응력

(d) 앵커볼트와 밑바닥판 사이의 지압응력

(e) 앵커볼트의 전단응력 (마찰무시)

지주의 벽두께가 tS=0.375in. 핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

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Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

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Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결

(a) 지주 S 와 핀 사이의 지압응력

이중지압(double bearing): 지압이 2개의 지점에서 발생

지주의 벽두께가 tS=0.375in. 핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

지압면적

지압하중

b

bb

A

Fs

ksi3.21(0.375in.)2(0.75in.)

k12

22

2/

pin11

1 S

btd

P

A

P

A

Ps

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37

Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결

(b) 핀의 전단응력

지주의 벽두께가 tS=0.375in. 핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

Q: 전단면적이 4개?

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Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결

(b) 핀의 전단응력

이중전단(double shear): 핀에 작용한 전체 하중을 단면적의 2배로 나눈

지주의 벽두께가 tS=0.375in. 핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

단면적

전단력

A

Vaver

ksi6.13])in.75.0([2][22

2/2

412

pin41

22

pin

P

d

P

A

P

A

P

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Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결

(c) 핀과 이음 사이의 지압응력

이중지압(double bearing): 지압이 2개의 지점에서 발생

지주의 벽두께가 tS=0.375in. 핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

지압면적

지압하중

b

bb

A

Fs

ksi8.12(0.625in.)2(0.75in.)

lb.1012

22

2/ 3

pin33

2

G

btd

P

A

P

A

Ps

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Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결

(d) 앵커볼트와 밑바닥판 사이의 지압응력

지주의 벽두께가 tS=0.375in. 핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

지압면적

지압하중

b

bb

A

Fs

ksi3.12)in.375.0)(in.50.0(4

40cos12

4

40cos12

4

40cos

4 bolt44

3

B

btdA

P

A

Ps

40

P

Pcos40

Psin40

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41

Example 5 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 지주와 밑바닥판 사이의 핀연결

(d) 앵커볼트의 전단응력 (마찰무시)

각각의 볼트는 단일전단을 받는다.

지주의 벽두께가 tS=0.375in. 핀의 지름 dpin=0.75in. 이음판의 두께 tG=0.625in. 밑바닥판의 두께 tB=0.375in. 앵커볼트의 지름 dbolt=0.50in.

단면적

전단력

A

Vaver

ksi7.11])in.5.0([4

40cos12

])([4

40cos12

4 2

412

bolt41

5

bolt

dA

P

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42

Bearing Pad

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Example 6 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단을 받는 지압패드

기계와 교량거더를 지지하는데 사용되는 지압패드는 강철판으로 씌워진 선형탄성 재료(elastomer)로 구성되어 있다. Elastomer의 두께가

h 이고, 판의 치수가 a b 이며, 패드는 수평 전단력 V 를 받고 있다고

가정한다.

Elastomer의 평균 전단응력 aver와 판의 수평변위 d 를 구하는 공식을

구하라.

Bearing pad in shear

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Example 6 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단을 받는 지압패드

Elastomer의 평균 전단응력 aver와 판의 수평변위 d 를 구하는 공식을

구하라.

ab

V

A

Vaver

단면적

전단력

Bearing pad in shear

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Example 6 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단을 받는 지압패드

Elastomer의 평균 전단응력 aver와 판의 수평변위 d 를 구하는 공식을

구하라.

Bearing pad in shear

ab

V

A

Vaver

단면적

전단력

Gab

V

GG aver

aver)(

abG

Vhhd tantan

abG

hVhd ;

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Example 7 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Bearing pad subjected to shear

An elastomeric bearing pad consisting of two steel plates bonded to a

chloroprene elastomer is subjected to a shear force V during a static loading

test. The pad has dimensions a =150 mm and b =250mm, and the elastomer

has thickness t =50 mm. When the force V = 12 kN, the top plate is found

to have displaced laterally 8.0 mm with respect to the bottom plate.

What is the shear modulus of elasticity G of the chloroprene?

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47

Example 7 : 전단응력과 전단변형률

• Bearing pad subjected to shear

What is the shear modulus of elasticity G of the chloroprene?

GG

MPa32.0)mm250)(mm150(

kN 12

ab

V

A

Vaver

단면적

전단력

150mm

ttd tan

16.0mm50

mm8

t

d

MPa0.216.0

MPa32.0 G

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전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단응력 (Shear stress)

– 부호규약:

• (+) 요소의 양의 면에 작용하는 전단응력이 좌표축의 양의 방향으로 작용 또는 요소의 음의 면에 작용하는 전단응력이 좌표축의 음의 방향으로 작용

• (-) 요소의 양의 면에 작용하는 전단응력이 좌표축의 음의 방향으로 작용 또는 요소의 음의 면에 작용하는 전단응력이 좌표축의 양의 방향으로 작용

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전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단변형률 (Shear strain)

– 요소의 찌그러짐(distortion) 또는 모양의 변화를 나타내는 척도

– 재료요소에 작용하는 전단응력은 전단변형률을 일으킨다

– 요소의 각 면의 길이변화는 없고, 요소의 모양만 변화시킴

Element of material subjected to shear stresses and strains

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전단응력과 전단변형률

• 전단에서의 Hooke의 법칙

– 전단 응력-변형률 선도

• 인장시험 선도와 유사, 크기가 다름

• 비례한도, 탄성계수, 항복응력, 극한응력 등의 재료성질

추출 (대체로 인장시험의 ½ 정도의 크기)

• 선형탄성 영역에서

G : 전단탄성계수 (shear modulus of elasticity) 또는 강성계수

(modulus of rigidity)

n ≈ 0~0.5 G ≈ (1/3 ~1/2 )E

G

)1(2 n

EG

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51

• 강도(Strength)

– 구조물의 하중을 견디는 능력

– 인장강도, 전단강도, 항복강도, 극한강도

• 안전계수(Factor of Safety)

– 구조물의 실제 강도의 필요 강도(요구 강도)에 대한 비

– 안전계수

– 시스템에 존재하는 불확실성(Uncertainty)을 반영하여 확률적으로

결정

• 허용응력

• 허용하중

Allowable Stress

1.0n 실제 강도

요구 강도

y y

allow allown ns

s s

allow allow allow allowP A P As

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Example 8 : 허용응력과 허용하중

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Example 9 : Check the Safety

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Example 10 : Design the Member