APUSH Period 7

1890-1945

7.3, I: After expanding from coast to

coast, US ambitions shifted outward

Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies

renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world while

simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international

military, political, cultural, and economic position.

I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late19th

century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western

Hemisphere and the Pacific.

Imperialism- an unequal economic, cultural, and/or

territorial relationship between 2 countries

Defining Imperialism

United States – 1st European colony in New World to get

independence–head start

1823 – Monroe Doctrine – US gave self preference in dealing

with Latin America

Roots of American Imperialism

Show military strength

Gain new markets and territory

Belief in cultural superiority

Why American Imperialism?

1848 – Debate over Yucatan – Southern Mexico

1848- US ambassador instructed to purchase Cuba from

Spain for $100 million

1854 – Ostend Manifesto – more reasons to buy Cuba

1855 – Nicaragua – conquered by William Walker – an

American mercenary/filibusterer

1856, ‘66, ‘68, ‘70 – attempts to annex the Dominican

Republic

Expanding Past “sea to shining sea” – early

issues/debates

7.3, I: After expanding from coast to

coast, US ambitions shifted outward

Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies

renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world while

simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international

military, political, cultural, and economic position.

I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late19th

century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western

Hemisphere and the Pacific.

Purchased from Russia – 1867 – $7.2 million

Initially seen as mistake “Seward’s Folly”

Rich in resources (gold, timber, oil, minerals)

Alaska - 1867

The oil pipeline

Hawaii – background

Tradition of self-governance; James Cook – British explorer – 1778

Hawaiians united – 1795

1800s – American planters begin arriving – tropical crops

Bayonet Constitution

Kingdom of Hawaii– Queen Liliuokalani

1800s Hawaii – American-owned farms – also refueling station

1893 – Queen removed– Sanford Dole – president

Men’s and Women’s Hawaiian Patriotic Leagues

Hawaii –US territory - 1898

Hawaii – Annexed 1898

1895 – Second Cuban Independence War – Cubans got brutalized

– Spanish governor – Valeriano Weyler - US people sympathetic

José Martí – Cuban independence leader, poet, intellectual –

killed

Cuban Rebellions

US press push for war

“Yellow Journalism” – sensationalism

1898- USS Maine blew up in Havana

US journalists blamed Spain

Spain wanted a deal– US declared war– 4/20/1898

Headline Wars

1898 – Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines – Spain’s last colonies

Political problems in Cuba and aggressive journalists, De Lôme

Letter = war with Spain – April 1898

Spanish American War - 1898

Philippines (red)

President McKinley had eyed Philippines for long time

Asst. Navy Secy. Teddy Roosevelt – sent ships to Manila Bay

1st battle of War – May 1898

Spanish fleet destroyed; US had to wait to attack Manila

Filipino rebels joined US

Spain surrendered – August 1898

Spanish American War - Philippines

T. Roosevelt’s Rough Riders/Battle of San Juan Hill

Spanish fleet destroyed in Cuba

7/25/1898 – Puerto Rico invaded

Peace – 8/12/1898 – 15 week war

Spanish American War - Caribbean

Ended Spanish-American War

Cuba freed

US got Guam and Puerto Rico

US bought Philippines for $20 million

Treaty of Paris Grows the US Empire

Teller Amendment - said US would not take over Cuba (1898)

Platt Amendment -1903

Cuba cannot let foreign powers control its territory

US –right to intervene in Cuba

US could buy/lease land from Cuba

Dealing with Cuba

Given a Civil gov’t in 1900

Puerto Ricans made US citizens in 1917

Puerto Rico

1899-1902 –Filipinos, Emilio Aguinaldo - lost

Moro Rebellion – lasted until 1913

Bud Dajo Massacre - 1906

Philippines under American control until 1946

Philippine-American War

Bud Dajo Massacre

7.3, I: After expanding from coast to

coast, US ambitions shifted outward

Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies

renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world while

simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international

military, political, cultural, and economic position.

I. Many Americans began to advocate overseas expansionism in the late19th

century, leading to new territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western

Hemisphere and the Pacific.

Philippines =gateway to Asia, esp. China

Europeans/Japanese– “spheres of influence” -China

Open Door Notes – 1899 – proposals that above countries

share trading rights with US

Foreign Influences in China

Chinese “boxers” rebelled against foreign influence

Rebellion put down by American, Japanese, British, German,

and French – showed US persistence as new imperial power

Boxer Rebellion - 1900

“Boxers”

Rebellion reinforced Open Door Notes

Open Door Policy

US economic growth – needs exports

US could intervene to keep foreign markets open

Closing an area to US products & culture hurt US survival

Aftermath of Boxer Rebellion

Spanish American War, Boxer Rebellion – McKinley

Roosevelt - McKinley’s second VP – 1900

McKinley shot -1901 – Roosevelt – president

Roosevelt – refocused to Caribbean/Latin America

McKinley to Roosevelt

1. Settled Border

Dispute 1895-96

2. US Troops, 1898,

1906-1909, 1917-22

3. Supported Revolt

1903

4. US lease 1904-

present

5. US control 1904-1979

6. US troops 1909 -1910

7. 1912-25

8. US troops 1915-1934

9. US troops 1916-24

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine

Said US would use force (if necessary) to protect

economic interest in Latin America

US now flexing “more muscle”

Would characterize US foreign relations with Latin

America for next century

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

1. Settled Border

Dispute 1895-96

2. US Troops, 1898,

1906-1909, 1917-22

3. Supported Revolt

1903

4. US lease 1904-

present

5. US control 1904-1979

6. US troops 1909 -1910

7. 1912-25

8. US troops 1915-1934

9. US troops 1916-24

“Speak softly and carry a big stick” – Roosevelt’s foreign policy

Original idea – cut through Nicaragua

1901 – Hay-Pauncefort Treaty- US bought right to build canal

from Britain

US would use a route that was attempted by French

Construction would take years

A Canal across Central America

1903 – US supported Panamanian Independence from

Colombia

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty – 1903 – US got right to build canal

through Panama

Panama became an independent country

US created “Canal Zone” through Panama

Long-term imperialist relationship

Long term consequences

Horrible conditions - many workers died

Most workers – blacks from West Indies

1914 – Canal opened

US – Latin America relations strained

Building the Canal

Roosevelt at Portsmouth

Treaty of Portsmouth – 1905 – Roosevelt helped negotiate

end to Russo-Japanese War

Got Russia to halt expansionist policies; recognize Japan

Roosevelt got Nobel Peace Prize

The Great White Fleet and Agreement

with Japan

1907 – flexing US Military Muscle – Roosevelt sent the

Great White Fleet on a circumnavigation of the globe

1908 – Root Takahira Agreement – Japan and US agree to

respect each others’ possessions

US gov’t guaranteed loans made to foreign countries by US

businesses

1911- President Taft let American bankers take over

Nicaragua’s rails, nat’l bank, customs taxes

Taft sent marines to Nicaragua – stop rebellion

Dollar Diplomacy (1911)

Missionary Diplomacy – 1913 – Pres. Woodrow Wilson

US should deny recognition to any Latin American gov’t that is

oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests

Missionary Diplomacy (1913)

Porfirio Diaz -Dictator of Mexico– 1876-1911

Diaz – invited US businesses to Mexico

US businessmen rich; Mexico poor

1910 – Mexican Revolution – peasants rose up

Mexican Revolution

Porfirio Diaz

By 1913- Mexico under control of a military general –

Victoriano Huerta - dictator

Pres. Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta gov’t -

missionary diplomacy - let weapons flow to rebels (Pancho

Villa)

US Navy – captured Port of Veracruz to prevent Germany

from delivering guns to Mexican dictator

Problems with Mexico

1915 – Huerta’s gov. collapsed –

Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata – rebels- attacked US– b/c

new Mexican gov. invited US businesses

1917 –US went to World War I – tensions eased

Rebellion in Mexico

Pancho Villa

1. Settled Border

Dispute 1895-96

2. US Troops, 1898,

1906-1909, 1917-22

3. Supported Revolt

1903

4. US lease 1904-

present

5. US control 1904-1999

6. US troops 1909 -1910

7. 1912-25

8. US troops 1915-1934

9. US troops 1916-24

Haiti – second republic in the Americas to free itself of

European rule (1804)

Constantly in debt to European countries; European

domination – US wanted to end this

Early 1900s – constant political turmoil

Chaos in Haiti

1915 – US sent troops – nervous about German influence in

Haiti

US intervened in Haitian affairs

Troops stayed until 1934

US intervention