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Articulation of Rhythm: A Multilanguage perspective Donna Erickson Kanazawa Medical University & Sophia University Thanks to many people: Mark Tiede, Jangwon Kim, Pascal Perrier, Christophe Savariaux, Shigeto Kawahara, Ian Wilson, Jeff Moore, Atsuo Suemitsu, Caroline Menezes, Caroline Smith, Osamu Fujimura, J.C. Williams, Yoshiho Shibuya, & Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) #25370444. Haskins Laboratories, June 11, 2015

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Outline Jaw displacement patterns of different languages L2 productions F0 and jaw Metrical structure and jaw

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Vatikiotis-Bateson and Kelso (1993): patterns of jaw displacements vary for different languages

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French

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Japanese

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? I saw five bright highlights in the sky tonight

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? Dakara Mana wa atama ga sara sara da

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? Nata cha nattachapassonchat pacha qui sechappa

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? A na val sara a casa blancamana na

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? Ja1 ja1 ba3 ba4 ba ma1ma xia4 pa4 la? Jiajia has made father and mother frightened ?

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Brief summary 1. Presence/absence of initial and final prominence 2. French, Japanese, Chinese: final prominence 3. Japanese also: initial prominence 4. Direction of jaw opening pattern: overall increase or decrease (or no change) 5. English (Germanic languages) is different: jaw opening varies according to prominence value of each syllable.

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L2 productions

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I saw five bright highlights in the sky tonight Japanese E French E English

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Nata cha nattachapassonchat pacha qui sechappa American F French American F

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Dakara Mana wa atama ga sara sara da Japanese English J Dakara manawa atama ga sara sara da Dakara manawa atama ga sara sara da Dakara manawa atama ga sara sara da

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Comments When we learn L2, we start with our own language When we become better, we change our patterns

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Independence of Jaw & F0 English: I SAW a dog (high or low F0 ok) Japanese: hashi ga aru (There is a bridge) hashi ga aru (There are chopsticks) hashi ga aru (There is an edge) Spanish: Mama valsara a casablanca manana Ana valsara a casablanca manana Chinese: same tone, different jaw displacement

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Spanish

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A na val sara a casa blancamana na

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Spanish Ma ma val sara a ca sablanca ma na na

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Spanish. Jaw and F0

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Mandarin Chinese Eat 3 tasteless eggs

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F0 and Jaw independent Maybe F0 has been over-rated

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Metrical structure English Japanese Chinese? Spanish? French?

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Working Hypothesis each language has a pattern of jaw displacements which reflects the prosodic/metrical structure of that language. English

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Japanese metrical structure 1. Pitch and mandible lowering are independent. 2. Initial syllables within each phrase receive some kind of stress, which Prof. Fujimura often refers to as stress. From Fujimura (2000)

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Mandarin Chinese Eat 3 tasteless eggs

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Mandarin M ma m m Mother curses the horse

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Summary 1. Each language has systematicity in terms of jaw movement. 2. All languages have a pattern of jaw displacement 3. This pattern reflects the phrase structure (metrical structure) of that language. 4. When we learn a second language, we start with our own language. 5. When we become better, we change the pattern (at least to some extent) 6. F0 is over-rated.

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Future Work 1. Do acoustic analysis (F0, duration, intensity, formants, voice quality) 2. Metrical analysis of Spanish, French, Chinese 3. Applications to second language learning Somatosensory training with L2 speakers