b.com -bba malayala sahithya padnam -ii

8/19/2019 B.com -BBA Malayala Sahithya Padnam -II

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II 1

ae bmf kmln Xy ] T\w II

c-mw ska ÌÀ_n.tImw/_n._n.F.

tIma¬ tImgvkv þae bmfw

(2014 AUvan j³)

(CUCBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University P.O. , Malappuram, PIN - 673635

510


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II 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

B.Com/B.B.A

II Semester - Common Course

ae bmf kmln Xy] T\w II

Prepared by:

1) Module I & II - Smt. Divya O.D.,

MA, M.Phil, JRF,

Research Scholar,

Dept. of Malayalam,University of Calicut

2) Module III & IVDr. Saidalavi C.,

Asst. Professor of Linguistics,

Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University.

Layout:

Computer Section, SDE

©

Reserved


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II 3

samU yqÄ 1 þ 5samUyqÄ 2 þ 11

samU yqÄ 3 þ 18

samU yqÄ 4 þ 26


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II 4


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II 5

samUyqÄ þ1IhnXIÄ

1. If¦aä ssI þ _memaWnb½

amXrXz¯nsâ Ihbn{Xn F¶mWv _memaWnb½sb s]mXpsh hntijn¸n¡mdpffXv. ""ssiih \njvIf¦XbpsS ssI]nSn¨v {]]©clky§fpsS \m«phgnIfnÂ AhÀk©cn¨p. ]IzX AhcpsS sdmamânIv `mh\bv¡v \nb{´Ww \ÂIn. sNSnbnÂ hnScp¶ ]qhnsâ kpKÔw Aćo£¯nÂ hym]n¡p¶Xpt]mse AhcpsS ho£W§ÄXnI¨pw kz`mhnIambn«mWv Nn´m]cambXv. amäp IhnIfnÂ \n¶v Ahsc tXPtÊmsSamän\nÀ¯p¶ Hcwiambn, kv{XoXz¯nsâ ImcpWyapff ho£Ww A\p`hs¸Sp¶p''

(IÂ¸ä \mcmbW³)

A½, IpSpw_n\n, [À½amÀK¯nÂ, kv{XolrZbw, {]`m¦pcw, `mh\bnÂ, Duªmen³taÂ, Ifns¡m«, shfn¨ ̄ nÂ, AhÀ ]mSp ¶p, {]Wmaw, ap¯Èn, agphnsâ IY,

A¼e¯nÂ, shbnemdpt¼mÄ, kÔy, tkm]m\w, \nthZyw F¶nhbmWv AhcpsS Imhykamlmc§Ä.

Ip«nIfpsS \njvIf¦amb ktlmZckvt\ls¯ \nco£n¡pt¼mÄ A½bv¡p-mhp¶ \nÀhrXnbmWv "If¦aä ssI' F¶ IhnXbnÂ _mema Wnb½ A\phmNIÀ¡v ]IÀ¶v \ÂIp¶Xv. sIm¨\pP¯nsb emfn¡m³ a®nÂ aXnbmthmfw Ifn¨v Agp¡p]pcp- ssIIÄ sXm«nente¡v \n«p¶ aIs\ "Ip«nbpWÀt¶¡pw amdn \nÂ¡pI' F¶p]dªv A½ hne¡p¶p. "Im«psI¶psS sIm¨\pP¯nsb' F¶v A[nImc`mht¯msSbmWv Ah³ Bhiys¸Sp¶Xv. Ańhn®nsâ Imńbpff apJw.... XaÊnsâ apfs]m«nbt]mepff apSn.... Ahsâ kmao]yw B amXrlrZb¯nÂ DÄ¡pfncp-m¡p¶p. A½

bm«p¶ sXm«nenÂ kcknse Hmf¯nÂ B¼se¶t]mse aIÄ kzØambpd§pIbmWv. P\Â hgn \£{X§Ä F¯nt\m¡p¶p-v. kÔymhnf¡nsâ {]` sXm«nenÂ sN¼I¸q¡Ä hnXdp¶p. {]]©wt]mepw IuXpIt¯msSbpw Bcm[\tbmsSbpw \njvIf¦amb _meys¯ t\m¡p¶Xmbn Ihn kqNn¸n¡p¶p. ]mªph¶v sXm«nente¡päpt\m¡nb _mesâ I®pIfnÂ AÛpXmlvfmZ hmÕey`mh§Ä kv^pcn¨p, kzÑ kpµcamb\oemImi v̄ kÔybnÂ DÖze hÀ®t`Z§Ä ImWms¸Sp¶Xpt]mse.

A½bpsS hne¡v hIshbv ¡msX A\pP¯nbpsS s\äntaÂ Ah³ sXcpsXsc Npw_n¨p. Ip«n DWÀ¶v \njvIf¦ambn Nncn¨p. Xs¶ t\m¡n Nncn¡pIbmsW¶v Ah³ kt´mjt¯msS Al¦cn¨p. ]\n\ocnÂ BËmZt¯msS kv ]Àin¡p¶ ie`wt]mse D®nbpsSssI A\pP¯nbpsS AwK§fnÂ hnfbmSn. Ahsâ kv]Ài\¯nÂ Ipªnsâ ]qta\nAe¦cn¡s¸«Xpt]msebmbn.

ssIIfnÂ s]m³hf, apSnbnÂ ssIX¸qhv, s\©nÂ ]X¡w, s\änbnÂ tKmtcmN\¡pdn, ImenÂ shffn¨ne¦........ CXpI-v DffnÂ kt´mjhpw I®nÂ B\µm{ip¡fpw\ndsª¦nepw ""\n³ Nfn¡¿psIm-½phn³ s]m¶pta\n sXmSmbvI \o'' sb¶v A½Ahs\ imkn¨p. hmkvXhat\m`mh¯n\papIfnÂ Icn¼pX¸nSp¶ AIhpw ]pdhpw hyXy


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II 6

kvXamb apXnÀ¶hcpsS Im]Syw Ihn ChnsS kqNn¸n¡p¶p. Im]SyanÃm¯ aIs\ A½bpsS hm¡pIÄ thZ\n¸n¨p. Ahsâ apJmw_pPw hmSn. IhnÄ¯Sw XpSp¯p. a\Êv ]Xdn. Np-pIÄ hndsIm-p. A`nam\`wK¯mÂ I®pIÄ \ndsªmgpIm³ XpS§n. CXpI- A½bpsS lrZbw Aenªp. aIs\ Bizkn¸n¨p.

""A¯\n¯¦sabv sXmSm³ atäXpþ

-n{Xam{Xw If¦aässI?''F¶v GtXm arZpkzcw B A½bpsS DffnÂ a{´n¨p.

Bibw hniZam¡pI:þ1. hm¡pIfmÂ Icnw]pXt¸´p¶p

hmkvXhat\m`mhw ]et¸mgpw.

2. Im«psI¶psS sIm¨\pP¯nsb

3. kzÑ\oeamw hm\¯p kÔyX

¶pÖze ZzÀ®t`Z§Ä t]meth

4. s]m³]\n\oÀ±f§fnÂ kmËmZw\njv]Xn¡pw ie`w IW¡ns\

5. A¯\n¯¦sabv sXmSm³ atäXpþ-n{Xam{Xw If¦aäpff ssI?

D]\ymksagpXpI

1. "amXr`mh¯nsâ ]qÀ¯oIcWamWv _memaWnb½bpsS IhnXbpsS ImXÂ' þ "If¦aä ssI' F¶ IhnXsb Bkv]Zam¡n hnebncp¯pI.

2. Bcma¯nse Nn´IÄ þ N§¼pg IrjvW¸nff

"XoÀ¯pw Imev]\nI\mb Ihn' þ N§¼pgsb¡pdn¨v HähmIy¯nÂ C§s\ ]dbmw. Imev]\nIX apän\nev¡p¶ At±l¯nsâ IhnXIÄ Cu hntijW¯n\p km£yw\nÂ¡p¶pap -v. atäsXmcp {]Øm\hpwt]mse Hcp {]tXyI Ime L«¯nÂ aebmf¯nÂ {]_eamhpIbpw ]n¶oSv kzm`mhnIambn £bn¨pt]mhpIbpw sNbvsXmcp {]Øm

\amWnXv. 18mw \qäm-nÂ bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnep-mb auenIamb amä¯nsâ Dt]mÂ]¶amb sdmamânIv {]Øm\¯nsâ kzm[o\amWv aebmf¯nep-mb Imev]\nI {]Øm\w. Bß\njvTXbmbncp¶p CXnsâ khntijX. GIm´XbnÂ ss\kÀ¤nIambnhmÀ¶p ho gp¶ H¶m bn«mbn cp¶p sdmamânIv IhnIÄ Ihn Xsb IW ¡m¡nbn cp ¶Xv.sshImcnIX, Bß\njvT]cX, AaqÀ¯ _nw_§Ä, {]Wbw þ hnclw XpS§nb kzImcym\p`h§Ä XpS§nbhbv¡v {]m[m\yw sImSp¯ {]Xn]mZy§Ä Cu {]Øm\¯nseIhnXIfpsS {]tXyIXIfmbncp¶p. sjÃn, Ioävkv, thUvkvhÀ v̄, tdmt_À«v t{^mÌv XpS§nbhÀ ]mÝmXy sdmamânIv IhnIfnÂ {]apJcmWv.


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II 7

]mÝmXy kmlnXyhpambpff \ncć k¼À¡¯nsâ ̂ eambmWv sdmamânkw aebmf¯nÂ Imev ]\nI {]Øm\w F¶ t]cnÂ {]Nmcw t\Sp¶Xv . F.BÀ cmPcmPhÀ½bpsSaebmfhnemksa¶ IhnXbnÂ \ncq]IÀ CXnsâ BZythcpIÄ Is-¯p¶ps-¦nepwImev]\nI kz`mhapff IhnXIfp-mIp¶Xv B[p\nI Ihn{Xb¯nsâ ImeL«t¯msSbmWv; {]tXyIn v̈ Ipamc\mimsâ IrXnIfnÂ Cu Imev]\nI`mh¯n\v hfÀ¨bp-mhp¶Xp

ImWmw. F¶mÂ Imev]\nIXbv¡v hn`n¶amb Hcp apJw e`n¡p¶Xv N§¼pgbpsS ImeL«t¯msSbmsW¶p ]dbmw. Cw¥ojnÂ Ioävkntâbpw sjÃnbptSbpw aäpw t{]aKoX§fpsS kzm[o\w N§¼pg¡hnXIfnÂ \ncq]IÀ Is-¯p¶p-v. taev]dª Imev]\nI IhnXbpsS {]tXyIXIsfÃmw N§¼pg¡hnXIfnÂ H¯nW§n \nev¡p¶Xp ImWmw.{]Wbs¯bpw kuµcys¯bpw BthmfamkzZn¡m³ sh¼pt¼mgpw {]Wb`wKt¯bpwtemI¯nsâ Ccp- hi§tfbpw N§¼pg Xsâ IhnXIfnÂ BhnjvIcn¡m³ {ian¨p.hn¹hm`napJyapff IhnXIfpw N§¼pg cNn¨n«p-v. hmg¡pe, sImSp¦mäv, cà]pjv]§Ä XpS§nbh DZmlcWw. F¶mÂ Chsbms¡bpw Imev]\nI hn¹h¯nsâ \nebnÂ\n¶p hfcp¶nÃ. IhnbpsS Imev]\nIamb k¦ev]temIhpw bmYmÀYytemIhpw tNÀ¶pkrjvSn¡p¶ sshcp²ymßIX N§¼pg¡hnXIfnepS\ofw ZÀin¡m\mhpw. EPphmbBhnjv ¡cWhpw emfnXyhpw kwKoXmßIXbpw N§¼pg IhnXIsf P\{]nbam¡n̄ oÀ n̄«p-v. "efnXtImafIm´ ]Zmhen' F¶ {]tbmKwt]mepw N§¼pg¡hnXbv¡p th-nam{Xw D-m¡nbXmsW¶v tUm. Un. s_©an³ "Imev]\nIX aebmf IhnXbnÂ' F¶IrXnbnÂ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p-v. N§¼pg¡hnXbnse BćnIkwKoXw A\phmNIÀA\p`hn¡p¶p. apcfoKmbI³, XIÀ¶ apcfn, aebmf¯nsâ HmÀ^yqkv XpS§nb hntijW§Ä N§¼pgsb¡pdn¨v ]dbpt¼mÄ \ncq]IÀ D]tbmKn¡mdp-v.

IhnIÄ s]mXpsh D]tbmKn¡m³ aSn¨ncp¶ \mS³ Km\ioepIfmWv N§¼pg XsâIhnXIÄ¡mbn sXcsªSp¯Xv. Hma\¡p«³ XpS§nb \mS³hr¯§sf aebmf I

hnXbnte¡v sIm-ph¶Xv N§¼pgbmWv.(asämcp ImÂ¸\nI Ihnbpw N§¼pgbpsS kplr¯pambncp¶ CS¸ffn cmLh³]nffbpsS acWs¯ {]tabam¡ns¡m-v cNn¨ caW³ F¶ ""CSb hnem]Imhyw'' (PastoralElegy) BWv N§¼pgsb km[mcWP\§Ä¡nSbnÂ {]ikvX\m¡n XoÀ¯Xv. At±l¯nsâ BßIYm]camb ZoÀLImhyamWv ]mSp¶ ]nimNv, IqSmsX _mjv]mRvPen (BZyIrXn) kv]µn¡p¶ AØnamSw, AØnbpsS ]q¡Ä, kzccmKkp[, HmW¸q¡Ä XpS§nb IrXnIfpw N§¼pg cNn¨n«p-v. IqSmsX "XpSn¡p¶ XmfpIÄ' (BßIY) Ifnt¯mgn (t\mhÂ) F¶nhbpw [mcmfw hnhÀ¯\§fpw N§¼pgbptSXmbn«p-v).

N§¼pg¡hnXIfpsS {]tXyIXIfpÄs¡mffp¶ IhnXbmWv "Bcma¯nse Nn´

IÄ'. {]IrXnbpsS kuµcymßIXsb ]pÂIm³ sImXn¡p¶ Imev]\nIa\Êpw Xs¶\ncćw AkwXr]vXnbnemgv̄ p¶ temIhpw tNÀ¶p krjvSn¡p¶ \ncćkwL«\amWv IhnXbpsS {]tabw. IhnXbpsS BZy`mK v̄ kuµcy¯nsâ \izcXsb Ipdn¨v IhnlrZbw thhemXns¸Sp¶p. hmSnhmgp¶ ]qhns\¡pdn¨pff Cu hymIpeX Ipamc\mimsâhoW]qhns\ HmÀan¸n¡p¶p-v. F¶mÂ s]s«¶v a\kpamdp¶ Ihn \izcXsbIpdn¨pff bmYmÀ°ys¯ ad¡m³ {ian¡pIbpw thZ\tXm¶p¶ thZm´ Nn´ Hgnhm¡pIbpwsN¿p¶p. F¶mÂ Cu thZm´ Nn´sbbmWtÃm hoW]qhv ]n³]äp¶Xv. c-v ImÂ¸\nIXIfpw X½nepff hyXymkw ChnsS {]ISamWv.


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II 8

ASp¯ `mK v̄ IhnbpsS aäv IhnXIfnse¶t]mse AXna[pcamb ]Z§fmepwkuµ cy]qÀWhpw hnImcmÀ{Z hp amb _nw_IÂ¸ \I fmepw Bcmas¯ hÀWn¡p ¶p.Bcma¯nÂ hnSÀ¶p Npäpw HfnhnXdp¶ ]q¡sf Bcma¯nsâ GIm´lrZb¯nsâKqVamb aqIm`nemjambn ImWp¶ Ihn, XoÀ¯pw kzImcyhpw A{X ]cnNnXaÃm¯Xp

amb _nw_IÂ]\mcoXnbmWv kzoIcn¨ncp¡p¶Xv. Bcmahpw AXn\v Npäpapff {]IrXnbpw tNÀ¶v krjvSn¡p¶ imń IhnbpsS a\Êns\ ]pjv]n¸n¡p¶p. AYhm IhnX]pjv¸n¡p¶ kuµcys¯ ]pÂIm³ sh¼p¶ IhnbpsS ImÂ¸\nI a\kpXs¶bmWv Cu Bcmaw.

ASp¯ `mK v̄ Ihn XoÀ¯pw hncp²amb Hcp temIs¯bmWv AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. AXv IhnbpsS bmYmÀ°ytemIamWv. ]cp]cp¯ Ic§fmÂ Fs¶ \ncćw {]lcn¡p¶ IqÀ¯ IÃpIfmÂ \ncćw Xsâ a\Êns\ apdns¸Sp¯p¶ Hcp temIs¯ Ipdn¨v Ihn Xsâ IhnXIfnÂ \ncćw BhÀ¯n¨v ]mSnbn«p-v. ""I]StemI¯nÂ BßmÀ°amsbmcp lrZbap-mbXmsW³ ]cmPbw'' F¶ hcnIfpsS hniZoIcWw Xs¶bmWv Bcma¯nse NnÍfnse Cu ̀ mKw. F¶mÂ ChnsS \ncmibÃ adn¨v Bcmaw X¶nepfhm¡nb kzÀKobm\p`qXnbnÂ \n¶p {]tNmZ\apÄs¡m- Ihn {]Xymisb ]pÂIm³{ian¡p¶p. Npcp¡¯nÂ BßmÀ°Xbpffh\pw \nkzmÀ°\pamb Ihnsb Nhn«n¯mgv̄ m\pw A]hmZ§Äs¡m-v X v̈XIÀ¡m\pw {ian¡p¶ temIs¯ kÀKmßIX sIm-v Iogvs¸Sp¯msa¶mhpw Ihn Dt±in¡p¶Xv. XpSÀ¶v tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶Xv Ihn \mev hÀj¯n\ptiw FgpXnb \mep hcnIfmWv. tcmK{KkvX\mbncp¶ N§¼pg Xt¶mSv temIwsNbvX \µntISns\¡pdns¨gpXnb hcnIfmWnXv. XnI¨pw \ncmimP\Iamb k¦Â¸amWv Ihn apt¶m«v shbv¡p¶Xv. taÂ ]dª Bib¯nÂ \n¶v XnI¨pw hncp²ambXv.N©eamb Hcp Imev]\nI a\Êns\ kw_Ôn¨msW¦nÂ CXv kzm`mhnIw am{XamWv.

ASp¯`mKamIs« ss\anjnIamb elcnsb, C{µnbm\p`qXnIsf {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶p. shffwtNÀ¡msXSp¯ AarXn\v kaamb Iffpw aÕyamwkmZnIfpw AXv tNÀ¶p-mIp¶ IfnNncnXamiIfpw IhnbpsS C{µnbm\p`qXnIÄ Xs¶. AhtbmSv aÕcn¡m³ kzÀtemI¯n\pamhnÃ F¶v Ihn IcpXp¶p. X\n¡v sh¨p \o«p¶ tam£ s¯bmWv Ihn X«n amäp¶Xv . Hcp]t£ CsXmcp {]Xntj[hpamhmw.

Xsâ IhnXIfnÂ Ihn \ncćw BhÀ¯n¡p¶ C¯cw k¦Â¸§Ä \ncq]IcpsS hnaÀi\¯n\v hnt[bambn«p-v. Ihn kzÑµamb Hcp am\knItemI¯nÂ hym]cn¨psIm-v _mlytemIs¯ Xsâ kzÑµamb C{µnbm\p`qXnIfpsS ]qÀ¯oIcW¯n\v XSkambn \nÂ¡p¶p F¶ ImcW¯mÂ Xffn¸dbpIbmsW¶v tUmIvSÀ Un. s_©

ans\ t]msebpff \ncq]IÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. F¶ncn¡nepw N§¼pg krjvSn¨ B`mhpIXzw aebmfIhnXbnÂ C¶v ambmsX \nÂ¡p¶p-v.


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II 9

3. HmKÌv Bdn\v þ hnP b e£van

aebmf IhnXbnÂ thdnt«mcpkzcw tIÄ¸n¨ Ihnb{XnbmWv hnPbe£van. AhcpsS IhnXIfpsS {]tXyIXIfpw hnjb¯nse sshhn[yhpw kzXkn²amb ssienbpwImcWw aäp s]¬IhnXIfnÂ \n¶v hnPbe£vanbpsS IhnI thdn«p \nÂ¡p¶Xmbn

ImWmw. kv{XoXz¯nsâ hnhn[ `mh§Ä kzmX{ý¯n\pff hmRvO A[nImc¯n\pt\scbpff FXnÀ¸v ]pcmWIYm]m{X§fpsSbpw an¯pIfpsSbpw A]\nÀ½mWw F¶n§s\ sshhn[yamÀ¶ hnjb§fnte¡v hnPb e£vanbpsS IhnX \ofp¶Xv ImWmws]cp´¨sâ an¯ns\ A]\nÀan¡p¶ "X¨sâ aIÄ' hnPbe£vanbpsS iàamb HcpcN\bmWv. Pn. i¦c¡pdp¸nsâ "s]cp´¨³', sshtem¸nffnbpsS "X¨sâ aI³' F¶oIhnXIfnse BibtemIhpw {]tabhpambn A`napJw \nev¡p¶p F¶ kmlnXyNcn{X]camb {]tXyIXbpw hnPbe£vanbpsS IhnXbv¡p-v. Xsâ tPjvTs\ (kvt\ls¯)hoXpfn hogv¯ns¡m¶ AÑsâ A[nImc¯nsâ hoXpfn hnZy ]Tn¨pt]mbn F¶ ImcW¯mÂ Xsâ t\scbpw \ofmXncn¡m³ hoSv Dt]£n¡p¶ X¨sâ aIÄ aebmf IhnXbnse iàamb kv{Xo km¶n²yamIp¶p.

kzmX{ýt¯mSpff AZayamb B{Klw DffnsemXp¡n ASnabmbn \nÂt¡-nhcp¶ AhØ AhXcn¸n¡p¶ "arKin£I³' Ihnb{XnbpsS {it²bamb asämcp cN\ bmWv. kv{XoXz¯nsâ hnhn[ `mh§Ä hnP be£vanbpsS IhnXIfnÂ ]e t¸mgpwIS¶p hcp¶p-v. {]kh¯nsâ ssPhoIhpw am\knIhpamb AhØ AhXcn¸n¡p¶"hchv' F¶ IhnX CXn\v D¯tamZmlcWamWv. aebmf¯nÂ Hcp Ihnb{Xnbpw C¯c¯nÂ lrZyambn Cu A\p`hs¯ AhXcn¸n¨n«nÃmsb¶v _memaWnb½ IhnXs¡gpXnb AhXmcnIbnÂ hyàam¡p¶p-v.

""Hcp tImSn Ipáp\IfmÂ ssPhþ`SÀ Xpd¡p¶p \n\¡p Xmgn«PmeIhmS§Ä, Rc¼pIÄhenªgnbp¶p an¶Â]nfÀt]mse¯s¶ ]nfcpI''

F¶ "hchn'se Cu hcnIÄ aebmf¯nse s]¬IhnXIfnse s]¬ A\p`h§fpsS Bhnjv¡mcs¯ Ipdn¨v ]dbpt¼mÄ \ncq]IÀ FSp v̄ ]dbmdp-v. ]e hnNn{XIÂ]\Ifpw AhcpsS IhnXIfnÂ Is-¯m\mhpw.

""hnd]qs-msc³ {]Wbknwlw

Npgäp¶ kSam{Xambo {]]©w''F¶ IÂ]\ aebmf¯n\v A{X ]cnNnXambn«pffXÃ. ""agX³ atätXm apJw'',""lnakam[n'' XpS§nbh hnPbe£vanbpsS aäv IhnXmkamlmc§fmWv.

1945Â HmKÌv 6\v lntcmjnabnep-mb AWpt_mw_v hÀjs¯ A[nIcn¨mWv "HmKÌv 6\v' F¶ IhnX cNn¨n«pffXv. temIs¯ \Sp¡nb Cu Zpc´w \S¶v A¼Xm-pIÄ¡v tijhpw AhnSps¯ sISpXnIÄ Ahkm\n¨n«nÃ. B bp²s¡mXnbpw Ahkm\n¡p¶nÃ. XnI¨pw kaImenI {]kàamb hkvXp\njvTamb Hcp hnjbamWv Ihb{Xn


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II 10

ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xv . lntcmjnasb Ipdn¨pw "enänÂ t_mbv ' F¶ AWpt_mw_ns\ Ipdn¨pwhkvXpXm]camb hnhc§Ä IhnXbnÂ DÄs¡mffn¨n«p-v. bp²s¡mXnbcmb cmjv{SX{´ÚcpsS ssI¿nÂ Ifn¸mhIfmIp¶ imkv{XÚÀ t_mw_p hoW lntcmjnasb Ipdn¨pff hnhc§Ä A¼Xv hÀjw Ignªn«pw AhnsSbpff AhØ F¶n§s\ Hcp teJ\¯nÂ DÄs¸Sp¯m³ Ignbp¶ Imcy§Ä Ihnb{Xn Cu IhnXbnÂ DÄs¡mffn¨ncn¡p

¶p. F¶mÂ CXn\v ]cnlmcambn Bß\njv T]camb ImÂ]\nIamb Zo]w F¶ _nw_s¯]Icw sh¡pIbmWv hnPbe£van. Ccp«mIp¶ Cu Zpc´s¯bIäm³ Xsâ ssI¿nepff{]mÀ°\bpsS, shfn¨¯nsâ ssI¯ncn sImfp¯nsh¡m³ sImXn¡pIbmWhÀ. Ccp« v̄ Häs¸« ̀ qanbpsS I®p\oÀ¯pffn Hcp Zo]¯n\mbn sImXn¡pt¼mÄ AXnÂ Adnbs¸Sm¯ kqcycivant]msebpff Xsâ {]mÀ°\ IqSnt¨cpsa¶v Ihnb{Xn Bizkn¡p¶p.lntcmjna Zn\¯nÂ temIw apgph³ kam[m\¯n\mbn Zo]w I¯n¡pt¼mÄ Xsâ kz´who«nte¡v B \ZoXocs¯ Bhmln¡pIbmWv AhÀ. temI v̄ FhnsS \S¡p¶ {]iv\§fpw kz´w ho«nencp¶v X¶nte¡mhmln¡m³ Ignbp¶ Fgp¯nsâ amkvacnIXbmhmaXv .

c v Z z µ -§ -f m W v I h -b { X n k z o I -c n -̈ n -c n -¡ p -¶ -X v. C c p « v; shfn¨w. ]c¼cmKXamb k¦Â¸w

Xs¶bmWnXv (Ccp«v = Xn³a, shfn¨w =\³a). F¦nepw GXp I\¯ Ccp«nt\bpw shfn¨am¡m³ Hcp sNdp ssI¯ncn¡v Ignbpsa¶Xn\mÂ DNnXamIp¶p Cu _nw_IÂ¸\.

s]mXpsh hkvXp\njvT]camb hnhc§Ä DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«pff IhnXIÄ KZyssienbnemWv cNn¨p ImWmdpffXv. F¶mÂ AXnÂ \n¶p hyXykvXambn Xmf\n_Ôamb coXnbnemWv Cu IhnXbpsS cN\. ZpÀaZw, ZpÈmk\w, XpS§nb ]Z§Ä IhnXbnÂ kzm`mhnIambn CW¡nt¨À¡m³ {ian¨ncn¡p¶p. ""Ccp«s¯mäs¸« `qanX³ I®p\oÀ¯pffn''""Zo]Zmlnbmbn Pzen¡pI'' XpS§nb {]tbmK§Ä {it²bamWv. ""hnPbe£vanbpsS IhnXIÄ¡v ]gba«mWv . hr¯_²w, kpLSnXw, PmSIfnÃ, _lfanÃ, \ni_vZamb {]mÀ°\t]mse, AaÀ¯nb tX§Ât]mse Ch Dbcp¶p¶p, F¶ kpKXIpamcnbpsS A`n{]mbwCXnt\mSv tNÀ v̄ hmbn¡mw.


11/30

II 11

samUyqÄ þ2IY IÄ

1. i_vZn¡p¶ Ie¸

þ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡naebmf¯nÂ, kmlnXy¯nsâ cq]`mh§sf¡pdn¨pw cN\bpsS e£y§sf¡pdn¨pwNqSp]nSn¨ NÀÏÄ \S¶ ImeamWv 1940IÄ. ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXy{]Øm\w tIcf¯nÂiànbmÀPn¨ Cu ImeL«¯nÂ kmaqlnI D¶a\w e£yam¡nbpff ]e hn¹hIrXnIfpw ]ndhnsbSp¯n«p-v. cmjv{Sobs¯bpw kmaqlymhØsbbpw \ninXambn hnaÀin¡p¶hbmbncp¶p A¡me v̄ {]Xy£s¸« H«pan¡ sNdpIYIfpw. XIgn inhi¦çnff,]n. tIihtZhv , XpS§nb A¡meL« n̄se Fgp¯pImcpsS \nebnemWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡nbpsS Øm\w. kaql¯nÂ ImWp¶sX´pw bYmÀ°ambn Bhnjv Icn¡pI F¶ (kaql¯n\v t\sc]nSn¨ I®mSnbmhWw kmlnXyw) ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXy¯nsâ k¦ev]s¯Xs¶bmWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡nbpw ]n³]äp¶Xv. IYIsf XnI¨pw cmjv{SobhÂ¡cn¡p

¶p-v At±lw. Xm\pÄs¸Sp¶ It¯men¡ k`bpsS ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ A\oXnIÄs¡Xnscbpw Xm³ Pohn¡p¶ XncphXmwIqdnse ZpÀ`cW¯ns\Xnscbpw kaql¯nsâ I]SkZmNmck¦Â¸§Äs¡Xnscbpw \ncćw Xsâ XqenI Nen¸n¨p. F§s\sbgpXWsa¶Xn\Ã Fs´gpXWsa¶Xn\mWv At±lw {]m[m\yw sImSp¯Xv. kÀ kn.]n.bpsS ZpÀ`cW¯ns\Xnsc FgpXnb "tamUÂ' F¶ IYbpsS t]cnÂ At±l¯n\v PbnÂ in£ A\p`hnt¡-n h¶n«p-v. ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ s]mff¯c§Ä Xpd¶pIm«p¶ "At´mWn\obpw A¨\mtbmSm' 'A¨³ sIm¼s¯' XpS§nb IYIfpw s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡nbptSXmbn«p-v. thiyIfptSbpw sX-nIfptSbpw D¶a\¯n\v th-n {]hÀ¯n¡m³ Ignbp¶Øm\mÀ°n¡v Hm¸¬ thm«v sN¿p¶ "AhfpsS thm«n'se thiybmb timi At±l¯nsâiàamb Hcp kv{Xo IYm]m{XamWv. Zmcn{Zhpw kaql¯nsâ I]SXbpw tNÀ¶v hyàn

Isf thiyIfpw IpähmfnIfpw B¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xnsâ cmjv {SobamWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n{]Xntj[ n̄sâ ̀ mjbnÂ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xv . F¶mÂ CXnÂ \n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hyXykv Xamba\pjy\pw aäv PohnhÀK§fpw X½nepff kvt\ls¯ Ipdn¡p¶ IYIfpw At±lw cNn¨n«p-v. B ImeL«¯nÂ \mbsb tI{µ{]tabam¡n XIgn "shffs¸m¡¯nÂ' Fs¶mcpIYsbgpXnbn«p-v. AXp]t£ a\pjy³ Hcp \mbtbmSv ImWn¡p¶ \µntISnsâ IYbmWv . AXnÂ\n¶pw hyXykv Xambn a\pjy\pw Hcp Imfbpw X½nepff Bß_Ô¯nsâ IYbmWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n "i_vZn¡p¶ Ie¸' bneqsS ]dbm³ {ian¡p¶Xv. efnXmw_nIA´ÀP\¯nsâ amWn¡³ F¶ IYbpambn \ncq]I³ Cu IYsb XmcXays¸Sp¯mdp-v .

IÀjI\mb Ahptk¸p tN«tâbpw At±l¯nsâ {]nbs¸« Imfbmb I®sâbpw

\ni_vZkvt\l¯nsâ IYbmWv i_vZn¡p¶ Ie¸. Imf{]m´³ F¶mWv Abmsf \m«pImÀ hnfn¡p¶Xv . IYbpsS ImessZÀLyw t\m¡pt¼mÄ sNdpIYbnsemXp§p¶XÃ CXnsekw`h§Ä. Ahptk¸p tN«sâ Ccp]Xp hÀjt¯mfapff PohnXhpw PohnX]cnWmahpwIYmImc³ Npcp¡n AhXcn¸n¡p¶p. t\ÀtcJbnÂ IY ]dªp t]mIp¶ coXnbmWv At±lw kzoIcn n̈cn¡p¶Xv . BJym\¯ntem IYm]m{Xmhnjv ¡cW n̄tem ]pXpasbm¶pwAhImis¸Sm\nsÃ¦nepw IY ]d¨nÂ sIm-p \s½ A\p`hn¸n¡m³ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡nbpsS ̀ mjbv¡v iànbp-v.


12/30

II 12

Ahptk¸p tN«\pw I®\pw X½nepff _Ôw IYmIr v̄ hnhcn¡p¶ ̀ mKw {it²bamWv. Hcp km[mcW IÀjI³ Xsâ Irjnbp]IcW§fnsem¶p am{XambmWv ImfsbIW¡m¡mdv. F¶mÂ Ahptk¸p tN«\mIs« AXns\ Pnhnbmbn«p am{XaÃ Xt¶mfwØm\apff Hcp klPohnbmbn¯s¶ ]cnKWn¡p¶p. D]IcW§sf ]camh[n NqjWw

sN¿pI AXpIgnbpt¼mÄ hens¨dnbpI F¶ hn]Wn aqey¯nsâ hncp²{[ph¯nemWv Ahp tk¸p tN«sâ Øm\w. AbmÄ a®ns\ kvt\ln¡p¶ Imfsb BßmÀYambnkvt\ln¡p¶ IÀjI\mWv. em`s¡mXnbpsS ]pXnb ckX{´w a\knemhm¯ Ahptk¸p tN«s\t¸msebpff IÀjI³ F{]ImcamWv AcnIphXv¡cn¡s¸Sp¶Xv F¶v AS¡nsh¨ AaÀjt¯msS s]m³hÀ¡n hnhcn¡p¶p.

"\oXntISmb' kv{Xo[\¯nsâ t]cnemWv Ahptk¸p tN«\v Xsâ kÀÆkzambImf¡p«s\ hnÂt¡-nhcp¶Xv. I®\pw Ahptk¸p tN«\pw X½nepff thÀ]mSnsâkab v̄ IYmIr¯nsâ `mj hnImcmÀ{Zamhp¶p. ""hmNmeXbpw {]IS\§fpw kvt\l¯nsâ BßmhnepffXÃ. Zp:Jnbv ¡m³ Ignhpff a\ÊpIÄ X½nepff ASp¸amWv kvt\l

sa¦nÂ I®s\bpw Ahptk¸p tN«t\bpw t]mse ASp¯hÀ temI¯nenÃ F¶p IYmIr¯p ]dbpt¼mÄ kvt\ls¯¡pdn¨v hfsc hyXykvXamb Hcp k¦ev]w sXfnªphcp¶p. kvt\ls¯¡pdn¨v \nc´cw ]mSpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNbvX, sN¿p¶ kmlnXy¯nÂ Cu hm¡pIÄ C¶pw {]kàamIp¶Xv B \ni_vZXbpsS I\¯ kuµcyw sIm-mWv, AkaXzs¯ kvt\lw sIm-p kaXzam¡n amäp¶Xp sIm-mWv.

HSphnÂ Xm³ hnä I®s\ Ahptk¸p tN«³ ImWp¶Xv AdhpimebnÂ sh¨mWv. FÃp´n {hWw \ndª ]cph¯nÂ I®s\ ImWpt¼mÄ AbmÄ¡v kln¡m\mhp¶nÃ. HSphnÂ aIÄ¡v XpWn hm§m³ sh¨ ImsiSp v̄ I®s\ AbmÄ XncnsI hm§ns¡m-p t]mcp¶p. I®\pw Ahptk¸p tN«\pw X½nepff ]p\kamKahpw IYmIr v̄ lrZbkv]r¡mbn AhXcn¸n¡p¶p. XpWn hm§msX h¶ A¸t\mSv ]cn`hw ]dbp¶aIÄ I{XntbmSv Ahptk¸p tN«³ ]dbp¶Xn§s\bmWv "F\n¡v \ns¶t¸mse Ah\pw'.IYbpsS kmcw apgph³ IYmIr v̄ kw{Kln¨ncn¡p¶Xv Cu hmIy¯nemWv. IYbnse{][ma\s¸« hmIyhpw CXpXs¶. HSphnÂ Xs¶s¨mÃn Hcp IpSpw_w apgph³ thZ\n¡p¶Xv ImWm\mhmsX I®³ "IS¶p Ifªp' F¶mWv IYmIr v̄ ]dbp¶Xv . \ni_v Zkvt\l¯n\v \ni_vZXymKsa¶pIqSn AÀ°aps-¶v IYmIr v̄ ]dªpshbv¡p¶p.

IYbnÂ ioÀjIambn, \ni_vZ km¶n²yambn, _nw_ambn \nev¡p¶ Ie¸sbAhkm\hmIy§fnÂ {]Xy£_nw_am¡n¯s¶ AhXcn¸n¡p¶p-v. I®sâ arXtZ

l¯n\pw thZ\nbv¡p¶ IÀjI\pw apIfnembncn¡p¶ B Np¡nen ]nSn¨ Ie¸ IÀjIsâ Zmcn{Zyhpw \jvSs¸«pt]mIp¶ ImÀjnIkwkv¡mcw, Ie¸bv¡v ]Icw shbv¡mhp¶ b{´§fpsS Xffn¡bäw XpS§nb hnhn[ k¦ev]§sf [z\n¸n¡p¶p-v. IqSmsXAXniàamb Cu _nw_¯nte¡v IYmkmcs¯ apgph³ Npcp ¡nsbSp¡m\pw IYmIr¯n\v km[n¨n«p-v.

GXp Ime¯phmbn¨mepw {]kàn \jvSs¸«n«nÃ F¶ tXm¶emWv Hcp IrXnsbImemXnhÀ¯nbm¡p¶Xv. i_vZn¡p¶ Ie¸bv¡v tijw aebmfIY Gsd ]ptcmKan¨n«p-v . ]e ]pXnb {]Øm\§fpw Bib§fpw kt¦X§fpw IYbnÂ hcnIbpw t]mhpIbpw


13/30

II 13

sNbvXp. C¶p \manXp hmbn¡pt¼mÄ BJym\coXnbnÂ ]pXpaIsfm¶pap]tbmKn¡m¯km[mcW IYbmbn tXm¶mw F¶mÂ AXnehXcn¸n¨ iàamb {]tab¯n\v C¶pw {]kànbp-v. {]IrXn NqjWs¯¡pdn¨pw a\pjysâ HSp§m¯ BÀ¯nsb¡pdn¨pw C¶pw\ncćw NÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶p; IrXnIfp-mIp¶p. NÀÏfpw Fgp¯pIfpw a\pjysâ kaXys¯¡pdn¨mWv kwkmcn¨psIm-ncn¡p¶Xv. F¶mÂ a\pjy\pw {]IrXnbnse aäp Pohn

hÀ¤§sft¸mse H¶pam{XamsW¶pw aäpffhbv¡v {]IrXnbv¡v taepff A[nImcw am{Xtaa\pjy\papffq F¶papff {]IrXnbneq¶nb Imgv̈ ¸mSv C¶v DbÀ¶p hcp¶p-v. F¶mÂF{Xtbm hÀj§Ä¡v ap¼mWv Hcp Imfsb klPohnbmbn kvt\ln¡p¶ IÀjIsâalXzw s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n hnfn¨p ]dªXv. kvt\l¯neq¶nb Hcp hnIk\ ImgvN¸mSpXs¶btÃ Cu IYbpw apt¶m«p shbv¡p¶Xv?

2. Hmtcm Fgp¯pImcnbpsSbpw Df fnepwþ kmdmtPmk^v

1970 IfnÂ aebmf kmlnXy¯nÂ {]_eambn \n¶ncp¶ B[p\nIXm{]Øm\wsXm®pdpIÄ¡v tijw D¯mcm[p\nIXbv¡v hgnamdns¡mSp¡p¶Xv ImWmw. B[p\nIFgp¯pImÀ X§fptSXmb hyXykvX ssienIÄ kzoIcn¨ncp¶sh¦nepw AhcpsSsbÃmwIrXnIÄ s]mXpsh Hcp GIXm\X ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. F¶mÂ D¯cm[p\nI L«¯nÂCu GIXm\X XIÀ¡s¸«p. ChnsS ]eabmWv ]pXpa. Hscmä apJy[mcm kmlnXy¯n\v ]Icw ZfnsXgp¯,v s]s®gp v̄ XpS§nb A\h[n Dsffgp¯pIÄ aebmf kmlnXy¯nÂ {]Nmcw e`n¨p. sNdpIYbpw Cu amä¯nÂ \n¶pw amdn\n¶n«nÃ.

D¯cm[p\nI sNdp IYmIr¯pIfnÂ {]apJbmWv kmdmtPmk v̂. s]s®gp v̄ F¶ kwÚ BZyambn kmdmtPmk^nsâ "]m]¯d'bpsS BapJ¯nemWv k¨nZm\

µ³ AhXcn¸n¡p¶ Xv. t]cp t]mse Xs¶ kv{XobpsS Nn´bpw A\p`hhpw PohnXhpsams¡¯s¶bmWv CXneqsS Bhnjv¡ cn¡p¶Xv. kmdmtPmk^nsâ IYIfpw CXnÂ\n¶v hyXykvXaÃ. ]pcpj tI{µoIrXamb Hcp temIs¯ amän¸Wnbm\pff B{KlwFgp¯nÂ kv]jvSamWv. kv{XobpsS PohnXm\p`h§Ä AkzmX{ýw ssewKnIX, A[nImcw (A[nImcanÃmbva) kv{XoIÄ hnhn[ taLeIfnÂ t\cnSp¶ hnthN\§Ä XpS§nbhsbms¡¯s¶bmWv. aäp kv{Xo Fgp¯pImcnIsft¸mse kmdmtPmk^pw IYIÄ¡v hnjbam¡nbn«pffXv. IpSpw_¯n\pffnse AkzmX{ý¯nepw HSp§m¯ D¯chmZnXz§fnepw s]«v Dgep¶ Hcp Fgp¯pImcnbpsSbpw DffnepffXmWv kmdmtPmk v̂ ""Hmtcm Fgp¯pImcnbptSbpw'' F¶ IYbnÂ BhnjvIcn¡m³ {ian¨n«pffXv. `mh\bpwbmYmÀ°y temIhpw X½nepff sshcp[yw Xs¶bmWv IYbpsS X´p. IYbnse {][m\

IYm]m{Xamb Fgp¯pImcn `À¯mhmb ]pcptjm¯as\bpw a¡sfbpw Xs¶ sRcp¡ns¡mÃp¶ \mep NphcpItfbpw Dt]£n¨v Xsâ Fgp¯nsâ km£mXvImc¯n\mbnta_nf½mbnbpsS kzmX{´hpw kzÑhpamb ho«nte¡v t]mIm³ Xocpam\n¡p¶nS¯mWv IY Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. {][m\ IYm]m{X¯nsâ NnÍfneqsSbmWv IY Bhnjv¡cn¨n«pffXv. IYmImcn kzbw Rms\¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶ D¯a]pcpj kÀÆ\ma¯nemWv IYBJym\w sNbvXnN«pffXv. IYbpsS t]cpt]mse¯s¶ IYmImcnbpsS Dffnepff NnÍÄ `qX Ime kw` h § fp ambn _Ô s¸ Sp¯n Ah X cn ̧ n ¡p ¶p. AYhm IY bnÂss¢amIvkv hsc hÀ¯am\Imew \njv{InbamWv. IYbpsS {]Xn]mZyhpambn Cu BJym


14/30

II 14

\coXn tNÀ¶v t]mIn¶p-v.Xsâ Fgp¯n\v XSkambn \nÂ¡p¶ IpSpw_w, AXnse D¯chmZnXz§Ä, kv{Xobm

bXn\mÂ am{Xw kmlnXyNÀÏfnÂ \n¶pXs¶ amän \nÀ¯nb IhnIÄ XpS§nbhtcmSpff {]Xntj[hpw AXnÂ \n¶p-mhp¶ {]XnImchpamWv IYmImcn BhnjvIcn¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xv. IYbnse ̀ À¯mhmb ]pcptjm¯a\v Gsd¡psd {]Xn\mbI Øm\amWpffXv.

]pcptjm¯a³ F¶ t]cv a\:]qÀÆamWv. ]pcpjXzw XnIªhs\bmWv s]mXpsh ]pcptjm¯a³ F¶v hnfn¡mdpffXv. CXns\ sshcp[yt¯msSbmWv kmdmtPmk v̂ ChnsSAhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv.

]mÝmXy temI v̄ DSseSp¯ sân\nkw (kv{XohmZw)¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bmbn«mWv aebmf¯nÂ s]s®gp v̄ t]msebpff coXnIÄ D-mhp¶Xv. ]mÝmXy temI v̄ kv{XoIfpsS AhImi§Ä¡pw kzmX{ý¯n\pw th-n i_vZapbÀ¯nbhcnÂ {][m\nbmWv ""hnÀPo\nb hpÄ v̂''. AhcpsS ""Fgp¯pImcnbpsS apdn'' F¶ Bibw Gsd {i²n¡s¸«XmWv.

ho«nse asäÃmhÀ¡pw kzámbn CS§fps-¦nepw kv{Xo¡v am{Xw AXv \ntj[n¡s¸Sp¶Xns\bmWv hnÀPo\nb hpÄ v̂ tNmZyw sN¿p¶Xv. Hmtcm Fgp¯pImcn¡pw Xtâ

Xmb Fgp¯nS¯nsâ kzmX{ýw thWsa¶ Cu Bibw Xs¶bmhWw kmdmtPmk^nÂkzm[o\w sNep¯nbXv. IYbnÂ c-v temI§fp-v. IYmImcnsb \ncćw sRcp¡p¶NpacpIfpw apJ v̄ sXdn v̈ hoW I^s¡«v t]mepff {]Wbhpw Igp¯nÂ Aacp¶ Ccp¼pXpSÂ t]mepff amXrXzhpw sIm-v hogp¶ Fgp¯pImcnbpsS Hcp temIw A{XtaÂ ImÂ]\nIambn IcpXp¶ {]Wbw, amXrXzw XpS§nb k¦Â¸§sf XnI¨pw AImÂ¸\nIambAe¦mc§Ä sIm-v hntijn¸n¨Xv a\:]qÀÆamIWw.

asämcp temIw kzmX{´hpw kzÑhpamb ta_nf½bpsS hoSmWv. GsXmcp Fgp¯pImcnbpw kz]v \w ImWp¶ NphcpIfnÃm¯Xpw {KnepIÄ¡pw km£IÄ¡pw ]Icw XpSn¡p¶Rc¼pIfpffXpamb Hcp hoSv. AhnsS Ahsf XSªpsh¡m³ BcpanÃ. IYbnÂ {]XnØm\¯Ãm¯ GI]pcpj\mb PbtZh³ AhnsSbmWpffXv. AYhm ta_nf½mbnbpsS

ho«nÂ kaXz¯neq¶nb Hcp kv{Xo ]pcpj_ÔwIqSn Fgp¯pImcn kz]v\w ImWp¶p-v.AXv kulrZ¯nemWv {]Wb¯neÃ F¶v IYmImcn FSp v̄ ]dbp¶p-v. Cu kzmX{ý¯n\v th-n {]Wbt¯bpw IpSpw_ _Ô§tfbpw Dt]£n¡m³ X¿mdmIpt¼mgpw amXrXzs¯ ]qÀ®ambn Xffn¸dbm³ IYmImcn¡v ss[cyw t]mcm.

ta_nf½mbnbpw AhcpsS kpµcamb hoSpw AhnSps¯ kÀh kzmX{ýhpw PbtZh\psaÃmw Iffhpw Fgp¯pImcnbpsS shdpw kz]v\hpamsW¶v ]pcptjm¯as\s¡m-v IYmImcn \ncćw ]dbn¸n¡p¶p-v. AXv ]pcptjm¯asâ X{ámbn IYmImcn ]dbp¶p s- ¦nepw BhÀ¯n¨p ]d bp¶ kXy am¡n AXns\ asämcp coXn bnÂ hmbn ¡mhp¶XmWv. asämcp ̀ mK v̄ k©cn¡p¶ NpacpIÄ X\n¡v ]Icw ]pcptjm¯as\ th«bmSptam F¶v IYmImcn kwibn¡p¶p-v . aknepIfpff, Xea-bnÂ hÃXpapff AbmÄ

\nÊlmb\mbn t]mhnÃ F¶v Fgp¯pImcn ]cnlmkcqt]W ]dbp¶p. kv{Xo = sshImcnIX, A_e, ]pcpj³ = aknÂ, Nn´mtijn F¶ kaqlw Iev]n¨p -m¡nb sP³UÀkahmIys¯ IYmImcn sXfn¨p ]cnlkn¡p¶p.

HSphnÂ Fgp¯nsâ km£mXvIcW¯n\mbn hoSpt]£n¡p¶ Fgp¯pImcnbpsSssIhoinbpff \S¯w C_vksâ t\mdsb (Doll’s House) A\p kvacn¸n¡p¶p-v. AhfpsS kzmX{´¯n\v angnthIm³ D]tbmKn¡p¶ Ahkm\ hmIy§Ä AXn`mhpIXz¯nsâXe¯nte¡v amdp¶p-v.


15/30

II 15

Npcp¡¯nÂ "s]s®gp¯nsâ' kzcamWv kmdmtPmk^nsâ "Hmtcm Fgp¯pImcnbpsS Dffnepw' F¶IY Dds¡ tIÄ¸n¡p¶Xv. apJy[mcm Fgp v̄ ]n³XpScp¶ ]pcpjtI{µoIrXamb t\m«s¯ a\:]qÀÆw Xnckv¡cn¨psIm-v AhnsS X§fptSXmb CSwASbmfs¸Sp¯m\mWv kaImenI Fgp¯pImcnIÄ {ian¡p¶Xv. AXn\mbn kzámb

Hcp `mjXs¶ AhÀ krjvSn¡p¶p. CXneqsS \ne\nÂ¡p¶ apJy[mcm Fgp¯nsetaÂt¡mbva XIÀ¶p hogWsa¶ IrXyamb cmjv{Sobe£yw Cu Fgp¯pImcnIÄ¡p-v. CXnt\mSv tNÀ¯mWv kmdmtPmk^nsâ Cu IYbpw hmbnt¡-Xv.kmdmtPmk^nsâ IrXnIÄ:þ{][m\ IYmkamlmc§Ä:þ

a\knse Xo am{Xw, ]m]¯d, ImSnsâ kwKoXw, \nemhv Adnbp¶p, HSphnes¯kqcyImń, ImSnXp ImWmtbm.

cmambW n̄se kv {XoIYm]m{X§fmb XmSI, koX, aWv tUmZcn XpS§nbhsc tI{µoIcn v̈ cmambWs¯ A]\nÀans¨gpXnb ImSnsâ kwKoXw, \nemhv Adnbp¶p F¶nh Gsd{it²bambhbmWv.

{][m\ t\hepIÄ:þAemlbpsS s]¬a¡Ä, HX¸v, amä¯n, DucpImhÂ, BXn, Btfmlcn, B\µw

3. ]pXnb hmXnepIÄþAIv_À I¡«nÂ

kaImenI sNdpIYmIr¯pIfnÂ XsâXmb Hcp Øm\w ASbmfs¸Sp¯nb Fgp¯pImc\mWv, AIv_À I¡«nÂ. aebmf kmlnXy¯nÂ B[p\nIX {]Øm\w {]_eXbmÀÖn¨v \n¶ncp¶ ImeL«¯nemWv AIv_À I¡«nÂ FgpXn¯pS§nbXv. F¶mÂAt±l¯nsâ IYIfpsS {]tXyIXIÄ ]cnKWn¨v I¡«nensâ B[p\nI IYmIr¯pIfnÂ DÄs¸Sp¯m³ IgnbnÃ F¶v sI. ]n. i¦cs\ t]msebpff \ncq]IÀ A`n{]mbs¸«n«p-v. D¯cm[p\nIXbv¡v Ipd¨p IqSn Abª N«IqSmbXn\mÂ Hcp ]t£ AXnÂDÄs¸Sp¯m³ Igntª¡psa¶p IqSn At±lw Iq«nt¨À¡p¶p. ihmk\sa¶ IYbnÂAIv_À I¡«nÂ C§s\ ]dbp¶p.

""ssZhw Hcp IYmImc\msW¶v arXtZlw HmÀ¯p. Hcp IY]dbm³ IY krjvSn¨Xp t]msebpàn ̀ {ZamtWm kwib§Ä¡XoXamtWm Fs¶m¶pw t\m«anÃ.ssZhw krjvSnbnÂ F{Xam{Xw

kzX{´\mWv A\ntj²y\mWv''CtX hmIy§Ä D]tbmKn¨mWv At±l¯nsâ IYIfpsS {]tXyIXIfmb kzmX{ýw, A¢njvTX, A\ntj[yX F¶nh \ncq]IÀ FSp¯p Im«p¶Xv F¶mÂ Cu hmIy§Ä¡nSbnÂ¯s¶ Hcp sshcp²yw Hfnªncn¸p-v. IYmIr v̄ Xsâ krjvSnbnÂ kzX{´\pw A\ntj[y\psa¦nepw A\phmNIÀ¡v At±l¯nsâ IrXn F§s\ A\p`hs¸Sp¶p F¶pffXpw {][m\w Xs¶bsÃ.

AIv_À I¡«nensâ "A²ym]I IYIÄ' Gtd {]kn²amWv. X\n¡v ]cnNnXambkv¡qfpw ]cnkchpw AhnSps¯ k¼¶amb A\p`h§fpw \Àaw IeÀ¶ ̀ mjbnÂ Ah


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Xcn¸n¡p¶ [mcmfw A²ym]I IYIÄ At±l¯nsâXmbn«p-v. AIv_À I¡«nensâA²ym]I IYIsf¡pdn¨v ]dbpt¼mÄ ImcqÀ \meIWvT]nffbpsS A²ym]I IYIfpambn tNÀ¯p sh¨p ]dbm\pf {]hWX \ncq]Icnep-v. ss{]häv þ FbvUUv kvIqfpIfnÂ Ipdª thX\¯n\v ]WnsbSpt¡-nh¶ A²ym]IcpsS Zmcn{Z¯nsâ IYIfmWv ImcqÀ ]dbm³ {ian n̈cp¶sX¦nÂ amdnb hyhØbnÂ i¼fhpw kpc£nXXzhpapff A²ym

]I hr¯nbnse AgnaXnbpw PoÀWXIfpw sXmgnent\mSpff amdnb at\m`mhhpw t\cnb\Àaw IeÀ¯n]dbm\mWv I¡«nÂ {ian¡p¶Xv. "A§mSn\nehmcw, GUvamjv, ]cnanXnIÄ, ]yq¬ _mte«³, kv¡qÄ Ubdn XpS§nbh CXnÂ NneXv am{Xw.

t\À¯ \À½w IeÀ¯nbpff IY]d¨nÂ coXnbmWv At± l¯ntâXv. PohnX¯nsâ k¦oÀ®XIÄ, sshcp²y§Ä, I]S\mSy§Ä XpS§nbhbpw At±lw Xpd¶pIm«m³ {ian¨n«p-v. aäv kaImenI Fgp v̄Imsc t]se¯s¶ Xm³ Pohn¡p¶ \mSpw\m«pImcpw At±l¯nsâ IYIÄ¡v hnjbambn¯oÀ¶n«p-v. \mS³ coXnbnÂ IY]dbm\pff At±l¯nsâ coXnsb ]e hnaÀiI\pw ÇmLn¡p¶p-v.

AbpànIXbpw, {àmßIXbpw At±l¯nsâ NneIYIfpsS {]tXyIXIfmWv.hnhn[ kmlNcy§fnÂ \n¶pff hyXvInIÄ acW¯nte¡v Hcp ap¶dnbn¸pw IqSmsXIS¶p sNÃp¶ "Bdmw Imew' F¶ IY CXn\pZmlcWamWv. s]mXpioÀjI§fmbnIYIsf {Ias¸Sp¯p¶ BJym\coXnbpw At±lw kzoIcn¨n«p-v. t]mfn§v tÌjs\¶s]mXpioÀjI¯n\v IognÂ NnÓ¯nsâ hen¸w, Iffthm«v, {ô F¶o sNdpioÀjI§Ä {Ias¸Sp¯n FgpXnb IY CXn\v DZmlcWamWv. ckIcamb IYmioÀjI§fmWv asämcp {]tXyIX. "Ipªn¸m¯p½ t]mb hgn, C\n \ap¡v djoZsbIpdn¨v kwkmcn¡mw, InWänÂ hoW ]q¨sb F§s\ Ibämw, hSIcbnÂ \n¶pw ]p\¯nÂ Ipª_vZpff hnfn¡p¶p' XpS§nbh DZmlcW§Ä.

]pXnb Ime¯nsâ AXnPoh\ X{´§fmWv AIv_À I¡«nÂ Xsâ "]pXnb hmXnepIÄ F¶ IYbnÂ BhnjvIcn¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ aäv Nne IYIfnteXvt]mse AbpànIsa¶p tXm¶n¸n¡mhp¶ Hcp {àmßI Aćo£w Cu IYsbhebw sNbvXv \nÂ¡p¶p-v. UnPnäÂ bpK¯nsâ krjvSnbmb I¼yq«dpw CâÀs\äpwtkmjyÂ aoUnbbpw FÃmw tNÀ¶v krjvSn¡p¶ ]pXnb temI{Ias¯bpw AXv PohnX¯nep-mIp¶ Zqchym]Iamb kzm[o\t¯bpw Ipdn v̈ aebmf¯nÂ Ct¸mÄ [mcmfw IYIÄ D-mbn hcp¶p-v. Chsb ssk_À IYIsf¶mWv s]mXpsh hnfn¡mdpffXv. tkXp,N{µaXn, Sn.hn. sIm¨p_mh, XpS§n aebmf sNdpIYbnse kaImenIcmb ]e Fgp¯pImcpw C¯cw ssk_À IYIÄ cNn¨n«p-v. A§s\ t\m¡pt¼mÄ HmÀ¡q«pw I¼yq«dpw

UnPnäÂ sIWnbpw {][m\ Øm\¯pw Nnet¸mÄ {]XnØm\¯pw hcp¶ "]pXnb hmXnepIÄ' B hIp¸nÂs]Sp¯mhp¶XmWv.

HmÀ¡q«nÂ Nmäv sNbvXv XfÀ¶pd§p¶ d\nX, Hcp ]pcpjsâ tXm¡n³ ap\bnte¡mWv DWÀs¶gpt¶Â¡p¶Xv. `h\t`Z\hpw, _emÂkwKhpamWv Xsâ Dt±isa¶v Xpd¶v ]dbp¶ B Iff\pw AXns\ kzm`mhnIambn DÄs¡m-p {]XnIcn¡p¶ s]¬Ip«nbpw ]pXnb Ime¯nsâ s]cpamäX{ámbn«mWv IYmIr v̄ ImWp¶Xv. `h\t`Z\w_emÂkwKw XpS§nbh A{XtaÂ kzm`mhnIamb Hcp kaqlamWv \½psSsX¶pw IYm


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II 17

Ir v̄ Dt±in¡p¶Xv. HSphnÂ Xm³ Xs¶ \nÀ½ns¨Sp¯ UnPnäÂ sIWnbneqsS Iffs\ImdnÂ ]q«nbn«psh¶v s]¬Ip«nbpw A\phmNcpw Bizkn¡p¶p. s]¬Ip«nbpsS UnPnäÂ ]cnÚm\w ChnsS D]ImcamIp¶p. F¶mÂ Cu [mcWIsf XInSw adn v̈ sIm-mWv IYbnÂ "SznÌv' D-mIp¶Xv. sNdp¸¡mc³ kpJambn CXns\ t`Zn¨v ]pd v̄ hcnIbpwAhsf s]m¡nsbSp v̄ ASp¯ hmXnen\Spt¯¡v sNÃp¶nS¯mWv IY Ahkm\n¡p¶

Xv. ChnsS hyhØm]nXamb coXn ]p\:Øm]n¡s¸Sp¶p. I¼yq«tdm, UnPnäÂ kmt¦XnIhnZytbm Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb Häbv¡v \nÀ¡phm³ {]m]vXbm¡nÃ F¶pw AXns\ t`Zn¡m³ssPhoIamb iàntbmsS Hcp ]pcpj\v km[n¡pw F¶papff ]gb Nn´ Xs¶btÃ IYmIr v̄ ]Icp¶Xv F¶v kwibnt¡-nbncp¡p¶p.

ssk_À temI¯nsâ ambnIX Isf Ipdn¨v IY]dbp¶ At±lw IY ]d¨nÂcoXnbpepw ssk_À `mj D]tbmKn¡m³ a\:]qÀÆw {ian¡p¶p-v.

DZm:þ AbmfpsS I®pIÄ AhfpsS icoc¯nsâ HSnhpIfnte¡pw hSnhpIfnte¡pw"U_vÄ¢n¡v' sNbvXpsIm-ncp¶p.

IqSmsX IYbnse IYm]m{X§fmb d\nXbpw Iff\psaÃmw Hcp shÀNzÂ dnbmenänam{XamtWm F¶v A\phmNIscs¡m-v tXm¶n¸n¡p¶ Hcp BJym\ X{´w IYmIr v̄ kzoIcn¡p¶p-v.

C¶v ImelcWs¸«v t]mb HmÀ¡q«v AXnse kmt¦XnI]Z§fmb "dnIzÌv' "kv {Im v̧'XpS§nbhsbÃmw IYmIr v̄ D]tbmKn¡p¶p-v. A\pZn\w A]vtUäv sN¿s¸Sp¶ \ham[yatemI v̄ C¯cw ImelcW§Ä kzm`mhnIamWv. Chsb A[nIcn¨v IY cNn¡pt¼mÄ hfsc {i²nt¡-Xp-v. IY ]n¶oSv hmbn¡s¸SWsa¦nÂ A\phmNI\v ck\obamIp¶ Ft´m NneXv IqSn IcpXn shbvt¡-Xp-v. AsÃ¦nÂ ImelcWs¸«v t]mIp¶

HmÀ¡q«vt]msebpff k¦Â¸§tfmsSm¸w C¯cw IYIfpw t]mbvadbpw.


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II 18

samUyqÄþ3\mSIw

e¦m e£van{ioIWvT³ \mbÀ

aShqÀ.Fkv.\oeIWvT]nffbpsSbpw ]chqÀ am[hn¡p«n A½bpsSbpw aI\mbn 1928þÂ BWv {ioIWvT³ \mbÀ P\n¨Xv. hnZymÀYnbmbncn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ kzmX{´ykac¯nÂ BIrjvS\mb At±lw 1948þÂ AJnte´ym hnZymÀYn tIm¬{KÊnsâ {]knU-mbn. tZi_Ôp hmcnIbpsSbpw tIcf`qjW¯ntâbpw ]{Xm[n]cmbncp¶p. A¼XpIfnemWv At±lw \mSIcN\ Bcw`n¨Xv. At±l¯nsâ \mSI§sf {]l\kz`mhapffh,kmaqlnI\mSI§Ä, cmambWIYsb Bkv]Zam¡nbpffh, X\Xp \mSIw F¶n§s\hnhn[ hn`mK§fm¡mhp¶XmWv. A¶s¯ aebmf \mSI§Ä¡v ̀ mcX¯ntâtbm tIcf¯ntâtbm a®nÂ thcpIfnsÃ¶v a\Ênem¡nb At±lw Xsâ \mSI§fnÂ \mtSmIem]mc¼cyw IqSn k¶nthin¸n¡m³ {ian¨p. Cusbmcp e£yt¯msS At±lw cNn¨ \mSI

amWv ‘Ien’. AhXcWw e£yam¡nbmWv At±lw \mSIcN\bnteÀs¸«sX¦nepw Ah

bnse ImhymßI kw`mjW§Ä DbÀ¶ kmlnXyaqey§Ä DÄs¡mffp¶hbmWv.

cmambW\mSI{XnXbw F¶ t]cnÂ Adnbs¸Sp¶ Im©\koX, kmtIXw, e¦me£van F¶nhbneqsSbmWv {ioIWvT³\mbÀ aebmf \mSIkmlnXy¯nÂ Nnc{]XnjvT

t\SnbXv. 1961þÂ Im©\koXbpw 1975þÂ kmtIXhpw 1976þÂ e¦me£vanbpw ]pd¯ph¶p. ]pcmWIYm]m{X§sf D]Pohn¨p-mb kmlnXyIrXnIfne[nIhpw Imev]\nIXbpsS AXn`mhpIXzapffhbmbncp¶p. ]nÂ¡me v̄ Fw.Sn.bpw amcmcpw ]n.sI _meIrjvW\psams¡ CXnlmkIYm]m{X§Ä¡v am\pjnI`mhw \ÂIn AhXcn¸n¡pIbp-mbn. {ioIWvT³ \mbÀ C¯cw IYm]m{X§sf AXpey]cm{IanIfmbn AhXcn¸n¡p¶tXmsSm¸w am\pjnIamb ZuÀ_ey§Ä DNnXambn AhcnÂ hnf¡nt¨À¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]pcmtWXnlmkImc³amÀ AhKW¨sX¶v tXm¶n¡p¶ IYm]m{X§fpsS at\mKX§fpw `mh§fpamWv {ioIWvT³ \mbcpsS \mSI§Ä¡v angnthIp¶Xv. {SmPnIv k¦ev]§fpsS ]qÀ®XbmWv e¦me£vanbpsS apJykhntijX.

]qÀhm¦w

e¦bpsS {]thi\ tKm]pcamWv cwKw. cm{Xn Hcp cm£knbpsS cq]w Ahyàambn ImWmw. CcpfneqsS l\pam³ IS¶phcp¶p. l\pamsâ {]lctaäv cm£kn \new]Xn¡p¶p. hoWnS v̄ \n¶v Fgpt¶Â¡p¶ cm£kn¡v kpµchpw Znhyhpamb tZhXmcq]w ssIhcp¶p. {_Òmhnsâ im]taäXpsIm-mWv tZhXbmb X\n¡v cm£knbpsScq]w ssIh¶v e¦bpsS Imhemfmbn \nÂt¡-nh¶Xv F¶pw, e¦me£van l\pams\


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II 19

[cn¸n¡p¶p. l\pamsâ {]lc¯mÂ X\n¡v im]tam£w e`n¨ncn¡p¶psh¶pw e¦me£van l\pams\ [cn¸n¡p¶p. l\pam³ koXm]lcW IYbpw Xsâ ZuXyhpw hnhcn¡p

¶p. l\pam\v th- \nÀt±i§fpw ap¶dnbn¸pIfpw \ÂIn ‘Hcp bpKkÔn¡v \nan¯amWv

\o’sb¶v HmÀ½n¸n¨p sIm-v e¦me£van \µn]qÀhw bm{XbmIp¶p.

e¦bpsS sFizcyamWv e¦me£van. e¦ AkpccmP[m\nbmsW¦nepw tZhXbmbe£van AhnsS A[nhkn¡p¶p. Hcp thf e¦me£van e¦hns«mgnbp¶tXmsS e¦bpsSaIpS§fnÂ B]¯nsâ Idp¯ taL§Ä Dcp-p IqSp¶p. AXnÂ \n¶mWv e¦me£vanbnse \mSI_oPw apfs]m«p¶Xv.H¶ma¦w

cmhWsâ k`maWvU]amWv cwKw. cmhWsâ amXpecmb hr²\mb hncq]m£\pwa[yhbkvI\mb kp]mÀviz\pw, cmhW ktlmZc³ IpwÌÀWsâ ]p{X³ \nIpw`³ (a{ń),cmhW]p{X³ C{µPn v̄, bphmhmb AXnImb³ F¶nhcpsS kw`mjW§fneqsSbmWv H¶ma¦w hnIkn¡p¶Xv. e¦ ]Sp Inghnbmbn XoÀ¶ncn¡p¶psh¶v C{µPn v̄ Xpd¶Sn¡p¶p. aq¶ptemIhpw Pbn¨ cmhWsâ sIm«mc¯nÂ Hcp Im«pIpc§v (l\pam³) \S

¯nb ]cm{Ia§fnÂ A£a\mWv AXnImb³. \nIpw`\pw l\pamsâ ]cm{Ias¯ \nÊmcambn AhKWn¡p¶nÃ. cmhWsâ {]Xm]Imes¯ AP¿XbpsSbpw sFizcy¯nsâbpwHmÀ½IfnÂ A`ncan¡p¶ hr²\mb hncq]m£³ l\pamsâ B{IaWs¯ Imcyam¡p¶nÃ. AXns\ A{X Kuch¯nÂ FSpt¡-XnÃ F¶mWv hncq]m£³ C{µPn¯mZn bphm¡sf D]tZin¡p¶Xv. ]-v kÀhtemIhpw IogS¡n cmhW\pw Iq«cpw e¦bnse¯nbt¸mÄ A´¯chÄ Ipwò\knsb a[psh¶ cm£k³ X«ns¡m-pt]mbXpw cm£kIpe¯nÂs¸«XpsIm-pam{Xw a[phn\v cmhW³ am v̧ \ÂInbXpw hncq]m£³ HmÀ¡p¶p. cmhW\v kz´w hwit¯mSpff {]Xn]¯n IYmcw`¯nÂ Xs¶ CXneqsS \mSIIr v̄ kqNn¸n

¡p¶p. ‘DähÀ¡pth-n F´p hn«phogvNbpw cmPmhv sN¿pw’ F¶v C{µPn v̄ hne bncp

¯p¶p.Ipwò\knsb X«ns¡m-pt]mbXpt]mse \nÊmcaÃ e¦ Np«ps]mSn¨ l\pamsâ hc

sh¶v \nIpw`³ ho-pw ap¶dnbn¸p \ÂIp¶p. ‘‘ZqXsâ (l\pam³) hncpXpsIm-qln¡mwi{Xphnsâ _ew’’ F¶mWv \nIpw`sâ A`n{]mbw. kp]mÀi zsâ A`n{]mbhpw adn¨Ã.Xpd¶p]dªv ‘Aip`¯nsâ Icn\ngÂ’ cmhWs\ t_m[ys¸Sp¯Wsa¶v At±lw aäpffhsc D]tZin¡p¶p.

ssIIkn ]p{X\mb cmhW³ e¦ hos-Sp v̄ hwis¯ c£n¨t¸mÄ XpWbmbn\n¶ B HmÀ½IfpsS hocy¯nÂ Ct¸mgpw IgnªpIqSp¶ hncq]m£\v e¦bv¡v Aip`whcp¶psh¶v kp]mÀiz³ ]dªXv kln¡m\mIp¶nÃ. Bcpw B{Ian¡m³ ss[cywImWn¡m¯ e¦bv¡p t\sc NndsI«p¶ cma³ CjvS]Xv\nsb hos-Sp¡m\pff t]mcn

\mWv Hcp§p¶sX¶pw AXn\v GsXmcpht\bpw t]mse cma\pw Cc«n_eap-mbncn¡psa¶pw kp]mÀi z³ ]dbp ¶p. _men h[w cmasâ iàn¡p ff sXfn hm sW¶pw \mwDWÀ¶pXs¶bncn¡Wsa¶pw \nIpw`³ ]dbp¶p. bp²X{´w \hoIcn¡Wsa¶v Dd¨kzc¯nÂ C{µPn¯pw {]XnIcn¡p¶p. CXv tI«psIm-phcp¶ ]S\mbI³ {]lkv X³ (cmhWsâ asämcp A½mh³) C¡mcyw AÑt\mSv t\cn«p Xs¶ ]dbm³ cmhW]p{Xt\mSv D]tZin¡p¶p. e¦bpsS Bbp[ hocy¯nepw cm£khocy¯nepw Bßhnizmkw Gsdbpff{]lkvX³ cmasâ a¬Nndsb IÂNndsI«n {]Xntcm[n¡msa¶v ]dbp¶p. cmasâ a¬Nn


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II 20

dsb AhKWn¡m³ C{µPn v̄ Hcp¡ambncp¶nÃ. A\pIqeØm\ v̄ sI«nbmÂ a¬NndXs¶ e¦bv¡v ̀ ojWnbmIpw F¶mbncp¶p C{µPn¯nsâ A`n{]mbw.

bp²X{´s¯¸änbpff NÀ¨bv¡v X¿mdmhp¶ {]lkvXs\ bp²X{´w t]mse {][m\amWv e£yip²nbpw F¶v kp]mÀi z³ HmÀ½s¸Sp¯p¶p. A\ysâ ̀ mcybv¡pth-nbpff bp²w e¦bv¡v F§s\ `qjWamIpw F¶ kp]mÀizsâ tNmZy¯n\pap¶nÂ BZyw

Ghcpw ]Ibv¡p¶p. {ItaW ̀ n¶{]XnIcW§fmbn AXv amdp¶p. bp²w Hcp ioeamWv.ImcWw CÃ. ImcWw AhiyhpanÃ F¶mbncp¶p {]lkvXsâ \ne]mSv. ImcWh³amcpwt]c¡nSm§fpw AS§nb Cu k`bnÂ kv{Xo A]lcWw NÀ¨ sN¿p¶Xv \¶Ã F¶mbnAXnImb³. AXnImbsâ A½ A]vkcÊmb [\yamenbpw A]lcn¡s¸«hfmsW¶pwAhfpS aI\mb AXnImb³ aWvtUmZcnbpsS aIs\m¸w bmtXmcp IpdhpanÃmsX Cc«s]ä Ipªp§sft¸msebmWv hfÀ¶sX¶pw hncq]m£³ Nq-nImWn¡p¶p. aWvtUmZcnsbt¸mse amenbpw e¦bv¡v AgImWv. sI«ne½amsc Ipdn¨pff Cu NÀÏÄ C{µPn¯ns\ AkzØ\m¡p¶p. AgIv FhnsS I-mepw Icp¯metbm AÃmsXtbm ssIsImffp¶Xv cm£k[À½amWv F¶Xmbncp¶p \nIpw`sâ \ne]mSv . AgIpff kv{XoIsf A]lcn¡Â hwihnIk\¯n\pff t]mwhgnbpw [À½hpamsW¶v hncq]m£³ IqSntNÀ¡p

¶p. hnIk\¯ntâbpw hn\mi¯ntâbpw _oPw H¶pXs¶bmsW¶ adp]Sn aäpffhÀ¡v Ffp¸w Zln¨nÃ. A]lcn¡s¸« b£In¶c,tZh, am\h PmXn¡mcmb s]¬InSm§Äe¦bnÂ s]cpInbmÂ AXv hwik¦c¯n\v CS bm¡psa¶pw cm£khwi¯n\v ip²nbpwhocyhpw Ipdªv ]pXnsbmcp k¦chwiw DSseSp¡psa¶mbncp¶p kp]mÀiz³ Dt±in¨Xv.henb ImcWh³amcpsS þ ameyhm³, kpamen, amen þ A½ KÔÀÆkv{Xobmbncp¶p. XsâAÑ\mb cmhW³t]mepw k¦camWv F¶v C{µPn v̄ Nq-n¡mWn¡p¶p. AgIpff ]pcpjs\ tXSnb iqÀ¸WJtbmSv e£vaW³ sNbvX {IqcXbv¡v ]Icw tNmZn¡m³ sN¶ Jc±qjW{Xnincm¡Ä sImÃs¸«Xnsâ {]XnImcambmWv cmhW³ koXsb A]lcn¨sX¶v {]lkvX³ \ymbw Is-¯p¶p.

Cu NÀÏÄ¡nsSbmWv k`bnte¡v cmhW³ {]thin¡p¶Xv. D]h\¯nÂ ]mÀ¸n¨ncn¡p¶ cma]Xv\nsb sImÃWsa¶ \nÀt±iw {]lkvX³ apt¶m«psh¨ \nanjw AXnòIcamb i_vZt¯msS e¦bpsS XmgnI¡pSw HSnªp hoWp. cmhW³ ]t£ Ipep§p¶nÃ. abs\ hcp¯n \nehnep-mbncp¶Xnepw A[nIw Dbcapff XmgnI¡psS kzÀ®¯nÂ Xs¶ \nÀ½n¡m³ cmhW³ D¯chnSp¶p.

hnjvWphnsâ AhXmcamWv cma³ F¶ A`yqlw Cu Ahkc¯nÂ hncq]m£³cmhWsâ {i²bnÂ s]Sp¯p¶p. ]-v acp¯sâ bmKimebnÂ k¶nlnXcmbncp¶C{µ³, ba³, hcpW³, ssh{ihW\³ apXembhÀ Xm³ AhnsSsb¯nbXdnªv thjw

amdn HmSnc£s¸« IYtbmÀ v̄ cmhW³ Nncn¡p¶p. Xs¶ shÃm³ hnjvWp t]mepwaSn¨p\n¶Xv cmhW³ HmÀ¡p¶p. cmasâ apt¶ä¯nsâ ØnXnbdnbm³ hnòjWs\hcp¯m³ cmhW³ Bhiys¸Sp¶p.

hm\cssk\yw ISÂ¨ndsI«n C¡scsb¯nbXmbn {]lkvX³ kqNn¸n¨p. Nmc\mbimÀ±qe³ cmassk\ȳ nsâ \nPØnXnshfns¸Sp¯p¶p. hnÔymNew sXm«v sXt¡m«pffhm\cssk\yw apgp h³ DÄs¸« kp{Kohsâ \mbIXz ̄ n epff ]S hfsc hepXmWv.t]mÀ¨«bpw an¶enf¡p¶ hnÃpw [cn¨ cmae£vaW³amÀ kqcys\t¸mse I®©n¸n¡p


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II 21

¶p. AhcpsS ]¡Â \nch[n Znhymbp[§Ä D-v. Chäsb t\cnSm³ D]mbanÃmªn«mtWm koXsb sImÃm\pff A`n{]mbw Iq«¯nÂ \n¶pbÀ¶sX¶v cmhW³ ]pÑt¯msStNmZn¨p. C{µPn¯mWv B A`n{]mbw D¶bn¨sX¶dnªt¸mÄ "]q¼mäsb Igp¯ndp¡nsImÃpIbmWtÃm Ip«nIÄ¡v IuXpIw' F¶mbncp¶p cmhWsâ {]XnIcWw.

e¦bpsS ]S \c¨pt]msb¶pw bp²X{´w \hoIcn¡Wsa¶papff C{µPn¯nsâA`n{]mbw {]lkvX\pw hncq]m£\pw AhXcn¸n¡m³ koXsb incivtOZw sNbvXv cmae£vaW³amÀ¡pap¼nÂ sh¨mÂ AhÀ Akv Xhocycmbn ]Xn¡psa¶pw bp²w Ac£WwsIm-hkm\n¡psa¶pw C{µPn v̄ ho-pw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. koXm\n{Klw cmae£vaW³amcpsS hocyw Cc «n ̧ n ¡m \mWv km[y Xsb¶pw koXsb Xncn t¨Â¸n ¡p I bmWv th-Xv F¶pw kp]mÀiz³ \nÀt±in¡p¶p.

koXsb I¸w sImSp v̄ cmhW³ cmasâ kma´\mIWsa¶mtWm ]dªp hcp¶sX¶v hncq]m£³ tNmZn¡p¶p. CXn\pff cmhWsâ {]XnIcWw Cu \mSI¯nsâaÀ½amWv. koXm]lcWw F¶ Ipäw sN¿p¶ cmhWs\ B Ipä¯nÂ \n¶p]cnbmbn

ImWm³ \s½ t{]cn¸n¡p¶ \mSIr¯nsâ D]m[n cmhWsâ \ymboIcW¯n³ ImWmw.

""aqhpeI§fnÂ Aaqeyambn GsXm¶pt-m, AXv e¦bnep-mhWw. tPjvT³ssh{ihWsâ ]pjv]Iw \mw A]lcn¨Xv, B Znhyhml\w e¦bptSXmhm\mWv. {_Òmhnsâ t]mÀ¨« e¦m[n]\pffXmWv. kZminhsâ N{µlmkw e¦bpsS Bbp[¸pcbv¡v Ae¦mcw. Ht¶ e¦bv¡v CÃmXpffq þ Imat[\p. hcpW temI¯psh¨v \mw I-p,hnfn¨p, h¶nÃ. k½XanÃmsX h¶mepw êanÃm¯Xn\mÂ, \mw _emÂ sIm-ph¶nÃ. asäÃmw e¦bv¡p -v. kakvX kuµcy§fpw ku`mKy §fpw k¼Â{]uUnIfpwkoXbpw e¦bv¡pXs¶ thWw. kv{XoPnX\Ã {ioPnX\mWv cmhW³. {ioXzw hnf§p¶FÃmw cmhW³ t\Spw. e¦bv¡v AXv Ae¦mcambncn¡pw. cm£khwi¯n\v CuSph

bv]mbncn¡pw''.

]n¶oSv hnòjW\pw cmhW\pw X½nepff kwhmZw H¶ma¦¯nse Gähpw {][m\s¸« `mKamWv. cmhWamÀKhpw hnòjWamÀKhpw X½nepff Gäpap«Â IYmKXn¡v IqSpXÂ angnthIp¶p. cma]£s¯ t\cnSm³ e¦bpsS _ew t]mcmsX hcpw F¶v hnòjW³ ap¶dnbn¸v \ÂIp¶p. F¶mÂ cmhW\v e¦bpsS _e¯nepw Xsâ AP¿Xbpepw kwibap-mbncp¶pÃ. koXsb hn«psImSp¡m³ Xs¶bmWv kp]mÀizs\t¸msehnòjWsâbpw [Àt½m]tZiw. F¶mÂ t\SnbsXm¶pw hn«psImSp¡m\pffXÃ F¶mbncp¶p cmhWsâ \ne]mSv. Xsâ PohnXw t\«§fptSXv am{Xambncp¶psh¶v cmhW³]dªpd¸n¡p¶p. Xsâ t\«§sf¡pdn¨pff cmhWsâ ̀ mjWw BßkvXpXnbmbn Npcp§p¶nÃ. AXnse hwtim²mcW XmÂ]cyw kz´w hwit¯mSpff kvt\lhpw cmhW\nÂ kzmÀYX ImWm\pff BkzmZIcpsS {ia§sf \nÀhocyam¡p¶p.

cmas\ t\cnSm³ X\n¡v iànbnsÃ¶pw koXsb hn«psImSp¯mÂ GXmÚbpwXm³ kzoIcn¡msa¶pw hnòjW³ ]dbp¶p. [À½w ssIhn« e¦bpw kXys¯¡-mÂCfn¡p¶ cmjkIq«hpw s]mcpXn acn¡m\pff BZÀi§fmbn X\n¡v tXm¶p¶nsÃ¶v hnòjW³ Xpd¶Sn¡p¶p. ChnsS \n¶mÂ A{]nbamb BÚIÄ kzoIcnt¡-n hcp


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sa¶XpsIm-v Xm³ e¦hnSp ¶psh¶v hnòjW³ ]dbp¶p. cmPytamlw sIm-mWv hnòjW³ cma]£w tNcp¶sX¶v {]lkv X³ Ipäs¸Sp¯p¶p. hnòjW\v Imcm{Klw \ÂIm³\nÀt±in¡p¶p. kzP\§fpsS c£I\mb Xm³ Ahsc in£n¡m\pff Icp v̄ C\nbpwt\Snbn«nsÃ¶v ]dbp¶ cmhW³ hnòjWs\ t]mIm\\phZn¡p¶p. cmhWsâ kzP\kvt\lw Xs¶bmWv ChnsSbpw {]ISamIp¶Xv.

A¦w c-v cmhWsâ k`maWvU]¯nÂ hncq]m£\pw kp]mÀiz\pw X½nepff kw`mjW

¯neqsSbmWv c-mw A¦w XpS§p¶Xv. [p{am£\pw {]lkvX\pw bp²¯nÂ h[n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. CXdnª kp]mÀiz³ Zp:JnX\pw hncq]m£³ A£a\pambn ImWs¸Sp¶p. hr²\msW¦nepw Xm³ tijnsI«h\sÃ¶pw cmPmRvP [n¡cn¨pw Xm³ ]Snbnd§psa¶pw hncq]m£³ {]Jym]n¡p¶p. e¦bpsS XIÀ¨ ap³Iq«n I- kp]mÀiz³ acW¯nsâ {Kojvaw e¦bnÂ hoinIgnªncn¡p¶psh¶v Dd¸n¡p¶p. Zp:JnX\mb kp]mÀizs\Bizkn¸n¡m³ hncq]m£³ {ian¡p¶p.

acWs¸« ]S\mbI³ {]lkvXsâ hnÃpw XpWochpambn AXnImb³ {]thin¡p

¶p. acW kab v̄ {]lkvX³ ]dªX\pkcn¨v hnÃpw XpWochpw {]lkvXsâ tPyjvS\mb kp]mÀiz\p \ÂIp¶p. ImänÂ CeIsft¸mse e¦bpsS ]X\w Hcpan¨msW¶v ip`m]vXnhnizmkw Xosc CÃmsX kp]mÀiz³ ]dbp¶p. ImcWw cmPmhnsâ ]mÀiz§fnÂ s]mcpXnbncp¶ Xeapd Ahkm\n¨ncn¡p¶p. hncq]m£³ hr²\mWv. Xm³ t]mcmSm³ IgnhnÃm¯ h\pw i{Xp ]£w tNÀ¶v cmhWsâ t\À¡v ]«kw Npgänb hnòjWs\¡pdn¨v AXnImb³ ]pOt¯msSbmWv kwkmcn¡p¶Xv. ]SbnÂ N¯hÀ ho-pwPohn¡p¶XmWv Ct¸mÄ cmhWssk\y¯n\pff òjWn. AXn\v cma]£s¯ klmbn¡p¶ Znhyuj[§tfm Ah Xncn¨dnbmhp¶ sshZy·mtcm e¦bnenÃ. lnahÂ ]mÀiz¯nÂ hfcp¶ Ahsb cm£k, am\h, b£, hm\c PmXnbnÂs¸«hÀ kao]n¨mÂ Ah`qav¡SnbnÂ Hfn¡psa¶pw cmhWs\ I-mÂ Ah Bß\miw hcp¯ntb¡psa¶pwkp]mÀiz³ ]dbp¶p. cmhW³ aq¶p temIhpw IogS¡nbXv Huj[§fpsS klmb¯meÃ F¶v A£a\mb hncq]m£³ {]Jym]n¡p¶p.

hnòjWs\ i{Xp]£t¯¡v t]mIm\\phZn¨XnÂ C{µPn¯pw AXnImb\pw hncq]m£\pw Hcpt]mse \ncmicmWv. Bß\mi¯n\pff Bbp[w AdnªpsIm-v AÑ³i{Xp]£¯n\v k½m\n¨XmsW¶v AXnImb³ Ipäs]Sp¯p¶p. _mensbsIm¶v kp{Kohs\ InjnInÔbnse cmPmhm¡nb AtX X{ámWv hnòjWsâ Imcy ̄ nÂ cma³kzoIcn¡p¶sX¶v C{µPn v̄ \nco£n¡p¶p. hnòjW\v inctOZamWv hn[nt¡-nbncp¶sX¶v hncq]m£³ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. A´:]pc¯nÂ Ct¸mgpw Ignbp¶ hnòj

Wsâ `mcy kcabpsS XebmWv AXn\pff {]Xnhn[nsb¶v C{µPn v̄ ]dbp¶p. cmÚn¸«w In\mhpw I-v A´:]pc¯neqsS Cgªp\S¡p¶ hnj¸m¼mbmWv kcasb C{µPn v̄ ImWp¶Xv. Cu Ahkc¯nÂ thZhXnbpsS kv{Xoaqew B]¯p-mIpsa¶ im]wkp]mÀiz³ HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶p.

hnòjW³ HmÀ¡m¸pd v̄ Xsâ t\À¡v ]«kw FdnªXp I-v Nn´bnem-cmhW³ tXÀX«nÂ XfÀ¶v \nÂ¡p¶psh¶ hnhcw imÀ±qe³ [cn¸n¡p¶p. CXptI«AXnImb³ bp²cwKt¯¡v HmSnt¸mIp¶p. XpSÀ¶v cmhW³ {]thin¡p¶p. cm£kho


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II 23

cyanÃm¯ IrIemkw F¶v cmhW³ hnòjWs\ Ipäs¸Sp¯p¶p. Hcp hwis¯ \in¸n¡m³ B hwi¯nt\ Ignbq F¶pw hnòjWsâ XpWbmWv cmasâ iànsb¶pw cmhW³ \nco£n¡p¶p. FÃmhtcbpw ]dªb v̈ cmhW³ aWvtUmZcnbpsS ]cnNcW¯nÂhn{ian¡p¶p.

A´:]pc¯nse KqVthgvNIÄ t]mepw Xt¶mSv Xpd¶p]dbpambncp¶n«pw koXsb¡pdn¨v H¶pw ]dªnÃtÃm F¶v aWvtUmZcn Nq-n¡mWn¡p¶p. koX ]Xn{hXbmsW¶pw Ahsf hn«b¨nsÃ¦nÂ B]¯phcpsa¶v Xm³ `b¡p¶psh¶pw aWvtUmZcnAdnbn¡p¶p. Xos¸mffteäv ]nSbpt¼mÄ cmhWsâ A½bv¡pw CtX `bw D-mbncp¶p. AXv cmhWs\ [cn¸n¡m³ aWvtUmZcnsb AhÀ NpaXes¸Sp¯nbncp¶p. CuAhkc¯nÂ cmhWsâ adp]SnbnÂ \ncmibpw \nÊlmbXbpw \ngen¡p¶p-v.

""\mw kmlNcy§fpsS XShdbnemWv. C\n \mw koXsb hn«b¨mÂ ]SbnÂ tXmäpsh¶mWÀ°w''.

AXnImbsâ acWhmÀ¯ Adnbn¨psIm-v kp]mÀiz³ IS¶phcp¶p. cmhW³ Zp:JnX\mIp¶p. AXnImbsâ A½ [\yamensb Bizkn¸n¡m\mbn aWv tUmZcn [rXnbnÂ t]mIp

¶p. Cu {]XnkÔnbnÂ cmhW\v IpwÌÀ®s\ DWÀt¯-nhcp¶p. Xs¶ t\ct¯DWÀ¯m¯XnÂ IpwÌÀ®³ £p`nX\mIp¶p. Xm³ Pohn¨ncn¡pt¼mÄ tPyjvT³Bscbpw ̀ bt¡-XnsÃ¶v {]Jym]n v̈ IpwÌÀ®³ bp²cwKt¯¡v bm{XbmIp¶p. Cukab v̄ kp]miz\pambpff cmhWsâ kwhmZw Xsâ PohnXw ]mgv sNehmbnt¸mbncpt¶mF¶ Bß ]cntim[\bv¡v At±ls¯ t{]cn¸n¡p¶p. IpwÌÀ®h[t¯msS Xm³ IqSpXÂ GI\mbn F¶ t_m[w cmhWs\ _m[n¡p¶p. XpSÀ¶v bp²w \bn¨v C{µPn¯nsâanIhnÂ hnPbIncWw cmhW³ kz]v\w ImWp¶p. ap¶pw ]n¶pw CShpw hehpw t\m¡ns]mcpXm³ C{µPn¯ns\ A\p{Kln¨v bm{Xbm¡p¶p.

A¦w aq¶v C{µPn¯nsâ t]mcm«hpw hncq]m£sâ bp²{]thihpw ]cm{Ia\pw kp]mÀiz

\nÂ \n¶dnª cmhW³ kt´mjn¡p¶p. F¶mÂ e¦bpsS XmgnI¡pSw ]p\À\nÀ½n¡m³ {]m]vXnbpff inev]nIÄ H¶S¦w ]SbnÂ HSp§n F¶dnbpt¼mÄ "A{Xbv¡v iq\yamtbm e¦'? F¶mbncp¶p cmhWsâ {]XnIcWw.

Cu Ahk c¯nemWv amey hm³ {]thin¡p¶Xv. bp²¯nÂ \n¶v cmhWs\]n³Xncn¸n¡m³ B htbm[nI³ BhXpw {ian¡p¶p. Xsâ hwi¯nsâ DbÀ¨bpw]XÀ¨bpw A\p`hn¨dnªh\mWv B ImcWhÀ. amehyþcmhW kwhmZ¯nÂ cmjkhwi¯nsâ iànbpw ZuÀ_ey§Ä Hcpt]mse shfns¸Sp¶p. A[À½w Gsd sNbvXps]mbXpsIm-v aqhpeIpw cmhW\v \ndsb i{Xp¡Ä DffXv ameyhm³ Nq-n¡m«p¶p.Ct¸mÄ bp²aÃ kÔnbmWmhiysa¶ At±lw \nÀt±in¡p¶p.

C{µPn¯nsâ acWt¯msS Xsâ ]X\w cmhW³ ap³Iq«n ImWm³ XpS§p¶p.At±lw GXv \nanjhpw IS]pgIn hogmhp¶ h³acambn amdp¶p. koXsb h[n¡Wsa¶ C{µPn¯nsâ \nÀt±iw HmÀ v̄ cmhW³ AXn\v apXncpt¼mÄ aWvtUmZcn hne¡p¶p. iqÀ¸WJbpsS amdnSw tOZn¨ cmae£vaW³amsct¸mse XcwXmgcpsX¶v aWvtUmZcn HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶p. cmhW\v t\«§Ä \ndª PohnXw hnZqcamb Hcp HmÀ½bmbn A\p`hs¸«v XpS§p¶p. Xncn¨phchn\pff Ahkm\ {iasa¶ \nebv¡v \nIpw`nebnse tlmaw


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XpScm³ aWvtUmZcn \nÀt±in¡p¶p. tlmaw apS§pIbpw aWvtUmZcn AwKZ\mÂ am\`wK¯n\ncbmhpIbpw sN¿p¶tXmsS Xsâ Zpc´w ]qÀ®amIp¶Xmbn cmhW\v t_m[ys¸Sp¶p. ""\s½ i]n¨ s]®p§fpsS \m¡p ̂ en¨ncps¶¦nÂ Ft¶ \mw I_Ô\mbn \S¡p\mbncp¶p'' F¶v im]s¯ AhKWn¨ cmhW³ Hcp ho-phnNmc¯n\v apXncp¶p. ameyhm³ ho-psa¯n [À½]Xv\n aWvtUmZcnbpsS càw sIm-v XneIaWnbn¨v cmhWs\

bp²¡f¯nte¡v þ Bk¶amb Zpc´¯nte¡v þ bm{Xbm¡p¶p.D¯cm¦w

""ssiXyw IS¶mepw ImWnt\cw IqSn sabv InSp§pwt]mse hmXnÂ¡Â hnd]q-p\nÂ¡p¶'' koX Aánip²bmb e¦sb Xsâ `mKambn AwKoIcn¡p¶p. sh«nXnf§p¶ DZb¯nepw GtXm \oena tijn¡p¶Xv AhÄ Adnbp¶p. kÀthm]cn Xm³km£nbpw ImcWhpambncp¶psh¶v Xncn¨dnbp¶p. e¦bpsS Aán]co£ Ahkm\ns¨¦nepw koXbpsS Aán]co£ _m¡nbps-¶ kqN\tbmsSbmWv \mSIw Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv.

cmhWsâ PohnX¯nse BËmZ§tfbpw hnjmZ§tfbpw cmhWsâ Xs¶ at\mhr¯nbneqsS BhnjvIcn¡m\mWv \mSIIr v̄ {ian¨Xv. \jvSsa¶ hm¡pt]mepw A{]n

bambncp¶ e¦\mYsâ a\ÊnÂ ùXnIkpJPme§Ä AkzØXbnte¡v HgpInt¨cp¶psh¶ kp]mÀizsâ hm¡pIÄ Xd¡p¶p. Xsâ PohnXw ]mgvsNehmbncpt¶m F¶v At±lw kp]mÀizt\mSv tNmZn¡p¶p-v. Iptd¡qSn k¶nKv[X \ndª L«¯nÂ CtXtNmZyw atÞmZcntbmSpw cmhW³ BhÀ¯n¡p¶p-v. ZpxJ`mchpw t]dn im]{KkvXcmbn Aebp¶ a\pjysâ Zpc´PohnXw Xs¶bmWv e¦me£vanbnÂ {ioIWvT³\mbÀA]{KYn¡p¶Xv .

kµÀ`hpw Bibhpw hniZam¡pI

1. ZqXsâ hncpXpsIm-qln¡mw i{Xphnsâ _ew.

2. ]cZmc§Ä¡pth-nbpÅ bp²w e¦bv¡v F§s\ ip²nbpÅXmhpw.3. hnImk¯ntâbpw hn\mi¯ntâbpw _oPw H¶pXs¶bmWtÃm.4. AÑs\¡mWp¶ kt ḿjw atÞmZcnbv¡pap-mhs«.5. ]q¼mäsb Igp¯ndp¡nsImÃpIbmWtÃm Ip«nIÄ¡v IuXpIw.6. AXp bp²X{áÃ, X{´bp²amWv. KXyćansÃ¦nÂ {]tbmKn¡mw.7. koXsb Iev]w sImSp¯p kma´\mIWw cmhW³, AtÃ?8. AXv C{µnbtKmNctam AtXm, A\yIev]\tbm?9. e¦bv¡Xv Ae¦mcamIpw, cm£khwi¯n\v CuSphbv]mbncn¡pw.10. \nXyaÃm¯ P·¯nÂ AP¿X AXnepw A\nXyw.11. cmPya{´w samgntb-Xv Fsâ ISabmWv.12. t\SnbsXm¶pw hn«psImSp¡m\pÅXÃ.13. \mbIsâ Nn¯ip²n A\pbmbnIfpsS iànbmWv.14. A{]nbkXyamhpt¼mÄ kzchpw ]cpjambntXm¶pw.15. [À½w ssIhn« e¦bpw kXys¯¡-mÂ Cfn¡p¶ cm£k¡q«hpw s]mcpXnacn

¡m\pÅ BZÀi§fmbn F\n¡v tXm¶p¶nÃ.16. Fsâ am\ZÞw Rm³ emfn¡p¶ X¯z§fmWv. AXmsWsâ aqeyhpw.17. ]qPm]pjv]w F\n¡pw sImet¨mc At§bv¡pw IqSpXÂ CW§pw.


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II 25

18. \mw kzP\§fpsS c£I\mWv Ahsc in£n¡m\pÅ Icp v̄ CXphscbpw \mwt\SnbnÃ.19. acW¯nsâ {Kojvaw e¦bnÂ hoin¡gnªp.20. At¸mÄ ImänÂ CeIsft¸mse ]X\w Hcpan¨mWv.21. B cmPytamlnsb ]e Xp-mbn No´n ISenÂ Fdntb-Xmbncp¶p.

22. Bß\mi¯n\pÅ Bbp[w AdnªpsIm-v AÑ³ i{Xphn\v k½m\n¨XmWv.23. AtX X{́ w e¦bnepw {]tbmKn¨XmhWw.24. cmPyX{´hpw _ÔphmÕeyhpw c-msW¶v Adntb-nbncn¡p¶p.25. Hcp bp²¯nepw lrZyamb Cu A\p`hw D-mbn«nÃ.26. Ah³ Bcp ]dªmepw tIÄ¡pIbnÃ.27. Ahs\¸än IqSpXÂ tI«mÂ ka\ne sXäpw.28. \½psS PohnXw ]mgvsNehmbncpt¶m?29. hniztPXmhmb cmhWsâ ]IpXnbmWv ASÀ¶p ]Xn¨Xv.30. A{Xbv¡v iq\yamtbm e¦.31. HcmÄ¡p asämcmÄ ImheÃ. At§bv¡p A§pXs¶ ImhÂ. A§bpsS iànbpw

A§pXs¶.32. e¦bvs¡s´¦nepw ip²n tijn¡p¶ps-¦nÂ AXp ̀ RvPn¡pI.

D]\ymk sa gpXpI

1. Hcp hyànbptSsX¶Xnt\¡mÄ Hcp hÀK¯nsâ ]pcmWambn«mWv \mSIIr v̄ e¦me£vansb k¦ev]n¨n«pÅXvþ hniZoIcn¡pI.

2. cmhWsâ kz`mhNn{XWw F{Xt¯mfw kq£vaambmWv e¦me£vanbnÂ AhXcn¡s¸«n«pÅsX¶v hnebncp¯pI.


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samUyqÄ þ4

Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.sP.tdmkn tXmakv

{]ikvX \mSIIr v̄ kn. sP. tXmakns\¡pdn v̈ At±l¯nsâ kl[À½nWn tdmkntXmakv FgpXnb PohNcn{XamWv "Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.ssP. hyhØm]nXamb H¶nt\mSpw s]mcp¯s¸SmsX A\oXnItfmSv \ncćw Ieln¨psIm-ncp¶ Hcp IemImc\mbncp¶p kn.sP. F¶v Cu PohNcn{X¯nÂ tdmkn tXmakv HmÀ¡p¶p.

tdmkn tXmaknsâ ]nXmhv Fw.]n. t]mfnsâ tImtfPnÂ Cw¥ojv A[ym] I\mbn h¶t¸mgmWv tdmkn BZyambn kn.sP sb ImWp¶Xv. saenªv Akm[mcW s]m¡hpw Ihnfnte¡v Hen¨nd§p¶ IrXmhpap-mbncp¶ kn.sP.bpsS apJ v̄ sNdp¸¡mcsâ {]kcnt¸mkt´mjtam D-mbncp¶nÃ. t]mÄkv tImtfPnse Ip«nIÄ sNdp¸¡mc\mb kn.sP sb"sIm¨pkmÀ' F¶mbncp¶p hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. Hcp sIm¨pIp«nbpsS emLht¯msS kn.sP sbImWpIbpw kwkmcn¡pIbpw sNbv X BZyImes¯m¶pw kn.sP. Hcp t{]a_m[bmbn tdmknbnÂ IS¶pIqSnbncp¶nÃ. ]Xnsb kn.sP bpsS tdmkntbmSpÅ kzmXýhpw A´Êpäs]cpamähpw tdmkn CjvSs¸Sm³ XpS§n. A¡me v̄ kn.sP shdpsXbncn¡p¶Xv A]qÀhamtb tdmkn I-n«pÅq. an¡t¸mgpw FgpXpItbm hmbn¡pItbm Nn{Xw hc¡pItbmsN¿pIbmhpw. F³._n.Fknsâ IhÀNn{X§fpsS apgph³ Ip¯I A¶v kn.sP ¡mbncp¶p. kn.sP sb¡pdn¨v aäpÅhÀ ]dªp-m¡nb Hcp A]hmZ¡Y tdmkn HmÀ¡p¶p.kn.sP bpsS Xs¶ IpSpw_¯nse Hcp hn[hbpsS AhnlnXKÀ`¯nsâ D¯chmZnXzwkn.sP bnÂ NmÀ¯n i{Xp¡Ä {]Ncn¸n¨ IY tdmknbpsS sNhnbnepw F¯n. C¯cwIbv]pä A\p`h§fmWv Ømbnbmb Hcp hnjmZmßIXzw At±l¯nÂ \ngen¡m³ CS

bmbsX¶v tdmkn \nco£n¡p¶p. Cu kw`h n̄sâ \nPØnXn AdnªXn\ptijw tdmkn¡v \nc]cm[nbmb kn.sP tbmSpÅ kplrZv _Ôhpw Kpcp`ànbpw IqSpXÂ BÀ{Zambn. kn.sPtbmSv thZ\IeÀ¶ Ft´m Hcp hnImcw tXm¶n¯pS§n. sk]v Xw_À kv s]jÂ ¢mkpIÄXoÀ¶tijw kn.sP tIm«bt¯¡v aS§n. Xm³ BZyambn kn.sP.bv¡v Ab¨ I¯nÂA£c§fp-mbncp¶nsÃ¶v tdmkn HmÀ¡p¶p. Hcp ]¨¡pXncsb \oe¡SemknÂ ̀ wKnbmbn ]än¨psh¨Xmbncp¶p B I v̄.

]n¶oSv kn.sP ho-pw N§\mtÈcnbnte¡v h¶t¸mÄ an¡ kmbmÓ§fnepw XsâA\pP¯ntbmsSm¸w tdmkn kn.sP bpsS Xmhfamb AÅ¸md kµÀin¡mdp-mbncp¶p. Nne Znhk§fnÂ ]{Xw hmbn¡m\pw ]pkvXIsaSp¡m\pambn kn.sP tdmknbpsSho«nÂ sNÃpw. B kµÀi\§Ä¡nsSbmWv kn.sP bpsS Ieiemb s]bnânwKv {àw

tdmkn a\Ênem¡p¶Xv. CcphcptSbpw {]Wbw ho«nÂ henb FXnÀ¸pIfp-m¡n. kn.sPtbmSv henb aXn¸p-mbncp¶n«pw PmamXmhmbn At±ls¯ k¦ev]n¡m³ Fw.]n. t]mfn\v IgnªnÃ. hmÕey\n[nIfmb Xsâ amXm]nXm¡sf Cu t{]aw hÃmsX thZ\n¸n¨psh¶v tdmkn HmÀ¡p¶p. A[ym]I\mbn h¶ Xm³ t]mÄkmdnsâ aIsf X«nsbSp¯pF¶ A]cm[t_m[w kn.sP bv¡pap-mbncp¶p.

]nXmhnsâ k½À±¯nÂ kn.sP ¡v ]ptcmlnX\mtI-nh¶Xpw ]n¶oSv kn.sPXs¶ ]ptcmlnX¡p¸mbw hen¨pIodpIbpw sNbvX ckIcamb IY tdmkn HmÀ¡p¶p.bmt¡m_mb kapZmb¯nse DXvIrjvS\mb Hcp ]ptcmlnX\m¡m³th-n sNdp¸w apXte


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II 27

kpdnbm\n ]Tn¸n¨p. ]t£ kn.sP bv¡v ]ptcmlnX\mhm³ CjvSaÃmbncp¶p. F¶meXv ]nXmhnt\mSv Xpd¶p ]dbm\pÅ ss[cyhpap-mbncp ¶nÃ. sim½mÈ³ (]ptcmlnX³)B¡m\pÅ IÀ½¯n\v sIm-pt]mIp¶Xnsâ Xte¶mÄ BßlXysb¡pdn¨phsc kn.sP. Nn´n¨p. ]ptcmlnX¡p¸mb¡msc tImtfPnÂ s]mXpsh ]cnlmkambncp¶XpsIm-v kn.sP bpsS tImtfPv hnZym`ymkw Xmdpamdmbn. kn.sP. ]ptcmlnX¡p¸mbw Ducm³

Xs¶ Xocpam\n¨p. bYmØnXnIÀ s\än Npfn¨p. Ip¸mbaqcnsb¦nepw kn.sP bpsS ho«pImÀ At±ls¯ "sN½m¨³' F¶ hnfn XpSÀ¶p. ho«pImcpsS FXnÀ¸v cq£ambt¸mÄkn.sP bnÂ\n¶v AIem³ {ian¨v tdmkn Ipsd\mÄ I¯pIÄ t]mepw Ab¨nÃ. ]t£kn.sP bpsS \odp¶ I¯pIÄ tdmkn¡v h¶psImt-bncp¶p. B kab v̄ tdmknBeph bp.kn. tImtfPnÂ ]Tn¡pIbmbncp¶p. Hcp Znhkw kn.sP bpsS A½bpsS acWhmÀ¯ Adnbn¨psIm-pÅ ImÀUv h¶p. B A½bv¡v Xs¶ImWm³ Gsd B{Klap-mbncp¶psh¶pw Xsâ I¯pw t^mt«mbpw X¡w t\m¡n A½ hmbn¡mdpw ImWmdpap-mbncp¶psh¶v ]n¶oSv tdmkn aäpÅhcnÂ \n¶dnªp.

kn.sP bv¡v \sÃmcp tPmenbp-mbncps¶¦nÂ ho«pImcpsS FXnÀ¸pw {]iv\§fp

sams¡ Ipsd XoÀ¶pIn«psa¶v tdmkn¡v tXm¶n. Fw.F bv¡v tNÀ¶v ]Tn v̈ Ønc amb HcptPmen k¼mZn¡m³ tdmkn kn.sP sb D]tZin¨p. a{ZmknÂ Fw.enän\p tNÀ¶p ]Tn¡m³kn.sP Xocpam\n¨p. Iq¯m«pIpfs¯ Hcp N´bnepÅ Hcp ]oSnI ]WbsagpXn Bbncwcq]bpw hm§n kn.sP a{Zmknte¡v Xncn¨p. {]knU³kn tImtfPnÂ {]thi\¯n\v Aev]wssIaWnbpsS Bhiyap-mbncp¶p. kn.sP AXn\p X¿mdmImsX ]T\tamlapt]£n¨p.A¡me¯mWv kn.sP Fw. tKmhnµs\ ]cnNbs¸Sp¶Xv. Fw. tKmhnµ³ sIbÀ Hm^nembncp¶p. kn.sP bpsS a{Zmknse taÂhnemkw. D¶XhnZym`ymk¯n\v a{ZmknÂ t]mbkn.sP bv¡v tKmhnµ³ F¶ BßmÀ° kplr¯ns\ In«nbXpam{Xw an¨w. A¡me v̄ PbtIcfbnÂh¶ At±l¯nsâ teJ\§Ä tdmkn hmbn¡pambncp¶p. an¡Xpw \ninXhnaÀi\§fmbncp¶psh¶v tdmkn HmÀ¡p¶p.

tdmknbpsS ho«nÂsh¨v amXm]nXm¡fpÅt¸mÄ am{Xta Ccphcpw I-pap«mdp-mbncp¶pÅq. bp.kn. tImtfPnÂ tNÀ¶Xn\ptijw amk§fmbn kn.sP sb I-ncp¶nÃ.F§s\bpw H¶p ImWWsa¶v tdmkn kn.sP bvs¡gpXn. X§Ä FdWmIpf v̄ ta{SsâIqsS tjm¸nwKn\v hcp¶ps-¶pw sP«n¡Sp¯pÅ _jodnsâ _p¡vÌmfnÂ kn.sP sbI-nsÃ¦nÂ t\sc Imbentes¡Sp¯pNmSpsa¶pw `ojWns¸Sp¯n tdmknsbgpXn. tdmknbpsS t{]aIY ta{S\pw Iq«pImcnIÄ¡pw Adnbmambncp¶p. "\n§sfm¶p kwkmcns¨¶pIcpXn temIw CSnªp hogpI sbm¶p ansÃ¶mbncp¶p ta{Ssâ \ne]mSv. kn.sP kab¯pXs¶ h¶ncp¶p. kn.sP ¡v CjvSs¸« ]¨kmcnbmWv tdmkn DSp¯ncp¶Xv. HuNnXyt_m[apÅ ta{S\v Ahsc ko hyq tlm«enÂ t]mbn DuWp Ign¡m³ A\ph Zn¨p.ImWp¶hÀ ImWs« F¶ `mh¯nÂ A¶v kn.sP bvs¡m¸w kss[cyw ^qSv]m¯neqsSsRfnªp\S¶Xv tdmkn XamitbmsS HmÀ¡p¶p. kzImcyambn D®m\mbncp¶p tdmknbpsS B{Klsa¦nepw s]mXplmfnencn¡m\mWv kn.sP XmÂ]cyw ImWn¨Xv. Btcm]dªv CXv tdmknbpsS ho«nednªp. Xm³ FgpXnbn«mWv kn.sP FdWmIpf v̄ h¶sX¶v tdmkn A½tbmSv ]dªp.


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II 28

{]Ir Xn¡v sImSp¡pIZbm _mbn

at[y´ybnse BZna tKm{Xhn`mK¡mcpsS D¶a\¯n\v th-n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ aebmfnbmb kmaqly{]hÀ¯IbmWv Zbm_mbn F¶ t]cnÂ {]ikvXbmb tagvkn amXyp.

a[y{]tZinse DÄ\mS³ BZnhmkn {KmaoWcpsS PohnX¯nÂ kaqe]cnhÀ¯\w krjvSn¡m³ Zbm_mbn¡v km[n¨n«p-v. _olmÀ, lcnbm\, a[y{]tZiv, almcmjv{S. ]Ýna_wKmÄ F¶nhnS§fnse tKm{Xhn`mK¡mcpsS AhImi§Ä¡pth-n AhÀ \S¯nb HäbmÄ t]mcm«§Ä temI{i² t\Snbn«p-v.

{]IrXn¡v sImSp¡pI F¶ teJ\¯nÂ Zbm_mbn a®pkwc£W ̄ ntâbpwPekwc£W¯ntâbpw {]mtbmKnI]mT§Ä ]¦pshbv ¡p¶p. cmkhfIoS\min\n {]tbmK§fneqsS hnjen]vXhpw XcnipambnXocp¶ a®v kwc£nt¡-Xnsâ BhiyIXbnte¡v Ah³ hncÂ Np-p¶p.

BZnhmknIÄ¡nSbnÂ \oÀ¯Skwc£W¯n\v ]c¼cmKXamb coXnIfp-mbncp¶p. Pee`yX t\m¡nbmWv AhcpsS "_kvXn'IÄ cq]w sIm-Xv. a®pw Pehpw kwc£n ¡m \pÅ {]Ir Xn ]m T §Ä B[p \n I X bpsS Ips¯m gp ¡nÂ BZn hm kn IÄ¡v ssItamiw h¶p. a[y{]tZinse _dqÄ {Kma¯nse a®pw cmkhf§Ä apdnthÂ¸n¨v Xcnimbn XpS§nbncp¶p. alphm, ANmÀ, Nntcm©n XpS§nb GXm\pw hr£§Ä am{XamWv AhnsSbp-mbncp¶Xv. ag¡me v̄ a®nÂ DuÀ¶nd§msX shÅw Ip¯nsbmgpIn t]mIpIbmbncp¶p ]Xnhv.

a®v kwc £n¡m³ agsb a®n en cp ̄ m \m bn cp¶p Zbm _m bn bpsS BZy {i aw.`qansb X«pIfm¡n. AXncpIfnÂ apfwssXIÄ sh¨p]nSn¸n¨p. ag¡pgnIÄ Ipgn¨p. Irjnbnd¡nbt¸mÄ IfIsf I¯n¨pIfbmsX a®nÂXs¶ \nt£]n¨p. AXncnse ]SÀ¸pIsf AtX ]Sn \ne\nÀ¯n Nne ]pÃn\§Ä IqSn AXncpIfnÂ sh¨p]nSn¸n¨p. CXv a®v

Hen¨pt]mhmXncn¡m³ klmbn¨p. Irjnsb ssPh]camb Hcp IÀ½am¡n XoÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p AhÀ.a¡bpw s\ÃpamWv BZyw Irjn sNbvXXv. sImbvX hnfbpsS X-pw Ipänbpw

Hmtcm CeIfpw I¯n¨pIfbmsX a®nÂXs¶ Aenbm\n«p. NmWI¯n\pth-n ]ip¡sf hfÀ¯n. a®nc It¼mÌv D]tbmKn¨p. \mephÀjs¯ £atbmsSbpÅ ]cnNcW¯neqsS hc-pW§n ImWs¸«ncp¶ B ̀ qan DÀÆcambn. Pet{kmXÊpIÄ¡v Poh³h¶p. C¶v Cu `qanbnÂ ]g§fpw ]¨¡dnIfpw Ing§pIfpw kpe`amWv. cmkhfap]tbmKn¨v tamiamb a®nÂ ssPhIrjn ]co£n¡pt¼mÄ BZyamZyw Imcyamb hnfhv In«pIbnÃ. CXmWv IÀjIsc ssPhIrjnbnÂ \n¶Iäp¶Xv. F¶mÂ ]Xps¡ Xsâ{Kma hm knIÄ cmkhfw Dt] £n¨v kzm`mhnI Irjn coXn kzoI cn¨psh¶v Zbm _mbn

km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.]m«pIfneqsSbpw \mSI§fneqsSbpw a®p kwc£W¯ntâbpw Pekwc£W¯n

tâbpw {]IrXn]mT§Ä AhÀ tKm{XhÀK{Kma§fnÂ ]IÀ¶p\ÂIn. Xsâ ̀ qanbnÂ AhÀ\nch[n Huj[kky§fpw sh¨p]nSn¸n¨p. AhcpsS ̀ qanbpsS ap¶neqsS IS¶pt]mIp¶hÀ¡v NqSpIme¡pw IpfnÀa A\p`hs¸Sp¶p. hc- a®ns\ IpfnÀatbdnb hnf`qanbmbn]cnhÀ¯n¸n¡m³ AhÀ sNbvXXv a®ns\ {]IrXn¡v Xncn¨psImSp¡pI F¶ efnXambImcyambncp¶p AhÀ sNbvXXv .


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II 29

Fgp¯nsâ CuänÃwefnXmw_nI A´ÀP\w

sImÃs¯ ]p\eqcnse Hcp bmYmØnXnI \¼qXncn IpSpw_¯nÂ 1909 emWv efnXmw_nI A´ÀÖ\w P\n¨ Xv. ]cnanX amb Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw am{Xw kn²n¨

A´ÀP\w kz{]bXv\¯mÂ hmb\bptSbpw Fgp¯ntâbpw temIw IogS¡n. \¼qXncnkv{XoIfpsS ]XnXmhØbnÂ a\kv s\m´ AhÀ¡v Fgp¯neqsSbpÅ kmaq ly]cnjv¡cW{ia§Ä¡v {]tNmZ\ambXv tbmKt£ak`bpsS {]hÀ¯\§fmWv. tI{µþtIc f kmlnXyA¡mZan AhmÀUpIÄ t\Snb "Aánkm£n' F¶ t\mhemWv AhcpsSGähpw {]ikvXamb IrXn. "BßIYbvs¡mcmapJw' F¶ AhcpsS BßIY BZyIme \¼qXncnkapZmb¯nsâ PohnX¯nte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶ iàamb IrXnbmWv.

FÃmhcpsSbpw PohnX¯nÂ hgn¯ncnhv krjvSn¡p¶ AÚmXamb iànhntijwXs¶bmWv Xs¶bpw Fgp¯pImcnbm¡nbsX¶v efnXmw_nI A´ÀP\w HmÀ¡p¶p. P·hmk\bps-¦nÂ t]mepw Imew A\pIqen¨nsÃ¦nÂ Hcp Fgp¯pImc\pw hnIkn¡p¶nÃ. Fgp¯pImÀ¡v th-Xv kzmX{ýamWv; F´pw [n¡cn¡m\pÅ kzmX{ýw. Cu

kzmX{ýw X\n¡v k½m\n¨Xv kz´w `À¯mhmsW¶v AhÀ \µntbmsS kvacn¡p¶p.AÑ\pa½bpw hmb\sb t{]mÕmln¸n¨ncp¶p. F¶mÂ kmlnXyhmk\sb, Fgp¯ns\FXnÀ¯panÃ, t{]mÕmln¸n¨XpanÃ.

Xsâ kÀKmßIX alnfmamknIIÄ¡pÅ \pÅp\pdp§pIfpsS Fgp¯nÂ HXp¡n\nÀ¯nb Ime¯mWv \¼qXncn kapZmb¯nÂ \thm°m\¯nsâ Imäphoin XpS§nbXv. hn.Sn.bpsS "ASp¡fbnÂ\n¶v Ac§t¯¡v' F¶ \mSIw kv{XoIfpsS hntamN\]mXnbnte¡v shfn¨w hoin. CXv kapZmb¯nÂ kaqe]cnhÀ¯\¯n\pÅ \mµnIpdn¨p.Cu {ia§Ä¡v {io.a¶¯p ]ß\m`³ \ÂInt]m¶ ]n´pW A´ÀP\w HmÀ½n¡p¶p.a¶¯nsâ BZÀi[oc Xbpw {Im´ZÀinXzhpw ktlmZckapZmbt¯mSpÅ klm\p`qXnbpw Xsâ PohnX¯ntâbpw KXnXncn¨phns«¶v AhÀ km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.

\¼qXncn kv{XoIÄ Hcp Ime v̄ A\p`hn¨ncp¶ ]XnXmhØ efnXmw_nI A´ÀP\w Xpd¶pIm«p¶p. AhÀ¡v \ho\ hnZym`ymkw \ntj[n¡s¸«ncp¶p. EXpaXnIfmbmÂ A´x]pc v̄ ]pdwtemI_ÔanÃmsX Ignbm³ AhÀ hn[n¡s¸«p. hÃt¸mgpw]pd¯nd§pt¼mgmIs« Hme¡pSbptSbpw tNe¸pX¸ntâbpw XpWbmfpIfptSbpw heb¯nÂ AhÀ izmkw ap«n. ]etcbpw \nÊmcIpä¯n\v kvamÀ¯hnNmcw \S¯n {`jvSIfm¡n.

bphP\kwLw AhXcn¸n¨ \mSI§fneqsS \¼qXncnkv{XoIfpsS bYmÀ°ambPohnXw I-v aäp kapZmb¡mÀ¡qSn I®oÀ s]mgn¨pht{X. Cu Ne\w A´x]pckv{XoIfnepw ]SÀ¶p. ]mÀhXo s\·o\nawKe¯ntâbpw Bcy]Å¯ntâbpw t\XrXz¯nÂXr¯mebnÂsh¨p\S¶ bphP\kamP¯nte¡v BtdgpbphXnIÄ \nÀ`bw IS¶ph¶p.

Cu ]cnjvIcW{ias¯ BZyw ssI\o«n kzoIcn¨v A`n\µn¨Xv a¶¯p ]ß\m`\mbncp¶p. AtXa«nepÅ Hcp kzoIcWamWv Xt¶bpw hnapàbm¡nbsX¶v A´ÀP\w HmÀ¡p¶p.

amthen¡cbnÂ sh v̈ \S¡p¶ \mbÀ kt½f\¯nÂ tLmj _lnjv Icn¨ A´ÀP\§Ä¡v kzoIcWw \ÂIm³ a¶ v̄ ]ß\m`³ Xocpam\n¨p. A´ÀP\kamPmwK§ÄGsd kt´mjt¯msSbmWv B hmÀ¯ kzoIcn¨Xv. IpSbpw ]pX¸panÃmsX PohnX¯nsemcn¡epw AhÀ ]pd¯nd§nbncp¶nÃ. IpSpw__Ô§fpsS ]ncnapdp¡hpw bmYmØn


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XnIcpsS FXnÀ¸pw, {`jvScmbnt¸mIptamsb¶ ̀ bhpw XSÊambncp¶p. c-pw Iev ]n v̈ amthen¡c kt½f\¯nÂ ]s¦Sp¡m³Xs¶ AhÀ Xocpam\n¨p. ASp¯pÅ almt£{X¯nÂt]mIp¶p F¶ \mSy¯nemWv ho«nÂ \n¶nd§nbXv. _kvÌmânse¯nbt¸mÄ IpS Zqscsbdnªp. kmcnbmbncp¶p thjw. tbmKØe v̄ A{] Xo£nXambn F¯ns¸« A´ÀP\§sf I-v a¶¯p ]ß\m`³ AÛpX]cX{´\mbnt¸mbn.

amthen¡c aoänwKv Ignªv ho«nse¯nbt¸mÄ ØnXnKXnIÄ Ipgªpadªncp¶p. AÑ³ Kuch]qÀÆw ]p©ncns¨¦nepw A½ XeXÃn Icªp. IpSpw_¯nse ]cnjvImcnIsf¶v \Sn¨ncp¶ A]v^³amÀt]mepw Ahsc kzoIcn¡m³ X¿mdmbnÃ. ]nXmhnsâ {im²¯n\v AÑt\msSm¸w D®msX AhÀ Cd§nt¸mbn. `À¯rKrl¯nse FXnÀ v̧ IqSpXÂ ISp¯Xmbncp¶p. Cu ]ncnapdp¡¯nsâ AklyXbnÂ \ns¶mgnbm³ hoSpamdm\pÅ B{Klw A´ÀP\w AÑs\ Adnbn¨p. AÑ³ AhÀ¡v CÃ¯p\n¶pw GsdAIsebÃmsX Hcp hoSp ]WnXp\ÂIn. "`mkvIchnemkw' F¶ B ho«nÂ \nÀ`bbmbnPmXnaXt`Zat\y \nch[n kplr¯p¡Ä¡v BXnYyacpfnb B Ime¯mWv X¶nse Fgp¯pImcn ]qÀWhnImkw {]m]n¨sX¶v A´ÀÖ\w HmÀ¡p¶p.

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