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Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

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Page 1: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities 

Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Page 2: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Literacy

• Functional Literacy

• V.

• ‘New’ Literacy Studies

Page 3: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 4: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Biography• Born: 1st August 1930: Denguin, Béarn, France• Schooling in Pau as a boarder.• Lycée Louis le Grand – Paris• 1951 – Ecole Normal Supérieure – Paris• 1955 ‐ Agrégé in Philosophy• Military Service in Algeria• 1958 – 60 Faculté des letters – Algiers• 1961 – 64 – Lille University• 1962 – Married (3 sons)• 1964 – Director of Studies – Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales• Director ‐ Centre de Sociologie Européenne• 1981 – Elected to the Collège de France• 23rd January 2002 – Died

Page 5: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Principal Publications• I• Sociologie de L'Algérie (1958) • Travail et travailleurs en Algérie (1962)• Le déracinement, la crise de l'agriculture traditionelle en Algérie (1964)• Célibat et condition paysanne (1962)

• II• Les héritiers (1964)• La reproduction (1970)• Un art moyen (1964)• L'amour de l'art (1966)• Le métier de sociolgue (1968)• Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique (1972).

Page 6: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

• III• La distinction (1979)• Homo academicus (1984)• La noblesse d'état (1989)• Le sens pratique (1980)• Questions de sociologie (1980)• Leçon sur la leçon (1982)• Choses Dites (1987)• L'ontologie de politique de Martin Heidegger (1988)• Ce que parler veut dire (1982)

• IV• La misère du monde (1993)• Les structures sociales de l'économie (2000)• Contre‐feux (1998) and Contre‐feu 2 (2001)• La domination masculine (1998). • Réponses (1992)• Raisons pratiques (1994)• Méditations pascaliennes (1997)• Science de la science et réflexivité (2001). • Les règles de l'art (1992)

Page 7: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

A Reflexive Approach

Page 8: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

CONCRETE LITERACY

PRACTICES

PRACTITIONERSPRE-THEORETICALUNDERSTANDING

JUSTIFYINGLITERACY

PRINCIPLES

FUNDAMENTAL PEDAGOGICAL

THEORY

KNOWLEDGE FROM THE NORMATIVE

SCIENCES

APPROPRIATEPHILOSOPHICAL

RESOURCES

Relationships between Different Types of Knowledge (Based on Vandenberg 1974)

Page 9: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Language and Concepts

Page 10: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

The Béarn and Algeria

Page 11: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Outline of A Theory of Practice

• The principle defect of all materialism up to now – including that of Feuerbach – is that the external object, reality, the sensible world, is grasped in the form of an object or an intuition; but not as concrete human activity, as practice, in a subjective way.Marx: These on Feuerbach

Page 12: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Objectivism or Subjectivism?

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Structure

• Structuring and Structured Structures

• Externalisation of Internality and the Internalisation of Externality

=>‘A science of dialectical relations between objective structures…and the subjective dispositions within which these structures are actualised and which tend to reproduce them’

Page 14: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Bourdieu’s Thinking Tools “Habitus and Field designate bundles of relations. 

A field consists of a set of objective, historical relations between positions anchored in certain forms of power (or capital);

habitus consists of a set of historical relations ‘deposited’ within individual bodies in the forms of mental and corporeal schemata of perception, appreciation and action.” 

(Bourdieu 1992: 16).

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Ontological complicity

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Capital: A Medium for Field Manoeuvres

Bourdieu identifies three distinct forms of capital: 

• Cultural Capital ‐ embodied dispositions, cultural goods and educational qualifications;

• Social Capital ‐ social connections and obligations, including those associated with associations and institutions;  

• Economic Capital ‐ into which, given certain conditions, all other capitals can be converted.  

(based on Bourdieu 1986/83) 

Page 17: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

…concepts have no definition other that systemic ones, and are put to work empirically in systematic fashion. Such notions as habitus, field, and capital can be defined, but only within the theoretical system they constitute, not in isolation…Science admits on systems of laws…And what is true of concepts is true of relations, which acquire their meaning only within a system of relations… (1992: 96)

Page 18: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

The introduction of these notions is merely one aspect of a more general shift of language (marked, for example, by the substitution of the lexicon of dispositions for the language of decision making, or of the term ‘reasonable’ for ‘rational’), which is essential to express a view of action radically different from that which – most often implicitly – underlies neoclassical theory.

(2005/00: 2)         

Page 19: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Social Class does not Exist

Page 20: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 21: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Analysis of the struggle of classifications brings to light the political ambition which haunts the gnoseological ambition to produce the correct classification (1991: 243) 

Page 22: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Four Breaks

• From Empirical Knowledge

• From Phenomenological Knowledge

• From Objective Knowledge

• From Scientific Knowledge        =>

Page 23: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Empirical KnowledgeCONCRETE PRACTICE,

PRACTITIONER’S TACIT KNOWLEDGEPRE-THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING

Scholastic Knowledge Including:JUSTIFYING EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES,

EDUCATIONAL KNOWLEDGE FROM THE NORMATIVE SCIENCES

Phenomenological Knowledge Including:FUNDAMENTAL THEORY, APPROPRIATE

PHILOSOPHICAL RESOURCES

Structural Knowledge: INTER & INTRA FIELD RELATIONSHIPS,

CONTEXTUAL KNOWLEDGE

Bourdieu’s Epistemological Breaks

Page 24: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

3‐Stage Methodology

Page 25: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

3‐Stage Methodology

1) Construction of the Research Object

2) Field Analysis

3) Participant Objectivation

Page 26: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

1) The Construction of the Research Object

The summum of the art, in social science, is, in my eyes, to be capable of engaging very high ‘theoretical stakes’ by means of very precise and often mundane empirical objects. We tend too easily to assume that the social or political importance of an object suffices in itself to grant importance to the discourse that deals with it. What counts, in reality, is the rigor of the construction of the object. I think that the power of a mode of thinking never manifests itself more clearly than in its capacity to constitute socially insignificant objects into scientific objects.

(Bourdieu, 1989: 51)

Page 27: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 28: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 29: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 30: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Pedagogic Habitus/Creativity         

Page 31: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 32: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 33: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Themes

• We decided on….

• A good effect….

• The unexpected outcome……

• Funds of Knowledge….

Page 34: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Field Literacies/LETTER Project

Page 35: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 36: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 37: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 38: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

FIELD 1 FIELD 2

HABITUS 

Page 39: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

2. Field Analysis

• 1. Field and the Field of Power

• 2. The Field

• 3. The Habitus of those involved in the Field

Page 40: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Field Analysis

Page 41: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Education

Page 42: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 43: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 44: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 45: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Level 3Structures of the State

Page 46: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

National Cultures

France• Individual Achievement• Grandes Ecoles• Intellectual• Republic• Training/ Savoir‐faire

England• Team• Public Schools• Anti‐intellectual• Monarchy• Savoir‐être

Page 47: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Autonomy and Academic Power

Page 48: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Academic Values and Power

TEMPORAL POWER

VOCATIONAL POWER??

SCIENTIFIC POWER

Page 49: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

HE Policy

• Higher Education policy increasingly depends on the separation of principles of practice (from without) and the agents of change (from within).

Page 50: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

• ‐ Administration is redefined in terms of ‘Leadership’, ‘Middle Managers’., etc.

• ‐ Social Mobility is re‐expressed as ‘Widening    Participation.

• ‐ Equity is redefined as ‘Inclusion’• ‐ Equity and Inclusion are themselves subject 

to descriptors such as terms of choice, access, and value added league tables.

Page 51: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

• The result is a perpetuation of social reproduction through vocationalism and a more explicitly codified symbolic economy of positions – capitals

• The Logic of Practice of new Public Management Principles. 

Page 52: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Level 1Mental Structures

Page 53: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 54: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Academic Language

• Brilliant/Dull• Effortless/Laborious• Distinguished/Vulgar• Inspired/ Banal

Page 55: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Level 2Field Structures

Page 56: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Education Field

• How has it changed over time?

• Which factors

• Which are most significant?

Page 57: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 58: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Fields of Change

• Student Population• New Institutions• Academic Subjects• Relationship to State• Rise of Public Sector• Nature of State• Capital Configurations

Page 59: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 60: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Bourdieu and Language

Page 61: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

• Study of Language

• Critique of Language studies/ Linguistics

• Own Specialist Language‐ Linguistic Habitus;‐ Linguistic Market‐ Reconnaissance/ Connaissance‐ Hypercorrection/ Hypo‐correction 

Page 62: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

In place of grammaticalness it puts the notion of acceptability, or, to put it another way, in place of ‘the’ language (langue), the notion of legitimatelanguage. In place of relations of communication(or symbolic interaction) it puts relations of symbolic power, and to replaces the meaning of speech with the question of the value and powerof speech. Lastly, in place of specifically linguistic competence, it puts symbolic capital, which is inseparable from the speaker’s position in the social structure.(Bourdieu, 1977c: 646 italics in the original)

Page 63: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Language and Education

• the linguistic background of the family influences the student’s ability to deal with both the content and form of scholastic language;

• there is an implied interest in perpetuating this misunderstanding as it shores up social selectivity, misrecognised as such as a collective act of mauvaise foi;

• the way we think and speak betrays a whole relationship to language and conceptual modes of thought;

• the location of particular disciplines in the institutional hierarchy of studies is a structural homology of these differences most apparent in differentials of performance according to social class. 

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Phonology

Page 65: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 66: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Linguistic (Cultural) Capital

Page 67: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 68: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Pedagogic Capital

Page 69: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin
Page 70: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Classroom Discourse

• F     (Pointing to the microphone) I’ve seem that on television on Count Me In.

• T     (Smiling) It’s listening to you F. (Continues to scan G’s word book. To G) We’re looking for ‘w’. Help me find ‘w’. (To F) No you are . ‘w’. ‘w’, ‘w’, ‘w’, what! It’s the ‘w’ – ‘h’ page. Sh‐sh (To F, while walking towards her) Come on now, the best thing you can do would be…

Page 71: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Direct Language

• ‘Have a look..’; • ‘No, it’s not in that one…’; • ‘Is it the right word…?’; • ‘See if it’s in the other book’;• ‘ Don’t you even have the letter in that one?’;• ‘How do you know that then?’; • ‘What do you think she did…?’ 

Page 72: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Classroom Discourse1 Teacher:     What I want to know is …and what you are going to calculate2                 …while I’m bringing around the Sellotape is…how big your box is.3 Pupils:        Area…It’s the area. 4 Teacher:     How big (emphasizes)…(writes on the board)5 Pupil1: It’s the area.6 Teacher:     Not the area. 7 Pupil2:  It’s the perimeter.8 Teacher:     Not the perimeter…The Volume.9 Pupil 3:       How much it contains. 10Teacher:    How much it contains, exactly that. 11 The volume. 12 Teacher:   Right13 What I want to know it14 ‘how many small cubes you could put in here’…right15 …so the answer to “how big”…is…16 …how many small cubes …can you get in here?17 If you want the proper name for them,18 they are called cubic centimetres, aren’t they? (Edwards 1994)

Page 73: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Language Learning StrategiesBilinguals L2 Learning

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Listening score by bilingual/monolingual status

30

40

50

60

70

Autumn Summer

List

enin

g te

st s

core

Monlingual Bilingual

Page 75: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Transferring listening strategies

• Bilinguals should have been using heightened awareness to achieve more than monolinguals at age 11 when started learning French?

• Limited level of language in beginner classes – can’t make connections to rich home linguistic environment ie contrast between natural and formal learning environment?

• Start to transfer the following year age 12‐13?

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Reading gain score by Monolingual/bilingual status‐non‐significant trend

40

50

60

70

80

Autumn Summer

Rea

ding

test

sco

re

Monolingual Bilingual

Page 77: Bourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and  · PDF fileBourdieu and Language: Values, Literacies and Identities Professor Michael Grenfell Trinity College University of Dublin

Case study pupils

Both Martelle and Cuong make progress in listening but only Cuong makes considerable progress in reading 

Cuong starts well below the class average (31% as compared to 62%) but gains well above it (55% as compared to 37%). Martelle starts above the average at 69 % but her progress is well below the class average (20% as compared to 37%).

• Interviews highlight impact of the home environment on bilingual pupils generally and on differences between the three case study pupils

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Qualitative findings: Bilingual and monolingual strategies

• Bilingual students seem to make greater use of oral/aural strategies compared to monolinguals whose strategies often associated with written word

• Rebecca (monolingual)

Sometimes when I am reading through my workand I spot a word and I think oooh that doesn’t look right then I try it both ways and then I choosewhich one looks better. 

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Kevin

• Compares  the sounds of unfamiliar words to his existing stores of knowledge in constant, rapid search for cognates:

I read it, and I hear the sounds to see if itsounds like English and Spanish, and I justthought what it was, and see if it sounded like any of the languages I know, and then Ijust wrote it down.

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Focus on one strategy and its origins: substitution

• Well developed common strategy: transfer across listening and reading

• Martelle:

Like if I know the first part of the  sentence, like if they were saying “I work in”, I would think of whatsort of person they are, what their job could be, or I  close my eyes, and sort of bring my spirit out, andget  myself into that word, what it can mean.

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Three possible reasons for development of ‘substitution’

All three related to exposure to two languages in spoken form:

1. Monolinguals: dwindling gap between parents’ and children’s level of language by the age of 12‐13. Bilinguals: continue to be constantly exposed to unfamiliar words and have to operationalise the strategy:

Martelle:Well I just picked it up, cos my mum always said to me, if you just think of all the different possibilities it could be, jumble them up, and that’s what I done. 

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2. Substitution: sensitization to socio‐linguistic subtleties of language both in L1 and L2

• Kevin compares difference between Standard and familiar forms of English to difference between the Standard Spanish of Spain and Columbian Spanish: 

• I don’t talk like Standard English and I don’t talk Spain Spanish, cos Spain is like Standard Spanish but in my country they don’t talk like that.

• Heightened awareness that number of words can be used to express the same meaning ‐> rapid, sensible guesses as to the meaning of new words in French.

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Socio‐linguistic factors facilitating or impeding transfer

1. Transfer influenced by convergent or divergent attitude to Home Language

• Kevin’s sense of identity with his home background: I learnt Spanish in my country.

• Martelle‐ grandparents: cos I have a close bond with them and I use the Patois to enhance the bond.

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Cuong

• Little sense of pride in his Home Language. • Asked which language he is best at:I think English. Cos I was born here, I had more time to like read and stuff like that. And I didn’t learn that much Vietnamese, I didn’t understand that much.

Yet uses it to communicate with mother. So what does ‘best at’ mean to him?

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Cuong

• Least forthcoming: embarrassed to explore links between languages

• Strong parental aspirations to integrate into English society and for Cuong to go to university as brother had

• Unsurprising that reading so important ?• Price is to lose bilingual identity?

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3. Transfer influenced by learning contexts

• Kevin: I don’t use the same strategies so much for French and English. English and Spanish yeah.

• Ability to perceive potential transferability dependent  not only on ‘distance’ between languages but also between ‘natural’ learning context and formal school instruction

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The natural v. the formal learning context

• Why was there no difference in response to the SI between monolinguals and bilinguals?

• Already using the strategies?• Strategies did not mirror sufficiently those developed in natural context?

• Lack of encouragement to make the links to the strategies?

ie relationship between the individual and the social aspects of language learning particularly important in educational settings

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Bilingual ‘underachievement’

• Extent to which complex range of factors related to bilinguals and language learning are recognised in government policy and practice?

• At age 14, 70% of students with English as L1 achieve the expected level of performance compared to 55% of EAL students (DfES 2004)

• Curriculum: Language as Word; Sentence; Text.• Government ‘deficit’ model‐ additional resources for learning English, rather than also drawing on the skills bilingualism brings

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Bilingual ‘underachievement’

• Learner strategies and intercultural understanding in both primary and secondary national Modern  Languages curricula

• Yet little understanding of the benefits of bilingualism and how they could contribute to supporting monolinguals in their language learning

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Students’, parents’, teachers’ attitudes

• Teachers unaware some of the pupils were bilingual• More detailed information: L1/L2 proficiency, length  of  residence, personality, cultural  and home background, attitudes etc

• Research suggests that rather than global definitions, these complex factors are played out for bilingual learners on an individual basis and attitudes at home and at school are key

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Participant Objectivation: 3 Levels

1. Fields in relation to the field of power – my connection/ connecting.

2. My relationship to the doxa in the field; held in institution. What am I connected to? Doxa of the discipline – Aims. Position in field.

3. My habitus and that of other people in the site context;Their habitus and mine; personal relationships/ networks. My position and proximity.

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Linguistic Ethnography

• Structure of the Field: ‘New Lit. Studies’; ‘Interactional Linguistics’;                 ’Critical Discourse Analysis’; ‘Constructivism’, etc. (Hybridisation)

• Age of researchers• Focus: Theory and Practice?• BAAL and SS• Financial Resources/ Academic Power

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Some Implications

• Profile of LEF: Age, etc.• Academic Status• Cumulative Theory?• Common Language? • Temporal and Scientific Power?• Autonomy and Heteronomy• Field Knowledge: Knowledge Mode/ Knower Mode?

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THE END