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BackgroundInformation

Background Information

Advice on SARS and Potential for Food Transmission

SARS appears to be a respiratory disease spread by a coronavirus（冠状病毒） . There is information that indicates that SARS may remain on hands and surfaces for several hours. Based on this knowledge, the FDA recommends strict hand-hygiene be enforced among food handlers and within the food processing industry. Strict hand-hygiene, includes washing hands with soap and water after using the restroom and after sneezing or coughing. In addition, food workers should not handle ready-to-eat foods, such as sandwiches, vegetables and cut fruits, with bare hands, but should use gloves or utensils for an extra level of protection. Strict hand-hygiene should be followed when preparing food in individual homes as well.

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Avian influenza is an infection caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu) viruses. These influenza viruses occur naturally among birds. Wild birds worldwide carry the viruses inside their bodies, but usually do not get sick from them. However, avian influenza is very contagious among birds and can make some domesticated birds, including chickens, ducks, and turkeys, very sick and even kill them.

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

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Source

Outbreak: Stopping SARS

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Questions:

1.

2.

When did SARS break out in China, according to the video?

What is one of the impacts of the emergence of such viruses?

Key It broke out in February, 2003.

Key It can cause an absolutely devastating impact on the human population.

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1.

2.

Do you think the outbreak of SARS and the bird flu can indicate some problems in public health? What are the problems?What do you usually do in order to maintain good health?

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The World Health Organization is the United Nations agency

for health. It was on April 7, 1948. WHO's , as set out

in its Constitution, is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible

level of health. Health is in WHO’s constitution as a state of complete

physical, mental and social and not merely the of disease or

infirmity. WHO has headquarters in Geneva. It

through three principal organs: the World Health Assembly, which meets

annually as the general policy-making body; an Board of health

specialists elected for three-year terms by the assembly; and a Secretariat,

which has offices and field staff throughout the world.

specialized_________established_________ objective________

defined ______well-being________

operates_______

Executive_______

regional_______

administrative__________

Part Division of the Text

Further Understanding


The text can be divided into six parts:

Part 1 (Paragraph 1):

The emergence of SARS.

Part 2 (Paragraphs 2-3):

What is SARS?


The symptoms of SARS.


How does SARS spread?


Global reaction to SARS.


Further prevention of SARS.




1.

2.

What are the symptoms of SARS?

How does SARS spread?

The SARS virus can be spread from person to person if there is close contact. It is found in an infected person’s cough or sneeze, therefore, the infection is spread to another person through the air or by touch.

Questions:

SARS starts with a high fever, headache, pains in the joints and coughing. As the infection progresses, most patients get pneumonia as the virus causes damage to the lungs. The problems in the lungs cause breathing difficulties that may cause the death of patients.

Key

Key

SARS

In March 2003, World Health Organization scientist Dr. Carlo Urbani die

d in Asia when he was infected by a new virus that he was trying to stop from

spreading throughout the world. The disease, named SARS, caused a fatal lu

ng infection and created fear around the world.

What Is SARS?

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) causes a severe lung infe

ction that starts with symptoms similar to flu. It is caused by a new kind of a vi

rus that probably changed its form inside an animal, such as a cat or chicken.

When the virus was passed on to humans, the epidemic began. The outbreak

started from Southern China, and within eight months the virus had spread to

over 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe.

The first infections were seen in China in November 2002. By July

2003, when the last case was reported, the SARS virus had infected over

8,000 people and killed 813. Close watch is being kept to make sure further

outbreaks do not happen.

Symptoms

SARS starts with a high fever, headache, pains in the joints and

coughing. As the infection progresses, most patients get pneumonia as the

virus causes damage to the lungs. The problems in the lungs cause

breathing difficulties that can be fatal in around 10% of those infected with

the SARS virus.

Doctors in Hong Kong first noticed an increase in the number of

people entering hospitals with severe lung infections. Later, medical

workers realized that many patients lived in the same apartment building.

Health workers who had come into contact with infected patients also

caught the disease. They realized that a new disease was spreading

through the city and that action needed to be taken.

How Does SARS Spread?

There is still a lot to learn about the SARS virus but researchers think

that it can survive outside of the body for only a short time. Cleaning

infected things with soap and bleach will kill the virus immediately.

Researchers looking at the Hong Kong outbreak realized that the virus

could only be spread from person to person if there was close contact. The

SARS virus was found in an infected person’s cough or sneeze. The

infection was spread to another person through the air or by touch.

Global Reactions

Experts who study the spread of viruses recognized that SARS was

actually quite a difficult virus to catch. Infections were usually spread only to

those who lived with people infected by SARS or doctors and nurses who

came into close contact while treating patients. However, the global

reaction to SARS was quite unusual.

Modern travel means that viruses can spread around the globe very

rapidly. Countries examined people arriving at airports for signs of the

disease. Face masks in the streets of Hong Kong and many other

Chinese cities were common. Hundreds were quarantined. The world’s

economy suffered as fewer people traveled to areas that were affected

by the virus.

The SARS virus was successfully and quickly brought under control

because many actions were taken around the world.

Future Prevention

Researchers have been searching for possible ways to treat SARS.

A group of Chinese researchers led by Zhong Nanshan, a member of th

e Chinese Academy of Engineering, has invented a vaccine that could p

revent SARS. The vaccine has already gone into testing on human bein

gs. According to the researchers, the vaccine has no obvious side effect

s.

There is little chance of another serious SARS outbreak, Zhong Nan

shan says, as long as laboratories and wild animals are managed correc

tly and four preventive measures are taken. These measures are: early

detection, early reporting, early quarantine and early treatment.

(598 words)





Symptoms





the SARS virus.





Symptoms





the SARS virus.

Attitude Is Everything正在密切观察，以确保疫情不会再度发作。

Sentence Translation：

They are keeping close watch to ensure that there will be no more outbreaks.

Sentence Paraphrase:

这句话用了被动语态，谓语动词是 keep close watch， further outbreaks do not happen 作短语make sure引导的宾语从句。

Structural Analysis:





Symptoms





the SARS virus.

Attitude Is Everything肺部问题会引起呼吸困难，在非典病毒的感染人群中会引起 10%左右的死亡率。

Sentence Translation：

About one in ten persons who are infected by the SARS virus are finally killed by difficulties in breathing caused by lung problems.

Sentence Paraphrase:

“这是一句主从复合句， that can … SARS virus”是修饰 breathing difficulties 的定语从句，其中 infected with the SARS virus 是过去分词短语作后置定语 (过去分词详见Unit 6, Book 3)，修饰 those。

Structural Analysis:





Symptoms





the SARS virus.

case

A new case of SARS was reported yesterday.

This is not necessarily the case.

NB:n. 1) 箱，盒

2) （医）病例

When will the case come before court?

3) （法律）案例；讼案

4) 事例；实情

a jewel case 首饰盒





Symptoms





the SARS virus.

Collocations:in case 万一in case of 如果；万一in any case 无论如何

Examples:

You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains.

A will gives detailed instructions to your family in case of your sudden death.

I will not turn to him for help in any case.

Useful Expression:

a case in point 　　　　典型例子；与讨论有关的事例

Examples:

Some birds have returned to England after once being extinct here. The return of osprey is a case in point.

Doctors in Hong Kong first noticed an increase in the number of

people entering hospitals with severe lung infections. Later, medical

workers realized that many patients lived in the same apartment building.

Health workers who had come into contact with infected patients also

caught the disease. They realized that a new disease was spreading

through the city and that action needed to be taken.

How Does SARS Spread?

There is still a lot to learn about the SARS virus but researchers think

that it can survive outside of the body for only a short time. Cleaning

infected things with soap and bleach will kill the virus immediately.

contact

NB:

v. 联络；联系

Contact me as soon as possible when you arrive there.

n. 1) 联系；交流

We have been out of contact for almost five years.

2) 接触；触摸

Do not forget eye contact when you are making a public speech.

3) 联系人He made many useful social contacts while he was in Canada.

Collocations:be in / out contact (with) 　

come / bring into contact (with) lose contact with 　　　　　

Useful Expressions:

eye contact 　　　contact lens 　　

……和接触，有联系 /无接触；失去联系接触；碰上

……和失去联系

目光接触；目光交流隐形眼镜

Future Prevention






s.





(598 words)

vaccine

NB:

n. 疫苗；痘苗

Derivatives:vaccinate v. 接种疫苗；打预防针vaccination n. 接种疫苗；打预防针

Future Prevention






s.





(598 words)

measure

NB:

n. a) 计量单位

A meter is a measure of length.

The local government is taking strict measures against corruption.

v. a) 测量The police have a device that can measure the speed of a car.

b)（复）措施；办法

b) 有……长（宽、高等）

This room is measured 10 meters across.

c) 衡量；估量

Education shouldn’t be measured purely by examination results.

Future Prevention






s.





(598 words)

Idiomatic Expressions:

beyond measure 　　　made to measure 　　in large / great measuretake measures 　　　　

Useful Expressions:

measure out 　　　measure up to 　　

Derivatives:

measurementmeasurablemeasureless

不可估量地；极度（指衣服）量尺寸后做的；定做的大部分 ; 很大程度上采取措施

量出；分配符合；达到；够得上

测量；衡量；（复）长度；宽度；深度；大小可测量的；可衡量的不可测量的；无限度的

n. adj. adj.

Researchers looking at the Hong Kong outbreak realized that the virus

could only be spread from person to person if there was close contact. The

SARS virus was found in an infected person’s cough or sneeze. The

infection was spread to another person through the air or by touch.

Global Reactions

Experts who study the spread of viruses recognized that SARS was

actually quite a difficult virus to catch. Infections were usually spread only to

those who lived with people infected by SARS or doctors and nurses who

came into close contact while treating patients. However, the global

reaction to SARS was quite unusual.

treat

NB:

v. 治疗；处理；款待

He treats his wife badly.

Which doctors are treating her for her illness?

Useful Expressions:treat as / liketreat sb. / oneself (to sth.)

Examples:

Don’t treat me as / like a child.

He treated me to an ice cream.

Derivatives:

treatment n. treatable adj. maltreatment n.

对待；治疗；处理能治疗的；易处理的虐待

视为；以为（以食物、饮料、娱乐等）款待；招待

Future Prevention






s.





(598 words)

detection

NB:

n. 侦查；发现

A Geiger counter is designed for the detection of minute differences in radioactivity.

He tried to escape detection by disguising himself as an old man.

Derivatives:

detectdetectabledetectivedetector

侦探；查明可查明的；可找出的侦探探查器

v. adj. n. n.

Vocabulary

Useful Expressions

Synonyms and Antonyms

Writing

Integrated Exercises

Vocabulary

Writing


Vocabulary

Useful Expressions

keep close watch 密切注视

come into contact with 和……接触，碰到

take action 采取行动

under control 被控制住

as long as 只要

take measures 采取措施

pass on to 传播

make sure 确信

Writing


Vocabulary

Synonyms and Antonyms

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Synonym Antonym

severe

treatment

damage

progress

close

usual

prevent

fatal deadly

serious

maltreatment

harm, injury

advance

near

unusual

prohibit, stop

distant

Key words

Writing

Summary Writing

Error Correction

Writing

Vocabulary


Writing

Vocabulary


Summary Writing

Directions:Read Text B and write a summary of about 100 words. Note that your summary should include the main ideas of the passage. Please pay attention to the use of conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs.

There were several severe outbreaks of epidemics in human history. Usually epidemics begin with illnesses which do not seem very dangerous, but which grow to affect a large number of people and have serious consequences. Epidemics helped to shape the world. Also, epidemics affected people’s religious beliefs. During epidemic years, people appeared to be intolerant of strangers. Although advances in medical science finally enabled people to fight epidemics, they undoubtedly severely affected human history.

Error Correction

Writing

Vocabulary


Application FormFamily Name: Zhang Date of Birth: August 10, 1984 Place of Birth: Beijing

Telephone Number: 010-56873***

Education: Beijing City University

Key

First Name: LiweiGender: ManHealth: GoodAddress: 36* Guanghua Road Beijing 100000 ChinaMajor: Computer Science

Reasons for Application:I admitted into the Department of Computer Science of Beijing City University in 2002. I majored in Computer Science, and I did well in my major. I can speak and write English quite well. I would thank you if you could give me an opportunity to work in your company. I am confident that I could do a good job and contribute negatively to your company.

Directions:Read the following letter, find the incorrect parts and correct them.



Writing

Vocabulary






Key

Error Correction





Key


Writing

Vocabulary


Man

改为 Male ，申请表和简历一样，其中的性别用 female 或 male ，而不用 woman 或 man 。


Error Correction





Key


Writing

Vocabulary


admitted

改为 was admitted, 被大学录取应该用被动语态来表示。


Error Correction





Key


Writing

Vocabulary


thank you

改为 appreciate it very much ，申请表用语应正规， thank you 太口语化了。


Error Correction





Key


Writing

Vocabulary


negatively

改为 positively ，词义刚好用反。


Error Correction


Sentence Translation

Sentence Dictation

Talking About the Pictures

Writing

Vocabulary


Writing

Vocabulary



Directions: Translate the following sentences into English:

1. 一些非洲国家经常食物短缺。

2. 第二次世界大战在 1939年爆发。

3. 中国政府正在采取措施防止艾滋病的蔓延。

Key Some African countries suffer from frequent food shortage.

Key World War II broke out in 1939.

Key The Chinese government is taking measures against the spread of AIDS.

Writing

Vocabulary



Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

4. Isolated on the island, we lost contact with the outside world for 48 hours.

5. Please call me at this number in case of emergency.

6. Detective stories became popular again with teenagers.

Key 我们被困在那个岛上，与外界失去联系长达四十八小时。

Key 万一发生紧急情况请打这个电话找我。

Key 侦探小说在青少年中又流行起来了。

Sentence Dictation

Script

Writing

Vocabulary


When you are making your speech, try to relax. Speak slowly and clearly and look at people in your audience. Use simple vocabulary and expressions whenever possible. Pause for a few seconds now and then to give your audience a chance to think about what you have said. Make sure that everyone in the room can hear you. If it is a large room, you will probably use a microphone.

Directions:Nowadays more and more people are complaining about health problems, among which difficulty in falling asleep is one frequently talked about. Please write a passage according to the questions given.


(1) Picture One

Writing

Vocabulary

Integrated Exercises1) How much sleep do people usually need?2) What kinds of problems can lack of sleep bring about?3) Could you give some advice on improving sleep?

Writing

Vocabulary



Writing

Vocabulary


Sample:

Nowadays, we seem to be too busy to get enough sleep. Studies have shown that most people need 7 to 8 hours a night. Scientists have found more evidence that lack of sleep can affect appetite, weight, and even your immune system. However, there is a lot we can do to improve our sleep, for example, take a warm bath, listen to some soft music, drink warm milk, avoid caffeine, alcohol and tobacco, and get some physical exercises during the day and so on. In this way, the quality of our sleep will definitely be improved.

(2) Picture Two


Writing

Vocabulary


Directions:The earth is regarded not only as the home of human beings but also as the paradise of animals. However, there are more and more wildlife species that are disappearing from the earth. Write a passage on Wildlife Extinction in which you should include the following points:

(1) What has caused the extinction of wildlife species?(2) What can we do to solve the problem?

Writing

Vocabulary


Writing

Vocabulary


Sample:

We are now faced with the problem of wildlife extinction. This is a definite result of population growth and environmental pollution. With the increase of population, people need more and more land to grow crops and more space to live. As a result, there is less and less room for wildlife. With the rapid development of agriculture and industry, the environment is seriously polluted, which also destroys the living conditions of the wildlife.

To solve the problem, both the government and the citizens should make efforts. The government, most important of all, should take measures to control birth rate so that there will be more room for wildlife species. The citizens, too, should develop their awareness of environmental protection.


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