bric report
TRANSCRIPT
Mineral Information and Statistics for the
BRIC countries
1999–2008
British Geological Survey
Mineral Information and Statistics for the BRIC countries 1999–2008
Authors: P E J Pitfield, T J Brown and N E Idoine
With the assistance of: L Noakes, I A Longhurst and A Hill
Additional statistics compiled by: T Bide and L Hetherington
Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2010
ii
© NERC 2010 all rights reserved
First Published 2010
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Front cover images
Brazil: Statue of Christ the Redeemer above Rio de Janeiro, taken by Mariordo, February 2006. Permission to use is given by a creative
commons licence (accessed June 2010 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_de_Janeiro_Helicoptero_47_Feb_2006.jpg)
Russia: St Basil’s Cathedral, Red Square, Moscow, taken by Dror Feitelson, March 2010. Permission to use is given by a creative commons
licence (accessed June 2010 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Basil_Moscow_crop.jpg)
India: Taj Mahal, Agra, taken by Sandeep Dhirad, March 2004. Permission to use is given by a creative commons licence
(accessed June 2010 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg)
China: The Great Wall of China at Mutianyu, taken by Ahazan. The author has granted anyone permission to use this work for any purpose
(accessed June 2010 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_wall_of_china-mutianyu_4.jpg)
Copyright of cover images remains with the authors shown above.
iiiiii
ForewordThe term ‘BRIC’, used to refer to the four countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China (Figure 1), has become almost
synonymous with the rise of emerging economies in the global market. It originated with Mr Jim O’Neil, Chief Economist
of Goldman Sachs, in 2001 when he was looking to convey the increasing importance of globalisation and to express
the belief that the non-western world would become increasingly important to the global economy compared to the
‘established order’ dominated by the USA, Europe and Japan. At the time he predicted that the economies of the BRIC
countries would overtake the six largest western economies by 2041. This prediction has since been revised, first to
2039 and then to 2032. Although many critics still consider it to be no more than ‘marketing hype’, the ‘BRIC’ tag has
subsequently been widely used in relation to the rapid growth of emerging economies.
Figure 1 The location of the BRIC countries.
In recent years the four BRIC countries have begun to appreciate the potential value of working together in their areas of
common interest in order to gain greater influence in the world. The four heads of state met in Russia in 2009 and have
recently met again in Brazil to discuss ways in which they could collaborate for their mutual benefit.
The economic growth of these four countries has been remarkable for the past decade, contributing 50 per cent of the
total global growth between 2000 and 2008. They have also coped better with the global economic crisis than many
more developed economies. China and India saw the growth in their gross domestic product (GDP) slow only slightly,
while Brazil’s economy stagnated but did not shrink. Only Russia amongst the four countries experienced a ‘recession’,
but even here growth is expected to return more strongly than for most western nations.
iv
A significant proportion of the growth in the BRIC economies has been driven by trade, which has created some concern
around the world relating to the increasingly large trade imbalances between them and more developed nations. This
trade includes large quantities of minerals and mineral-based products. Exports of minerals and mineral-based products
in 2008 amounted to 79 per cent, by value, of all exports from Russia (chiefly oil and gas), 41 per cent from India,
30 per cent from Brazil and 10 per cent from China. The latter probably hides the fact that many minerals are processed
or manufactured into other products within China and it is the finished goods that are exported.
The European Union (EU) is an important market for exports from the BRIC countries, particularly for Russia where the
EU’s 27 member states take 57 per cent of all Russia’s exports, by value. The EU is also important for Brazil (23 per cent
of exports), India (22 per cent of exports) and China (21 per cent of exports). By comparison the USA received only three
per cent of Russia’s exports, 14 per cent of Brazil’s, 12 per cent of India’s and 18 per cent of China’s exports, by value.
From a European perspective, the BRIC countries are equally important, being the source of origin for 31 per cent, by
value, of all imports to the EU. Of this 16 per cent were from China, 11 per cent from Russia and two per cent each from
Brazil and India. If the trade in minerals or minerals-based products are specifically considered, the BRIC countries are
the source of origin for 28 per cent of imports of these materials to the EU of which 23 per cent is from Russia, with one
per cent from India and two per cent each from Brazil and China.
Given that the EU is import-dependent for a major proportion of its supplies of many mineral commodities, the
importance of these imports should not be under-estimated. Within the EU there is no mine production, for example,
of antimony, cobalt, iodine, molybdenum or zirconium and consequently the EU is 100 per cent import-dependent for
supplies of these commodities. Furthermore, the EU produces less than 25 per cent of its requirement for several other
minerals and metals including bauxite, graphite, iron ore, tin and phosphate rock. The BRIC countries make essential
contributions to the EU supply of many of these materials. For example, Brazil provides 54 per cent of the EU’s imports of
iron ore and Russia provides 36 per cent of its imports of mined cobalt. China provides 63 per cent of the EU’s imports of
graphite and 28 per cent of its imports of antimony ores and concentrates.
In light of the current and likely increasing future importance of the BRIC economies, this report aims to present
production and trade data for each of the four countries between 1999 and 2008 relating to the majority of economically
important mineral commodities. It also provides some analysis of the 10 year trends and includes a synopsis of the main
physiographic, geological and demographic features of each country. In addition, the extent and locations of the major
reserves, producing districts and deposits are described, together with some indications of where expansions to these
are expected in the near future.
The statistical data presented are derived from the BGS World Mineral Statistics Database which contains data on more
than 70 mineral commodities, derived from numerous sources throughout the world and updated annually. The BGS holds
a historical dataset that dates back to 1913 for many mineral commodities, enabling trends to be analysed over long
time periods. The other information presented has been gathered from published reports, news articles and publically
available websites (as indicated under ‘Key information sources’ for each country).
Further information relating to the BGS World Mineral Statistics work can be found on the website:
www.mineralsUK.com
ContentsBrazil 1
Russia 23
India 49
China 77
Explanatory Notes
The statistics in this publication are from the British Geological Survey’s World Mineral Statistics database.
Coverage
The World Mineral Statistics database covers the majority of economically important mineral commodities. For each
commodity constant efforts are made to ensure that as many producing countries as possible are reported. For some
commodities, where statistics on production are not publicly available, estimates are made. Users of this compilation
are advised that more statistical information than can be included in a publication of this nature is held in the British
Geological Survey files and is available for consultation. Historical data (from 1913 for many commodities) can be
obtained from the publication World Mineral Production and its pre-decessors entitled World Mineral Statistics and the
Statistical Summary of the Mineral Industry many editions of which are available to download from the BGS website:
www.mineralsUK.com.
Metals
Mine production of many metals is expressed in terms of metal content. This is clearly indicated in the tables, adjacent
to the unit used. For aluminium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel, tin and zinc, mine production and metal production are
shown in separate rows. Unless otherwise specified, metal production statistics relate to metal recovered from both
domestic and imported materials, whether primary or secondary, but exclude remelted material.
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Exclusion of Warranty
Use by recipients of information provided by the BGS, is at the recipients’ own risk. BGS has taken care to ensure that
information provided is as free from error as is reasonably practical. In view of the disparate sources of information at
BGS’s disposal, including such material donated to BGS, that BGS accepts in good faith as being accurate, the Natural
Environment Research Council (NERC) gives no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the quality, accuracy, performance,
and merchantability of the information supplied, or to the information’s suitability for any use whether made known
to BGS or otherwise. NERC/BGS accepts no liability whatever in respect of loss, damage, injury or other occurrence
however caused.
Acknowledgements
Compilation of this volume of mineral statistics has been possible only by obtaining information from a very large
number of organisations throughout the world, chiefly home and overseas government departments and specialist
national or international authorities concerned with particular sectors of the minerals or metals industries. To all these
bodies the British Geological Survey expresses its grateful acknowledgement for the information made available,
whether in published form or provided by direct correspondence.
Particular acknowledgement is made to the Mines Departments and other government agencies of many countries
whose regular statements, yearbooks and other reports are worthy of direct consultations by readers in search of detail.
Specialist commodity organisations which have kindly allowed information to be reproduced include the International
Copper Study Group, the International Lead and Zinc Study Group, the International Nickel Study Group and the
International Fertilizer Industry Association Ltd. In a few instances, information on specific commodities has been
obtained directly from company sources. The co-operation of other members of the International Consultative Group on
Non-Ferrous Metal Statistics is also gratefully acknowledged.
Supplementary information is also obtained from publications dealing with a wider range of commodities such as
Société de l’Industrie Minérale, Annuaire Statistique Mondial des Minerais et Métaux; Mining Journal, Mining Annual
Review; World Bureau of Metal Statistics, World Metal Statistics and, Metallstatistik; publications of the Interstate
Statistical Committee of the CIS, the United States Geological Survey, and UN agencies.
In addition, information may have been obtained from the websites of the following organisations, statistical offices
and government departments: United Nations; International Iron and Steel Institute; Kimberley Process; World Nuclear
Association; Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute; Instituto
Latinoamericano del Fierro y el Acero; Departamento Nacional De Producao Mineral, Brazil; Grupo Paranapanema, Brazil;
Agencia Nacional do Petroleo, Brazil; Brazilian Aluminium Association, China Mining Association; Energy Information
Administration, United States of America.
vii
Units
The Statistics shown in this volume are expressed in metric units. The following factors are given for converting to
non-metric units:
tonnes × 0.9842 = long tons
tonnes × 1.1023 = short tons
kilograms × 2.2046 = pounds
kilograms × 32.1507 = troy ounces
cubic metres × 35.3147 = cubic feet
1 tonne of crude petroleum equals on average 7 barrels of crude petroleum.
1 flask mercury = 34.5 kilograms
1 metric ton unit = 10 kilograms
Symbols
... figures not available
0 quantity less than half unit shown
— nil
* estimated
BGS British Geological Survey
1
Brazil
Brazil is the largest country in Latin America and is ranked fifth in the world by population (198 739 000: July 2009
estimate) and fifth by area (8 514 877 square kilometres). It occupies nearly half of South America and borders every
other South American country except Chile and Ecuador. It comprises four physiographic regions but is dominated by the
Amazon basin (about four million square kilometres) which holds nearly 20 per cent of the world’s fresh water and about
30 per cent of the world’s tropical forest (Figure 2).
Key facts
• Fifthlargestcountryintheworld,withalandareaof8.5millionsquare
kilometres.
• DominatedbytheAmazonRiverbasincontainingnearly20percentof
theworld’sfreshwaterandabout30percentofitstropicalforest.
• Fifthlargestpopulationintheworld,totallingnearly199million.
• Oneofthefastestdevelopingeconomiesintheworld,currentlytheninth
largestonaGDP(PPP)basis.
• Theworld’slargestproducerofniobiummineralsandthesecondlargest
producerofironoreandbauxite.
• Ironoreproductionhasincreasedby90percentbetween1999and2008
andexportsofironoremakethelargestcontributiontoBrazil’strade
surplus.
• Theworld’slargestreservesofniobiumminerals,amountingto93per
centofthetotal.Productionofthesemineralshasincreasedby500per
centin10years.
• Productionofcopperhasincreasedby600percentbetween1999and
2008,althoughitstillproduceslessthantwopercentoftheworld’s
total.
• Bauxiteproductionhasincreasedby122percentin10yearsandin2008
amountedto28milliontonnes.
• Oneoftheworld’sfastestgrowingoilproducersfollowingthediscovery
ofsignificantoffshoreresourcesin2007/08.
Figure 2 Brazil geography.
Brazil has transformed its economic performance over the last 15 years into one of the fastest developing economies in
the world. Gross domestic production (GDP) in 2008 was US$1990 billion with a growth rate of 5.1 per cent in 2008. This
growth slowed considerably in 2009, as a result of the global recession, but was estimated to be 0.1 per cent for the
year as a whole. On the basis of GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) Brazil is currently the ninth largest economy in the
2
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Acre27
Amazonas
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Paraiba
Pernambuco
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Coastline
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State capitals and population
Topography
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3
world. Brazilian mineral production, excluding hydrocarbons, reached US$23.2 billion in 2008, an increase of 17 per cent
on 2007. Mineral ores accounted for 11 per cent and metallurgical products 12 per cent of total exports.
Brazil is the world’s largest producer of niobium and the second largest producer of iron ore, bauxite and tantalum. Other
top 10 world rankings are shown in Table 1, together with the proportion of the world’s total of each mineral that is
produced in Brazil.
Table 1 Brazil’s top 10 world rankings by commodity, with proportion of world total produced.
The location of selected major mines and important deposits are shown in Figure 3. Many mines and deposits are
clustered together in the Carajás, Corumbá and Quadrilátero Ferrifero districts and are not necessarily shown individually
for reasons of clarity.
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Niobium 1 95 Aluminium (primary)
6 4
Tantalum 2 19 Phosphate rock 6 4
Iron ore 2 17 Pig iron 6 4
Bauxite 2 13 Magnesium metal (primary)
6 1
Rare earth minerals 2 1 Talc 7 5
Asbestos 3 13 Chromium ores & concentrates
7 3
Alumina 3 10 Tin (smelter) 7 3
Graphite 3 4 Zirconium minerals 7 2
Kaolin 4 10 Salt 8 3
Cobalt (mine) 4 7 Lithium minerals 8 2
Manganese ore 5 8 Magnesite 8 2
Tin (mine) 5 5 Bentonite 9 3
Vermiculite 5 4 Steel (crude) 9 3
Beryl 5 0.1 Nickel (mine) 10 4
Sillimanite minerals
5 0.1 Tungsten (mine) 10 1
4
Figure 3 Selected major mines and important mineral deposits in Brazil.
Notes:Certainminesand/ordepositsmentionedinthetexthavebeenomittedforclarity.
Fe=ironore,Au=gold,Sn=tin,Ta=tantalum,Nb=niobium,REE=rareearthelements,Ti=titanium,Cu=copper,Ni=nickel,Mn=manganese,Pd=palladium,Pt=platinum,Al=aluminium,W=tungsten,Cr=chromium,
U=uranium,Zn=zinc,Pb=lead,Ag=silver
SOUTHATLANTIC
OCEAN
NORTHATLANTIC
OCEAN
S Ã O F R A N C I S C O C R A T O N
S O U T H E R NA M A Z O NC R A T O N
N O R T H A M A Z O NC R A T O N
A M A Z O N A S
B A S I N
P A R A N AB A S I N
S A N T O SB A S I N
C A M P O SB A S I N
E S P I R I T US A N T OB A S I N
(Tupi, Lara, Jupiter& Guara oil fields)
Fortaleza de MinasNi
Araxá Nb
Catalão Nb
VazaniteZn
Morro AgudoZn/Pb
ParacatuAu
Vale-Southern systemQuadriláteroFerriferoFe
Pedra PretaCr
CaetitéU
Crixas Au
ChapadaCu-Au
NiquelândiaNi-Fe
CodeminNi
São DesiderioMn
Pedra PretaMn
JacobinaAu
Fazenda BrasileiroAu
ContezeiroCr Caraiba
Cu
IqueiraCr
Barra VerdeW Guaju
Ti
Mine 63Fe
UrucumFe-Mn
São FranciscoAu
Monte CristoCu-Zn-Au-Ag
BuritiramaMn
SossegoCu-Au
Vale-Northern systemCarajás Fe
AzulMnPallio
Cu-Au
Trombetas-Oriximiná
Al
Vila NovaCr
AmaparlAu
PitingaSn-Ta-Nb
AmapaFe
Seis LagosNb±REE±Ti
Santa BarbaraSn
Campos VerdesEmerald
Candiota
Recreio Verdinho
TrevoEsperancaFontanella
Cantao
Serra PeladaAu-Pd-Pt
Duas Barras
Chapada
Pocos deCaldas Al
Itamarati deMinas Al
OnçaPuma
Ni
VermelhoNi
ParagominaesAl
Santa RitaNi
TurmalinaAu
MMN Mn-FeMorra da Mina
Mn Capao do Lana(Topaz)
MibraTa
MiraiAl
Barro AltoNi
Corumbásystem
JurutiAl
BRASILIA
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Precious Metal
Uranium
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Gemstone
Phanerozoic
Orogenic Belt
Craton
Geology
Mineral
Coal
N
Oil basin
Major capitals and population
Topography
> 5 million
< 5 million
5
Iron ore
Brazil has around 6.7 per cent of the world’s iron ore resources and 10 per cent of the world’s reserves. Production rose
from 354.7 million tonnes in 2007 to 368.8 million tonnes in 2008; an increase of four per cent and a continuation of
a longer term trend (Figure 4). Iron ore exports rose to 282 million tonnes in 2008 (Figure 4), worth US$16.5 billion, an
increase of 4.5 per cent by volume and 57 per cent by value compared to 2007. This is more than the growth in value
of Brazil’s total exports which grew by 23 per cent. Iron ore exports made up 90 per cent of the total value of mineral
exports in 2008 and now represent 8.4 per cent of the total value of Brazilian exports. Iron ore continues to be the
product that makes the largest contribution to Brazil’s trade surplus. Exports went to 39 countries with China taking
almost 30 per cent by value.
Figure 4 Brazil’s production and exports of iron ore from 1999 to 2008.
Three companies account for more than 90 per cent of Brazilian production: Vale (293 million tonnes), Cia Siderúrgica
Nacional (about 29 million tonnes) and Samarco Mineração SA (17 million tonnes).
Vale (previously known as CVRD) is expanding production at Carajás to 110 million tonnes per year for the second half of
2009 and to 140 million tonnes per year in the first half of 2011. The Carajás District has known reserves of about
18 billion tonnes at 65.4 per cent iron. Rio Tinto is to sell its Corumbá operation to Vale. A feasibility study to expand
mine production from two million tonnes per year to ten million tonnes per year is nearing completion.
Samarco (Vale 50 per cent and BHP Billiton 50 per cent) increased production by 20 per cent in 2008 to 18.5 million
tonnes of pellets. With the start of operations at a third pellet plant Samarco’s capacity grew to 21.7 million tonnes per
year in 2009.
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Iron ore production Iron ore exports
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
6
Cia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) owns the Casa de Piedra and Pedreira da Bocaina iron mines. Casa de Piedra produced
17 million tonnes in 2008 and should reach 19 million tonnes in 2009. Namisa mine (CSN 60 per cent, six Japanese steel
makers 40 per cent) is currently under development. By the end of 2013 Namisa, Casa de Piedra and neighbouring mines
should provide 13 million tonnes, 20 million tonnes and about six million tonnes respectively to bring the total output to
39 million tonnes.
MMX Mineração & Metálicos SA (EBX Group) sold Amapa and Minas-Rio to Anglo American in late March 2008; the
new subsidiary is renamed IronX. Minas-Rio will begin production in the first half of 2010 with a capacity of
26.5 million tonnes per year. MMX Corumba (6.3 million tonnes per year) and MMX Sudeste, represent a total installed
capacity of 10.8 million tonnes per year of iron ore which can be expanded to 40 million tonnes per year. The MMX
Sudeste system comprises Serra Azul and the greenfield site of Bom Sucesso in Minas Gerais State. Iron ore production
from Serra Azul in 2008 was 4.3 million tonnes and is expected to rise to 16.7 million tonnes per year in 2012. Bom
Sucesso start-up is planned for 2012 with an output of 17.4 million tonnes per year.
Bahia Mineração Ltda. intends to construct a mine and plant at Pedra de Ferro near Caetité on Bahia State. Production is
planned to start in the fourth quarter of 2011 at 15 million tonnes per year, expanding to 25 million tonnes per year.
Manganese
Brazil has about 7.6 per cent of the world’s reserves and 1.1 per cent of the total world resources of manganese ore.
Brazil’s production for 2008 stood at 3.21 million tonnes of manganese ore and 387 900 tonnes of manganese ferroalloys.
Vale (CVRD) is one of the world’s largest manganese ore producers and a leading player in the global manganese and
ferroalloy market. It owns and operates four manganese mines within Brazil (Azul, Urucum, Morro da Mina and MMN)
and seven ferroalloy plants (including four under RDM, Urucum Mineracao, RDME in France and RDMN in Norway).
Production at the Azul Mine in the Carajás Complex, Para State, Vale’s largest manganese mine, was just over two
million tonnes in 2008 but this decreased by 31 per cent in 2009.
Nickel
Brazil is estimated to have 6.3 per cent of the world’s nickel reserves (ranked sixth in the world) and 5.5 per cent of the
overall nickel resources (ranked seventh). Mined nickel production for 2008 at 58 500 tonnes was virtually the same
as for 2007, but 29 per cent lower than the peak in 2006 (Figure 5). However, with the commissioning of several new
mines, output is set to increase substantially. Smelter/refinery production of nickel amounted to 36 000 tonnes in 2008,
a small increase on 2007 (Figure 5). Exports of nickel matte increased to 14 970 tonnes, worth US$106 million. Exports of
electrolytic nickel decreased to 10 292 tonnes, worth US$203.5 million.
7
Figure 5 Brazil’s production of nickel between 1999 and 2008.
The Vale-owned, Vermelho lateritic nickel mine project in the Carajás region of Pará State started production in
September 2008 with a capacity of 45 000 tonnes per year nickel and 2800 tonnes per year cobalt. Vale has postponed
completion of its 58 000 tonnes per year Onça Puma nickel laterite project till January 2010.
Mirabela Nickel Ltd. commenced mining the Santa Rita nickel sulphide deposit in Bahia State at the beginning of
August 2009. The plant is expected to produce 18 500 tonnes per year of nickel in concentrate increasing to
26 000 tonnes per year by September 2010.
Votorantim Group, which owns the Niquelândia Mine in Goiás State with a current production of 17 000 tonnes per
year, has begun a new ferro-nickel production unit in Niquelândia with completion expected in the first half of 2010.
With this new plant, production will reach 40 000 tonnes per year of electrolytic nickel and nickel in ferro-nickel.
First production at Anglo American’s 36 000 tonnes per year Barro Alto nickel project (117 million tonnes at
1.5 per cent nickel) in Goiás State is expected in the second quarter of 2011.
Tin, tantalum and niobium
Brazil has the world’s fourth largest reserves of tin (9.64 per cent) and between 16–22 per cent of the global resources
of tin. It has by far the largest known global reserves of niobium and tantalum accounting for up to 93 and 68 per cent
respectively.
Brazil produced 13 000 tonnes of mined tin in 2008, a small increase compared to recent years. Smelter production of tin
also increased from just under 10 000 tonnes in 2007 to 11 000 tonnes in 2008. Brazil’s output of pyrochlore (containing
Thou
sand
tonn
es
Mine production of nickel Smelter/refinery production of nickel
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
8
niobium) increased by 16 per cent in 2008 compared to 2007, continuing an upward trend that has amounted to nearly
500 per cent over ten years (Figure 6).
Figure 6 Brazil’s production of pyrochlore (containing niobium) between 1999 and 2008.
Pitinga mine produced 6257 tonnes of tin in concentrate in 2008 as well as niobium/tantalum ferroalloy
(200 000 pounds of contained Ta2O5). Peru’s Minsur, who acquired the mine at the end of 2008, is currently looking into
exploiting the substantial heavy rare earth (HRE) resources at Pitinga. Mibra owned by the Metallurg Group produces
100 000 pounds per year of Ta2O5.
Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (CBMM), the world leader in niobium production, accounted
for 78.3 per cent of the Brazilian production of niobium concentrate and Mineração Catalão de Goiás Ltda
(a subsidiary of Anglo American PLC) supplied the remainder. CBMM-owned Araxá niobium-tantalum mine in Minas
Gerais State, is the world’s largest known niobium deposit with total resources of 11.5 million tonnes of Nb2O5, and has
the capacity to produce 84 000 tonnes per year of niobium in concentrate.
Copper and gold
Brazil, with three per cent of world copper reserves, contributed 1.4 per cent to the world’s total mined copper production
in 2008, and in 2007 changed from being a net importer to a net exporter of copper ores and concentrates. Brazil
produced 216 000 tonnes of mined copper in 2008, an increase of five per cent on 2007 but an increase of nearly 600 per
cent compared to 1999 (Figure 7).
Brazil has estimated reserves of gold amounting to 2 000 000 kilograms and produced 54 000 kilograms in 2008; an
increase of nine per cent compared to the previous year. Mining companies produced 39 800 kilograms with Garimpeiro
Thou
sand
tonn
es
Production of pyrochlore
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
9
(small-scale artisanal prospector and/or miner) operations accounting for the remainder. Gold exports rose by 3.2 per
cent to 37 000 kilograms worth US$1.03 billion.
Figure 7 Brazil’s copper production between 1999 and 2008.
Sossego mine, located in an iron–oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) Mineral Province in Pará State, is owned by Vale and
is Brazil’s largest copper producer at 140 000 tonnes per year of copper and 3500 kilograms per year of gold. The
Paranapanema Group produced 25 000 tonnes of copper and the Chapada copper–gold mine in Goiás State, owned by
the Yamana Gold Inc., produced 48 000 tonnes of copper in 2007.
Vale is developing other IOCG deposits. The Salobo copper–gold project commissioning was postponed until the
beginning of 2010. Initial production capacity will be about 37 000 tonnes per year copper; which will be ramped up to
100 000 tonnes per year. Others include the Cristalino copper–gold deposit, Alemão copper–gold–rare earths–uranium
deposit and Igarapé Bahia copper–gold–rare earths–uranium deposit. Cristalino could produce 150 000 tonnes per year
of copper whilst Alemão and Igarapé would have a projected combined production of 186 000 tonnes per year of copper.
Total Vale production is expected to reach 368 000 tonnes of copper in 2010.
Brazil also has new gold mines and expansions which are expected to come on stream between 2009 and 2013.
AngloGold-Ashanti’s Cuiaba, Corrego do Sitio and Queiroz mines in Minas Gerais State together produced
9953 kilograms in 2008. Most of this output came from the Cuiaba deposit which has proven reserves of more than
200 000 kilograms of gold. The Corrego do Sitio project will produce 43 500 kilograms of gold over 14 years. Mining
started in mid 2007 with full production of 2800 kilograms per year to begin in 2012. The Serra Grande mine complex in
Goiás State, a 50:50 joint venture between AngloGold-Ashanti and the Kinross Gold Corporation, produced
2706 kilograms of gold in 2008.
Thou
sand
tonn
es
Mined copper production Refined copper production
250
200
150
100
50
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
10
AngloGold-Ashanti acquired the São Bento Mine from the Eldorado Gold Corp. in December 2008. The Lamego mine
was commissioned in mid 2009 and is expected to produce 10 730 kilograms over nine years. Raposos mine, which
was mothballed in 1998, is to undergo development during 2009–2010 and production is expected to begin in 2011.
Kinross concluded an expansion project at the Paracutu mine in Minas Gerais State in November 2008 to start producing
13 000–18 000 kilograms per year of gold, up to three times its previous capacity of 5400 kilograms. It was expected to
produce approximately 11 000 kilograms in 2009.
The Canadian Yamana Gold Corp. produced gold from the Fazaenda Brasileiro and Jacobina mines in Bahia State, the
São Francisco mine in the Guapore Gold Belt and Chapada Gold and mine development at São Vincente providing total
production of 12 293 kilograms for 2008. Commercial production started at São Vincente in mid 2009. The production
target for Jacobina gold mine in 2009 is 3888 kilograms and, with expansion of plant capacity, this will increase to
4666 kilograms per year by 2011. The Santa Luz and Ernesto/Pau-a-Pique mines are expected to begin production in
2012 whilst a decision on the Pilar mine construction will be made in 2010.
The Canadian company Jaguar Mining Inc. is currently producing gold at its Sabara, Turmalina and Paciência mines.
In 2008 combined production totalled 3587 kilograms of gold. Turmalina is expected to produce between 2332 and
2448 kilograms in 2009 rising to 5754 kilograms in 2013. Paciência is expected to produce 2800 kilograms per year in
the years 2009–2011. Commissioning of the Caeté mine is expected to take place during the third quarter of 2010.
Bauxite, alumina and aluminium
Brazil has bauxite resources estimated at 4.3 billion tonnes and reserves estimated at 1.9 billion tonnes. Marketable
output of bauxite in 2008 grew by an estimated 10 per cent to 28 million tonnes. Between 1999 and 2008 Brazil’s
production of bauxite increased by 122 per cent (Figure 8). Exports in 2008 increased by 7.6 per cent by volume compared
to 2007 to 6.2 million tonnes. Alumina production has also increased significantly in Brazil, by 11 per cent in 2008
compared to 2007 and by 123 per cent between 1999 and 2008 (Figure 8).
11
Figure 8 Brazil’s production of bauxite, alumina and primary aluminium between 1999 and 2008.
Mineração Rio Do Norte (MRN) produced 12.3 million tonnes of bauxite for the domestic market and six million tonnes for
export in 2008. The main deposits are Trombetas-Oriximiná and Paragominas mainly in Para State. Paragominas expanded
production to 9.9 million tonnes per year in April 2008 and refinery output is to be increased to 6.3 million tonnes per year
of alumina. Mirai mine, which is wholly owned by Companhia Brasileria de Aluminio (CBA), has an annual capacity of three
million tonnes per year bauxite and 470 000 tonnes per year of primary aluminium.
Alcoa commissioned the Juruti bauxite mine in September 2009. Initial output will be 2.6 million tonnes per year. The
expected mine life is 40–60 years. The bauxite will be shipped to the Alumar alumina refinery at São Luis, Maranhão
State which is being expanded from 2.1 million tonnes per year to 3.5 million tonnes per year capacity.
Vanadium
Canada’s Largo Resources Ltd is currently developing the Maracas Vanadium–PGM deposit in Bahia State with
155 million pounds of potential ferro-vanadium resources. Target production is set for the first quarter of 2011 with
a minimum annual production of 4500 tonnes of ferro-vanadium, equivalent to about six per cent of projected world
production. In May 2009 Largo purchased the Campo Alegre de Lourdes, the largest and richest known vanadium deposit
outside China.
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Brazil is one of the fastest growing oil producers with the discovery in 2007/08 of vast offshore resources. Production in
2008 increased by four per cent compared to the previous year continuing an upward trend amounting to a 69 per cent
increase in output between 1999 and 2008 (Figure 9).
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Bauxite Alumina Aluminium (primary)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
12
Figure 9 Brazil’s production of crude petroleum between 1999 and 2008.
Estimates for the Tupi and Lara fields equate to 12.2 billion barrels. The Jupiter natural gas and condensate field in the
Santos Basin may equal the Tupi field in size. Current production of oil (two million barrels per day) and gas (52 million
cubic metres per day) is mostly derived from two major oil fields in the Campos Basin with confirmed reserves of 7.2 billion
barrels of oil and condensate and 101.5 cubic kilometres of natural gas. In November 2009 Petrobas announced additional
reserves of up to 25 million barrels from where extraction is expected to commence by August 2010.
Key information sources
Ferraz, CP. 2009. Booming Brazil. Mining Journal. 3 July 2009, p.15–18.
World Factbook – Brazil. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the–world-factbook/geos/br.html
USGS. Country and Commodity reports. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/
www.alcoa.com/brazil/en/news/
www.anglogoldashanti.com/subwebs/
www.bnamericas.com/news/mining/
www.commodityonline.com/news/
www.dnpm.gov.br/assets/galeriaDocuments/
www.highbeam.com/
www.infomine.com/commodities/
www.infomine.com/index/properties/
www.im-mining.com/2009/
www.jaguarmining.com/
www.kinross.com/news-articles/2009/
www.largoresources.com/
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Crude Petroleum
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
www.mbendi.com/facility/
www.mineweb.com/minerals/view/
www.miningweekly.com/article/
www.mirabela.com.au/
www.reuters.com/article/
www.vale.com/vale_us/cgi/
www.yamana.com/Operations/
www2.petrobas.com.br/Petrobas/
13
Tabl
e 2
Min
eral
pro
duct
ion
in B
razil
from
199
9 to
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
14
Tabl
e 2
Min
eral
pro
duct
ion
in B
razil
from
199
9 to
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
15
Tabl
e 2
Min
eral
pro
duct
ion
in B
razil
from
199
9 to
200
8.
16
Tabl
e 3
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Bra
zil b
etw
een
1999
and
200
8(c
ontin
ued)
.
17
Tabl
e 3
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Bra
zil b
etw
een
1999
and
200
8(c
ontin
ued)
.
18
Tabl
e 3
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Bra
zil b
etw
een
1999
and
200
8.
19
Tabl
e 4
Min
eral
impo
rts to
Bra
zil b
etw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
20
Tabl
e 4
Min
eral
impo
rts to
Bra
zil b
etw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
21
Tabl
e 4
Min
eral
impo
rts to
Bra
zil b
etw
een
1999
and
200
8.
22
Russia
The Russian Federation comprises the northern part of the Eurasian landmass and is the largest country in the world
with a total area of 17 098 000 square kilometres covering more than one eighth of the Earth’s land area. The country
comprises two vast plains: the eastern European plain and west Siberian plain, separated by the Ural Mountains. The
land rises to the Caucasus Mountains in the south-west and Sayan Mountains along the Mongolian border. It is the
largest of 12 republics that make up the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (Figure 10).
23
Key facts
• Theworld’slargestcountry,withalandareaofmorethan17millionsquare
kilometresormorethanoneeighthofthetotallandsurface.
• Theninthmostpopulousnationintheworld,totalling140million.
• Theworld’sseventhlargesteconomyonaGDP(PPP)basis.
• TheRussianeconomyfellbynearlyeightpercentin2009asaresultoftheglobal
recession,butpreviouslyhadaveragedagrowthrateofsevenpercentfora
decade.
• Theworld’slargestproducerofnickel,naturalgasandvanadium;alsotheworld’s
secondlargestproducerofcrudepetroleum,platinumgroupmetalsandprimary
aluminium.
• Theworld’sfifthlargestironoreproducer,withproductionincreasingby22per
centbetween1999and2008.
• Productionofbauxiteandprimaryaluminiumhavebothincreasedby33percentin
10years,withRussianowtheeighthlargestbauxiteproducerintheworld.
• Nickeloutputhasfallenslightlyinrecentyears,andhasrisenbylessthan10per
centsince1999,butRussiastillproducesnearly20percentoftheworld’stotal.
• Theworld’sthirdlargestreservesofgold,withproductionincreasingby37per
centin10years.
• Supplies70percentoftheworld’spalladium,despiteoutputfallingby49percent
over10years;also20percentoftheworld’splatinum,withanincreaseof79per
centinthesameperiod.
• Theworld’slargestproducerofdiamondsifmeasuredbyvolumeandsecond
largestifmeasuredbyvalue.
• Productionofcrudepetroleumhasincreasedby60percentbetween1999and
2008,withnaturalgasoutputincreasingby18percentandcoalby31percent
overthesameperiod.
24
AR
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24
Figure 10 Russia geography.
25
AR
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24
Figure 10 Russia geography (continued).
26
The population is estimated at 140 041 000 (July 2009), making it the ninth most populous nation in the world. In 2008 it
was ranked as the eighth largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and seventh largest in terms of GDP
on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. With the global financial crisis the Russian economy slumped by 7.9 per cent
in 2009 but is expected to recover to 3.2 per cent growth in 2010. This compares to 5.6 per cent growth in 2008 and an
average of seven per cent over the past decade.
Russia has the world’s largest natural gas reserves, eighth largest oil reserves and second largest coal reserves and
is considered to be an energy superpower. It is the world’s largest natural gas producer and exporter, and the second
largest oil producer and exporter after Saudi Arabia. Natural gas, oil, metals and timber account for over 80 per cent of
Russian exports and contribute more than 60 per cent to its GDP. Other important minerals are shown in Table 5.
The locations of selected major mines and important deposits are shown in Figure 11 (metallics) and Figure 12 (non-metallics).
Table 5 Russia’s top 10 world rankings by commodity, with proportion of world total produced.
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Asbestos 1 46 Copper (smelter) 5 5
Vanadium 1 40 Chromium ores & concentrates
5 4
Diamond 1 22 Fluorspar 5 4
Natural gas 1 21 Iron ore 5 4
Nickel (smelter/refinery)
1 19 Antimony (mine) 5 1
Nickel (mine) 1 18 Gold (mine) 6 8
Platinum group metals
2 28 Silver (mine) 6 6
Potash 2 18 Copper (mine) 6 5
Petroleum (crude) 2 12 Alumina 6 4
Aluminium (primary) 2 11 Bentonite 6 3
Magnesite 2 11 Graphite 6 1
Tungsten (mine) 2 6 Cadmium 7 4
Phosphate rock 4 6 Cobalt (mine) 7 4
Vermiculite 4 6 Mica 7 3
Steel (crude) 4 5 Molybdenum (mine) 7 2
Mercury 4 5 Iodine 7 0.4
Pig iron 4 5 Cobalt (metal) 8 4
Magnesium metal (primary)
4 4 Bauxite 8 3
Arsenic (white) 4 3 Bismuth (mine) 9 1
Uranium 5 8 Bromine 9 0.01
Borates 5 7 Gypsum 10 2
Selenium metal 5 6 Perlite 10 1
Coal 5 5 Tin (smelter) 10 1
Copper (refined) 5 5 Zirconium minerals 10 1
27
N
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Figure 11 Selected major mines and important deposits in Russia (metallics).
Notes:Certainminesand/ordepositsmentionedinthetexthavebeenomittedforclarity.Fe=ironore,Au=gold,Cu=copper,Ni=nickel,PGM=platinumgroupmetals,Al=aluminium,
U=uranium,Zn=zinc,Pb=lead,Ag=silver,Mo=molybdenum
28
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40°E
120°
E80
°E
80°N
60°N
20°E
160°
E
AL
TA
CY
-
S
AY
AN
FO
LD
B
EL
T
KORUYAK-
KAMCHATKA FOLD BELT
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AL-
NO
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MLY
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Arctic Circle
Dia
mo
nd
Dep
osi
ts/
min
es
Gas
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ld
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and
Gas
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lds
Co
al D
epo
sits
MO
NG
OL
IAK
AZ
AK
HS
TA
NN
OR
TH
KO
RE
A
Riv
er
Inte
rnat
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al B
ou
nd
ary
Bel
t B
ou
nd
ary
Bas
in M
arg
in
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te B
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ary
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ts
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log
yM
iner
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po
gra
phy
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rian
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ts
CH
INA
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eria
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ds
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eral
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nd
ary
Figure 12 Selected major mines and important deposits in Russia (non-metallics).
Note:Certainminesand/ordepositsmentionedinthetexthavebeenomittedforclarity.
29
Iron ore
Russia has about 17 per cent of the world’s iron ore reserves. It is the fifth largest iron ore miner and accounts for about
four per cent of global production. Total iron ore production in 2008 was 99.9 million tonnes, five per cent down on 2007
although this was still 22 per cent higher than output in 1999 (Figure 13).
Figure 13 Russia’s production of iron ore, pig iron and crude steel from 1999 to 2008.
The biggest iron ore mines and beneficiation plants (known as GOK’s) are in the Central District (Kursk and Belgorod
regions), in the Northwest District and the Urals. Ore from Lebedinsky, Mikhailovsky, Stoylensky and KMA GOKs account
for about 55 per cent of all Russian supply. The Lebedinsky GOK, Russia’s largest producer at 20 million tonnes per year,
exploits ferruginous quartzites of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly with over six billion tonnes of reserves. The Mikhailovsky
GOK at more than 11 billion tonnes has the world’s largest iron ore reserves and is currently Russia’s second largest
producer at 19 million tonnes per year.
Over 77 per cent of Russian iron ore is consumed domestically but these GOKs, amongst others, have sufficient reserves
in the ground to expand their operations and increase output. China’s steel makers are considering taking more iron
ore by rail from Russia, due to escalating demand and increasing haulage costs from Australia, Brazil and India. In
September 2009 the Petropavlovsk Group started construction of its Kimkan and Sutara iron ore project in the Russian
Far East and a rail bridge across the Amur River to link Russia and China. This project will have an annual capacity of
4.18 million tonnes of iron ore concentrates and 2.5 million tonnes of granulated direct reduced iron. Full production of
the concentrates is scheduled for 2012 and the granulated iron in 2014.
Thou
sand
tonn
es
Iron ore Pig iron Crude steel
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
30
Crude steel
In 2008 Russia produced 68.7 million tonnes of steel and remains the fourth largest producer accounting for five per cent
of world output. Although output was down by five per cent in 2008 compared to 2007, this was still 33 per cent higher
than the production in 1999 (Figure 13).
Russia’s largest producer, Severstal, produced 11 million tonnes of steel, equivalent to 16 per cent of Russia’s total.
With the onset of the world economic crisis, Severstal cut production amounting to a five per cent decrease for the
fourth quarter of 2008 compared to 2007. The Evraz Group SA, which was also adversely affected, produced 17.7 million
tonnes of steel in 2008. Prior to the crisis the Evraz Group acquired Claymont Steel (USA), IPSCO (Canada) and selected
Ukrainian assets.
Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Co. (MMC), which produced 12 million tonnes of crude steel in 2008, halved production in
the last quarter of 2009. Metalloinvest, a subsidiary of Gazprom, owns the Mikhailovsky and Lebedinsky GOK’s which
together produced 41.3 million tonnes in 2008.
Novolipetsk or NLMK is the fourth largest steel producer in Russia, accounting for 15 per cent of domestic crude steel
output. It is self-sufficient in iron ore through its 97 per cent stake in Stoylensky GOK, and is Russia’s third largest iron ore
producer. Mechel produced 5.9 million tonnes of steel but was hit severely by the crisis due to heavy borrowings to finance
acquisitions of Ductil Steel (Romania), Bluestone Industries Inc. (USA) and Oriel Resources (UK).
Consolidation of the Russian steel sector over recent years via acquisitions have added scale and geographical diversity
but resulted in the high levels of debt. Nevertheless, Russian steel companies have a high degree of self-sufficiency in
key raw materials enabling them to remain competitive despite the economic downturn. Capacity utilisation was around
80–90 per cent in March 2009 and neared 100 per cent in September 2009 driven by strong increases in export sales.
Bauxite, alumina and aluminium
Russia is the eighth largest bauxite producer in the world with an output of six million tonnes in 2008 and sixth largest
producer of alumina in 2008. It is also second only to China in primary aluminium production which grew to 4.2 million
tonnes in 2008, an increase of six per cent compared to 2007 and 33 per cent compared to 1999 (Figure 14). Known
bauxite reserves are mainly in the Komi Republic (52 per cent of the total) and in the Urals (27 per cent). Crude bauxite
comprises 60 per cent of the alumina production, while the rest is produced from nepheline ore.
United Company Rusal, one of the world’s largest aluminium and alumina producers, controls all Russian bauxite,
alumina and aluminium production and accounts for 13–15 per cent of the global alumina and 11–12 per cent of the
global aluminium markets respectively. It also has operations in 19 countries in five continents. Rusal has the largest
debt among Russian companies (estimated at US$16.6 billion in June 2009). As a result of the economic recession, it
reduced aluminium production by 10 per cent (to 1.98 million tonnes) and alumina by 34 per cent (to 3.7 million tonnes)
in the first half of 2009.
The principal alumina plants in Russia are Bogolavsky (one million tonnes) and Achinsk (one million tonnes) in Siberia.
Eighty per cent of Rusal’s production facilities are located in Asia and its key smelters are just 500 kilometres from the
31
Chinese border which makes Rusal a natural aluminium supplier and trading partner for China. Rusal is constructing a
new 0.75 million tonnes aluminium smelter at Taishet in the Irkutsk region which is scheduled for completion in 2011.
The Krasnoyarsk and Sayanogorsk smelters are also being modernised.
Figure 14 Russia’s production of bauxite, alumina and primary aluminium from 1999 to 2008.
Nickel
Russia is the world’s leading nickel producer with an output of 277 000 tonnes of mined ore and 256 500 tonnes of
refined metal in 2008. This represents a drop of one per cent and five per cent respectively on 2007 and a significant
decline from the peak production recorded in 2006 (Figure 15). Russia has nickel reserves of 6.6 million tonnes;
significantly less than Australia and New Caledonia.
Main Russian production units include the Polar Division in the Krasnoyarsky region and the Kola Mining and Metallurgical
Company (Kola MMC), the largest industrial producer in the Murmansk region. Norilsk Nickel is responsible for 92 per
cent of production, while the rest of the market is served by Yuzhuralnikel (part of Mechel) and Ufaleinikel, exploiting
lateritic nickel deposits in the Urals. Norilsk Nickel is Russia’s largest diversified mining and metals company, the world’s
largest producer of nickel and palladium and one of the world’s largest producers of platinum, rhodium, copper and cobalt.
However, Norilsk Nickel’s revenue in 2008 dropped sharply due largely to the lower nickel and copper prices.
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Bauxite Alumina Aluminium (primary)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
32
Figure 15 Russia’s production of nickel from 1999 to 2008.
Copper
Russia has an estimated 3.6 per cent of the world’s copper reserves and about one per cent of total land-based copper
resources. Russia’s mined copper production reached 705 000 tonnes in 2008, an increase of two per cent compared to
2007. Smelter copper production, by contrast, has been declining since 2005 and refined copper output in 2008 was
862 000 tonnes, a drop of 10 per cent on 2007 (Figure 16).
Figure 16 Russia’s production of copper from 1999 to 2008.
Thou
sand
tonn
es
Copper (mine) Copper (smelter) Copper (refined)
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Thou
sand
tonn
es
Nickel (mine production) Nickel (smelter/refinery)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
33
The leading producers are Norilsk Nickel, Urals Mining and Metallurgical Co (UMMC) and the Russian Copper Co (RMK).
Norilsk Nickel’s copper production was 400 344 tonnes in 2008 representing 46.4 per cent of domestic production. The
UMMC accounted for 39 per cent of domestic copper production.
LLC Lunsin, a Russian subsidiary of Zijing Mining, established a Chinese–Russian joint venture to develop the Kyzyl-
Tashtyg copper–lead–zinc volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit at Tuva. Overall resources amount to
12.9 million tonnes. The mine complex, with a design capacity of one million tonnes per year, is planned to be on-stream
by 2012.
The sediment-hosted copper deposit of Udokan in the Chita region of Siberia is one of the world’s largest undeveloped
copper resources. Economic reserves stand at 1375 million tonnes of ore containing 20 million tonnes of copper and
11 900 tonnes of silver. The deposit could produce 187 000 tonnes of copper annually, equivalent to 15 per cent of
Russian current output. In 2008 Metalloinvest won an investment tender to develop Udokan in partnership with
Rostkhnologii.
Lead and zinc
Russia has about eight per cent and 17 per cent respectively of the world’s lead and zinc reserves. The Russian
Federation produced 60 000 tonnes of mined lead in 2008 and 123 000 tonnes of refined lead, representing increases
compared to 2007 of 25 per cent and 19 per cent respectively. Over the ten-year period from 1999 to 2008 mine
production of lead has increased by more than 300 per cent, and refined lead by 123 per cent (Figure 17). In 2008, Russia
also produced 205 000 tonnes of mined zinc and 263 000 tonnes of slab zinc, representing an increase of
16 per cent in mined output but no change in the output of the refined metal (Figure 17).
Figure 17 Russia’s production of lead and zinc from 1999 to 2008.
Thou
sand
tonn
es
Lead (mine) Lead (refined) Zinc (mine) Zinc (slab)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
34
The largest Russian producer is the Urals Mining and Metallurgical Co. (UMMC) and its Chelyabinsk zinc plant (CZP).
Chelyabinsk Zinc produced 165 000 tonnes zinc in 2008 but with commodity prices falling sharply in the fourth quarter of
2008 produced only 83 200 tonnes in the first nine months of 2009.
There are a number of undeveloped deposits in the country, including Ozernoye and Kholodninskoye in Buryatia which
are controlled by Metropol. Ozernoye has a resource of 157 million tonnes at 5.2 per cent zinc and 1.25 per cent lead
with a total of 4500 tonnes silver and 25 tonnes gold. The mine is to be commissioned in 2012 with a capacity to produce
740 000 tonnes of zinc and 110 000 tonnes of lead concentrates annually. Kholodninskoye has an estimated
13.3 million tonnes and two million tonnes of contained zinc and lead respectively, equivalent to 20 per cent of Russia’s
zinc reserves. It is the world’s third largest known deposit but there are concerns that its development would have
adverse environmental impacts on Lake Baikal.
OJSC Pervaya Gornorudnaya Co. has applied for a mining licence on the Pavlovskoye deposit on Yuzhniy Island, Novaya
Zemlya Archipelago with estimated contained metal resources of 1.9 million tonnes zinc, 0.45 million tonnes lead and
672 tonnes silver. The total resource potential of the Bezymyannyi Orefield (including Pavlovskoye) is 21.4 million tonnes
of lead and zinc.
Gold
Russia has 10.6 per cent of the world’s gold reserves (ranked third). In 2008 Russia produced 172 600 kilograms of
gold, up by 10 per cent from 2007 (Figure 18). Gold output rose by a further 12.2 per cent in the first ten months of 2009
compared with the same period in 2008 spurred on by the surging gold price. The 2009 forecast production is expected to
exceed 190 000 kilograms.
Figure 18 Russia’s production of gold and platinum group metals between 1999 and 2008.
Tonn
es
Gold Platinum Palladium Other platinum group metals
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
35
The latest increase is partly attributed to output from Kinross Gold’s Kupol and Karalveyem mines in the Chukotka region
and also to an increase in gold produced as a by-product which rose to 13 000 kilograms in the first three quarters of
2009. Krasnoyarsk was the biggest gold producing region, and the Olympiada mine in Krasnoyarsk the biggest producer,
followed by the regions of Chukotka, Amur, Sakha-Yakutia and Khabarovsk. Placer deposits currently contribute about
40 per cent of annual production. They contain 18 per cent of the country’s gold reserves but have been significantly
depleted, and most placer operations are unlikely to survive beyond 2011. More than half of Russia’s hard rock gold
resources occur in the Maiskoye, Natalkinskoe, Nezhdaninskoe, Olympiada, and Sukhoi Log deposits in Siberia and the
Russian Far East.
Polyus Zoloto, the largest gold producer which owns Olympiada amongst other mines, produced 37 320 kilograms of
refined gold in 2008. Output has remained virtually unchanged for many years but with the commissioning of the
six million tonnes per year Blagodatnoye mine Polyus expects to raise output to 46 655 kilograms in 2010 from the
40 434 kilograms planned in 2009. Further projected output increases to 56 000 kilograms in 2011 and 59 000 kilograms
in 2012 will be followed by a significant jump to 71 540 kilograms of gold in 2013 with the start-up of the 10 million
tonnes per year Natalka mine in the Magadan region. Natalka has proven and probable reserves of 12 440 kilograms of
gold. Polyus Zoloto plans to increase production at this mine to 29 million tonnes per year by 2017 and 40 million tonnes
per year, with a gold output of 40 430 kilograms, by 2022.
In 2008 Polyus signed a 51:49 joint venture agreement with Kinross Gold to develop its Nezhdaninskoye gold deposit
in Yakutia. This is one of the largest deposits in Russia with a resource of about 681 000 kilograms of gold. Kinross
Gold’s Kupol gold–silver mine in Chukotka started production in 2008 with a yield of 16 702 kilograms of gold and
171 000 kilograms of silver.
Petropavlovsk increased gold production in 2008 to 12 242 kilograms mostly from the Pokrovsky and newly commissioned
Pioneer deposits in the Amur region. Petropavlovsk gold production increased to 9377 kilograms for the first nine months
of 2009 (a 29 per cent increase on a similar period in 2008), largely due to a doubling of production at the Pioneer mine.
The Malomir Project is on track for commissioning in the second half of 2010 and Albyn is expected to start at the
end of 2011. Highland Gold (Barrick Gold Corp), which produced 5120 kilograms in 2008, increased its reserves at the
Taseeevsky deposit in Transbaikalia to 110 900 kilograms gold.
Platinum group metals
Russia has 8.7 per cent of the world’s reserves of platinum group metals (PGMs). It is one of the world’s largest producers
of PGMs and supplies 70 per cent of the global palladium, 20 per cent of platinum and a substantial amount of rhodium.
In 2008 Russia produced 25 000 kilograms platinum, up nine per cent on 2007, and 87 700 kilograms of palladium, down
nine per cent on the previous year (Figure 18). Compared to 1999, Russia’s production of platinum in 2008 was 79 per cent
higher, while its output of palladium was 49 per cent lower (Figure 18).
There are three producers of platinum group metals in Russia: Norilsk Nickel, Koryakgeoldobycha and Artel Amur. Norilsk
Nickel accounts for more than 97 per cent of palladium output and more than 80 per cent of the platinum production. Its
mines produced 84 000 kilograms of palladium and nearly 20 000 kilograms of platinum in 2008.
36
Barrick Gold (who own 79 per cent) and OJSC Pana (21 per cent) are to develop the Fyodorova Tundra deposit in the
Murmansk region which contains 100 million tonnes at 0.35 grams per tonne platinum, 1.4 grams per tonne palladium,
0.09 grams per tonne gold, 0.078 per cent nickel and 0.126 per cent copper. Measured and indicated resources stand at
35 000 kilograms of platinum and 159 000 kilograms of palladium. PGM production was planned to commence in 2012
but in August 2009 Barrick announced temporary suspension of this plan.
Silver
Russia has the largest silver reserves in the world, located in the Far East, in the Urals, at Rudnyi Altai, in the Norilsk
mining district and newly emerging silver province in Verkhoyansk in Yakutia. Silver is largely produced as a by-product
from gold, copper and nickel operations. Mined production of silver stood at 1 300 000 kilograms in 2008 with little
variation over the past five years. Exports of silver rose 62 per cent to 2 103 000 kilograms compared with 2007.
Polymetal JSC is the largest silver producer in Russia at 535 000 kilograms of silver in 2008 and ranks as fourth largest
silver producing company in the world. Polymetal has mining operations based on deposits at the Vorontsovskoye gold
mine in Sverdlovsk, at Dukat, Arylakh and the Lunnoye silver deposit in Magaden and the Khakandzha gold–silver
deposit in Khabarovsk. The largest silver deposits are Dukat and Arylakh epithermal deposits which contain around
20 per cent of Russia’s total reserves. In 2008 Polymetal acquired the Kubaka-Birkachan and Degtyarskoye gold deposits
and is to acquire the Goltsovoye silver deposit in Magaden. In 2009 it acquired the Sopka Kvartsevaya–Oroch gold
deposits. These new deposits are expected to be brought on line in 2010.
Diamonds
Russia currently has an estimated 6.9 per cent of the global diamond reserves but remains the world’s largest diamond
producer by volume, and second largest by value after Botswana (with about 25 per cent of world’s rough diamond supply
by value). Russia’s diamond production for 2008 was 36.9 million carats valued at about US$2.5 billion. This compares
with 38.4 million carats in 2007 and represents a decline of 3.6 per cent by volume and 4.8 per cent by value. Output fell
due to shrinking demand and a 30–50 per cent drop in prices. Prior to this, output had remained fairly constant since 2004
but had increased significantly since 1999 (Figure 19). Rough diamond exports totalled 24.5 million carats, a decline of
15 per cent by volume and 21 per cent by value compared to 2007. During the first half of 2009, diamond production
increased by nearly 18.5 million carats or 4.6 per cent in terms of both carats and value compared 2008.
Alrosa (Almazy-Rossii-Sakha) accounts for 97 per cent of all Russia’s rough diamond production and is also active in
diamond mining in Angola and Namibia. Alrosa’s Russian diamond mining operations include Anabar (placer deposits),
Mirny, Mirna, Jubilee and Udachny (or Udachnaya) in the Malaya-Botuobiya and Daldyn kimberlite fields in the Sakha
Republic of East Siberia.
Alrosa is constructing three underground diamond mines at Mir, Aikhal and Udachny with an aggregate capacity of six
million tonnes per year. Their construction was necessitated with the closure of surface operations at Mir mine in 2001
and the near-end life of the other open pit operations. The Mir underground operation in Mirny, Yakutia, was officially
commissioned in August 2009. Aikhal underground mine will reach full production capacity of 500 000 tonnes per year
in 2012. Udachny, the largest diamond deposit in Russia and one of the largest in the world will switch to underground
37
operations in 2010. In 2011 the first start-up facility with a design capacity of 500 000 tonnes per year is scheduled to
commence operation and in 2014 the mine will be producing at design capacity of four million tonnes per year.
Figure 19 Russia’s production of diamonds between 1999 and 2008.
Exploration and feasibility studies are being conducted by Alrosa on five kimberlite pipes at the Lomonosov deposit near
Arkhangelskgeoldobycha and by Archangel Diamond Corporation (ADC) of Canada on diamondiferous kimberlites in the
Verkhotina area in the Arkhangelsk region.
Uranium
Russia produced 3521 tonnes of mined uranium in 2008, an increase of three per cent compared to 2007. It is ranked as
the fifth largest producer and accounts for eight per cent of annual world production. In 2007 the country was known to
have 546 000 tonnes of uranium reserves, equivalent to 10 per cent of the world total.
Uranium mining in Russia is conducted entirely by the corporation JSC TVEL’s ore mining enterprises. Current production
is from open pit mining at Priargunsky in the Chita region and by in situ underground leaching (ISR mines) at Dalur
(Dolmatovskoye) in the Kurgan region and Khiagda in Buryatia. The annual output of Priargunsky for the last five years
amounts to 3000 tonnes or more than 90 per cent of total production. Construction of Mine No. 6 at the Priargunsky
deposit has been started to increase ore production. The Dalur and Khiagda enterprises have planned to increase
capacity by 15–20 per cent annually to produce 1000 tonnes by 2010 and 2012 respectively.
The ‘TVEL Uranium’ programme includes planned exploitation of the Argunskoye uranium–molybdenum deposit with
the objective of increasing total production to 4300 tonnes of uranium in 2010. The Khiagda enterprise is developing the
Khiagdinskoye deposit in Buryatiya using in situ leaching.
Mill
ion
cara
ts
Diamonds
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
38
To meet the growing domestic demand Russia plans to raise imports to 7000–8000 tonnes annually by 2010. At the same
time it intends to expand its uranium resource base and increase annual production sixfold by 2020. One target is the
Aldansky ore district in South Yakutia with resources of more than 200 000 tonnes of uranium.
Coal
Russia has the second largest recoverable reserves of coal behind the USA, estimated at up to 200 billion tonnes. It is
the fifth largest coal producer in the world and the main producer of steam coal. In 2008 Russia produced 326 million
tonnes of coal and has seen a steady increase since 1999, averaging just over three per cent per year (Figure 20).
Figure 20 Russia’s production of coal and oil between 1999 and 2008.
According to the government Russia should produce between 441 million tonnes and 496 million tonnes of coal per year
by 2020. However, at current rates of investment coal production capacity by the year 2020 would be around 375 million
tonnes per year.
SIbUgleMet, which owns Mezhdurechye, Polosukhinskaya, Antonovskaya, Bolshevik coal mines, currently has two mines
(Yuzhnaya and Sibirskaya) under construction that are expected to be commissioned in 2010.
Crude petroleum
Russian crude oil production amounted to 488 million tonnes in 2008, comparable to 2007, although this is still an
increase of 60 per cent compared to 1999 (Figure 20). Of this output 221.6 million tonnes was exported. Proven oil
reserves stood at nearly 11 billion tonnes in January 2008.
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Coal Crude petroleum
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
39
Lukoil is Russia’s largest oil producer. As of January 2009 it had proven reserves of two billion tonnes of oil, equivalent
to 1.3 per cent of global reserves, and 821 billion cubic metres of gas. Oil production and growth is centred in the
traditional oil-producing regions of West Siberia, the North Caucasus, and the Volga region and in new oil and gas
provinces in the north European Timan–Pechora region, in eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East and in the North Caspian
region.
New field developments of the Middle Caspian project at Kurmangazy (Lukoil Co); the Komsomolskoye and the
Vankorskoye projects (Rosneft Oil Co.); the Prirazlomnoye project (Gazprom); the Sakhalin Island projects: the West
Salymskoye project (Shell JV); and the Timan Pechora project (Lukoil and ConocoPhillips) should compensate for
production decreases at older fields.
Russia’s majority state-owned Transneft, which transports 93 per cent of all crude oil extracted from Russia, completed
the East Siberian–Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline to the Chinese border in 2009 which will enable Russia to send
15 million tonnes per year of crude oil directly to China.
Natural gas
Russia is estimated to have between 27 and 35 per cent of the global reserves of natural gas. It is the world’s largest
natural gas producer accounting for 21 per cent of the world’s total output. Its natural gas production in 2008 reached
664 000 million cubic metres, an increase of two per cent on 2007 and 18 per cent compared to 1999. Output is
expected to reach between 680 000 million cubic metres and 730 000 million cubic metres by 2020. These gas
production goals are to be achieved by development in the traditional gas-producing regions in East Siberia, in the
Russian Far East, in the European North, in the Arctic Sea and on the Yamal Peninsula.
Natural gas accounts for 55 per cent of Russia’s domestic energy consumption and almost all the country’s natural gas
production is under state-owned Gazprom. Three major fields in Western Siberia–Medvezh’ye, Urengoy and Yamburg–
account for 70 per cent of Gazprom’s production, but these fields are in decline. Much of Russia’s natural gas production
growth is expected to come from independent gas companies such as Itera, Northgaz and Novatek.
The Yamal Pensinsula in North West Siberia has ample natural gas resources and is expected to provide an annual
production increase of 360 000 million cubic metres by 2030, sufficient to meet domestic demand and to double the size
of its exports from current levels. In 2008 Gazprom began construction of a pipeline to connect the Bovanenkovo field,
the largest on the Yamal Peninsula to the existing pipeline infrastructure.
Two other major natural gas projects are also underway around Sakhalin Island and in the Shtokman field in the Barents
Sea. The Sakhalin Island fields began producing in 2007; a second phase of development which will be exported as LNG
is expected to reach its full capacity of 9.6 million tonnes per year in 2010. The Shtokman field is scheduled to begin
producing 23 800 million cubic metres per year in 2013 with additional supplies of LNG anticipated in 2014.
In 2009 Russia signed contracts that will make China Gazprom’s biggest customer for natural gas.
40
Key Information sources
en.tuvaonline.ru/2008/08/03/1500_Lunsin.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining-Industry-of-Russia/
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html
gold.prime-tass.com/bulletin/reviews/
Grishayev, S I, and Petrov, I M. 2008. The ratio of primary and secondary raw material in non-ferrous metal production in
Russia. www.geoinform.ru
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/
www.asianews.it/ (October 2009)
www.diamondintelligence.com/magazine/
www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/nat-gas.html
www.gold.org/news/2009/story/13538/russia_sees122 percent_surge_in_gold_production/
www.highbeam.com/doc/
www.interfax.com/3/530640/news.aspx
www.israelidiamond.co.il/english/News/
www.mineweb.com/mineweb/
www.nornik.ru/en/press/news/
www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/
www.reuters.com/article/company/News/
www.russiancoal.com/coalminingrussia/briefrussia.html
www.russiaprofile.org/resources/business/russiancompanies/
www.rusal.ru/en/Default.aspx
www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf23.html
Yakubchuk, A. 2009. Russia meets crisis head on. Mining Journal September 2009, 18–25.
41
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* 30
000
000 44 * 000 44 *
000 44 * 000 44 *
004 44 004 44
... ...
... ...
sennot ero esenagna
M 000 05 *
000 05 * 000 05 *
000 05 * 000 05 *
000 05 * 000 05 *
000 05 * 000 05 *
... s
margolik yrucre
M 000 01 *
000 21 * 000 11 *
000 9 * 474 8
360 01 951 9
000 01 * 000 01 *
000 01 * sennot
aciM
M
olyb
denu
m, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 4
800
3
700
4
800
4
800
4
800
4
800
4
800
4
800
*
4 80
0 *
4 80
0 N
ephe
line
syen
ite (g
) to
nnes
8
59 0
00
814
000
9
60 0
00
1 0
21 5
76
1 0
14 2
79
1 02
3 25
7 *
1 00
0 00
0 *
1 00
0 00
0 *
1 00
0 00
0 *
1 00
0 00
0 N
icke
l, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 2
61 8
00
266
000
2
72 8
00
267
300
2
91 0
00
315
000
3
15 0
00
320
000
2
79 8
00
277
000
N
icke
l, sm
elte
r/ref
iner
y to
nnes
2
38 0
00
221
000
2
48 0
00
243
000
2
60 0
00
265
500
2
73 7
00
278
600
2
69 8
00
256
500
000 54 * 000 54 *
000 54 * 000 54 *
000 54 * 000 54 *
000 54 * 000 54 *
000 54 * 000 54 *
sennot etilre
P
000 000 184 000 000 074
000 000 954 000 000 124
000 000 083 000 000 843
000 000 323 000 000 503
sennot
muelorteP edur
C
491
000
000
4
88 0
00 0
00
m noillim
sag larutaN
3 5
63 0
00
555
000
5
51 0
00
561
000
5
81 0
00
633
000
6
41 0
00
656
000
6
53 0
00
664
000
639 01
008 218 01 004 713 11
003 54 3 11 006 270 11
000 367 01 000 884 01
000 045 01 000 065 01
sennot kcor etahpsoh
P50
0 9
810
200
P
latin
um g
roup
met
als
P
latin
um
kilo
gram
s (m
etal
con
tent
) (a
) 14
000
(a) 3
5 80
0 (a
) 40
400
(a) 3
0 50
0 2
7 40
0 *
28 0
00
29
000
29
000
23
000
25
000
P
alla
dium
ki
logr
ams
(met
al c
onte
nt)
(a) 1
71 1
00
(a) 1
61 7
00
(a) 1
35 0
00
(a) 6
0 00
0 9
2 00
0 9
7 00
0 9
7 40
0 9
8 40
0 9
6 80
0 8
7 70
0
Oth
er
kilo
gram
s (m
etal
con
tent
) *
13 4
00
* 14
100
*
14 5
00
* 14
500
*
15 0
00
* 15
000
*
15 5
00
* 15
600
*
14 5
00
* 14
500
P
otas
h to
nnes
(K2O
con
tent
) 4
050
000
3
716
000
4
257
600
4
431
600
4
653
300
5
599
100
6
265
600
5
274
100
6
373
100
5
935
400
000 008 1 000 002 2
000 008 2 000 007 2
000 009 2 000 008 2 *
000 008 2 * 000 008 2 *
000 071 3 000 081 3
sennot tla
S 011 *
011 011
001 58
18 06
84 14
04 sennot
latem
muineleS
S
ilver
(b)
kilo
gram
s (m
etal
con
tent
) 3
80 0
00
* 40
0 00
0 *
400
000
* 40
0 00
0 *
700
000
1 2
76 9
00
* 1
350
000
* 1
250
000
* 1
200
000
* 1
300
000
Sul
phur
and
pyr
ites
Pyr
ites
tonn
es (s
ulph
ur c
onte
nt)
307
000
4
04 0
00
324
000
2
61 0
00
357
000
2
86 0
00
304
000
1
98 0
00
210
000
1
61 0
00
R
ecov
ered
(c)
tonn
es (s
ulph
ur c
onte
nt)
4 4
43 2
84
4 9
48 2
98
5 2
39 5
15
5 5
89 9
69
5 8
04 7
40
5 9
09 9
58
6 3
01 0
00
6 3
46 0
00
6 3
72 0
00
6 5
13 0
00
R
ecov
ered
(d)
tonn
es (s
ulph
ur c
onte
nt)
510
000
4
38 0
00
458
000
4
58 0
00
523
000
5
72 0
00
640
000
7
38 0
00
790
000
7
52 0
00
S
ulph
ur o
re
tonn
es (s
ulph
ur c
onte
nt)
6 1
51
9 6
30
13
216
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 000 051 *
000 051 * 000 051 *
000 051 * 831 451
888 921 148 39
546 111 945 501
096 701 sennot
claT
Tin,
min
e (e
) to
nnes
(met
al c
onte
nt)
5 2
00
6 6
00
5 5
00
4 30
0 3
700
3 0
00
2 5
00
2 6
00
2 5
00
1 5
00 007 1
003 3 007 3
007 3 002 4
007 3 511 5
960 5 002 5
000 4 sennot
retlems ,niT
Tu
ngst
en, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) *
3 50
0 *
3 50
0 *
3 50
0 *
3 40
0 *
3 90
0 *
2 80
0 *
2 90
0 *
2 90
0 *
3 20
0 *
3 20
0 U
rani
um, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) *
2 00
0 *
2 00
0 *
2 50
0 2
900
3
150
3
280
3
431
3
262
3
413
3
521
V
anad
ium
, min
e to
nnes
(met
al c
onte
nt)
* 7
000
...
...
30
306
18
099
24
277
* 24
000
*
24 0
00
* 25
000
*
27 0
00 000 03 *
000 03 * 000 03 *
000 03 * 000 03 *
000 04 * 000 52 *
000 52 * 000 52 *
000 52 * sennot
etilucimre
V Zinc
, min
e to
nnes
(met
al c
onte
nt)
132
000
1
36 0
00
164
000
1
62 0
00
159
000
1
61 7
00
186
000
1
78 0
00
177
000
2
05 0
00 000 362
000 362 000 842
000 112 000 932
000 352 000 752
000 942 520 142
013 132 sennot
cniz balS
Zi
rcon
ium
min
eral
s (f)
to
nnes
6
200
6
300
*
6 50
0 *
6 50
0 *
6 60
0 *
5 50
0 *
6 70
0 *
7 50
0 *
7 13
6 *
7 00
0
N
ote(
s):-
(a)
Sal
es fr
om m
ine
prod
uctio
n an
d st
ocks
(b
) S
mel
ter a
nd/o
r ref
iner
y pr
oduc
tion
(c)
From
pet
role
um re
finin
g an
d/or
nat
ural
gas
(d
) O
ther
(e
) M
etal
(f)
In
clud
ing
cald
asite
rock
con
tain
ing
zirc
on a
nd b
adde
leyi
te
(g)
Nep
helin
e co
ncen
trate
s
Tabl
e 6
Min
eral
pro
duct
ion
in R
ussi
a fro
m 1
999
to 2
008.
43
Rus
sia
cont
inue
d
Expo
rts
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
P
rimar
y ag
greg
ates
to
nnes
6
61 7
07
726
020
3
91 8
26
207
457
4
14 8
90
406
228
3
32 8
56
315
171
7
98 0
25
314
144
B
auxi
te, a
lum
ina
& a
lum
iniu
m
941 2 955 2
814 2 084
394 364
188 977 5
996 41 394 062
sennot etixua
B
882 32 000 51 *)a(
217 22 355 53
003 26 388 34
414 1 794 4
969 58 506 241
sennot ani
mulA
172
493 1 848
843 1 221 2
295 5 239 2
627 3 058 1
359 3 sennot
etardyh animul
A
41 666 2
037 763 2 618 639 2
154 425 2 539 695 2
342 005 2 030 672 2
082 935 2 712 265 2
709 836 2 s ennot
thguorwn
U
2
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
4
76 7
70
632
410
5
56 3
21
513
143
6
39 8
42
850
167
8
70 6
97
1 1
13 4
26
898
819
7
62 1
52 55
901 421
482 5 444
532 825 1
000 181 *)a( 003 143 *)a(
006 205 *)a( sennot
parcS
Ant
imon
y
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
1
000
(a
)* 8
00
398
8
670
1
5 86
1 9
069
6
460
6
463
8
929
5
55 176
603 1 6
3 111 1
401 332 1
266 09 *)a(
072 *)a( sennot
lateM
47
039 482
846 604
443 09
271 341
79 sennot
edixO
Asb
esto
s
Unm
anuf
actu
red
tonn
es
261
138
3
32 4
17
340
397
3
70 9
29
450
031
5
54 4
28
610
757
6
32 4
59
644
986
6
57 0
34 355 5
808 6 963 6
731 4 219 4
637 3 356 4
002 2 *)a( 008 1 *)a(
009 3 *)a( sennot
setyraB
B
ento
nite
& fu
ller’s
ear
th
504 11 846 01
979 7 127 4
703 5 426 5
895 5 159 7
889 9 153 1
sennot etinotne
B
... ...
072 363
623 06
611 351
47 88
sennot htrae s'relluF
Bis
mut
h 01
0 1
684 0
0 22
—
—
11 sennot
lateM
Cad
miu
m
586 373
404 535
395 006
822 2 022 1 *)a(
045 *)a( 072 *)a(
sennot late
M
C
emen
t 740 23
327 112 064 024
557 447 061 595
199 073 242 793
198 906 597 076
627 595 sennot
sreknilc tneme
C
64
295 456 1 805 287 2
230 103 2 630 396 1
063 676 1 246 544 1
530 227 1 956 943 1
701 642 1 sennot
tnemec dnaltro
P
5 12
5 159 2 861 3
601 4 830 4
410 3 710 4
867 4 882 5
918 4 043 4
sennot tne
mec rehtO
Chr
omiu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
972
(a
)* 2
00
(a)*
200
(a
)* 6
00
235
(a
)* 1
(a
)* 2
00
540
7
30
871
532 01 122 31
842 01 603 9
333 11 536 8
374 7 909 4
321 6 060 6
sennot late
M
C
oal
1 529 8 480 826 8
425 424 8 348 144 8
826 290 7 227 399 4
44 9 348 2 429 412 2
374 964 2 339 585 1
sennot eticarhtn
A
30
63 98 183 929 28
317 312 17 623 886 46
770 706 45 521 563 04
147 611 93 192 191 14
892 166 52 sennot
laoc drah rehtO
4
339
88
514
792 192 716
025 385 299 835
570 225 271 513
991 211 149 57
336 491 099 152
518 621 sennot
etingiL
461 791
608 1 341 5
913 8 176 11
092 3 112 9
935 860 21
sennot setteuqir
B
C
obal
t 100 21
418 9 494 6
615 6 364 6
148 5 439 4
053 8 394 8
631 9 sennot
lateM
95
713 847
424 304
819 497
415 562 1
130 1 sennot
sedixO
Cop
per
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
26
182
25
161
8 8
53
11
606
3 6
34
71
349
96
292
1 7
68
10
617
7 9
75 591 302
979 282 449 862
515 803 719 733
496 704 495 815
719 795 879 746
051 046 sennot
thguorwn
U
984 2 244
135 3 299 1
989 1 336 1
003 5 009 24 *)a(
009 17 *)a( 005 132 *)a(
sennot parc
S
D
iam
ond
913 190 71 025 197 91
551 061 2 2 386 010 32
737 025 81 741 831 41
005 086 71 585 171 32
... ...
starac hguor ,
meG
448 482 7
234 946 3 568 297 21
233 673 41 205 305 41
566 035 32 723 003 91
887 675 43 ...
... starac
lairtsudnI
273 544
003 391
982 365
062 822
704 852
sennot eti
motaiD
Tabl
e 7
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Rus
sia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8(c
ontin
ued)
.
44
Rus
sia
expo
rts c
ontin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C 600 53
941 53 215 63
441 24 208 33
494 62 824 91
096 61 631 21
364 8 sennot
rapsdleF 550 5
498 5 409 7
180 2 152 1
799 357
923 3 047 4
769 2 sennot
rapsroulF
Gol
d
001 5 * 002 91 *
003 92 * 009 45 *
006 95 * 000 74 *
003 22 * 009 22 *
008 42 * 002 92 *
smargolik
)a( lateM
855
682 1 251 1
441 1 263 1
940 2 383 1
840 1 075 1
799 sennot
etihparG
G
ypsu
m
C
rude
& c
alci
ned
tonn
es
4 6
74
7 3
12
13
641
22
999
25
135
36
589
48
025
53
676
33
631
14
818 928
897 11 332 6
601 72 441 73
251 9 217 41
714 74 000 101
000 58 s
margolik enidoI
2
996 105 52 439 048 22
685 302 81 309 889 61
650 675 61 580 930 31
259 459 31 800 422 91
411 148 01 sennot
ero norI2
526
647
Iron,
ste
el &
ferr
o-al
loys
844 172 5
546 336 5 981 249 5
690 231 5 410 304 5
589 595 4 829 480 4
687 494 3 648 375 3
343 418 2 sennot
nori giP
S
pong
e &
pow
der
tonn
es
403
183
4
81 8
95
662
723
1
200
740
1
071
800
1
316
721
1
339
460
1
212
086
1
144
162
2
297
005
341 563 166 743
358 813 074 914
181 2 72 213 002
754 311 258 511
694 161 278 851
sennot e
morhc-orreF
Ferr
o-si
lico-
chro
me
tonn
es
12
634
6 3
46
...
1 8
40
3 8
44
8 1
85
13
890
7 7
65
12
063
3 6
60
Fe
rro-
man
gane
se
tonn
es
1 8
74
3 0
62
2 6
96
779
1
6 30
1 2
5 53
2 1
9 71
3 1
1 50
7 1
14 6
07
40
554
Fe
rro-
silic
o-m
anga
nese
to
nnes
6
235
8
164
9
473
1
9 90
0 8
062
5
6 34
8 3
5 69
6 6
347
1
0 50
1 9
945
Ferr
o-m
olyb
denu
m
tonn
es
381
3
4 2
9 6
6 1
73
1 1
60
1 3
81
4 6
98
5 3
12
4 2
49 930 51
787 72 878 82
955 42 152 41
777 8 271 4
373 2 186 4
314 3 sennot
lekcin-orreF
609 192 725 513
831 213 686 262
541 252 115 262
690 712 559 212
712 391 599 991
sennot nocilis-orreF
Fe
rro-
titan
ium
& fe
rro-
silic
o-tit
aniu
m
tonn
es
15
566
14
197
12
826
18
926
16
664
20
728
23
200
18
952
17
982
16
448 791 3
969 5 740 6
769 7 176 8
767 5 838 4
867 6 209 5
136 4 sennot
muidanav-orreF
O
ther
ferr
o-al
loys
to
nnes
2
144
1
307
1
690
3
180
6
956
2
622
4
929
4
929
3
782
1
374
360 82 992 52
568 52 561 42
937 72 876 33
458 84 631 35
205 44 264 33
sennot late
m nociliS
In
gots
, blo
oms,
bill
ets
tonn
es
13
560
521
12
677
967
13
188
222
12
517
441
11
416
149
13
414
022
14
308
287
14
864
566
14
759
594
15
668
019 926 530 6
206 519 7 096 336 9
432 156 21 906 718 21
797 789 6 727 567 5
908 817 5 498 128 6
727 365 7 sennot
parcS
927
419 734 1
704 783 1
282 1 774 1
412 1 050 1
332 1 sennot
niloaK
Le
ad
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
21
006
19
321
16
688
29
558
28
148
34
396
51
376
55
595
74
743
119
995
724 37 867 17
660 34 179 21
759 81 240 3
195 4 006 82 *)a(
006 95 *)a( 006 42 *)a(
sennot thguor
wnU
...
... ...
... ...
... ...
787 670 3
014 4 sennot
parcS
Lith
ium
08
032 023
016 2 638 1
204 1 481 1
204 1 330 1
726 sennot
sedixO
Mag
nesi
te &
mag
nesi
a to
nnes
1
61 8
14
200
888
1
90 4
88
172
454
1
73 8
77
245
827
2
52 3
73
281
718
3
18 8
39
295
969
M
anga
nese
006 5 *
003 2 * 009 2 *
009 * 004 *
008 2 * 002 1 *
005 2 * 003 5 *
001 2 * sennot
)a( lateM
91 *)a( 000 66 *)a(
000 841 *)a( 005 469
smargolik
yrucreM
000
99
187
(a)*
43
000
99
939
216
632
3
42 7
30
9 8
93 860 2
818 3 363 2
067 1 835 1
044 1 651 1
090 1 828
037 sennot
aciM
M
olyb
denu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
10
941
9 2
97
9 3
73
10
500
9 2
35
8 3
48
5 8
89
2 4
67
228
1
8 34 35
34 341
95 07
181 383
553 965
sennot late
M
8 616 833
968 957 241 436 940 051
260 253 941 868 988 801
170 035 201 000 006 521 *
899 671 921 718 723 383
sennot sag laruta
N10
4
51 3
25 8
91
Nic
kel
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
250
1
648
3
756
...
...
...
...
2
2
25
106
456
Mat
tes,
sin
ters
etc
. to
nnes
(a
)* 1
6 20
0 (a
)* 1
8 40
0 (a
)* 1
3 70
0 1
8 10
1 8
340
1
392
...
...
5
2 5
556
888 232 459 332
911 732 259 142
775 042 730 822
795 172 059 281
484 881 844 702
sennot thguor
wnU
U
nwro
ught
allo
ys
tonn
es
3 8
37
8 4
69
6 7
40
9 6
80
9 9
07
10
833
19
712
22
711
21
637
20
110 009 5 *
000 8 * 004 8 *
001 8 * 000 7 *
001 4 * 005 5 *
004 7 * 005 7 *
004 5 * sennot
)a( parcS
— 91
67 04
33 41
88 25
33 053
sennot sedix
O
Tabl
e 7
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Rus
sia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8(c
ontin
ued)
.
45
Rus
sia
expo
rts c
ontin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C
227 835 722 821 052 432
237 118 932 164 225 802
000 001 951 000 009 741
000 414 441 000 545 431
sennot
muelortep edurC
2
38 5
42 3
48
221
639
174
38 1
765 213 2 810 842 2
803 777 2 936 847 2
538 821 3 910 442 3
046 960 3 063 997 3
414 074 4 sennot
kcor etahpsohP
1 65
5 P
latin
um g
roup
met
als
P
latin
um &
pla
tinum
met
als
kilo
gram
s ...
(a
)* 1
78 1
00
(a)*
123
400
(a
)* 4
74 0
00
(a)*
172
000
(a
)* 1
71 7
00
(a)*
200
400
14
1 69
8 1
18 3
45
337
414
Was
te &
scr
ap (a
) ki
logr
ams
* 17
900
*
25 9
00
* 70
200
*
3 40
0 *
32 3
00
* 7
500
* 33
300
*
23 2
00
* 3
100
* 2
700
Pot
ash
... ...
034 23 490 11
787 8 222 7
755 6 379 7
006 6 226 5
sennot stlas resilitreF
308 37
137 611 331 87
295 58 544 98
495 571 787 101
000 47 *)a( 000 89 *)a(
000 77 *)a( sennot
etahpluS
405 185 9
509 315 9 591 829 7
415 876 3 614 594 7
049 573 6 207 205 5
566 888 5 006 096 4
653 694 5 sennot
edirolhC
O
ther
pot
assi
c fe
rtilis
ers
tonn
es
259
6
1 4
0 6
6
2
3 1
21
13
1 2
43
4 6
77
Rar
e ea
rths
Rar
e ea
rth c
ompo
unds
to
nnes
...
2
495
1
330
1
765
2
275
3
490
4
675
7
004
6
674
6
075
287 73 879 32
463 81 473 61
155 32 412 91
922 12 189 32
034 32 901 32
sennot tla
S
Silv
er
09 401 2 * 004 162 1 *
007 869 * 006 330 2 *
002 820 1 * 000 845 *
001 721 * 000 551 *
001 652 * 000 024 *
smargolik
)a( lateM
0
Sul
phur
& p
yrite
s 554 32
386 41 782 71
580 51 639 8
049 11 010 21
080 21 311 41
122 61 sennot
setiryP
677 622 3
992 766 4 217 012 3
977 317 3 975 591 4
636 800 4 643 352 3
529 445 1 936 011 3
475 246 2 sennot
ruhpluS
761 2
324 2 496 1
365 1 393 1
865 1 849
083 1 200 1
237 sennot
claT
Tant
alum
& n
iobi
um
7 51
4 82
2
— 2
51 21
6 sennot
mulatnaT
Tin
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
4 3
15
3 2
41
727
...
...
2
0 1
21
...
...
20 483
667 283
330 1 006
316 687 1
637 1 747 1
297 sennot
)b( thguorwn
U
Ti
tani
um
212 32 845 42
436 62 650 22
802 32 446 71
919 51 508 91
130 51 815 41
sennot late
M
Tu
ngst
en
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
4 6
39
4 9
06
3 0
64
3 1
76
4 2
40
4 2
17
4 2
19
4 8
09
4 7
26
3 9
52 06
13 13
09 711
02 32
731 403
633 sennot
lateM
Van
adiu
m
534 6 061 4
084 5 727 3
962 3 708 2
483 7 672 7
134 8 836 7
sennot edixotne
P
... ...
15 301
04 64
73 73
25 53
sennot late
M
Zi
nc
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
46
092
52
180
52
151
62
762
42
746
42
323
60
332
15
531
38
166
8 0
81 875 09
008 88 525 57
979 84 688 401
843 48 048 211
430 311 861 711
291 811 sennot
)b( thguorwn
U
006 2 * 002 *
004 * 008 *
003 * 004 *
000 1 * 005 *
000 2 * 001 3 *
sennot )a( parc
S
Zi
rcon
ium
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
3
969
5
316
6
898
5
007
5
045
8
108
7
415
7
465
7
391
6
624
01 22
03 94
85 77
781 912
343 04
sennot late
M
N
ote(
s):-
(a)
BG
S e
stim
ates
, bas
ed o
n kn
own
impo
rts in
to c
erta
in c
ount
ries
(b)
Incl
udin
g al
loys
Tabl
e 7
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Rus
sia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8.
46
Rus
sia
cont
inue
d
Impo
rts
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
P
rimar
y ag
greg
ates
to
nnes
4
02 4
30
1 9
19 1
98
3 9
40 1
10
4 7
12 3
87
5 7
51 3
78
5 3
53 5
79
5 8
16 2
92
9 0
59 6
76
11
958
070
14
925
258
Bau
xite
, alu
min
a &
alu
min
ium
934 23
094 94 024 42
591 121 570 99
249 292 026 853
167 423 156 992
000 85 sennot
etixuaB
766 342 5
529 166 4 450 562 4
445 493 4 419 549 3
895 797 3 277 636 3
609 586 3 160 077 3
878 518 3 sennot
animul
A
224 93 122 37
995 96 992 63
404 21 860 2
332 2 352 02
720 07 849 92
sennot etardyh ani
mulA
591 01
261 262 1
952 363
104 1 479 3
525 74 064 911
612 56 sennot
thguorwn
U
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
3
3 28
6 3
4 33
2 2
0 97
9 2
8 61
7 4
2 73
8 3
6 12
9 1
6 86
1 1
6 35
5 1
6 06
0 1
4 56
1 053 2 029 1
876 1 538
5 702
113 181
151 595
sennot parc
S
A
ntim
ony
599 980 1
851 612
013 815
863 833 1
473 1 032 1
sennot late
M
529 895
519 36
732 181
893 658
046 473
sennot edix
O
A
rsen
ic
56 01
12 01
81 61
03 ...
... ...
sennot cinesra cillate
M
A
sbes
tos
U
nman
ufac
ture
d to
nnes
2
3 85
3 2
7 25
9 3
4 30
3 1
1 83
1 1
156
3
34
585
...
5
...
193 74 807 43
187 82 456 91
625 72 294 12
545 92 282 52
011 12 748 43
sennot setyra
B
Ben
toni
te &
fulle
r’s e
arth
707 601
849 321 476 111
526 001 153 48
062 26 258 45
192 721 574 941
980 671 sennot
etinotneB
...
... 461 3
139 3 210 3
283 3 321 2
988 2 301 1
638 sennot
htrae s'relluF
B
ism
uth
11 7
5 21
21 ...
51 04
03 63
sennot late
M
C
adm
ium
—
0 95
042 144
021
—
— 2
—
sennot late
M
C
emen
t 168 837
602 232 276 411
335 171 910 56
551 84
…
… 677 21
776 5 sennot
sreknilc tneme
C
344 732 7 313 002 2
913 635 177 551
179 801 273 18
578 78 005 85
052 24 589 62
sennot tne
mec dnaltroP
900 81
199 11 609 91
092 93 572 71
330 2 766 2
868 1 595 3
723 3 sennot
rehtO
Chr
omiu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
625
538
7
14 3
22
600
337
5
89 5
84
745
589
8
44 0
66
911
435
8
98 2
30
989
404
1
112
030
38 662
702 28
212 913
267 745
696 682
sennot late
M
C
oal
122 23 320 73
443 04 555 34
107 26 908 83
939 12 352 184
608 852 4 097 921 1
sennot eticarhtn
A
73 32
872 207 52 800 743 22
539 591 22 330 871 52
714 938 02 203 733 72
091 952 12 702 219 41
sennot laoc drah reht
O
9 28
5 3
0 90
0 17
0 011 909 463 072
675 043 244 352
024 171 036 521
148 68 420 242
898 9 699 2
sennot etingiL lao
C
C
obal
t 22
33 62
82 02
62 501
971 851
71 sennot
lateM
72
62 3
8 1
8 21
68 901
27 sennot
sedixO
Cop
per
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
57
754
127
001
1
62 6
84
143
353
1
2 42
1 1
17 0
67
122
590
7
6 70
7 6
3 14
6 1
24 8
38 138 3
188 2 089 1
161 1 306
462 2 522 2
830 01 ...
83 sennot
tnemec
& ettaM
665 9
323 222 2
045 643
973 1 506
014 3 169 8
934 3 sennot
thguorwn
U
425 3 846
474 245
871 1
81 623
122 117
sennot parc
S
D
iam
ond
359 46 217 6
250 8 582 14
375 17 487 02
630 91 412 12
... ...
starac hguor ,
meG
829 881
760 881 065 39
338 44 505 07
715 33 427 6
356 1 ...
... starac
lairtsudnI
Tabl
e 8
Min
eral
impo
rts to
Rus
sia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
47
Rus
sia
impo
rts c
ontin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C 269 11
417 31 007 51
002 51 478 01
501 01 568 7
782 7 031 6
591 6 sennot
etimotai
D 505 443
671 032 645 212
966 72 440 11
144 5 500 1
972 035
661 sennot
rapsdleF 544 462
415 691 368 081
886 161 192 641
639 291 327 341
325 991 712 871
445 371 sennot
rapsroulF 706 51
970 81 316 71
209 41 085 41
628 31 333 01
265 7 613 6
814 1 sennot
etihparG
799 232 478 651
057 901 896 89
393 621 195 051
755 811 005 26
217 23 676 71
sennot
muspyG
654 81 249 11
210 02 523 52
907 521 664 281
788 78 991 78
000 531 000 901
smargolik
enidoI
827 11 381 426 21
822 551 11 685 988 9
282 555 01 322 475 01
938 033 9 202 997 8
319 881 9 694 313 3
sennot ero norI
691
Iro
n, s
teel
& fe
rro-
allo
ys
376 7 656 6
562 1 715 2
547 7 733
320 1 412
150 2 471 4
sennot nori gi
P
Spo
nge
& p
owde
r to
nnes
3
516
5
265
4
613
4
204
5
414
6
086
6
851
9
824
8
807
1
0 70
9 770 4 154 5
785 02 322 61
906 13 263 42
321 11 872 8
650 9 944 7
sennot e
morhc-orreF
Ferr
o-si
lico-
chro
me
tonn
es
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3 4
46
8 3
10
Fe
rro-
man
gane
se
tonn
es
105
671
1
62 1
66
139
209
1
09 4
66
121
317
1
13 8
97
96
905
66
131
87
904
65
911
Fe
rro-
silic
o-m
anga
nese
to
nnes
1
23 5
99
189
994
1
90 8
52
221
897
3
26 7
14
334
575
3
07 8
13
362
859
4
35 8
45
372
430
Ferr
o-m
olyb
denu
m
tonn
es
2 1
41
862
3
61
2 4
73
259
1
368
1
45
20
193
2
2 571 2 244 2
—
34 59
821 531
99 693
422 sennot
muiboin-orreF
862 74
682 54 219 55
992 57 402 501
598 93 509 41
799 32 236 81
464 4 sennot
nocilis-orreF
Ferr
o-tit
aniu
m &
ferr
o-si
lico-
titan
ium
to
nnes
3
87
299
1
01
126
4
45
50
191
2
33
160
2
09
Ferr
o-tu
ngst
en &
ferr
o-si
lico-
tung
sten
to
nnes
3
1 1
13
56
94
75
283
2
0 0
1
3
0 02
1 22
687 241
37 58
83 332
sennot
muidanav-orreF
Oth
er fe
rro-
allo
ys
tonn
es
2 3
36
2 3
72
6 3
33
4 8
77
7 2
99
15
756
14
382
17
524
24
331
20
394 909 9
930 81 580 71
830 31 628 7
447 01 075 01
327 01 985 8
634 4 sennot
latem nocili
S
Ingo
ts, b
loom
s, b
illet
s to
nnes
1
6 54
4 1
4 99
4 1
4 49
0 8
594
1
0 74
5 2
5 57
1 2
0 33
5 2
1 36
6 1
5 94
3 1
7 61
9 453 59 842 101
281 871 231 131
078 061 731 593
277 601 136 611
334 213 784 203
sennot parc
S
089 653 291 992
870 462 695 042
136 812 776 671
735 231 188 361
823 091 601 331
sennot niloa
K
Lead
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s (b
) to
nnes
*
45 0
00
* 62
700
*
45 0
00
* 22
300
*
8 40
0 *
28 1
00
* 18
600
*
7 30
0 ...
...
714 31 391 12
230 72 347 62
704 23 943 94
475 74 980 44
866 25 242 72
sennot thguor
wnU
Lith
ium
67
57 381
917 559
204 066 1
187 658
715 sennot
sedixO
198
378 839
559 2 993 2
625 1 538 1
428 1 787 1
397 1 sennot
etanobraC
Mag
nesi
te &
mag
nesi
a 006
314 198 3
042 5 329 7
630 5 857 9
133 7 361 9
511 31 sennot
etisengaM
980 111
599 321 896 321
415 611 718 101
158 601 783 27
680 78 570 18
779 82 sennot
aisengaM
Man
gane
se
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
738
422
6
21 0
78
483
787
5
15 7
25
501
053
6
57 7
86
434
684
5
39 3
11
724
753
7
38 7
31 781 43
260 42 237 92
383 02 906 01
182 01 079 21
875 9 543 4
238 2 sennot
lateM
674 1
616 11 335 71
634 04 740 22
000 56 052 74
469 45 000 011
000 11 s
margolik yrucre
M 801 1
862 2 774 1
878 784
143 563
271 43
621 sennot
aciM
M
olyb
denu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
1 2
02
939
2
134
2
250
5
80
98
349
5
16
70
115
342 861
592 711
741 601
191 913
352 292
sennot late
M
113 974
365 671
641 142
942 74
13 12
sennot sedix
O
063 047 686 870 1
... 474 025
477 424 000 429
015 067 135 522
118 609 2 433 661 7
sennot sag laruta
N
Nic
kel
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
17
729
* 30
000
3
0 42
1 1
2 26
8 1
042
6
1 67
7 2
5 00
2 ...
7
4
498
363 144
238 838 2
804 3 942
163 775
923 314
sennot )a( thguor
wnU
42
13 12 *)b(
4 *)b( 02
2 264
689 3 179 3
120 4 sennot
parcS
Tabl
e 8
Min
eral
impo
rts to
Rus
sia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
48
Rus
sia
impo
rts c
ontin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C
4 2 344 396 2
512 023 2 889 524 2
820 200 4 786 637 5
000 007 5 000 007 4
827 198 5 734 510 6
sennot
muelortep edurC
56 0
22 306 671
606 42 957 16
252 811 671 71
35 576 52
181 7 233 06
520 601 sennot
kcor etahpsohP
P
otas
sic
ferti
lizer
s to
nnes
8
78
1 1
40
1 1
27
1 2
56
1 2
70
1 1
19
1 5
88
3 9
07
4 2
82
2 5
97
Rar
e ea
rths
C
eriu
m c
ompo
unds
to
nnes
—
5
32
249
8
1 9
4 9
6 2
15
265
5
10
257
Oth
er ra
re e
arth
com
poun
ds
tonn
es
—
482
8
67
762
7
13
886
8
49
980
9
35
648
91 511
59 34
83 65
17 71
11 11
sennot slate
M
059 360 1 744 470 1
907 951 1 707 661 1
983 878 157 118
556 157 250 466
744 075 189 974
sennot tla
S
Sill
imin
ite m
iner
als
tonn
es
189
9
93
14
5
524
6
673
9
72
2 1
88
2 6
77
3 3
07
Sul
phur
& p
yrite
s 355 942
351 311 336 99
368 561 827 231
598 761 412 26
871 01 078 9
496 741 sennot
ruhpluS
S
ulph
ur, s
ublim
ed &
pre
cipi
tate
d to
nnes
1
86
221
5
6 8
2 1
2
22
—
186
2
82
351
959 11 992 31
926 41 232 11
622 31 242 71
901 41 354 21
125 9 169 6
sennot claT
Ta
ntal
um &
nio
bium
72
41 9
04 21
64 01
6 5
21 sennot
mulatnaT
Tin
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
390
1
236
7
97
753
7
33
486
5
53
131
7
7 7
50 519 1
935 26
684 401
690 1 722 1
661 2 338 2
835 sennot
)a( thguorwn
U
Ti
tani
um
Ti
tani
um m
iner
als
tonn
es
63
408
75
478
103
986
7
1 46
6 8
2 23
1 1
11 3
56
108
131
1
30 2
82
136
312
1
19 0
39 616 5
756 3 326 1
982 1 823 1
123 1 021 1
594 1 566
944 1 sennot
lateM
856 57
909 87 167 56
880 86 065 16
230 25 098 65
920 45 859 15
630 34 sennot
sedixO
Tung
sten
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
...
2
29
740
1
42
128
3
3 8
1 1
029
3
037
1
88 401
49 96
92 83
65 102
392 78
611 sennot
lateM
Van
adiu
m
764 1 147 1
026 1 768 1
723 1 311 1
418 469 1
931 1 817 1
sennot edixotne
P
... ...
752 701
76 83
67 92
96 231
sennot late
M
Zi
nc
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
226
951
2
28 8
86
208
228
1
97 6
79
233
095
8
2 54
4 9
3 57
1 6
9 43
6 1
20 5
43
130
205
893 22 015 23
703 82 170 9
434 62 904 81
859 6 848 8
343 11 775 5
sennot )a( thguor
wnU
Zirc
oniu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
8 4
45
9 5
30
11
955
11
507
14
913
10
236
11
394
12
119
12
372
14
070 131
63 93
12 63
12 42
31 82
7 sennot
lateM
Not
e(s)
:- (a
) In
clud
ing
allo
ys
(b)
BG
S e
stim
ates
, bas
ed o
n kn
own
expo
rts fr
om c
erta
in c
ount
ries
Tabl
e 8
Min
eral
impo
rts to
Rus
sia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8.
49
India
The Republic of India occupies the major part of the land area of the South Asian subcontinent. It lies to the north of the
Equator and shares borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north, and Bangladesh and Burma
(Myanmar) to the east. Sri Lanka lies off the south-east coast. India is the seventh largest country in the world extending
over 3 287 000 square kilometres. In the north is the broad Indo-Gangetic plain flanked by the Himalayan ranges. To the
west of this plain lies the Thar Desert. In the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked
by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively (Figure 21).
Key facts
• Theseventhlargestcountryintheworld,withalandareaof
approximately3.3millionsquarekilometres.
• Theworld’ssecondmostpopulousnation,totallingmorethan1.1billion.
• ThefourthlargesteconomyintheworldonaGDP(PPP)basisandoneof
thefastestgrowing,averagingeightpercentperyearbetween2004and
2008.
• Theworld’ssecondlargestproducerofchromite,wollastonite,graphite
andbarytesandthirdlargestofcoal,talcandsalt.
• Theworld’ssixthlargestproducerofbauxite,butoutputhasmorethan
doubledsincefiscalyear1999/2000.
• Outputofchromitehasincreasedbymorethan200percentbetween
fiscalyears1999/2000and2008/2009.
• Theworld’slargestconsumerofgold,averagingmorethan700000
kilogramsperyearsince2003.
• Mineproductionofleadandzinchasincreasedby114percentand
235percentrespectivelyover10years.
• Productionofironorehasincreasedby192percentbetween1999/2000
and2008/2009,makingitthefourthlargestproducerintheworld.
• Indiahasaround55percentoftheworld’sdiamondcuttingandpolishing
business,butthissufferedintherecessionwithexportsofcutand
polisheddiamondsfallingby31percentinthesixmonthstoMarch2009.
• Theworld’sthirdlargestproducerofcoal,withoutputincreasingby62per
centbetweenfiscalyears1999/2000and2008/09.
50
Figure 21 India geography.
India, with a population of 1 156 898 000 (July 2009 estimate) is the second most populous country in the world after
China. It has the world’s twelfth largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and the fourth largest in
terms of GDP purchasing power parity (GDP (PPP)), estimated in 2008 at US$3561 trillion. It is one of the fastest growing
economies with growth rates averaging eight per cent per annum for the past five years and estimated to be nearly
seven per cent for 2009.
ARABIANSEA
BAYOF BENGAL
INDIANOCEAN
R. Narmada
R. Yarlung Zangbo
R. Brahmaputra
R. Indus
R. Sutlej
R. Jumna R. Ganges
R. Krishna
6
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I n d o - G a n g e t i c P l a i n
Jammu & Kashmir
International Boundary
75
15
90
State Boundary
River
Indian States
Himachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Punjab
Haryana
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Bihar
West Bengal
Sikkim
Assam
N
Arunachal Pradesh
Nagaland
Manipur
Mizoram
Tripura
Meghalaya
Orissa
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Gujarat
Delhi
Relief <300m
Relief >1000m
Relief >300-1000mState capitals and population
> 5 million2 - 5 million
WE
ST
ER
N
GH
AT
S
DECCANPLATEAU
CHOTA NAGPURPLATEAU
Gre at Ind i a
n
D esert
New Delhi
Chennai(Madras)
Mumbai(Bombay)
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Ahmadabad
Jaipur
Kanpur
Lucknow
Pune
Surat
Kolkata(Calcutta)
N E P A LBHUTAN
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SRILANKA
C H I N A
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BANGLADESH
( M Y A N M A R )B U R M A
30
H
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51
India has significant sources of coal (fourth largest reserves in the world), bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural
gas, diamonds and petroleum. In terms of 2008 world rankings India is the world’s second largest producer of
chromite, wollastonite, graphite and barytes, and third in production of coal, talc and salt. Other rankings, together with
the proportions of the world’s total, are given in Table 9. Coal (43.7 per cent), iron ore (24.8 per cent), crude oil
(15.6 per cent), and natural gas (7.9 per cent) contributed more than 90 per cent of the total value of mineral production,
which increased by six per cent in fiscal year 2008/09 compared to the previous year.
Table 9 India’s top 10 world rankings by commodity, with proportion of world total produced.
Note: Data for India is predominantly quoted in fiscal years, which run from 1 April to 31 March of the year following.
The location of selected major mines and important deposits are shown in Figure 22 (metallics) and Figure 23
(non-metallics).
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Wollastonite 2 18 Bauxite 6 7
Barytes 2 17 Manganese ore 6 6
Chromium ores & concentrates
2 16 Titanium minerals 6 6
Graphite 2 6 Zinc (mine) 6 6
Talc 3 11 Vermiculite 6 3
Coal 3 8 Fullers Earth 6 1
Salt 3 7 Alumina 7 4
Pig iron 3 5 Aluminium (primary)
8 3
Bentonite 4 21 Gypsum 8 3
Iron ore 4 10 Lead (mine) 8 2
Sillimanite minerals
4 9 Zirconium minerals 8 2
Copper (smelter) 4 5 Asbestos 8 0.01
Zinc (slab) 5 5 Magnesium metal (primary)
9 0.03
Steel (crude) 5 4 Cadmium 10 3
Bromine 5 0.4 Magnesite 10 1
52
Figure 22 Selected major mines and important deposits in India (metallics).
Notes:Certainminesand/ordepositsmentionedinthetexthavebeenomittedforclarity.Fe=ironore,Au=gold,REE=rareearthelements,Ti=titanium,Zr=zirconium,Cu=copper,
Mn=manganese,Al=aluminium,Cr=chromium,Zn=zinc,Pb=lead,Ag=silver
ARABIANSEA
BAYOF BENGAL
INDIANOCEAN
R. Narmada
R. Yarlung Zangbo
R. Brahmaputra
R. Indus
R. Sutlej
R. Jumna
R. Ganges
C H I N A
Chromite International Boundary
TopographyMetals
Iron
Gold
Bauxite
Zinc, Lead
Lead, Zinc, Silver
Copper
Manganese
Titanium
State Boundary
Map not to scale
R. Krishna
River
Coastline
Geology
N
30
Cenozoic
Precambrian
Deccan Trap
Gondwana & Vindhvan
H
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Cities and population
> 5 million2 - 5 million
BANGLADESH
( M Y A N M A R )B U R M A
BanwasCu
Rampura AguchaZn-Pb
KutchAl
JamnagarAl
ZawarMining Complex
Pb-Zn
JunagarthAl
RaichurAu
Sesa Goa FeVibhutigudda Fe
Donimatai FeVyasankare Fe
ChitoorAu
KolarAu
Krishna Cr
Bailadila Fe
VishakhapatnamAl
Cuttack Cr
Ganggur group Mn
Nishakael/Khalkons Mn
Dhenkanel CrDaitari Fe
Singhbhum Mining ComplexFe-Cu-Au
Chapri Sidheshwar Cu
Malanjkhand Cu
Dongri-Bouzurg group Mn
ChhattisgarhMining Complex Fe
Mysore Cr
Mysore AuHasan Cr
Rajpura DaribaZn-Pb
Sindesar KhudPb-Zn-Ag
Khetri BeltCu
Pattalur Cr
KovilamTi Zr REE
Kudremukh Fe
NEW DELHI
Chennai(Madras)
Kolkata(Calcutta)
N E P A L
BHUTAN
PA
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TA
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AF
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SRILANKA
75
15
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MUMBAI(Bombay)
53
Figure 23 Selected major mines and important deposits in India (non-metallics).
Note:Certainminesand/ordepositsmentionedinthetexthavebeenomittedforclarity.
Bauxite, alumina and aluminium
India possesses nearly three per cent of the world’s bauxite reserves (i.e. it has the sixth largest reserves in the world).
Bauxite production in 2008/09 amounted to 15.5 million tonnes, down 33 per cent on 2007/08 but up more than
ARABIANSEA
BAYOF BENGAL
INDIANOCEAN
R. Krishna
R. Padma
R. Ganges
R. Yarlung Zangbo
R. Jumna
WE
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DECCANPLATEAU
NEWDELHI
Chennai(Madras)
Kolkata(Calcutta)
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BANGLADESH
B U R M A( M Y A N M A R )
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C H I N A
30
MUMBAI(Bombay)
N
Geology
Cenozoic
Precambrian
Deccan Trap
Gondwana & Vindhvan
Cities and population
> 5 million
Topography
2 - 5 million
R. Indus
R. Sutlej
Map not to scale
Panna Bunder
Singrauli
Korba
Godavari
Wardha Bhandara
Krishana-Godavarioil basin
Kerala-Konkanoil basin
Hard Coal
DiamondMineral
Coal
Lignite
Oil basins
State Boundary
Mumbaioil basin
Cambayoil basin
Rajasthan(Bermis)oil basin
Chigicherla
Raniganj
Bokaro
River
Coastline
N E P A LBHUTAN
H
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A Y A S
International Boundary
54
100 per cent compared to 1999/2000 (Figure 24). Output of primary aluminium was just over one million tonnes, a fall
of 15 per cent compared to 2007/08 but this was an increase of 72 per cent compared to 1999/2000 (Figure 24). India’s
demand for aluminium is expected to rise by between four and five per cent in 2009/10 from a growth of three per cent
in 2008/09.
In calendar year 2008, output of alumina (three million tonnes) decreased by 6.5 per cent compared to 2007 but has
increased by 55 per cent since 1999.
Figure 24 India’s production of bauxite and primary aluminium between
fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
Gujarat State has large bauxite deposits in the Kutch, Jamnagar and Junagadh districts with reserves estimated to total
104 million tonnes and accounts for 54 per cent of the production. This is followed by the states of Orissa (20 per cent),
Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra (eight per cent each), Jharkland (five per cent), Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Goa and
Karnataka.
Five major companies namely, National Aluminium Company Ltd (NALCO), Prabhu Das Vithal Das, Bombay Minerals Ltd,
Hindalco and Bharat Aluminium Company (BALCO) account for 49 per cent of total bauxite production. Hindalco, BALCO
and NALCO are at the forefront of the primary aluminium industry with smelter capacities currently of
461 000 tonnes, 350 000 tonnes and 345 000 tonnes respectively.
Hindalco’s Utkal project, which is due to start production in July 2011, involves development of a new bauxite mine and
a 1.5 million tonnes per year alumina refinery in the Rayagada district of Orissa State. The Gujarat Mineral Development
Corp Ltd (GMDC) has a joint venture partnership with US-based AluChem Inc to build a speciality alumina plant in the
Mill
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Bauxite Aluminium (primary)
25
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55
Kutch district with a capacity of one million tonnes per year. GMDC, which holds 26 per cent equity in this project, would
supply AluChem with bauxite feedstock.
NALCO is India’s leading producer of alumina accounting for 46 per cent of output. In September 2009 NALCO obtained
government approval for a bauxite mining lease in southern India and to build a 1.4 million tonnes per year alumina
refinery in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh.
Chromium
India has approximately 12 per cent of the world’s known shipping grade chromite reserves and is ranked third
worldwide after South Africa and Kazakhstan. Production of chromium ores and concentrates decreased to
3.8 million tonnes in 2008/09 from 4.8 million tonnes in 2007/08 partly in response to a drop in demand for stainless
steel in the latter half of 2008. However, output has been on a generally upward trend, increasing by more than
200 per cent between 1999/2000 and 2006/07 (Figure 25).
Figure 25 India’s production of chromium ores and concentrates between
fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
The State of Orissa accounts for 99 per cent of the total production; the remainder was from Karnataka. The six principal
producers are Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) (38 per cent of the total), Orissa Mining Corp Ltd (OMC) (26 per
cent), Balasore Alloys Ltd (nine per cent), Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys Ltd (IMFAL) (seven per cent), Ferro Alloys Corp
Ltd (FACOR) (five per cent) and Industrial Development Corp of Orissa (IDCOL) (four per cent). The three public sector
companies namely Mysore Mineral Ltd (MML), OMC, and IDCOL have eight mines which together account for 30 per cent
of total production.
Mill
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6
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56
Gold
No reliable estimate is currently available of the India’s total gold reserves but the Archaean metamorphic belts are
underexplored and it is considered that there are large resources of banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted gold. India’s
primary gold production for 2008/09 was 2462 kilograms, a drop of 14 per cent on 2007/08 and reflecting a general
downward trend since 2004/05 (Figure 26). In addition, another 10.3 tonnes was recovered in fiscal year 2007/08 from
imported copper concentrates.
India is the world’s largest consumer of gold averaging 700 000–800 000 kilograms per year since 2003. Gold imports for
2008 were 675 000 kilograms and slumped by a further 55 per cent in the first six months of 2009. Imports for 2009 are
unlikely to exceed 400 000 kilograms due to the record high gold price and up to 400 000 kilograms of scrap coming onto
the domestic market.
Figure 26 India’s mined production of gold between fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
Hutti Gold Mines Ltd (HGML) accounts for 99 per cent of total production of primary gold; the rest was reported by the
Manmohan Mineral Industries Ltd. HMGL is located in the State of Karnataka and has plants in Hutti and Chitradurga
which serve mines in the Raichur and Tumkur districts respectively. Total ore reserves here are about
31 million tonnes containing about 150 000 kilograms of gold.
Other reserves exist in the Kolar gold fields, and at Gadag. The Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) located in Karnataka, close to the
city of Bangalore, was India’s premier producer with an output of approximately 800 tonnes of gold over the last
100 years, but was closed in 2003 due to reserve depletion and increasing costs. The Champion Reef Mine which
reached 3.2 kilometres below surface was recognised as the world’s second deepest gold mine. Lateritic gold deposits
also exist in the Wynad–Nilambur region of Kerala and there have been many other discoveries.
Kilo
gram
s
Gold (mined)
1999
/200
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57
Copper
It is estimated that India has 0.38 per cent of the world’s land-based copper resources at an average grade of
0.82 per cent copper including 730 million tonnes at 1.17 per cent copper. However, the metal content is well below the
world average of 1.5 per cent copper.
India produced 31 073 tonnes of mined copper for the 2008/09, down 14 per cent on the previous fiscal year. There was a
similar decrease in the production of refined copper (323 000 tonnes, down 36 per cent) although the latter was still
42 per cent higher than output in fiscal year 1999/2000 (Figure 27).
Smelter production of copper fell by seven per cent in the 2008 calendar year compared to 2007, but this was
170 per cent higher than the production recorded in calendar year 1999.
Figure 27 India’s production of copper between fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
The copper industry has three major players: Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd (SIIL), Hindalco and Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL)
with a total smelting capacity of 900 000 tonnes per annum.
In 2007 the three mines of the State-owned HCL accounted for almost the entire production. Surda Mine in Bihar State
was recommissioned by HCL in 2007 and produced nearly 9800 tonnes of copper concentrate by the end of 2008. HCL
plans to expand its mines and explore for new copper deposits in the states of Jharkhand (80 million tonnes Chapri
Sideshwar deposit), Madhya Pradesh (Malanjkhand mine expansion) and Rajasthan (Banwas mine development) with the
goal of producing nearly eight million tonnes of ore per year by 2011.
SIIL, a London-based subsidiary of Vedanta Resources plc, is India’s largest non-ferrous metals and mining company. SIIL
operates a 0.4 million tonnes per year copper smelter at Tuticorin in Tamil State and a 0.3 million tonnes per year copper
Thou
sand
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1999
/200
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/200
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58
refinery at Silvassa in Gujarat State. Sterlite plans to expand smelter capacity to 0.8 million tonnes per year and build a
captive power plant at Tuticorin by mid 2011.
Lead and zinc
India, with reserves of 390 million tonnes grading at an average of 2.2 per cent lead and 8.2 per cent zinc, is estimated to
have 10.8 per cent and 17.5 per cent of the world’s lead and zinc reserves respectively and is ranked third after Australia
and China.
India’s mined lead and zinc production for the fiscal year 2008/09 was 80 729 tonnes and 649 581 tonnes respectively.
These represent increases of two per cent and 18 per cent compared to the previous financial year. Compared to the
1999/2000 fiscal year, mined lead production has increased by 114 per cent and mined zinc by
235 per cent (Figure 28).
These increases are also reflected in India’s output of refined lead and slab zinc, where production has increased in
calendar year 2008 by 11 per cent and 32 per cent respectively compared to 2007. Since calendar year 1999 production
of these metals has increased by 128 per cent and 221 per cent respectively.
Figure 28 India’s mine production of lead and zinc between fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
Hindustan Zinc Ltd (HZL), subsidiary of SIIL and India’s largest producer, achieved a total installed capacity of
669 000 tonnes zinc and 85 000 tonnes lead in 2008/09. HZL has lead–zinc mines in Rampura Agucha, Sindesar Khurd,
Rajpura Dariba and Zawar whilst its smelter operations are situated in Chanderiya, Debari and Visakhapatnam. The
Rampura Agucha mine in Rajasthan State is estimated to have reserves of 53.4 million tonnes at 12.8 per cent zinc and
two per cent lead. In April to September of fiscal year 2009/10 HZL production of mined zinc and lead increased by nine
per cent to 375 359 tonnes, refined zinc by 12 per cent to 279 976 tonnes and refined lead by ten per cent to
Thou
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1999
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59
26 783 tonnes compared to the same months of the previous fiscal year. Output of silver increased by 33 per cent to just
under 60 tonnes during the same period.
Expansions at the mining projects at Rampura Agucha, Sindesar Khurd and Kayar mines are on schedule for progressive
commissioning from mid 2010 onwards and will raise the mining capacity of concentrates from
7.1 million tonnes per year to 9.8 million tonnes per year. The company is also setting up a 210 000 tonne capacity zinc
smelter and 100 000 tonne capacity lead smelter in addition to a 160 megawatt thermal power station at Rajpura Dariba
close to the existing facility in Udaipur. These are scheduled for completion by mid 2010.
Binani Zinc (BZL) produced 30 443 tonnes of zinc in 2008/09 and registered an impressive rise of 73.4 per cent in output
for April and May 2009. The company plans to ramp up smelter capacity in Binanipuram at Kerala to 50 000 tonnes
per year and set up a greenfield smelter with a 50 000 tonne capacity in Rajasthan. Both projects should commence
commercial operation by 2011. The zinc smelter in Kerala currently uses 100 per cent imported concentrates. BZL have
entered a 65:35 joint venture with RBG Minerals Industries, in association with Rajashtan State Mines and Minerals
Ltd (RSMML) and the Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation (GMDC), to mine deposits along the border between
Ambamata in Gujarat and Deri in Rajasthan.
Iron ore
India’s iron ore production in 2008/09 attained 218.6 million tonnes, up six per cent on 2007/08 and reflecting a
significant increase year on year over the past decade amounting to 192 per cent since fiscal year 1999/2000
(Figure 29). Exports decreased by 15 per cent in 2008/09 compared to 2007/08. Fiscal year 2009/10 has seen a surge in
demand with iron ore exports of 53 million tonnes in the first seven months, up from 44 million tonnes in the same period
of the previous fiscal year.
Figure 29 India’s production of iron ore for fiscal years between 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
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60
India has huge iron reserves and was ranked sixth in the world in 2007 with 4.2 billion tonnes of reserves of contained
iron and overall resources of 25 billion tonnes to a depth of 60 metres. The richest known deposits are along the Bihar–
Orissa border. The Gandhamardon/Malanjtoli area of Orissa alone has reserves of 800 million tonnes. Sesa Goa, the
largest exporter of iron ore, has reserves estimated at 207 million tonnes.
Orissa State was the leading producer of iron ore accounting for about 33 per cent of total production followed by
Karnataka (22 per cent), Chhattisgarh (15 per cent), Goa (14 per cent), Jharkhand (10 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh (four
per cent). The five leading producers, namely National Minerals Development Corp (NMDC), Steel Authority of India Ltd
(SAIL), Tata Iron and Steel Co Ltd (TISCO), Essel Mining and Industries Ltd and Rungta Mines Pvt Ltd, contributed
37 per cent of the total production.
Indian state-owned iron ore miner NMDC produced 28 million tonnes of iron ore in 2008/09 slightly less than the
29.8 million tonnes in 2007/08. Output dropped 22 per cent in the first quarter of 2009/10. NMDC is introducing a new
technology for commercial extraction of iron ore from banded haematite jasper (BHJ) and banded haematite quartzite
(BHQ) (average 40 per cent iron) which should increase production to 50 million tonnes by 2014.
Crude steel
Crude steel production increased by four per cent to 55 million tonnes during calendar year 2008. Output has increased
by 127 per cent since calendar year 1999.
TISCO is India’s top steelmaker and also one of the world’s lowest-cost producers, followed by SAIL and JSW Steel.
TISCO and SAIL have their own iron ore and coal mines. TISCO currently has an annual crude steel capacity of 31 million
tonnes. Its main plant is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand State. It produces about 18 million tonnes of steel in India
and 52 million tonnes overseas annually. It has set an ambitious target to achieve a capacity of 100 million tonnes by
2015.
The corporate plan of SAIL for 2012 called for a 2.5 million tonnes per year expansion of the IISCO steel plant in West
Bengal, upgrades to the Salem steel plant in Tamil Nadu State and expansion of SAIL’s Bokaro steel plant in Jharkhand
from 4.6 million tonnes per year to 7.5 million tonnes per year. This would increase the company’s crude steel output
to 22.5 million tonnes per year. SAIL needs the Chiria iron ore deposits of Jharkhand State to implement its growth
plan. The area is estimated to hold 2 billion tonnes of good quality ore and the company was recently granted the lease
renewal of two reserves amounting to around 1 billion tonnes including Gudaburu mines with 810 million tonnes.
Jindal Stainless Ltd (JSL) is India’s leading manufacturer of stainless steel followed by SAIL and other producers such
as Shah Alloys. The country produced around 2.2 million tonnes of stainless steel in the fiscal year 2008/09, of which
Gujarat contributed 0.6–0.7 million tonnes; 93 per cent of the output was exported. JSL currently has two plants, one
at Hisar and the other at Vizag. The Hisar plant is a fully integrated stainless-steel plant with a capacity of 0.72 million
tonnes per year. The Vizag plant mainly produces ferrochrome and has an annual capacity of 40 000 tonnes. JSL has a
strong global presence in 40 countries worldwide. It expanded its cold rolling capacity at Hisar from 275 000 tonnes to
400 000 tonnes in 2009. It is also currently building a new 1.6 million tonnes per year capacity stainless steel facility in
Jaipur, Orissa, which is to be commissioned in 2012 and will raise JSL combined capacity to 2.5 million tonnes per year.
61
Kolkata-based VISA Steel Ltd is an integrated special and stainless steel manufacturer with a 1.5 million tonnes per
year plant at Kalinga Naga, Jaipur district in Orissa State. It entered a joint venture, named Visa Bao Ltd with Baosteel
Trading Co Ltd of China, in which VISA now holds a 65 per cent stake, to set up a 0.1 million tonnes per year ferrochrome
plant in the Jaipur district. The plant would ensure a steady supply of ferrochrome for Baosteel’s stainless steel facility.
The second half of 2009 has seen recovery in stainless steel production and domestic stainless steel consumption is
expected to rise by 10 per cent in 2009.
Manganese
India is a leading producer and exporter of manganese ore accounting for about 23 per cent of the world’s mid grade
(30–43 per cent manganese) ore production. In 2008/09 it produced 2.6 million tonnes of manganese ore, 384 577 tonnes
of ferro-manganese and 891 458 tonnes of ferro-silico-manganese. This represented a three per cent increase in mined
ore but a small reduction in ferro-alloy output compared to 2007/08. Compared to 1999, manganese ore output has
increased by 65 per cent (Figure 30).
High grade ore comprised only 0.87 million tonnes and Indian consumers had to import about 0.68 million tonnes to meet
demand. India has known resources of 460 million tonnes of all grades of manganese ore. The manganese deposits are
distributed mainly in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Karantaka and Orissa.
Figure 30 India’s production of manganese ore between fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
Manganese Ore India Ltd (MOIL) continues to be the largest producer of manganese ore contributing 50 per cent of
the total production followed by Tata Iron and Steel Co Ltd (TISCO) (12 per cent), Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd
(SMIOR) (nine per cent), Mangilal Rungta (four per cent), Orissa Minerals Development Co Ltd (OMDC) (three per cent)
and Krishnaping alloys (two per cent).
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Manganese ore
1999
/200
0
2000
/200
1
2001
/200
2
2002
/200
3
2003
/200
4
2004
/200
5
2005
/200
6
2006
/200
7
2007
/200
8
2008
/200
9
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
62
In Orissa, mining is mostly carried out by Tata Steel and Rungta, while in Karnataka, Sandur does most of the mining.
Recoverable reserves are estimated to be around 166 million tonnes, of which only 33 million tonnes are high grade
(more than 43 per cent manganese content). Of the available reserves, 58 per cent are held by MOIL which produced
1.4 million tonnes in 2007/08 and 1.2 million tonnes in 2008/09 of which 0.63 million tonnes was high grade.
At the current rate of exploitation the high grade ore is expected to last only 30–40 years. Requirement of ferro-alloys for
steel production is expected to rise to 1.06 million tonnes by 2009/10 and 1.9 million tonnes by 2020.
Diamonds
India has around 55 per cent of the world’s diamond cutting and polishing business. The majority of stones are imported
from Belgium, while India has close relations with major diamond suppliers such as De Beers, Russia’s Alrosa and BHP
Billiton. The global economic downturn had a severe impact on India’s diamond export market. In the six months to the
end of March 2009, Indian diamond imports fell 60 per cent and exports of cut and polished diamonds fell by 31 per cent.
Rough diamond production in India dwindled to 498 carats in 2008/09, which is a fall of 99 per cent compared to the
peak output achieved in fiscal year 2002/2003 (Figure 31). However, this industry is soon to be revived through the
development of new projects and re-opening of mothballed mines.
Figure 31 India’s mine production of diamonds between fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
National Minerals Development Corp (NMDC) reopened the Panna diamond mine in Madhya Pradesh State in August
2009 after being closed for four years. It has a production capacity of 100 000 carats per year. NMDC is currently
exploring for diamond reserves in the Chattarpur district.
Thou
sand
car
ats
Diamonds
1999
/200
0
2000
/200
1
2001
/200
2
2002
/200
3
2003
/200
4
2004
/200
5
2005
/200
6
2006
/200
7
2007
/200
8
2008
/200
9
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
63
Rio Tinto is to invest in its diamond prospect at Bunder in Madhya Pradesh which has inferred resources of 27.4 million carats.
A feasibility study at the Bunder diamond project where Rio discovered a cluster of eight diamondiferous lamproites will start
in 2010. Once operational, the mine will produce around 2–3 million carats per year.
India Resources Ltd (IRL) is exploring diamondiferous kimberlite prospects at Bhandara in Orissa State, in the Chigicherla
kimberlite field in Andhra Pradesh State and Bundelkhand in Madhya Pradesh State.
Coal
India had 267 billion tonnes of coal resources at end March 2009 of which 106 billion tonnes are proven reserves to a
depth of 1200 metres. Prime coking coal represents 17.5 billion tonnes; the remainder is of lower quality, with high ash
content, and includes 47.7 billion tonnes of lignite reserves. The largest resources occur in the states of Jharkhand,
Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Hard coal occurs in the states of Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal in 18 major coalfields.
Production has steadily increased over the past decade from around 304 million tonnes per year in 1999/2000 to
493 million tonnes per year in 2008/09 (an increase of 62 per cent). Lignite production reached 33 million tonnes in
2008/09, slightly down on the previous year but reflecting an overall upward trend (Figure 32). Coal production is
expected to increase by ten per cent in fiscal year 2009/2010.
Figure 32 India’s production of coal between fiscal years 1999/2000 and 2008/2009.
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Coal (bituminous) Coal (lignite)
1999
/200
0
2000
/200
1
2001
/200
2
2002
/200
3
2003
/200
4
2004
/200
5
2005
/200
6
2006
/200
7
2007
/200
8
2008
/200
9
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
64
The state-run monopoly Coal India Ltd (CIL) produced 403.7 million tonnes in 2008/09 accounting for 82 per cent of the
nation’s production. CIL aims to raise output to 520 million tonnes by the fiscal year ending March 2012 and to
684 million tonnes in the following five years.
Coal is mainly used in electrical power generation and India aims to double generating capacity in the five years to March
2012 and add another 100 gigawatts in the following five years (equivalent to a further 67 per cent of current installed
capacity). With the commissioning of new power plants demand for coal is expected to reach one billion tonnes per annum
in the next seven years. India, therefore, will become increasingly reliant on hard coal imports. It already imports most of
its coking coal. Imports of hard coal reached 60 million tonnes (31 million tonnes of thermal coal and 29 million tonnes of
coking coal) in the fiscal year 2008/09 and are expected to approach 228 million tonnes by the end of year 2011/12.
Crude petroleum
Total reserves of crude oil are estimated at 726 million tonnes (357 million tonnes onshore and 369 million tonnes
offshore). Offshore areas accounted for two thirds of the national oil output followed by onshore in Gujarat (18.3 per cent
of the total) and Assam (12.9 per cent). With annual production of 67 million tonnes (1.3 million barrels per day) India is
25th in the world ranking as a producer but is the fifth largest oil consumer and imported 125.8 million tonnes (2.5 million
barrels per day) in 2008/09, an increase of 5.3 per cent over the previous year.
The State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) produced 14 per cent of India’s oil requirements from the
Mumbai High offshore oilfield and accounted for 38 per cent of domestic production in 2008/09. The Mumbai High has
a 1659 million tonnes resource and produces around 12 million tonnes per year. Cumulative production to January 2009
was 140 million tonnes. Redevelopment of the Mumbai High North block is expected to be completed by September
2012 and will result in an additional 17 million tonnes of crude oil and 3 billion cubic metres of natural gas. OGNC
envisages cumulative production to total 202.42 million tonnes by 2030.
Cairn India, a subsidiary of Cairn Energy, is the country’s second largest crude oil producer. Oil production from Cairn’s
Mangala oilfield in Rajasthan, which promises to provide 20–25 per cent of India’s domestic crude production, started
in 2009. Output will accelerate to 125 000 barrels per day in 2010 and is forecast to reach peak production of
175 000 barrels per day in 2011.
Essar Oil Ltd has a fully integrated refinery at Vadinar in Gujarat State currently operating at 12.5 million tonnes per year
capacity. It is to be expanded in two phases. The first phase is to increase oil refinery capacity to 16 million tonnes per
year by December 2010 and 33 per cent of this work had been completed by the end of June 2009. Phase 2 will be the
establishment of a new 18 million tonnes per year plant which is to be completed by December 2011.
Natural gas
Natural gas reserves stood at 1075 billion cubic metres (270 billion cubic metres onshore and 785 billion cubic metres
offshore) in January 2009. Offshore areas account for over 70 per cent of the natural gas output followed by onshore
areas in the states of Gujarat (10.6 per cent of the total), Assam (7.6 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (4.9 per cent), Tamil Nadu
(3.6 per cent) and Tripura (1.7 per cent).
65
Natural gas production in 2007/08 amounted to 31.8 billion cubic metres and has remained virtually unchanged for the
last five years. However, in the first half of fiscal year 2009/10 natural gas production was boosted by 28.2 per cent
compared to the same period last year, due largely to an increase in output from Reliance Industries Ltd’s (RIL) Krishna
Godavari (KG) basin, which reached a peak of 80 million cubic metres per day by December 2009. Together with Cairn
India’s crude production, it will contribute to over 60 per cent of India’s oil and gas production.
ONGC is to start natural gas production at one million cubic metres per day from an offshore field on the west coast from
end November 2009. Production will increase to 1.3 million cubic metres per day in a year and the gas will be supplied
to GAIL (India) Ltd. Essar Oil’s Raniganj block in West Bengal has an in situ resource of 87.8 billion cubic metres and a
recoverable reserve of 28.32 billion cubic metres. Gasflow has already started and sales will commence in 2010.
Domestic supplies of natural gas in fiscal year 2007/08 fell short of demand (43 billion cubic metres) and natural gas
imports (as LNG) amounted to 10.8 billion cubic metres or 20 per cent of India’s total consumption. This deficit should
be satisfied by addition production from the KG basin until the Iran–Pakistan–India gas pipeline from Iran’s South Pars
Gasfield in the Persian Gulf is completed in 2014.
Key Information sources
Reports by the Indian Bureau of Mines
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html
http://coal.nic.in/reserve2.htm
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Investors-Guide/
http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/
http://news.outlookindia.com/
http://researchandmarkets.com
http://steelguru.com/news/index/2009/01/14/
www.blonnet.com/2009/11/20/stories/
www.commodityonline.com/news/India
www.essar.com/oil&gas/pr/2009_10_31.htm
www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/essar/
www.hzlindia.com/common/pdf/hzlq1_2009.pdf
www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/
www.mining-journal.com/production-and-markets/
www.mjunction.in/market_news/metals/
www.offshore-technology.com/projects/mumbai-high/
www.portal.gsi.gov.in/pls/portal/url/page/GSI_STAT_GOLD
www.researchandmarkets.com/research/a88c23/india_mining_repor
www.reuters.com/article/
www.topnews.in/jindal-stainless-plans-expansion-invest-rs-60-bln-2010_225901
66
Indi
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ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted
this
tabl
e is
fisc
al y
ears
end
ed 3
1 M
arch
follo
win
g th
at s
tate
d.
(a)
Cal
enda
r yea
r end
ed 3
1 D
ecem
ber o
f tha
t sta
ted
(b)
Cru
de
(c)
Incl
udin
g se
leni
te
(d)
Ben
efic
iate
d; e
xclu
des
dire
ctly
use
d na
tura
l kao
lin
(e)
From
met
al s
ulph
ide
proc
essi
ng
(f)
From
pet
role
um re
finin
g an
d/or
nat
ural
gas
(g
) O
ther
Tabl
e 10
M
iner
al p
rodu
ctio
n in
Indi
a fro
m 1
999
to 2
008.
68
Indi
a co
ntin
ued
Expo
rts
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
P
rimar
y ag
greg
ates
to
nnes
3
27 8
82
698
355
1
050
785
6
95 7
11
836
311
7
23 9
80
861
554
9
96 0
35
950
460
1
351
082
B
auxi
te, a
lum
ina
& a
lum
iniu
m
834 025 3 903 751 7
498 370 5 772 553 2
241 610 1 731 698
053 587 1 075 979
571 842 1 108 695
sennot etixua
B
742 869 440 886
035 619 320 520 1
815 698 971 808
416 101 1 401 362
013 981 260 68
sennot ani
mulA
059 05
267 57 836 46
045 25 232 64
892 17 598 011
707 701 611 77
694 13 sennot
etardyh animul
A
842 032 526 951
746 911 428 46
013 301 163 69
212 94 701 46
098 27 493 59
sennot thguor
wnU
U
nwro
ught
allo
ys
tonn
es
5 6
67
48
359
57
871
55
756
5 6
76
19
250
31
613
4 2
38
7 0
44
3 5
09 939
304 1 014
786 358
555 888
711 1 97
95 sennot
parcS
Ant
imon
y 85
32 851 2
4 01
3 11
—
8
— sennot
lateM
531
722 646
464 674
221 732
981 641
06 sennot
edixO
Ars
enic
5
3 ...
3 92
31 1
... ...
... sennot
cinesra cillateM
Asb
esto
s
Unm
anuf
actu
red
tonn
es
172
4
03
1 1
29
169
2
548
3
77
288
5
26
3 9
42
919
549 348 919 465
815 926 244 555
255 244 098 504
326 413 127 771
069 351 548 73
sennot setyra
B
Ben
toni
te &
fulle
r's e
arth
198 665
405 264 781 084
414 564 592 582
266 08 859 19
907 421 316 811
758 321 sennot
etinotneB
...
510 48 395 93
153 28 301 431
770 66 870 25
537 49 556 91
241 63 sennot
htrae s'relluF
223 660 2
058 83 698 236
790 723 518 81
003 9 606 81
674 22 389 01
smargolik
enimor
B
Cad
miu
m
1 471
651 383
3 6
611 1
—
6 sennot
l ateM
Cem
ent
68 718 236 724
441 826 659 015 1
487 991 4 505 421 4
572 249 1 920 813 1
790 295 1 391 343 1
sennot sreknilc tne
meC
1
34 2 577 389 2
988 681 4 442 911 4
037 180 3 404 618 2
833 166 2 269 439 1
506 428 1 142 538
sennot tne
mec dnaltroP
9
606 797 2
076 01 321 1
539 7 641 5
926 3 278 1
637 31 316
551 sennot
rehtO
Chr
omiu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
714
448
6
59 8
82
1 1
81 7
91
1 0
98 3
43
35
850
1 1
16 4
01
692
674
1
203
060
9
06 5
76
1 8
99 0
28 21
63 4
45 92
23 7
711 72
... sennot
lateM
Coa
l 56 1
287 626 1 420 645 1
612 789 1 375 273 1
173 116 1 850 615 1
315 209 1 313 092 1
982 651 1 sennot
)a( laoc draH
5
469 002
475 469
491 226
23 63
02 766
100 1 sennot
etingiL
651 22 696 761
354 8 536 1
712 484 51
437 001
125 074 51
sennot setteuqir
B
C
obal
t
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
2
1 2
94
189
...
1
50
84
443
...
4
51
522
572 173
974 553
82 02
91 72
94 022
sennot late
M
85 4
44 42
21 62
1 21
12 5
sennot sedix
O C
oppe
r
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
..
. 8
7 22
1 ..
. 1
21 1
25
299
1
8 99
0 ...
4
4 64
5 5
65
26
613 237 51
274 03 721
842 335
191 505 1
43 73
1 sennot
tnemec
& ettaM
174 341
073 612 912 372
767 281 443 441
413 611 365 501
188 25 998 23
906 1 sennot
thguorwn
U
800 1 542 1
851 4 393 3
538 2 211 4
135 4 116 2
104 702
sennot parc
S
Tabl
e 11
M
iner
al e
xpor
ts fr
om In
dia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
69
Indi
a ex
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
D
iam
ond
562 93
591 42 779 13
041 02 541 6
305 9 097 3
—
003
— starac
detrosnU
533 061 01
476 925 8 809 127 9
343 089 7 846 363 41
703 762 1 060 347
555 246 1 259 662
105 147 1 starac
hguor ,me
G
7 74
222 526 43 291 299 62
929 683 63 583 862 13
004 670 03 072 023 72
232 759 52 977 383 22
874 41 starac
tuc ,me
G
60 6
30 013 484 2
857 553 633 862
479 203 943 372 5
840 25 055 41
546 41 944 102
075 21 starac
lairtsudnI
744 436 8 344 715 02
471 485 31 710 317 82
283 259 33 145 594 8
079 113 11 258 649 22
421 268 44 944 21
starac tsu
D
429 1 269
914 2 018
934 1 931
834 693
023 982
sennot eti
motaiD
266 733 022 724
465 755 150 964
402 844 791 542
029 002 920 751
911 461 189 65
sennot rapsdleF
97 843
111 1 995 2
682 864
541 02
051 42
sennot rapsroulF
G
old
581 772
654 803
411 23
... 001
... ...
smargolik
)d( lateM
809 1
814 1 948 1
971 2 903 1
718 2 609
314 739 3
701 1 sennot
etihparG
G
ypsu
m
C
rude
& c
alci
ned
tonn
es
31
765
37
553
63
098
47
078
62
964
103
003
8
8 03
7 1
16 0
26
120
581
2
09 1
59 047 982
603 933 874 245
962 29 572 77
756 43 842 62
047 38 591 412
053 913 s
margolik enidoI
6
910 674 86 134 424 19
008 540 48 246 282 79
219 794 15 833 390 75
765 480 32 063 161 02
661 617 5 1 sennot
ero norI8
902
791
Iron,
ste
el &
ferr
o-al
loys
385 834
818 097 665 156
131 314 525 124
815 854 086 664
004 723 184 502
259 031 sennot
nori giP
S
pong
e &
pow
der
tonn
es
2 5
88
7 4
75
16
193
38
366
18
110
40
236
32
236
67
927
60
814
35
307 376 194
359 284 067 782
699 552 173 751
102 18 864 26
361 66 431 521
613 58 sennot
emorhc-orreF
Fe
rro-
silic
o-ch
rom
e to
nnes
6
275
8
20
2 3
67
236
3
044
4
6 75
7 2
68
121
6
4 2
6
Ferr
o-m
anga
nese
to
nnes
1
459
5
381
1
2 33
8 2
7 55
5 9
675
1
1 79
7 2
3 73
2 5
4 22
6 1
14 4
59
121
533
Ferr
o-si
lico-
man
gane
se
tonn
es
35
684
61
502
26
667
40
328
44
173
73
486
119
274
1
52 0
50
262
593
3
00 4
21 761 73
473 9 349 7
068 7 021 4
629 2 399 1
322 1 813 2
411 1 sennot
nocilis-orreF
783 787
179 1 101
313 91
021 3
... ...
sennot
muidanav-orreF
Oth
er fe
rro-
allo
ys
tonn
es
28
988
19
180
4 9
50
8 2
39
7 8
76
25
812
16
175
6 5
04
8 4
82
8 8
87 092
865 381
485 876
626 4 135 2
475 2 885 5
263 sennot
latem nocili
S
Ingo
ts, b
loom
s, b
illet
s to
nnes
6
2 55
2 1
55 1
33
132
122
3
63 3
41
507
999
1
52 0
48
325
429
1
043
083
7
49 4
02
1 0
24 5
61 845 82
067 601 278 48
806 6 349 8
751 23 809 41
793 62 965 1
042 2 sennot
parcS
614 021
654 95 032 07
552 56 016 56
049 65 329 8
861 9 264 8
533 9 sennot
niloaK
Le
ad
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
162
1
3 99
6 2
8 65
1 8
34
542
8
1 15
7 9
838
7
5 41
0 1
102
514
8
1 09
5 966 01 388 17
954 7 035 5
306 4 535 2
831 340 1
922 171
sennot thguor
wnU
59
37 863
241 644
651 404
461 22
... sennot
parcS
Lith
ium
922
471 822
011 821
16 311
... 05
1 sennot
sedixO
8
99 141
27 8
—
2 ...
—
—
sennot etanobra
C
M
agne
site
& m
agne
sia
854 409
254 550 1
878 1 921 3
506 2 289
352 2 167
sennot etisenga
M
528 11 397 7
422 21 680 6
421 01 113 4
416 2 980 2
347 2 001 3
sennot aisenga
M
M
anga
nese
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
(b
) 75
685
(b) 2
65 0
10
(b) 2
48 1
03
335
672
2
39 6
32
317
786
2
37 3
44
157
312
2
08 3
72
205
424
662 873
9 53
31 ...
... ...
... ...
sennot late
M
074 89 997 71
455 21 215 41
029 41 034 2
003 2 406 81
435 953 738 53
smargolik
yrucreM
Tabl
e 11
M
iner
al e
xpor
ts fr
om In
dia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
70
Indi
a ex
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
M
ica
172 6
960 3 762 2
225 2 451 92
090 4 277 1
975 12 282 3
901 2 sennot
sgnittilpS
601 27
286 37 170 26
077 65 351 55
599 78 888 72
347 33 403 55
629 83 sennot
dnuorG
940 211
936 22 920 61
605 02 061 31
945 41 881 4
063 2 066 4
000 5 sennot
etsaW
Mol
ybde
num
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
...
...
3
5 ...
2
88
106
6
276
4
712
3
3 2
9 78
4 15 4
8 91
81 01
21 51
7 2
sennot sedix
O
661 84 399 14
976 77 485 9
241 13 740 32
027 05 091
558 81 793 81
sennot )d( sag laruta
N 648 65
072 92 102 701
802 831 576 67
502 301 002 2
000 05
—
— sennot
muelortep edur
C 604 5
810 1 081 1
029 399
790 5 206
770 05 993 7
201 sennot
kcor etahpsohP
P
latin
um g
roup
met
als
P
latin
um &
pla
tinum
met
als
kilo
gram
s 1
2 07
9 1
8 55
7 1
794
2
340
2
665
4
04
1 0
77
659
1
984
1
452
P
otas
h 007 83
018 42 725
866 9 826 8
293 1 828
300 04 096 82
393 sennot
edirolhC
O
ther
pot
assi
c fe
rtilis
ers
tonn
es
13
176
9
9 1
92
7 0
05
466
2
642
1
4 85
5 2
635
2
744
R
are
Ear
ths
R
are
earth
com
poun
ds
tonn
es
5
964
1
728
—
4
99
476
5
46
812
2
12
89 016 592 1
245 228 631 805 1
651 196 1 336 660 2
815 073 947 526
648 879 799 737
319 513 sennot
tlaS
S
illim
anite
min
eral
s to
nnes
3
11
682
6
17
10
402
1 1
33
25
754
2 0
22
374
4
025
2
232
S
ilver
181 63
625 52 032 76
716 61 538 02
044 6 064 1
432 2 267
76 s
margolik late
M
S
ulph
ur &
pyr
ites
73 2
962 547
574 2 282
12 82
69 63
sennot )d( setiry
P
951 171 675 3
385 631 443 5
635 2 384 3
325 6 982 1
746 682
sennot ruhplu
S
Sul
phur
, sub
limed
& p
reci
pita
ted
tonn
es
3 0
45
3 1
37
2 5
16
3 4
44
30
102
3 3
99
34
908
5 1
17
7 2
08
5 0
68 915 99
318 351 235 211
080 74 012 95
533 92 383 92
800 12 582 42
873 21 sennot
claT
Tant
alum
& n
iobi
um
94 02
1 3
2 51
8 ...
... ...
sennot
mulatnaT
Ti
n 663
993 386
375 1 509
743 17
673 49
324 sennot
)c( thguorwn
U
95 862
371 57
831 822
—
1 44
41 sennot
parcS
Tita
nium
Tita
nium
min
eral
s to
nnes
6
8 55
8 5
8 75
2 4
5 25
6 1
07 5
52
205
329
4
36 1
75
438
105
3
11 4
90
255
337
2
26 3
06 16
751 521
09 931
42 11
12 23
... sennot
lateM
446 33
127 53 642 02
462 73 118 72
819 8 601 9
843 3 642 1
451 1 sennot
sedixO
Tung
sten
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
...
1
2
8 1
9 3
60
4
2
415
1
33
15
915 661
311 372
442 733
84 231
621 32
271 sennot
lateM
Van
adiu
m
23 81
33 56
13 03
32 21
41 51
sennot edixotne
P
Zi
nc
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
32
315
11
580
21
316
327
676
6
2 04
1 1
80 7
04
433
648
3
174
196
5
06 7
74
88
387 801 502
388 17 614 261
505 31 707 61
638 82 828
443 1 551
15 sennot
)c( thguorwn
U
06 262
915 18
45 03
72 221
63
— sennot
parcS
Ta
ble
11
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Indi
a be
twee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
71
Indi
a ex
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
Zi
rcon
ium
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
8
2 2
10
1 8
40
18
165
112
9
0 9
4 3
2 1
23
25 041
—
22 82
5 351
63 922
81 82
sennot late
M
N
ote(
s):-
(1) U
nles
s ot
herw
ise
note
d th
is ta
ble
is fi
scal
yea
rs e
nded
31
Mar
ch fo
llow
ing
that
sta
ted.
(a
) In
clud
ing
anth
raci
te
(b
) In
clud
ing
ferr
ugin
ous
man
gane
se o
re
(c)
Incl
udin
g al
loys
(d
) C
alen
dar y
ear e
nded
31
Dec
embe
r of t
hat s
tate
d
Tabl
e 11
M
iner
al e
xpor
ts fr
om In
dia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8.
72
Indi
a co
ntin
ued
Impo
rts
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
P
rimar
y ag
greg
ates
to
nnes
3
601
3
718
1
199
3
762
1
13 3
23
213
400
8
44 3
82
3 7
52 6
20
3 8
55 0
08
4 1
03 2
02
Bau
xite
, alu
min
a &
alu
min
ium
216 54
219 221 831 74
042 54 598 25
234 73 381 44
038 02 990 72
209 92 sennot
etixuaB
A
lum
ina
and
alum
ina
hydr
ate
tonn
es
14
819
12
855
15
480
25
557
29
333
41
314
191
472
3
50 2
84
652
649
2
17 3
45 774 801
868 29 162 94
677 38 320 04
660 26 356 55
673 06 832 73
621 73 sennot
thguorwn
U
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
1
0 11
3 9
199
1
1 88
1 1
5 07
1 1
5 33
7 3
2 27
5 4
2 52
4 6
2 55
4 7
6 94
3 7
5 39
6 340 052 641 622
365 542 010 632
105 131 527 701
672 79 466 901
001 06 305 18
sennot parc
S
A
ntim
ony
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
2
5 1
4
43
196
7
73
441
4
45
478
6
92
476
669 441 2
701 2 798 1
214 1 412 2
719 1 485 2
985 1 949 1
sennot late
M
643 2 841 2
970 2 062 1
301 1 329
723 243
372 982
sennot edix
O
A
rsen
ic
832 924
912 091
381 181
681 162
76 013
sennot cinesra cillate
M
A
sbes
tos
U
nman
ufac
ture
d to
nnes
1
12 9
36
97
345
143
583
1
48 8
21
182
761
1
72 3
98
236
494
2
53 3
82
311
706
3
46 6
57
Bar
ytes
Bar
ytes
& w
ither
ite
tonn
es
—
25
242
2
71
91
541
2
64
3 3
62
1 3
69
1 8
24
Ben
toni
te &
fulle
r's e
arth
Ben
toni
te &
fulle
r's e
arth
to
nnes
4
192
3
971
2
858
1
145
1
814
3
074
4
561
7
683
8
024
4 50
1 B
ism
uth
001 351
581 251
85 47
55 82
02 04
sennot late
M
908 4
227 273 6 361 344 1
860 921 4 025 057 3
887 922 3 )a( 039 106 2
058 199 1 098 599 1
958 730 1 s
margolik eni
morB
569
Cad
miu
m
172 511
121 241
783 882
935 843
640 1 933 2
sennot late
M
C
emen
t 106 071
410 471 030 281
735 4 532 2
952 2 233 2
468 85 769
52 sennot
sreknilc tneme
C
772 158 590 275
054 42 042 31
806 9 261 51
011 2 284
977 21 086 9
sennot tne
mec dnaltroP
Chr
omiu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
6 8
86
54
567
1 1
53
1 7
40
1 6
99
2 5
21
5 1
00
4 8
01
121
000
9
4 41
5 006 794
903 382
874 771
022 671
831 651
sennot syolla ,late
M
C
oal
58 0 497 94 637 080 34
849 585 83 069 949 82
512 286 12 911 030 32
879 745 02 858 929 02
996 91 sennot
)b( laoc draH
5
9 00
3 14
3 C
obal
t
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
2
356
4
030
2
125
4
181
5
480
8
011
8
313
9
473
9
951
7
824
308 006
394 166
674 005
834 205
253 753
sennot late
M
07 36
17 75
68 29
34 73
81 11
sennot sedix
O
C
oppe
r
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
4
00 5
46
471
399
8
27 5
20
697
505
4
88 0
63
774
138
1
072
904
2
707
370
1
914
178
2
264
732
873 161
071 001 1
092 311
981 75
... ...
sennot tne
mec & etta
M
211 23 314 82
286 02 405 74
591 93 100 05
062 61 764 01
634 51 469 94
sennot thguor
wnU
586 59
184 001 449 301
723 051 846 901
482 29 925 29
813 111 760 58
611 502 sennot
parcS
Ta
ble
12
Min
eral
impo
rts to
Indi
a be
twee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
73
Indi
a im
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
D
iam
ond
374 3
927 3 650 13
128 51 190 6
107 824 052 21
965 1 635 6
001 starac
detrosnU
14 701 897 793 211
255 866 801 611 295 221
993 855 421 043 757 041
418 904 711 703 720 001
510 211 starac
hguor ,me
G
8 84
5 9
7 08
7 58
8 9 273 64
489 488 6 186 691 7
760 950 61 794 881 61
957 611 8 708 416 3
677 911 2 164 274 2
619 690 3 starac
tuc ,me
G
99 205 42
219 04 305 4
442 21 507 41
298 002 016 5
409 1 04
081 3 starac
lairtsudnI
133 27
707 006 27 555 748 65
030 297 74 587 373 72
674 273 83 056 835 21
689 771 41 016 016 11
906 905 6 starac
tsuD
9
36 032 2
350 2 777 1
952 1 503 1
077 733 2
591 3 983 3
408 2 sennot
etimotai
D 642
09 721 35
230 6 832 2
705 1 912 8
642 5
132 sennot
rapsdleF 805 351
430 261 319 031
638 501 745 28
150 001 100 67
064 19 776 95
592 67 sennot
rapsroulF
Gol
d
540 177 904 896
118 517 087 327
978 867 506 667
266 606 704 174
702 174 375 174
smargolik
lateM
703 7
666 11 729 9
920 8 111 6
785 5 008 2
266 1 789
979 sennot
etihparG
G
ypsu
m
C
rude
& c
alci
ned
tonn
es
10
126
20
136
25
327
11
531
18
502
34
223
75
910
421
772
5
75 6
86
890
912
570 273 2 153 579 1
533 859 1 120 188 1
189 483 1 239 584 1
395 732 1 119 497
750 108 328 007
smargolik
enidoI
ero norI
204 96 075 823
051 384 251 116
974 584 855 347 1
059 025 755 593
601 684 369 342
sennot ero norI
812
092 22
46 36
412 554
272
— ...
sennot setiryp tnru
B
Iro
n, s
teel
& fe
rro-
allo
ys
058 11 205 11
257 5 793 5
811 31 648 3
072 2 871 2
768 1 714 3
sennot nori gi
P
Spo
nge
& p
owde
r to
nnes
2
625
5
7 30
9 2
564
2
056
3
2 69
6 3
8 28
9 3
7 24
2 1
67 5
70
12
975
9 2
85
Fe
rro-
chro
me
& fe
rro-
silic
o-ch
rom
e to
nnes
7
360
2
4 91
5 7
348
1
1 90
5 1
1 56
4 1
1 36
4 1
1 18
8 1
9 16
7 1
9 36
1 1
2 37
5
Ferr
o-m
anga
nese
to
nnes
9
582
7
203
5
573
6
904
1
0 63
9 9
608
1
2 30
2 1
2 03
7 17
966
27
772
Ferr
o-si
lico-
man
gane
se
tonn
es
1 1
45
2 0
70
22
3 0
72
2 7
85
2 1
61
1 2
87
207
5
13
239
Ferr
o-m
olyb
denu
m
tonn
es
60
16
43
126
5
9 5
59
323
2
62
481
8
41 366 7
331 8 357 7
642 1 760 3
393 2 992 1
049 1 659 1
214 5 sennot
lekcin -orreF
977 1 995 1
607 1 068
986 314
262 483
981 622
sennot
muiboin-orreF
157 28 013 69
538 68 530 26
810 44 569 13
745 53 238 42
064 32 053 33
sennot nocilis-orreF
Fe
rro-
titan
ium
& fe
rro-
silic
o-tit
aniu
m
tonn
es
642
3
23
312
2
85
692
3
99
334
4
41
570
5
59 342
691 325
905 624
883 522
293 946 1
551 sennot
muidanav-orreF
O
ther
ferr
o-al
loys
to
nnes
2
682
2
306
3
822
3
469
4
137
1
0 41
9 4
695
5
978
1
5 19
0 1
1 95
7 899 91 325 52
337 52 306 22
227 91 203 32
142 81 534 11
460 31 819 01
sennot late
m nociliS
In
gots
, blo
oms,
bill
ets
tonn
es
1 1
55 5
15
354
952
1
45 8
71
97
667
121
591
4
45 0
51
713
565
3
81 1
94
276
718
6
30 9
45 370 344 4
302 845 3 160 881 3
672 308 4 620 114 3
079 765 2 589 793 2
770 978 2 598 896 1
493 429 1 sennot
parcS
580 26
945 34 508 92
999 04 227 92
952 82 080 71
226 01 176 6
096 6 sennot
niloaK
Le
ad
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
12
270
13
344
4 2
19
1 0
59
8 2
66
2 5
02
3 9
70
8 0
32
5 6
86
5 1
83 939 181
561 631 515 851
779 041 679 441
166 131 148 39
429 47 011 45
681 46 sennot
thguorwn
U
448 52 074 61
371 42 876 23
035 71 166 63
282 13 897 91
377 21 756 31
sennot parc
S
Li
thiu
m
986 1 148 1
655 1 334 1
890 1 351 1
801 1 019
356 070 1
sennot sedix
O
343 283
894 045
843 844
843 004
02 732
sennot etanobra
C
M
agne
site
& m
agne
sia
144 651 3
778 276 01
216 41 390 51
088 02 362 22
844 11 557 9
sennot etisenga
M
189 05 821 37
842 19 950 37
456 36 054 57
587 05 751 04
867 45 354 74
sennot aisenga
M
M
anga
nese
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
5
102
2
887
7
721
7
620
6
258
2
11 0
36
13
281
284
202
6
86 0
52
852
200
571 7 436 01
339 41 379 01
501 11 143 6
254 6 838 1
739 1 019 1
sennot late
M
Tabl
e 12
M
iner
al im
ports
to In
dia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
74
Indi
a im
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
322 411 950 021
324 022 724 551
809 371 164 791
781 135 044 062
446 582 483 702
smargolik
yrucreM
155 858
937 377
008 273 2
232 1 769
933 904
sennot aci
M
Mol
ybde
num
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
2
967
3
141
4
462
4
863
5
400
3
953
3
260
3
967
2
782
2
359
124 683
422 712
491 351
031 311
07 79
sennot late
M
874 843
624 272
55 34
2 11
02 92
sennot sedix
O
967 603 8 401 680 8
554 440 7 197 677 4
948 173 2 100 24
557 32 005 3
0 000 2
sennot sag laruta
N Nic
kel
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
—
101
1
57
336
4
27
37
...
85
279
3
45
M
atte
s, s
inte
rs e
tc.
tonn
es
368
3
48
405
5
95
1
6
447
1
16
27
84 549 61
183 81 464 81
297 51 169 22
297 91 052 22
725 32 782 21
028 9 sennot
)c( thguorwn
U
023 079 1
262 2 974
863 677
578 083
111 529
sennot parc
S
942 913
782 773
642 741
711 37
18 79
sennot sedix
O
3 511
283 828 601 000 433 99
000 496 69 300 871 39
000 776 38 000 024 97
000 021 47 325 483 85
sennot
muelortep edurC
35 9
68
130
042
837
900 5
556 710 5 412 900 5
368 774 4 889 471 3
688 113 2 022 988 3
216 126 3 428 082 4
356 731 3 sennot
kcor etahpsohP
662
P
latin
um g
roup
met
als
P
latin
um &
pla
tinum
met
als
kilo
gram
s 2
607
4
970
2
532
2
075
3
250
5
978
5
477
6
058
6
459
5
3 95
7 P
otas
h 075 33
357 94 458 42
189 34 075 52
531 37 698 41
991 31 802 01
236 31 sennot
etahpluS
941 196 4
982 304 3 689 088 2
916 106 3 130 809 2
225 981 2 684 759 1
583 670 2 118 000 2
820 686 2 sennot
edirolhC
O
ther
pot
assi
c fe
rtilis
ers
tonn
es
54
344
112
500
1
25 1
88
148
504
5
0 72
8 6
8 16
0 6
5 80
3 1
32 6
98
265
909
3
38 1
76
Rar
e ea
rths
R
are
earth
com
poun
ds
tonn
es
86
168
2
70
290
3
30
769
9
20
1 0
09
410
4
59 882
122 162
822 191
661 611
601 77
59 sennot
slateM
736 33
189 82 866 72
021 71 695 92
506 12 621 31
770 63 457 71
052 31 sennot
tlaS
S
illim
anite
min
eral
s
Kya
nite
, sill
imin
ite &
and
alus
ite
tonn
es
3 3
37
1 1
52
3 9
67
741
2
144
8
703
3
697
4
210
6
173
1
1 21
2 803 3 445 3
683 2 570 2
499 1 323 1
094 033
22 4
sennot etillu
M
S
ilver
346 696 5
454 296 2 657 538
153 471 2 389 239 2
488 763 2 021 960 3
256 030 3 584 717 3
960 355 3 s
margolik late
M
setiryp & ruhplu
S091
371 2 111
69 631
37 16
53 83
94 sennot
setiryP
134 682 1
735 504 1 398 104 1
852 093 1 335 702 1
731 300 1 206 783 1
149 836 1 204 208 1
090 420 2 sennot
ruhpluS
S
ulph
ur, s
ublim
ed &
pre
cipi
tate
d to
nnes
8
41
959
1
169
6
15
839
2
890
1
009
1
131
1
084
1
202
706 5 565
288 308
415 684
432 97
85 261
sennot claT
Tant
alum
& n
iobi
um
9 3
2 2
1 18
6 62
11 11
sennot
mulatnaT
Ti
n
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
—
8
0
6
...
...
630
1
126
7
02
979
294 5 394 5
160 5 339 4
525 3 696 3
371 3 139 3
672 3 663 3
sennot )c( thguor
wnU
24
021 141
672 981
36 982
936 281
—
sennot parc
S
Ti
tani
um
Ti
tani
um m
iner
als
tonn
es
0
138
4
2 1
03
7 7
52
566
6
821
1
3 18
6 1
7 35
6 2
2 36
6 018 675
764 105
132 585
922 914
992 921
sennot late
M
119 88 011 88
337 87 396 07
172 65 671 94
474 94 631 23
679 22 178 92
sennot sedix
O
Tu
ngst
en
Tu
ngst
en o
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
130
4
4 1
45
241
1
90
258
1
04
149
2
0 2
0 403 392
623 053
292 838
815 396
513 161
sennot late
M
Tabl
e 12
M
iner
al im
ports
to In
dia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8 (c
ontin
ued)
.
75
Indi
a im
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
V
anad
ium
114
045 522
73 41
55 65
04 13
45 sennot
edixotneP
—
— 8
5 6
2 3
4 2
2 sennot
lateM
Zinc
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
4
9 46
0 3
4 53
7 6
8 14
9 3
7 55
0 1
03 0
07
81
547
40
187
52
003
49
493
78
201 826 46
543 55 045 701
859 541 057 321
332 111 406 28
601 47 450 64
320 26 sennot
thguorwn
U
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
3
433
2
760
5
528
6
649
9
400
7
352
1
4 17
4 1
2 30
5 9
157
2
0 35
9 414 92 965 23
074 84 882 79
325 73 598 15
895 13 346 94
295 44 084 54
sennot parc
S
Zi
rcon
ium
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
3
665
3
636
7
267
1
4 09
0 1
5 55
8 2
1 65
2 2
8 18
7 2
7 57
8 2
8 59
2 3
0 47
8 21 9
3 43
88 78
28 71
92 12
sennot late
M
N
ote(
s):-
(1) U
nles
s ot
herw
ise
note
d th
is ta
ble
is fi
scal
yea
rs e
nded
31
Mar
ch fo
llow
ing
that
sta
ted.
(a
) M
ay in
clud
e so
me
fluor
ine
(b)
Incl
udin
g an
thra
cite
(c
) In
clud
ing
allo
ys
(d)
Cal
enda
r yea
r end
ed 3
1 D
ecem
ber o
f tha
t sta
ted
Tabl
e 12
M
iner
al im
ports
to In
dia
betw
een
1999
and
200
8.
76
77
China
The People’s Republic of China is the fourth largest country in the world behind Russia, Canada and the USA with a total
land area of 9.6 million square kilometres. It comprises a large part of the East Asian landmass including the Tibetan
high plateau bordered by the Himalayas in the south-west, the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in the north-central region
and predominantly fertile lowlands in the south-eastern half where 94 per cent of the population lives (Figure 33). The
population in 2009 is estimated to be 1 339 million, equivalent to nearly 20 per cent of the world population.
Key facts
• Fourthlargestcountryintheworld,withatotallandareaof9.6million
squarekilometres.
• Theworld’smostpopulousnation,withnearly20percentoftheworld’s
total.
• Unprecedentedeconomicgrowthofapproximately10percentperyear.
• Theworld’slargestproducerof37ofthemineralsandmetalsincludedin
thisreport.
• Coalprovides70percentofthecountry’selectricitygeneration.
• Coalproductionincreasedby151percentbetween1999and2008,but
Chinamaystillbecomeanetimporterinthenearfuture.
• Theworld’slargestproducerandimporterofironore,withdomestic
outputincreasingby247percentin10yearswhileimportsincreasedby
700percentinthesameperiod.
• Theworld’slargestproducerofgoldsince2007,witha72percent
increaseinproductionbetween1999and2008.
• Theworld’slargestconsumerofcopper,asdemonstratedbyitsoutputof
refinedcopperincreasingby222percentover10years.
• Thelargestoutputintheworldofseveralothermetalsincludingrefined
lead,slabzincandprimaryaluminium,whichhaveincreasedby249per
cent,130percentand369percentrespectivelybetween1999and2008.
• Producesmorethanthreequartersoftheworld’srareearths,antimony,
graphite,magnesiummetal,strontiummineralsandtungsten.
• Onlyproduceshalfitsrequirementforcrudepetroleumandistherefore
theworld’ssecondlargestoilimporter.
78
Figure 33 China geography.
8
7
911
14
15
1620
23
2224
25
26
27
28
294 5
6
3
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10 13
30
31
18
19
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79
The location of selected major mines and important deposits are shown in Figure 34 (metallics) and Figure 35
(non-metallics).
China’s unprecedented economic growth has made it the world’s largest consumer and producer of many commodities
and it now plays a major role in international mineral and energy markets. It is the world’s second largest economy after
the USA in terms of gross domestic product (purchasing power parity) (GDP(PPP)). GDP (PPP) for 2009 is estimated at
US$8791 trillion with real growth of just under nine per cent in 2009, down slightly compared to 2008 and several points
below the 13 per cent achieved in 2007. China’s metals-intensive industrial sector, which accounted for 48.6 per cent of
GDP, grew by 9.3 per cent and industrial value-added output by 14.8 per cent in 2008.
China’s potential for foreign direct investment is huge and it has a pressing need for security of supply of raw materials.
By the end of 2007 cumulative outbound investment reached US$127.6 billion and in the first half of 2008 mergers
and acquisitions reached US$32 billion, more than the whole of 2007. Chinese investment in fixed assets has now
reached US$67 billion. In recent years China has targeted early-stage projects in the emerging markets in Africa, but
now appears to be switching its investment focus to late-stage development projects in developed countries such as
Australia, Canada and Chile.
China is currently the main world producer of 37 of the minerals and metals included in this report and produces more
than 50 per cent of the world’s total output of 12 of these. China’s top 10 world rankings are shown in Table 13, together
with the proportion of the world’s total production of each mineral.
80
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Commodity World rank Percent of total world production
Rare earth minerals 1 99 Salt 1 23
Antimony (mine) 1 90 Copper (refined) 1 21
Graphite 1 85 Copper (smelter) 1 20
Magnesium metal (primary)
1 83 Gold (mine) 1 12
Strontium minerals 1 80 Bentonite 2 31
Tungsten (mine) 1 75 Perlite 2 23
Magnesite 1 57 Diatomite 2 22
Arsenic 1 56 Vermiculite 2 22
Mercury 1 55 Asbestos (white) 2 17
Wollastonite 1 55 Nickel (smelter/refinery)
2 15
Fluorspar 1 54 Beryl 2 11
Barytes 1 51 Vanadium 3 28
Pig iron 1 47 Bromine 3 24
Tin (mine) 1 45 Silver (mine) 3 13
Coal 1 40 Feldspar 3 11
Lead (mine) 1 39 Kaolin 3 11
Tin (smelter) 1 39 Bauxite 3 10
Steel (crude) 1 38 Zirconium minerals 3 10
Bismuth 1 37 Lithium minerals 3 9
Iron ore 1 37 Titanium minerals 4 8
Lead (refined) 1 37 Copper (mine) 4 7
Mica 1 36 Iodine 4 2
Molybdenum (mine) 1 35 Petroleum (crude) 5 5
Manganese ore 1 34 Tantalum & Niobium minerals
5 0.1
Zinc (slab) 1 34 Potash 6 6
Aluminium (primary)
1 33 Borates 7 5
Cobalt (metal) 1 33 Selenium 7 4
Phosphate rock 1 31 Nickel (mine) 8 5
Alumina 1 28 Cobalt (mine) 8 3
Zinc (mine) 1 27 Uranium 10 2
Talc 1 26 Chromium ores & concentrates
10 1
Gypsum 1 25 Diamond 10 1
Cadmium 1 23
Table 13 China’s top 10 world rankings by commodity, with proportion of the world total produced.
81
Figure 34 Selected major mines and important deposits in China (metallics).
Notes:Certainminesand/ordepositsmentionedinthetexthavebeenomittedforclarity.Fe=ironore,Au=gold,Sn=tin,Ta=tantalum,Nb=niobium,REE=rareearthelements,Ti=titanium,Cu=copper,
Ni=nickel,Mn=manganese,Pd=palladium,Pt=platinum,Al=aluminium,W=tungsten,Cr=chromium,U=uranium,Zn=zinc,Pb=lead,Ag=silver,V=vanadium,Sb=antimony,Hg=mercury,Mo=molybdenum
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82
Figure 35 Selected major mines and important deposits in China (non-metallics).
Notes:Certainminesand/ordepositsmentionedinthetexthavebeenomittedforclarity.
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83
Coal
Coal underpins the Chinese economy by providing 70 per cent of its electricity generation. China has approximately
13 per cent of the world’s proven coal reserves. The demand is so large that China, despite being the world’s largest
producer, may become a net importer in the near future. In 2008 it produced approximately 2622 million tonnes, an
increase of 151 per cent compared to 1999 (Figure 36) and is set to increase its coal production by as much as 30 per
cent to over 3300 million tonnes by 2015.
Figure 36 China’s production of coal between 1999 and 2008.
China is seeking to address the problem of safety in its coal mines by closing numerous small and unsafe mines. It had
closed more than 15 000 by the end of 2008 and another 2500 mines, with capacities of less than 300 000 tonnes per
year, will be closed by the end of 2010.
China’s largest open pit mine, operated by the Shenhua Group in Haerwusu in Inner Mongolia, started production in
October 2008 and produced seven million tonnes by December 2008. It has total reserves of 1.73 billion tonnes and a
design capacity of 20 million tonnes per year of coal for 79 years.
As a result of the government restructuring of the coal sector, six to eight companies will have output capacities of more
than 100 million tonnes per year each and ten will have output capacities of more than 50 million tonnes per year each
by 2010.
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Coal (all forms)
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
84
Iron ore
China has 21 billion tonnes of iron ore reserves. It is ranked third in the world in terms of ore reserves (equivalent to
14 per cent) but fifth in terms of iron content (equivalent to 9.6 per cent of the world total).
It is the world’s largest iron ore importer, despite also being the world’s largest producer with 37 per cent of the total
world output. Domestic production in 2008 rose by a further 17 per cent compared to 2007 to 824 million tonnes. Since
1999 output has increased by 247 per cent (Figure 37). Imports in 2008 were 444 million tonnes, an increase of 16 per
cent compared to 2007 and more than 700 per cent greater than in 1999. By 2010 importation of iron ore is expected to
reach 540 million tonnes.
Figure 37 China’s production of iron ore, pig iron and crude steel between 1999 and 2008.
Around 50 per cent of iron ore production comes from mines located in Hebei (Fengjiayu, Dacao, Sangyuan, Shirengou,
Longwan, Dongzigou, Miaogou and Qian’an district) and Liaoning (Anshan–Benxi, Waitoushan–Daheyan, Gongchanling–
Nanfen) provinces. The other provinces and regions that produce iron ore include Beijing (e.g. Jianshan mine), Fujian (e.g.
Longyan Makeng mine), north-eastern and western regions of Shanxi province and Inner Mongolia (e.g. Bayan Obo mine).
There are numerous iron ore producers in China: some of the most important include the Angang New Steel Company,
the Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation, the Anyang Iron and Steel (Group) Co Ltd, the Baotou Iron and Steel
(Group) Co Ltd, the Beitai Iron and Steel Group, the Benxi Iron and Steel (Group) Co Ltd, the Chiang Zhi Iron and Steel
(Group) Co Ltd, the China Iron and Steel Association, the Hunan Valin Iron and Steel Group Co Ltd, the Jiuquan Iron and
Steel Company, the Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation, the Sinosteel Corporation and the Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co.
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Iron ore Pig iron Crude steel
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
85
Crude steel
China is the world’s largest producer of pig iron and crude steel. In 2008 production of crude steel rose by two per cent to
just over 500 million tonnes; an increase of more than 300 per cent compared to 1999 (Figure 37).
Steel use in China increased by 2.9 per cent in 2008 whilst worldwide consumption decreased by 1.4 per cent. Steel
mills in China currently have the capacity to produce 700 million tonnes per year, whilst Chinese demand for steel is
expected to expand by 19 per cent in 2010 to 526 million tonnes.
Baosteel, China’s largest steel maker, which controls about 10 per cent of the world market, increased overall crude steel
output by nearly five per cent to 35 million tonnes in 2008 and is expected to exceed 40 million tonnes in 2010. Hebei
Iron and Steel Group Co Ltd, which was established in June 2008 with the merger of Tangsteel and Hansteel, was the
second largest producer in China in 2008, at 33 million tonnes, and the fifth largest in the world.
Shandong Iron and Steel Group formed a 67:33 joint venture in 2008 with the Rizhao Iron and Steel Co Ltd to build a
20 million tonnes per year quality steel production facility in Rizhao. As a result of the merger Shandong Steel, with a
production of 29 million tonnes in 2008, was ranked third in China.
The Shoutang Iron and Steel Co, a Shougang (51 per cent)–Tanggang (49 per cent) joint venture, is building a 9.7 million
tonnes per year iron and steel plant on Caofeidian Island, Hebei Province. The first phase at half capacity commenced
operation in September 2009; the plant will be fully operational in 2010. Shougang (Shoudu Iron and Steel Group Co)
plans to relocate its entire iron and steel operations from Beijing to Hebei Province in 2012 when production should be
up to 30 million tonnes per year.
The country’s largest iron pellet plant (capacity 5 million tonnes) became operational in September 2009 in Zhanjiang,
Guangdong Province. This is jointly owned by Baosteel (72 per cent), Shaoguan Steel (20 per cent) and the Zhanjiang Port
Group (8 per cent). The Zhanjiang integrated plant will produce 9.2 million tonnes of pig iron, 10 million tonnes of crude
steel and 9.4 million tonnes of steel products from the end of 2011. Guangdong Province will eliminate 10 million tonnes
of outdated steel capacity to embrace this new steel project.
The Wuhan Iron and Steel Co Ltd (WISCO) – parent company Wugang – has an annual production capacity of 20 million
tonnes. During 2009 WISCO entered strategic cooperation agreements with shipping giants (Sinotrans and UK-based
Zodiac Maritime Agencies Ltd.) and has been investing in overseas iron ore assets including joint venture deals with
Centrex Metals and Western Plains Resources of Australia and Brazil’s EBX. It has also acquired a 25 per cent stake in
the Canadian Consolidated Thompson.
Nickel
China has about five million tonnes of nickel resources of which sulphide ore accounts for 90 per cent. Eleven operating
nickel mines have 81 per cent of the total reserves. Chinese companies have invested in nickel projects in Papua New
Guinea, Burma (Myanmar), Cuba, Zambia and Australia.
86
Within China, mined nickel production amounted to 71 500 tonnes in 2008, up eight per cent compared to 2007.
Refined nickel output reached 200 300 tonnes in 2008, up just one per cent compared to the previous year, while nickel
consumption reached 345 000 tonnes, comparable to that of 2007.
The fall in nickel prices in 2008 and suspended operations of stainless steel factories forced most Chinese producers
of nickel pig iron to stop (or drastically scale back) production and resulted in nickel laterite stockpiles at China’s ports
reaching 6.9 million tonnes by the end of 2008.
China’s annual stainless steel output declined by 3.6 per cent to 6.9 million tonnes in 2008, equivalent to 27 per cent
of the world stainless steel production. Stainless steel production is expected to reach 9.7 million tonnes and nickel
consumption rise to 447 000 tonnes in 2009, an increase of nearly 40 per cent year on year. This is still a long way short
of China’s current 12 million tonnes of stainless steel production capacity. Refined nickel production is expected to grow
by nearly ten per cent in 2009 and 2010.
Gold
Gold output in China rose 12 per cent to 275 tonnes in 2007 to become the world’s largest gold producer for the first time.
China produced 285 tonnes of gold in 2008; an additional increase of four per cent compared to 2007, and contributing to a
72 per cent increase since 1999 (Figure 38). It is also the only country in the top four where production rose in 2008.
Figure 38 China’s mine production of gold between 1999 and 2008.
Currently there are about 1200 gold mines, of which more than 230 active gold mines and a further 40 mines under
construction are on deposits with more than 7775 kilograms of contained gold. Nevertheless, China’s gold reserves
constitute only about seven per cent of the world total and the deposits, albeit numerous, are relatively small.
Kilo
gram
s
Gold (mined)
300 000
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
87
Production has mostly been concentrated in the eastern provinces of Shandong, Henan, Fujian and Liaoning. Recently,
western provinces such as Guizhou and Yunnan have seen a sharp increase. The Shandong (Jaiodong) peninsula has
more than 60 gold mines that annually produce about 15 per cent of China’s total gold output.
The country’s oldest and largest gold producer is the China National Gold Group Corporation (CNGGC), which accounts
for 20 per cent of total production and controls more than 30 per cent of domestic reserves. In February 2009 the CNGGC
announced its intention to build or acquire up to 20 major gold mines to add to its 65 operating mines.
The Zijin Mining Group Co Ltd, China’s second largest gold miner, produced 57 tonnes of gold including 28 tonnes of
mine-produced gold in 2008. It owns the Zijinshan copper–gold mine in Fujian Province which has reserves of 138 million
tonnes at 1.57 grams per tonne gold and is the largest known and most productive gold deposit in the country.
Australian Sino Gold is the leading international gold company in China. Its 82 per cent-owned Jinfeng Mine in Guizhou
Province is now China’s second largest gold mine with a production of 5600 kilograms per year and resources nearing
300 tonnes. The 95 per cent-owned White Mountain gold mine in Jilin Province commenced commercial gold production
in January 2009. The company also has projects in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang Province. The high-grade Eastern
Dragon Project in Heilongjiang Province will start producing at 2800 kilograms per year from 2011.
The Vancouver-based Eldorado Gold Corporation bought Sino Gold Mining Ltd in December 2009. Eldorado Gold already
had a 90 per cent stake in Tanjianshan (TJS) gold mine in Qinghai Province. Under the planned acquisition Eldorado
Gold will become the dominant foreign gold producer in China. The combined company will have gold production of
17 000 kilograms per year which is expected to rise to 26 000 kilograms in 2011 as new mines come on stream and
over 31 000 kilograms per year in 2013 and beyond.
The Canadian Minco Gold Corporation (Minco Gold) is involved in the direct acquisition and development of high grade
advanced-stage gold properties in China. It holds the 1800 kilograms per year Gobi Gold mine in Inner Mongolia and the
31 000 kilograms Changkeng gold project. Minco Gold has a controlling interest in the Yangshan gold properties in the
Qinting Gold Triangle with a recoverable reserve of approximately 200 tonnes gold.
Canadian miners Silvercorp Metals Inc and Jinshan Gold Mines Inc also have producing precious metal mines in China.
Jinshan Gold Mines Inc (41 per cent owned by China National Gold) started production in July 2008 at its Chang Shan Hao
(CSH) gold mine in Inner Mongolia. The mine is designed to produce about 3700 kilograms per year of gold. In north-west
China, Tianshan Goldfields Ltd’s continuing drilling programme has outlined further mineralisation at its Gold Mountain
deposit, which already has resources estimated at approximately 80 000 kilograms.
88
Silver
Silver production in 2008 was 2.8 million tonnes, up four per cent compared to 2007 and 103 per cent compared to 1999
(Figure 39). Most of China’s silver reserves occur in 700 large and medium-scale polymetallic deposits which also contain
81 per cent and 88 per cent of the lead and zinc reserves respectively.
Figure 39 China’s mine production of silver from 1999 to 2008.
Silvercorp Metals Inc, China’s largest primary silver producer in the first half of 2009, produced a record
37 324 kilograms of silver from its high-grade Ying deposit.
Minco Silver, a subsidiary of the Minco Gold Corp, completed a feasibility study in September 2009 raising contained
silver in resources at its Fuwan project in Guangdong Province to 4877 tonnes. Mining and ore processing will yield
silver, lead and zinc concentrates respectively. Reserves total nine million tonnes averaging 189 grams per tonne of
silver. Just over half of the company’s silver resources are on its Changkeng permit.
Erbahuo polymetallic silver–lead–zinc–manganese mine north west of Chifeng City, which is 70 per cent owned by Silver
Dragon Resources Inc and 30 per cent by Chinese corporations led by Huaguan Industrial Corp (HIC), is being developed.
Erbahuo has a mineable resource of 68 tonnes of silver. Guangda Mining Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sanhe Sino-
Top Resources & Technologies Ltd (Sino-Top), in which Silver Dragon has a 40 per cent equity stake, will be responsible for
developing the Company’s eight exploration properties, commencing with development of the Dadi and Laopandao mines.
The Gansu Shengda Group Ltd currently owns eight producing mines, including a 42 per cent interest in Bairendaba,
and over 20 exploration properties, mostly in northern China. Bairendaba silver–lead–zinc mine has proven reserves of
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Silver (mined)
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
89
over 4000 tonnes of silver and 1.5 million tonnes of lead and zinc, and a milling capacity of over one million tonnes
per year.
Copper
China has an estimated 30 million tonnes of copper reserves, equivalent to 5.5 per cent of the world total, and is ranked
sixth equal with Poland. China is the world’s largest consumer of copper which in 2008 increased to nearly five million
tonnes.
In 2008 output from the copper mines rose by nine per cent to one million tonnes, while smelter production grew by
19 per cent to 2.5 million tonnes and production of refined copper increased by eight per cent to 3.8 million tonnes.
Increases over the 10 years from 1999 were 97 per cent, 200 per cent and 222 per cent respectively (Figure 40). China’s
refined copper production for January to October 2009 was 3.5 million tonnes and was expected to rise to over four
million tonnes by the year end, whilst consumption was expected to grow by 10.2 per cent compared to 2008.
Figure 40 China’s production of copper between 1999 and 2008.
The growth in refined copper production is due to capacity expansion including a 300 000 tonnes per year project run
by Jiangxi Copper, the second phase of Shandong Yanggu Xiangguang’s greenfield copper refinery completed in 2008
bringing total capacity to 400 000 tonnes per year and Jinchuan Nonferrous Metals Group which increased refined
copper output to 200 000 tonnes per year. China’s reliance on imported copper concentrate increased as growth of
domestic mine production lagged behind expansion in the smelter capacity.
In April 2009, the Zijin Mining Group Co Ltd acquired UK-based Monterrico Metals plc owner of the controversial
Rio Blanco copper–molybdenum project (total resource 1257 million tonnes) in Peru, which could produce
191 000 tonnes per year of copper. It is expected to become operational in 2015. In September 2009 Zijin Mining
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Copper (mined) Copper (smelter) Copper (refined)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
90
announced the discovery of a copper–gold deposit in Fujian Province which is estimated to contain 81 200 tonnes of
copper, 5770 kilograms of gold, and 238 000 kilograms of silver.
The Aluminium Corporation of China Ltd (Chinalco), which acquired a 91 per cent stake in Peru Copper Inc of
Canada in 2007, is to invest in the Toromocho copper project in central Peru which has reported reserves of
1.5 billion tonnes and is expected to produce 225 000 tonnes per year of copper by 2012.
The Chinese government intends to phase out 1.3 million tonnes of non-ferrous metal production capacity by the end of
2009. Plants that had been using outdated or obsolete technologies will be closed and the industry restructured.
Lead and zinc
China has the world’s second largest lead and zinc reserves after Australia accounting for approximately 11.8 per cent
and 18.3 per cent of the global total respectively.
China’s zinc endowment is arguably superior to that of any of the world’s great zinc producing countries (Australia, United
States, and Peru). World class deposits include: major sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits (e.g. the
300 million tonnes Dongshengmiao deposit in Inner Mongolia and the 80 million tonnes Changba–Lijiagou deposit of
Gansu); volcanic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits (e.g. the 40 million tonnes Xitieshan deposit in Qinghai); skarn deposits
(e.g. the 50 million tonnes Dulong deposit in Yunnan); manto deposits (e.g. those of the 50 million tonnes Dachang District
of Guangxi); Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits (e.g. Huize in Yunnan with >5 million tonnes of combined zinc–lead
metal; grade 25 per cent); and Irish type deposits (e.g. Fankou, with 35 million tonnes at 10 per cent zinc).
China’s mine production of lead in 2008 increased by ten per cent to 1.5 million tonnes whilst output of refined lead grew
by 15 per cent to 3.2 million tonnes compared to 2007. Since 1999 production has increased by 182 per cent and 249 per
cent respectively (Figure 41). Refined lead consumption grew by eight per cent to 2.75 million tonnes in 2008, leaving the
market in surplus. As outmoded lead smelters are closed, over 0.56 million tonnes per year of new or expanded smelter
capacity is due to come on stream by the end of 2012.
Mine production of zinc increased by five per cent in 2008 to reach 3.2 million tonnes. China produced 3.9 million tonnes
of slab zinc in 2008, up five per cent compared to the previous year, whilst consumption reached 3.7 million tonnes,
up three per cent. Compared to 1999 production outputs have increased by 116 per cent and 130 per cent respectively
(Figure 41).
As demand dropped after the outbreak of the financial crisis, major domestic zinc producers cut production and
postponed new production facilities from coming online. Huludao Zinc Industry Co Ltd and Yunnan Luoping Zinc,
Electricity Co Ltd and other major Chinese zinc smelters cut output by 25–30 per cent. China’s zinc consumption
continued to fall in the first half of 2009 despite the government’s stimulus policies and some plants shut down to reduce
losses and the zinc surplus.
Lanping in Yunnan Province is the largest lead–zinc mine in China, with confirmed reserves (in March 2009) of
15.5 million tonnes of lead and zinc metal and a combined ore grade for both metals of 9.4 per cent. At Lanping’s current
mining capacity of approximately 130 000 tonnes per year lead and zinc, there are sufficient reserves for over 100 years.
91
Figure 41 China’s production of lead and zinc between 1999 and 2008.
The Yunnan Tin Minerals Group will complete the construction of a new 100 000 tonnes per year zinc smelter in Gejui
City in Yunnan Province by 2010. It acquired the Guangzhou magnetite copper–lead mine in Guangdong province in May
2009.
Bauxite, alumina and aluminium
China imported 25.9 million tonnes of bauxite in 2008 to supplement its domestic production of 21.6 million tonnes,
which equates to a six per cent increase compared to 2007 and a 204 per cent increase since 1999 (Figure 42). The
provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Shandong and Shanxi account for 90 per cent of the country’s bauxite resources.
There are about 31 deposits with reserves of more than 20 million tonnes and 83 deposits with 5–20 million tonnes
together accounting for 86 per cent of the total reserves. Compared to other major bauxite-producing nations China’s
deposits (mostly karst bauxite) are relatively small and low grade. High aluminium/silicon bauxite only accounts for
18.5 per cent of the total reserve.
Alumina production in 2008 increased to 22.8 million tonnes, an increase of 17 per cent compared to 2007 and nearly
500 per cent compared to 1999 (Figure 42). Imported alumina declined in 2008 by 10 per cent compared to 2007 to
4.6 million tonnes. This is despite two million tonnes of domestic smelting capacity being suspended due to falling
commodity prices. In recent years about 23 alumina plants were either completed or under construction and by the end
of 2008 China’s alumina output capacity reached 33 million tonnes per year. Further expansions in progress or scheduled
for completion in 2009 would add three million tonnes per year whilst projects to be completed after 2009 will add
another six million tonnes per year of refining capacity.
Primary aluminium production in 2008 increased to 13.2 million tonnes, an increase of five per cent compared to 2007
and 369 per cent compared to 1999 (Figure 42).
Lead (mined) Lead (refined) Zinc (mined) Zinc (slab)
Mill
ion
tonn
es
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
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92
Figure 42 China’s production of bauxite, alumina and primary aluminium between 1999 and 2008.
Several new bauxite deposits have been discovered in Guangxi (e.g. Chongzhou), Guizhou and Shanxi provinces in
recent years. A greenfield four million tonnes per year bauxite mine was also completed in Guangxi Province by Huayin
Aluminium Co Ltd. This will produce more than five million tonnes of alumina and two million tonnes of aluminium by the
end of 2010.
In September 2008 Chinalco announced its intention to increase bauxite self-sufficiency and double production of bauxite
in 2009. The Qingzhen bauxite mining complex in Guizhou province is one of China’s three largest bauxite mining sites
with proven reserves of 229 million tonnes. In June 2009 the Guangdong Aluminium Group (Chinalco and partners)
announced the development an additional aluminium complex to include a 1.6 million tonnes per year bauxite mine,
0.8 million tonnes per year alumina refinery, and a 0.2 million tonnes per year aluminium smelter. The refinery and
smelter are scheduled to come on-stream in 2012.
Other high-profile projects of Chinalco include: the phase 3 expansion (with partners) of the Guangxi Huayin alumina
refinery from 0.8 million tonnes per year to 1.6 million tonnes per year which came on-stream in 2008; construction
of a two million tonnes per year bauxite mine and 0.8 million tonnes per year alumina refinery in Chongqing province
plus another 0.8 million tonnes per year alumina refinery in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, completed in mid 2009; and an
expansion project at the Zhonghou alumina refinery in Henan Province which would raise refining capacity from two
million tonnes per year to three million tonnes per year by the end of 2009.
Luneng Jinbei Aluminium Co Ltd, following completion of an expansion of its Shandong alumina refinery to one
million tonnes per year in 2008, is undertaking further expansion to two million tonnes per year capacity projected for
completion by the end of 2009.
It is reported that China will exhaust its domestic bauxite supplies in 10 years. Bauxite deposits in Shandong Province
are nearly depleted and in May 2009 the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (SDGM) signed
Mill
ion
tonn
es
Bauxite Alumina Aluminium (primary)
25
20
15
10
5
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
93
a JV agreement with Perth-based Bauxite Resources Ltd (BRL) (SDGM 60 per cent, BRL 40 per cent) to explore and
develop BRL’s Darling Range and Kimberley tenements in Australia. Shipments from BRL’s Darling Range North project
area commenced in August 2009.
Tin
China is the world’s largest tin producer with identified resources of 3.5 million tonnes and mineable reserves of
1.7 million tonnes. Domestic mined tin output in China declined by 15 per cent to 125 000 tonnes in 2008, while tin
smelter production fell by 13 per cent. Despite this, mine production since 1999 has still risen by 56 per cent and smelter
production by 42 per cent (Figure 43).
Figure 43 China’s production of tin between 1999 and 2008.
China’s tin resources are mainly located in the provinces of Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi and Yunnan which account for
about 90 per cent of the metal output. The two largest mines are Gejui (Yunnan) and Nandan (Guangxi).
China’s tin smelting capacity (currently 190 000 tonnes) far exceeds its mine output capacity and the country is required
to import tin concentrates. With the slump in the tin price from May to December 2008 imports of tin concentrates
dropped from 20 699 tonnes in 2007 to 7154 tonnes in 2008. Imports of unwrought tin and tin alloys dropped 23 per cent
and 18.5 per cent respectively in 2008.
Global tin consumption during 2008 amounted to 337 500 tonnes, a reduction of five per cent compared to 2007, whilst in
China consumption grew ten per cent from 132 300 tonnes to 146 000 tonnes. China’s consumption will be buoyed up by
the planned increase in tin plate capacity by 1.2 million tonnes per year, in contrast to an expected 10–15 per cent fall in
global tin consumption in 2009.
160
140
120
100
80
60
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Thou
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94
The Yunnan Tin Co (YTC), the world’s largest tin producer, suspended output at its Yunnan smelter from December 2008
to February 2009. Output in 2008 was 58 400 tonnes compared with earlier forecasts of 62 000 tonnes. This includes
production from its wholly-owned Chenzhou tin smelter, Hunan Province, and the Singapore Tin Industries Ltd (STI) joint
venture 20 000 tonnes per year refinery in Singapore. STI also closed at the end of 2008. With the depletion of the mine
reserves in the Gejiu area, YTC is exploring and acquiring tin prospects and deposits in other provinces and overseas.
YTC holds a 51 per cent share of Bangka Belitung Tin Co, Indonesia, which has a smelter capacity of 20 000 tonnes per
year.
The Liuzhou Huaxi Group based in Guangxi Province is the second largest tin producer in China with reserves of
0.5 million tonnes of tin, 0.41 million tonnes of antimony, 2.7 million tonnes of zinc and 0.48 million tonnes of lead.
Tungsten
China’s Ministry of Land and Resources has imposed a ceiling on the output of tungsten, antimony and rare earths in
2009, with tungsten ore concentrate output limited to 68 555 tonnes, rare earth ore to 82 320 tonnes, and antimony ore
to 90 180 tonnes. Furthermore, it has suspended new licence approvals for exploring and producing the three minerals
until mid 2010.
The tungsten production target for 2008 was 66 850 tonnes (59 440 tonnes mined and 7 410 tonnes recovered) of which
Jiangxi Province at 32 200 tonnes and Hunan Province at 13 200 tonnes accounted for 76 per cent of mined output. The
2009 target represents an increase of 2.5 per cent.
China has an estimated 1.8 million tonnes of proven tungsten reserves (i.e. approximately 64 per cent of the world’s
mineable reserves). Of these reserves, 61.4 per cent occur in the provinces of Hunan, Jiangxi and Henan. Many new
deposits have been found in Gansu, Xinjiang and Jilin.
In 2008 China produced 84 470 tonnes of tungsten concentrate (based on WO3 content) up five per cent on 2007. It
exported 4433 tonnes of tungsten metal and 4835 tonnes of ferro-tungsten alloys; equivalent to 51.1 per cent of the total
output and representing a drop of 27.1 per cent on 2007.
The Xingluokeng tungsten mine in Fujian Province commenced operations in 2008 with an annual output of 2400 tonnes
of tungsten concentrates. It has metal reserves of more than 0.3 million tonnes. The first phase of the Yangjingou
tungsten project in Jilin Province, was also launched with a design capacity of 6000 tonnes per year of tungsten
concentrates. This deposit has 125 000 tonnes of reserves (WO3 content).
Discovery of a 96 200 tonne tungsten deposit in Anhui Province was reported in the first quarter of 2009. The reserve
base may be as much as 1.4 million tonnes.
Tungsten carbide accounts for a major proportion of the tungsten consumption with 37 major cemented tungsten carbide
plants producing 15 060 tonnes in 2008. Xiamen Tungsten Co Ltd (XTC), which owns two tungsten mines and a complete
downstream industry, is the world’s largest producer and exporter.
95
Rare earths
China is the world’s largest rare earth metal producer, consumer and exporter. China’s rare earth industrial reserves and
basic reserves reached 27 million tonnes and 89 million tonnes of rare earth oxides respectively in 2008, accounting for
30.7 per cent and 59.3 per cent in the world’s total. There are three reserve centres: Baotou in Inner Mongolia, Chinalco
in Sichuan province and China Minmetals Corporation in Jiangxi province.
China’s rare earth ore output of 125 000 tonnes accounted for 98.9 per cent of the reported global total in 2008. It also
consumes about 60 per cent of the world’s rare earths which are vital for a wide range of green energy technologies and
military applications.
The Bayan Obo (or Baijunebo) Rare Earth mine, 70 per cent owned by the Inner Mongolia-based Baotou Steel Rare-Earth
(Group) Hi-Tech Co Ltd, has had its output restricted to 46 000 tonnes in 2009 and revenue had dropped 30 per cent by
the middle of the year.
In 2008 China exported 30 921 tonnes of rare earth oxide (REO) and in 2009 the export quota was set at 35 000 tonnes against
a total production quota of 82 320 tonnes REO. On the basis that China will adhere to the announced production limits, with
the forecast demand growth of 8–11 per cent year on year, it is probable that within 5–10 years the country will only be
meeting its domestic needs. To meet the estimated global demand of 0.18–0.19 million tonnes of rare earth oxides in 2010, at
least 40 000 tonnes of new capacity will be needed to meet the unfulfilled demand from outside China.
In the first half of 2009 Chinese companies acquired a stake in two developing Australian rare earth mines which are
to open with combined production equal to a quarter of global output. China Non-Ferrous Metal Mining became the
majority shareholder (51.7 per cent) in Lynas Corporation (LYC) and East China Exploration bought a 25 per cent share
in Arafura Resources (ARU). China’s monopoly on production of rare earths through price control and buying up other
rare-earth resources around the world, however, should weaken over the next 3–4 years as deposits are re-opened and
production increases in Canada, Russia and elsewhere.
Antimony
China is the world’s leading producer of antimony with a mined production in 2008 of 183 000 tonnes of antimony metal.
Proven reserves currently stand at 0.79 million tonnes, equivalent to 38 per cent of the world’s known deposits.
Antimony is mainly produced in Hunan, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan, Guangdong and Guizhou provinces. Hunan has the
richest antimony deposits (9.3 per cent of the world’s total) and, with output in 2008 of around 125 000 tonnes of refined
antimony, is currently the largest producing province in China. Major mines include Lengshuijiang, Hsikuangshan,
Taojang Banxi, Xinshao Longshan, Taoyuan Woxi mines in Hunan, Da Chang mine in Guangxi, Yawan mine in Gansu
and the Xuyang antimony–mercury mines in Shanxi. Hsikuangshan Twinkling Star Co Ltd (HTSC) is the world’s largest
producer with 26 000 tonnes per year capacity. It also produces zinc and indium.
Output in 2008 was affected by the fall in antimony prices (38 per cent in the fourth quarter) which led to closure of many
smaller producers and the crackdown on pollution levels which restricted production at some antimony plants. Expansion
in smelter capacity outstripped domestic supply of concentrates. China exported 9557 tonnes of antimony ingots in 2008,
96
14.7 per cent up on the previous year. Antimony oxide exports rose 0.35 per cent to 52 389 tonnes. Although quotas for
antimony were increased by 23 per cent, demand weakened in 2009. The country’s antimony consumption is expected to
increase to 65 000 tonnes in 2010.
In September 2009 the Hunan Nonferrous Metals Corporation (HNC), the largest integral metals producer (except
aluminium) in China, acquired the Canada-based Beaver Brook Antimony Mine Inc — the only operating antimony mine
in North America and one of the world’s largest antimony deposits outside China.
Following a major accident in a HTSC mine in October 2009, in which 26 people were killed and five others were
injured, the provincial government of Hunan required all antimony mines and smelters to shut down for safety checks.
Supplies to the market were reduced and the price of antimony rose temporarily as a direct consequence.
Molybdenum
Although not the largest producer, China has the largest molybdenum reserves of any country estimated at 3.3 million
tonnes, equivalent to 38 per cent of the world’s reserves. Identified resources amount to 8.3 million tonnes and are
mostly located in the provinces of Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. Henan-based Luanchuan County
has two million tonnes of proven reserves and includes the Louyang deposit (reserve 707 482 tonnes of molybdenum).
China’s largest tungsten–molybdenum processing plant is being constructed at Louyang which upon completion will have
an output of over 24 000 tonnes of primary and derivative products. China’s largest molybdenum producer is Jinduiching
Molybdenum Mining (JDC), Shandong Province.
In China output of molybdenum in 2008 was up 20 per cent compared to 2007, and 172 per cent compared to 1999 (Figure
44). Demand is predicted to grow at 4.5–6.0 per cent over the next three years which is expected to outpace the growth in
supply. World consumption of molybdenum in 2009 is estimated to decrease by 25–30 per cent compared to 2008.
Figure 44 China’s production of molybdenum between 1999 and 2008.
Thou
sand
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es
Molybdenum
90
80
70
60
50
40
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20
10
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97
During the first half of 2009 molybdenum manufacturers’ revenues dropped sharply and China became a net importer
(33 219 tonnes of concentrate equivalent to 40.5 million pounds of molybdenum). Chinese molybdenum export quotas
have been cut by three per cent for 2009; 70 per cent of which will be distributed between molybdenum oxide and ferro-
molybdenum. Whilst current molybdenum production meets demand, refiners expect to run into a shortfall between 2009
and 2015.
Titanium
China produced one million tonnes of ilmenite, the main ore of titanium, in 2008 a level comparable to the past two
years but imports rose sharply in 2007 to 1.2 million tonnes falling back slightly to 1.1 million tonnes in 2008. China has
965 million tonnes of proven titanium ore reserves widely distributed in 21 provinces and accounting for more than
60 per cent of the world’s total but the ore is generally of low quality. Vanadiferous titanomagnetite ore mostly occurs in
the Sichuan and Hebei provinces with Sichuan accounting for 95 per cent of the national total.
China is currently the largest titanium dioxide supplier in the world with its capacity exceeding that of the USA in 2008
due to growing domestic demand. Consumption of titanium dioxide has surpassed output despite its rapid increase and so
it remains a net importer. However, China has transformed itself from a net importer to net exporter of sponge titanium.
The production capacity of sponge titanium increased from 50 000 tonnes in 2007 to 70 000 tonnes in 2008 and is
expected to surpass 100 000 tonnes in 2010. This compares with a global production capacity of 200 000 tonnes in 2008.
China’s consumption of titanium products and titanium sponge is predicted to reach 20 000 tonnes and 30 000 tonnes
respectively in 2010. Chinese titanium sponge production is mainly located in the Guizhou, Liaoning, Henan, Hebei,
Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces. There are currently seven producers of more than 2000 tonnes per year. Large chlorination
titanium dioxide projects, which provide the feedstock for sponge titanium, are also under construction in Zhejiang,
Shandong, Liaoning provinces, amongst others, and should be on-stream in 2010. Exports of titanium sponge amounted
to 6292 tonnes in 2008, up 12.7 per cent on 2007, and production in 2009 has far exceeded demand with a consequent
decrease in the export price by over 10 per cent. If all this titanium sponge production capacity is put on-stream on
schedule by 2010 the world market will average 70 per cent of capacity utilisation.
Vanadium
In China 18 500 tonnes of vanadium was produced in 2008 with practically all of it going for steel production. Exports of
ferro-vanadium alloys (high-strength low-alloy steels) more than doubled whilst vanadium pentoxide exports dropped
by 23 per cent compared with 2007. The two major producers are Panzhihua New Steel and Vanadium Co, the third
largest in the world, and Chengde Xinxin Vanadium and Titanium Stock Co Ltd. Both have expansion plans as demand for
vanadium is expected to increase by 7–8 per cent per year for the foreseeable future.
China has vanadium reserves of five million tonnes, the joint largest in the world (with Russia). Over 90 per cent of
the vanadium and titanium magnetite resources and outputs are centred on the area of Panzhihua–Xichang in Sichuan
province and Chengde in Hebei province.
98
Fluorspar
China produced 3.25 million tonnes of fluorspar in 2008, the same as 2007. Exports of Chinese fluorspar dropped
35 per cent between 2002 and 2008 as domestic demand rose but exports of fluorspar derivatives such as aluminium
fluoride have risen markedly. Demand for fluorspar in the manufacture of aluminium fluoride and synthetic cryolite used
in aluminium smelters grew 6.7 per cent from 2000 to 2007. Worldwide metaspar (ceramic and metallurgical grades)
account for 35–40 per cent of total mine production but its use as a flux in the steel industry is declining.
China is the main source of acid-grade fluorspar and by the end of 2008 China’s active production capacity of
hydrofluoric acid reached one million tonnes per year. The extent and availability of Chinese fluorspar has been the main
determinative factor on prices over the past three decades but recent removal of Chinese fluorspar from global trade has
been largely offset by increased production from Mongolia and Mexico. Chinese export restrictions may in part be due to
mine depletion as current known reserves could only maintain 3.2 million tonnes per year production for 40 years.
Crude petroleum
China produced 189.7 million tonnes of crude petroleum and imported a further 178.9 million tonnes in 2008,
representing increases of 1.6 per cent and 9.6 per cent respectively compared to 2007. Whilst oil production was an
estimated 2.7 million barrels per day, oil consumption was 7.9 million barrels per day, an increase of 12 per cent in 2008.
Refinery capacity was ramped up by 54.5 million tonnes in that year.
China accounted for nearly 40 per cent of the increase in global oil consumption in the years 2004–2007 and in 2008
became the world’s second largest oil importer. Demand fell by nearly six per cent in the first quarter of 2009 to
7.4 million barrels per day but had already recovered to 7.9 million barrels per day by the third quarter of 2009 and is
expected to grow by nearly 20 per cent in the next few years. It is estimated that China will increase oil imports to as
much as 9.6 million barrels per day in 2010 and 11.4 million barrels per day by 2015.
China’s proven oil reserves stood at 19.6 billion barrels at the beginning of 2008 and therefore it will become increasingly
dependent upon overseas sourced oil. With some US$1.95 trillion in foreign exchange reserves China has taken full
advantage of the global financial difficulties to acquire crude petroleum or gas assets at relatively low cost.
The China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), the China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec) and the China National
Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) together with PetroChina are vigorously pursuing oil supply contracts and have
acquired holdings in over 20 countries. The largest Chinese oil acquisition to date is that of the Canadian oil company
PetroKazakhstan by CNPC in 2007. This company has large reserves in Kazakhstan and the purchase was complemented
by the completion of the Sino–Kazakh oil pipeline that has already delivered in excess of an estimated 300 000 barrels
per day of crude oil to China.
Petrochina, the world’s second largest company by value, is responsible for 75 oil and gas infrastructure development
projects in 29 countries. In December 2009 Petrochina announced that it had found more than
100 million tonnes of oil reserves in Qinghai province.
Key Information sources
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
China Market Research Reports
http://www.financialpost.com/story.html (Peter Koven: August 26, 2009)
http://www.cruonline.crugroup.com (CRU Alumina market outlook)
http://www.silverdragonresources.com
http://www.highbeam.com
http://www.molybdenumtungsten.com
http://www.chinaszmg.com/
http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/Iron
http://www.forbes.com/2009/
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/
http://www.chinamining.org/News/2009
http://www.asianmetal.com/report/
http://www.itri.co.uk/pooled/
http://www.researchinchina.com/Htmls/Report/2009/5768.html.
http://www.roskill.com/reports/
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/
http://www.insg.org/
http://metalprices.com/Free Site/metals/
http://www.asianmetal.cn/report/en/2008
http://reporterlinker.com
http://www.ensec.org (June 2009 Issue)
http://www.mining-journal.com
http://www.commodityonline.com/news/
99
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0 28
5 00
0 000 008 1 000 008 1
000 037 1 000 056 1
000 054 1 000 004 1
000 023 1 000 007 1
000 056 1 000 005 1
sennot )c( etihpar
G
3 * 000 000 73 *
000 000 53 000 000 23
000 025 92 000 005 72
000 005 52 000 0 08 6 *
000 008 6 * 000 007 6 *
sennot
muspyG
5 00
0 00
0 000 075 * 000 075 *
000 065 * 000 055 *
000 055 * 000 005 *
000 005 * 000 005 *
000 005 * 000 005 *
smargolik
enidoI
0 707 004 171 885
007 294 024 008 401 013
006 480 162 000 916 232
007 410 712 006 749 322
001 032 732 sennot
ero norI73
000
8
24 0
11 1
00
4 964 009 154 214
009 157 343 009 903 862
008 666 312 000 058 071
005 245 551 002 430 131
009 923 521 sennot
nori giP
46 3
00
470
674
100
84
005 841 914 008 932 353
000 119 282 000 633 222
000 073 281 004 436 151
001 632 721 001 459 321
sennot leets edur
C9
660
000
500
488
000
Fe
rro-
allo
ys
008 505 1 000 692 1
005 240 1 000 458
000 536 248 435
110 233 736 043
000 593 877 982
sennot e
morhc-orreF
Ferr
o-si
lico-
chro
me
tonn
es
50
400
50
000
59
859
43
492
97
552
105
000
4
8 00
0 3
5 00
0 3
8 70
0 7
2 30
0
Oth
er fe
rro-
allo
ys (h
) to
nnes
3
456
760
3
584
345
4 13
1 20
0 4
465
000
5
738
000
7
930
000
9
798
000
1
3 22
3 00
0 1
6 16
5 00
0 1
6 72
2 00
0 000 028 * 000 028 *
000 037 * 000 056 *
000 066 * 000 006 *
000 005 * 000 004 *
000 004 * 000 053 *
sennot late
m nociliS
000 000 3 *
000 187 2 000 072 3
000 021 3 000 021 3
000 007 2 000 006 2
000 005 1 * 000 054 1
000 233 1 sennot
niloaK
Le
ad, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 5
48 9
00
659
500
6
76 0
00
640
700
9
54 6
00
997
200
1
142
000
1
331
000
1
402
000
1
546
000
4 602 3
003 887 2 009 417 2
004 193 2 005 439 1
001 465 1 007 423 1
004 591 1 009 990 1
004 819 sennot
denifer ,daeL00
000 04 * 000 83 *
000 73 * 000 73 *
000 63 * 000 53 *
000 43 * 672 43
769 13 891 64
sennot slareni
m muihtiL
00 006 31 *
000 046 31 000 044 51
000 013 31 000 000 21
000 000 11 000 000 01 *
000 000 01 * 000 005 9 *
sennot etisenga
M0
* 13
600
000
P
rimar
y m
agne
sium
met
al
tonn
es
120
700
1
42 1
00
199
700
2
35 0
00
341
800
4
42 4
00
467
600
5
25 6
00
659
300
6
64 0
00
Tabl
e 14
M
iner
al p
rodu
ctio
n in
Chi
na fr
om 1
999
to 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
101
Chi
na p
rodu
ctio
n co
ntin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C
000 000 01 * 000 000 8 *
000 005 7 * 000 005 5 *
000 006 4 * 000 005 4 *
008 603 4 000 415 3
000 681 3 sennot
ero esenagnaM
*
14 0
00 0
00 000 006 *
000 897 000 067
000 490 1 000 041 1
000 216 000 594
000 391 000 302
000 591 s
margolik yrucre
M 000 931 *
000 39 * 000 49 *
000 98 * 000 29 *
002 66 * 000 45 *
002 25 * 003 34 *
007 04 * sennot
)d( aciM
M
olyb
denu
m, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 2
9 74
5 2
8 75
5 2
8 20
1 3
0 33
0 3
2 22
0 3
8 43
0 3
0 00
0 4
3 90
0 *
67 7
00
* 81
000
N
icke
l, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 4
9 50
0 5
0 30
0 5
1 00
0 5
3 70
0 6
1 10
0 7
5 60
0 7
2 70
0 8
2 10
0 6
6 40
0 7
1 50
0 N
icke
l, sm
elte
r/ref
iner
y to
nnes
4
4 40
0 5
0 90
0 4
9 70
0 5
2 40
0 6
4 70
0 7
2 60
0 9
7 80
0 1
36 6
00
199
300
2
00 3
00 000 007 *
000 007 * 000 007 *
000 007 * 000 007 *
000 056 * 000 006 *
000 055 * 000 005 *
000 054 * sennot
etilreP
C
rude
pet
role
um (e
) to
nnes
1
60 2
15 4
00
162
620
300
164
931
400
166
900
000
1
69 5
99 8
00
175
873
300
181
352
900
1
84 7
65 7
00
186
656
900
189
728
200
m noillim
sag larutaN
3 2
5 19
8 2
7 22
6 3
0 34
4 3
2 70
0 3
5 01
5 4
1 46
0 4
9 32
0 5
8 55
3 6
9 20
0 7
6 10
0 714 54
005 959 83 009 444 03
003 471 62 000 074 42
000 000 62 * 001 173 42
008 574 22 007 711 92
sennot kcor etahpsoh
P 0
00
50
740
600
Pot
ash
tonn
es (K
20 c
onte
nt)
218
000
2
75 0
00
395
000
*
430
000
* 45
0 00
0 1
128
200
1
450
000
1
571
900
1
822
600
1
980
000
R
are
earth
min
eral
s (f)
to
nnes
8
0 50
0 73
000
80
600
8
8 00
0 92
000
98
300
11
9 00
0 13
3 00
0 12
0 00
0 12
5 00
0 25 95
003 557 95 003 136 65
006 016 64 004 434 04
000 773 43 000 420 63
005 745 43 008 281 53
000 661 13 sennot
tlaS
7 80
0 56 * 56 *
56 * 56 *
56 * 56 *
56 * 56 *
56 * 56 *
sennot late
m muinele
S
Silv
er, m
ine
kilo
gram
s (m
etal
con
tent
) 1
378
714
1
569
145
2
013
250
*
2 20
0 00
0 2
400
000
2
450
000
2
500
000
*
2 60
0 00
0 *
2 70
0 00
0 *
2 80
0 00
0 S
tront
ium
min
eral
s to
nnes
..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. *
500
000
500
000
7
00 0
00
* 70
0 00
0 *
700
000
* 70
0 00
0 S
ulph
ur a
nd p
yrite
s
Pyr
ites
tonn
es (s
ulph
ur c
onte
nt)
3 1
30 0
00
4 0
10 0
00
3 0
65 0
00
2 7
66 0
00
3 9
74 0
00
4 7
20 0
00
4 7
14 0
00
4 6
63 0
00
6 0
82 0
00
6 0
22 0
00
R
ecov
ered
to
nnes
(sul
phur
con
tent
) 1
716
000
1
797
000
2
391
000
2
400
000
2
637
000
3
070
000
3
195
000
3
588
000
4
485
000
5
268
000
Sul
phur
ore
to
nnes
(sul
phur
con
tent
) 2
40 0
00
250
000
2
60 0
00
450
000
7
00 0
00
827
000
9
50 0
00
1 0
00 0
00
1 2
00 0
00
1 2
90 0
00 000 000 2 *
000 000 2 * 000 005 2
000 007 2 000 007 2
000 006 2 000 005 2
005 555 2 070 579 1
000 631 1 sennot
claT
Tant
alum
& n
iobi
um
C
olum
bite
-tant
alite
to
nnes
2
01
217
3
57
* 35
0 *
350
* 35
0 *
350
* 35
0 *
350
* 35
0 Ti
n , m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 8
0 10
0 9
9 40
0 9
3 00
0 *
81 0
00
101
800
1
18 2
00
121
600
1
26 3
00
147
300
*
125
000 001 921
008 841 001 231
008 121 003 511
001 89 008 18
009 401 002 011
008 09 sennot
retlems ,niT
Ti
tani
um m
iner
als
000 000 1 * 000 001 1 *
000 000 1 * 000 510 1 *
000 048 * 000 048 *
000 048 * 000 057 *
000 056 * 000 004 *
sennot etine
mlI
Tu
ngst
en
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 2
0 20
0 2
3 45
3 2
7 47
3 3
5 92
7 3
6 18
5 5
9 94
7 5
1 20
0 4
5 00
0 4
1 00
0 4
3 50
0 U
rani
um, m
ine
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) *
500
* 50
0 *
665
* 73
0 *
750
* 75
0 *
750
* 75
0 *
712
* 76
9 V
anad
ium
, min
e to
nnes
(met
al c
onte
nt)
* 10
400
*
12 0
00
* 12
000
*
13 2
00
* 14
000
*
16 0
00
* 17
000
*
17 0
00
* 18
000
*
18 5
00 000 011 *
000 011 * 000 011 *
000 001 * 000 001 *
000 09 * 000 08 *
000 07 * 000 06 *
000 04 * sennot
etilucimre
V 000 523 *
000 053 * 000 053
000 053 000 543
000 043 000 033
000 004 * 045 724
060 193 sennot
etinotsalloW
Zi
nc
tonn
es (m
etal
con
tent
) 1
476
000
1
780
300
1
693
200
1
624
100
2
029
100
2
391
200
2
547
800
2
844
200
3
047
700
3
186
000
001 319 3 006 247 3
007 261 3 001 677 2
005 917 2 005 813 2
001 551 2 006 730 2
000 759 1 002 307 1
sennot cniz bal
S
Zirc
oniu
m m
iner
als
tonn
es
1 8
50
29
898
25
594
* 20
000
*
50 0
00
* 12
0 00
0 *
120
000
* 13
5 00
0 *
140
000
* 14
0 00
0
N
ote(
s):-
(1)
Chi
na is
als
o be
lieve
d to
pro
duce
sill
iman
ite m
iner
als
(a)
Exp
orts
of m
etal
hav
e al
way
s be
en h
ighe
r tha
n m
ine
prod
uctio
n in
rece
nt y
ears
(b
) M
etal
pro
duct
ion
(c)
Incl
udin
g fla
ke g
raph
ite
(d)
Con
serv
ativ
e B
GS
est
imat
es, b
ased
on
expo
rts
(e)
Incl
udin
g oi
l fro
m s
hale
and
coa
l (f)
R
EO
con
tent
. Ass
umed
to b
e 60
% o
f con
cent
rate
s pr
oduc
ed
(g)
Som
e m
etal
pro
duct
ion
in C
hina
is re
cord
ed in
Bel
gium
(h
) In
clud
ing
ferr
o-m
anga
nese
, fer
ro-m
olyb
denu
m, f
erro
-rar
e ea
rth, f
erro
-sili
con,
ferr
o-tit
aniu
m, f
erro
-tung
sten
and
ferr
o-va
nadi
um
Tabl
e 14
M
iner
al p
rodu
ctio
n in
Chi
na fr
om 1
999
to 2
008.
102
Chi
na c
ontin
ued
Expo
rts
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
P
rimar
y ag
greg
ates
to
nnes
9
066
589
1
5 65
8 94
9 2
8 06
7 87
9 5
2 29
5 14
4 2
9 42
7 10
1 2
9 66
8 02
4 3
3 69
9 19
3 3
8 29
0 33
4 3
0 15
1 15
9 2
9 74
9 25
4 B
auxi
te, a
lum
ina
& a
lum
iniu
m
2
— 02
041 675
694 092
541 1
748 sennot
etixuaB
241 44
397 13 487 02
098 72 385 22
811 36 017 32
933 52 246 9
604 41 sennot
animul
A
271 631 935 801
543 39 885 131
014 101 891 55
926 65 656 65
379 44 522 53
sennot etardyh ani
mulA
721 011
397 061 187 838
772 241 1 422 104 1
334 230 1 999 026
209 492 981 18
045 99 sennot
thguorwn
U
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
1
07 0
62
127
921
1
13 9
27
167
049
2
11 5
15
278
214
1
82 0
84
374
047
3
85 1
13
731
165
198 417 2
420 1 240 1
397 3 114 11
506 9 981 9
755 7 019 6
sennot parc
S
A
ntim
ony
755 9 233 8
013 12 599 92
295 12 482 52
672 02 790 22
190 54 933 54
sennot late
M
983 25 002 25
224 45 247 25
106 35 345 64
935 94 760 63
680 63 407 63
sennot edix
O
... 733 2
826 1 867 1
... 454 3
744 2 226 5
593 2 579 1
sennot edihplu
S
A
rsen
ic
058 1 626 2
618 2 699 1
19 4 2 806 2
362 2 930 2
505 2 794 2
sennot cinesra cillate
M
A
sbes
tos
U
nman
ufac
ture
d to
nnes
1
0 72
0 1
1 81
4 1
8 43
1 5
029
3
472
3
576
5
396
1
0 23
9 4
515
1
4 49
2 294 648 3 533 011 3
434 646 3 339 770 3
830 493 2 579 861 2
130 507 1 400 885 2
140 325 2 558 682 1
sennot setyra
B Ben
toni
te &
fulle
r’s e
arth
829 763
154 913 898 582
355 752 639 781
369 271 927 041
837 311 847 801
501 38 sennot
etinotneB
...
... 678 31
995 51 924 81
483 03 525 33
327 72 051 21
611 7 sennot
htrae s'relluF
B
ism
uth
814 5 649 4
912 8 139 6
079 5 050 5
126 2 414 2
963 5 496 2
sennot late
M
941 2 )a( 744 2 )a(
571 511 916 44
430 7 )a( 433 14
542 67 680 86 )a(
446 741 966 311
smargolik
enimor
B
Cad
miu
m
001 873
57 113
312 861
152 452
52 21
sennot late
M
C
emen
t 212 328 21
993 418 71 955 227 61
419 287 01 714 720 1
975 973 429 77
393 201 783 432
971 004 sennot
sreknilc tneme
C
1
284 793 41 636 571 91
230 203 11 082 139 5
609 498 4 933 750 5
907 770 6 594 885
764 439 5 sennot
tnemec dnaltro
P
2 47
7 00
6 827 157 184 797
019 342 166 86
789 76 175 75
829 82 452 92
079 91 388 12
sennot reht
O C
hrom
ium
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
3
612
2
404
1
3 18
2 2
175
9
855
4
488
3
924
4
29
1 2
12
2 3
14 907 5
625 5 445 11
307 7 912 5
116 4 911 4
187 4 177 6
042 5 sennot
lateM
Coa
l 2 470 6
088 452 5 054 571 5
970 546 5 617 383 6
735 763 7 10 0 506 6
270 156 7 550 788 3
365 541 3 sennot
eticarhtnA
34
564 738 74
424 950 85 556 030 66
473 372 08 780 715 68
211 232 77 711 107 28
809 851 15 901 624 3
sennot laoc reht
O
39
213
136 109 3
010 5 046 2
360 4 776 1
601 2 455 1
392 4 891
... sennot
etingiL
797 641 934 67
938 26 626 15
873 25 854 44
874 9 345 4
824 8 485 1
sennot setteuqir
B
C
obal
t 519 2
928 2 383 3
547 1 979 1
393 1 353
222 191
321 sennot
lateM
951 3
289 2 193 2
813 2 815 1
755 07
111 551
832 sennot
sedixO
Ta
ble
15
Min
eral
exp
orts
from
Chi
na b
etw
een
1999
and
200
8(c
ontin
ued)
.
103
Chi
na e
xpor
ts c
ontin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C
Cop
per
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
54
39
830
22
320
35
781
61
978
14
431
923
1
01
611
2
410
Unw
roug
ht, u
nref
ined
to
nnes
3
495
2
430
2
371
3
411
1
455
1
304
3
653
2
750
8
6
147
Unw
roug
ht, r
efin
ed
tonn
es
94
586
114
525
5
0 97
2 7
6 58
8 6
4 38
0 1
23 8
47
140
172
2
43 0
29
125
914
9
6 11
5
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
4
956
1
784
7
82
1 3
30
1 2
46
1 1
24
846
9
78
662
4
63 752 3
779 4 427 6
304 6 537 8
236 7 577 7
439 9 451 01
261 11 sennot
parcS
Dia
mon
d
699 15 563 26
776 17 772 65
040 68 016 4
568 4 052
097 9 502
starac detrosn
U
672 468 343 745
710 079 502 724
161 772 887 975
425 186 595 966
070 776 009 243
starac hguor ,
meG
351 728 2
336 767 2 461 156 2
143 204 2 390 104 2
452 760 2 522 518 1
518 215 1 047 544 1
587 252 1 starac
tuc ,me
G
968 112 3 071 621
955 7 127 014
790 37 939 106 1
692 251 7 089 207 11
548 438 9 096 417 6
starac lairtsudnI
443 070 748 929 496 316
384 111 704 683 096 162
859 493 29 324 100 021
531 321 141 032 184 501
030 897 34 starac
tsuD
1 2
32 6
33 0
81 568 63
027 72 552 66
394 36 064 16
643 65 928 67
696 38 161 47
300 37 sennot
etimotai
D 851 539
996 120 1 725 858
992 358 185 829
988 895 466 736
342 755 760 706
040 935 sennot
rapsdleF 925 756
044 535 063 346
752 827 181 438
531 259 620 700 1
483 901 1 874 891 1
194 122 1 sennot
rapsroulF
Gol
d 007 93 *
005 83 * 005 41 *
000 11 * 005 61 *
008 42 * 006 5 *
002 03 * 005 6 *
002 1 * s
margolik )b( late
M
443 795 883 076
806 564 747 394
393 154 116 933
597 123 611 473
044 333 198 502
sennot etihpar
G
Gyp
sum
205 933
716 333 040 413
273 262 449 042
175 721 435 421
236 201 767 09
263 011 sennot
edurC
414 77
133 35 278 23
955 23 345 82
345 02 714 41
875 11 757 01
038 01 sennot
deniclaC
908 6
148 31 712 01
652 62 083 82
621 32 000 21
021 21 020 8
323 1 s
margolik enidoI
Iro
n or
e 297 95
410 87 025 4
348 926 4
037 095
545 723
603 9 sennot
ero norI
971 82
91 270 1
762 1 117
801 14
772 279 6
sennot setiryp tnru
B
Iro
n, s
teel
& fe
rro-
allo
ys
928 052 281 986
820 768 682 342 2
086 092 1 007 417
267 693 564 286
747 233 3 161 126 1
sennot nori gi
P
Spo
nge
& p
owde
r to
nnes
5
6 47
2 6
0 80
4 1
7 00
1 2
3 61
4 3
3 80
6 7
7 92
1 4
6 84
4 4
7 94
4 5
1 88
2 4
3 87
9 030 734 680 033
671 94 855 95
546 17 254 59
259 15 556 98
505 331 318 37
sennot e
morhc-orreF
Ferr
o-si
lico-
chro
me
tonn
es
17
465
23
628
16
463
12
156
19
745
28
028
21
890
3 0
22
19
386
19
222
Fe
rro-
man
gane
se
tonn
es
122
257
1
89 7
46
155
416
1
73 7
51
227
707
3
01 6
11
169
662
2
84 3
93
251
750
1
84 4
07
Fe
rro-
silic
o-m
anga
nese
to
nnes
2
98 5
11
362
717
3
53 4
45
450
900
4
98 5
77
694
326
3
76 3
85
518
099
8
44 1
87
740
638
Ferr
o-m
olyb
denu
m
tonn
es
38
535
44
370
37
545
29
609
32
960
42
402
25
177
18
598
21
133
5 8
24 041 5
751 31 301
4 36
921 29
1 1
761 sennot
lekcin-orreF
821 772 1 156 345 1
315 033 1 400 149
662 139 167 248
992 935 900 494
726 194 132 943
sennot nocilis-orreF
Fe
rro-
titan
ium
& fe
rro-
silic
o-tit
aniu
m
tonn
es
746
1
356
9
33
1 4
65
1 1
24
3 4
25
3 7
79
10
930
11
709
3 3
41
Fe
rro-
tung
sten
& fe
rro-
silic
o-tu
ngst
en
tonn
es
4 1
11
5 1
27
6 2
64
5 1
33
6 4
34
6 7
01
6 0
71
6 1
44
6 6
38
4 8
35 958 5
970 2 696 4
995 3 928 2
547 1 976 1
070 2 370 3
521 2 sennot
muidanav-orreF
O
ther
ferr
o-al
loys
to
nnes
5
69 3
41
60
735
124
865
6
4 57
1 9
1 92
4 1
06 4
08
128
887
1
33 3
21
166
900
1
61 8
71 306 896
627 307 081 716
212 835 304 745
670 184 713 883
396 423 448 823
922 862 sennot
latem nocili
S
Ingo
ts, b
loom
s, b
illet
s to
nnes
2
328
264
5
089
204
2
729
389
1
351
555
1
490
940
6
155
337
7
235
741
9
077
618
6
457
130
1
318
875
712 402 261 23
367 93 049 1
318 5 948 3
189 5 376 9
082 74 378 26
sennot parc
S
195 672 1 673 913 1
913 182 1 497 881 1
566 721 1 327 838
270 807 330 777
240 178 587 298
sennot niloa
K
Lead
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
2
2 90
6 2
766
2
10
13
0
20
2
80
1
— 469 44
233 462 390 255
430 564 157 464
413 354 182 814
270 274 018 764
863 864 sennot
thguorwn
U
Tabl
e 15
M
iner
al e
xpor
ts fr
om C
hina
bet
wee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
104
Chi
na e
xpor
ts c
ontin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C
Lith
ium
578 2
689 3 973 1
675 1 693 1
611 2 227 1
834 2 203 2
591 2 sennot
sedixO
094 2
701 3 471 3
463 1 263 1
482 1 561 1
533 1 168
206 sennot
etanobraC
Mag
nesi
te &
mag
nesi
a 021
2 711 82
036 36 465 37
040 47 977 79
762 901 708 34
131 33 sennot
etisengaM
685 413 2
129 872 2 967 670 2
878 347 1 777 668 1
049 479 1 033 419 1
745 799 1 628 399 1
807 860 2 sennot
aisengaM
Man
gane
se
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
7 2
06
5 1
96
3 3
00
4 3
74
3 9
44
2 4
63
2 1
40
1 9
43
3 9
08
2 2
90 643 503
285 913 635 833
794 792 680 972
912 471 009 631
487 621 002 79
626 08 sennot
lateM
—
—
—
— 03
002 003
500 05 242 4
880 2 s
margolik yrucre
M 865 831
248 29 463 49
782 98 740 29
812 66 810 45
912 25 233 34
417 04 sennot
aciM
M
olyb
denu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
9 3
00
14
172
22
582
34
425
35
303
29
478
27
603
28
889
25
211
23
626 604 7
815 4 268 4
466 2 712 2
628 1 447 1
447 1 936 1
920 1 sennot
lateM
302
981 2 598 1
467 926
341 2 576 2
701 4 122 4
679 7 sennot
sedixO
201 153 2
568 388 1 070 001 2
081 151 2 171 867 1
038 753 1 350 123 2
728 102 2 865 472 2
839 644 2 sennot
sag larutaN N
icke
l
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
...
...
2
7 0
—
...
...
13
85
4 2
11
M
atte
s, s
inte
rs e
tc.
tonn
es
1 9
43
680
1
23
0 5
2
0 2
6 7
59
1 9
80
3 2
41 255 6
039 61 336 22
012 51 244 51
224 01 864 4
283 5 812 9
554 41 sennot
)c( thguorwn
U
611 114
458 118
554 842
852 081
444 168
sennot parc
S
311 493
666 896
508 708
182 98 2
344 523
sennot sedix
O
3
612 928 3 712 733 6
078 660 8 175 194 5
323 331 8 360 802 7
506 055 7 977 734 01
172 761 7 sennot
muelortep edur
C73
2 89
2 19 000 2 608 579
907 159 850 411 2
821 441 3 859 275 3
766 725 3 606 219 4
589 844 3 910 305 2
sennot kcor etahpsoh
P9
Pla
tinum
gro
up m
etal
s
Pla
tinum
& p
latin
um m
etal
s ki
logr
ams
2 4
43
6 4
73
6 5
91
4 0
35
28
846
2 7
67
2 6
45
4 9
00
435
2
91
W
aste
& s
crap
ki
logr
ams
...
2 ...
5
006
1 0
83
13
598
5
875
27
506
1
39 3
38
Pot
ash
870 62 766 95
709 25 559 94
504 44 956 03
182 23 012 41
907 5 793 1
se nnot etahplu
S
351 921 019 85
733 003 802 78
100 001 158 892
782 173 187 033
852 095 150 068
sennot edirolh
C
Oth
er p
otas
sic
ferti
liser
s to
nnes
3
99
624
2
504
1
018
1
233
2
021
4
317
1
997
4
125
4
268
R
are
earth
s
Cer
ium
com
poun
ds
tonn
es
17
534
19
861
20
987
22
823
27
096
27
630
25
209
21
981
16
737
17
887
O
ther
rare
ear
th c
ompo
unds
to
nnes
3
8 12
9 3
6 64
8 2
8 52
2 2
6 89
0 3
4 80
4 2
9 85
8 2
7 01
5 3
0 24
9 2
5 15
6 3
0 13
6
Ferr
o-ce
rium
& o
ther
pyr
opho
ric a
lloys
ton
nes
5
23
166
...
1
86
149
...
1
34
137
13
9 26
7 259 6 825 21
776 31 099 21
142 21 226 11
289 8 090 8
735 21 392 8
sennot slate
M
426 769 640 967
833 438 066 486
173 118 064 441 1
307 869 715 649
330 255 553 293
sennot tla
S
Sill
imin
ite m
iner
als
K
yani
te, s
illim
inite
& a
ndal
usite
to
nnes
6
612
5
139
8
547
5
879
2
805
1
474
7
852
7
424
4
373
5
397
093 27 771 5
393 3 211 3
482 17 880 401
391 15 566 83
863 9 158 5
sennot etillu
M
S
ilver
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s ki
logr
ams
…
80
...
...
5 0
00
40
11
500
57
520
—
— 048 581 4
180 776 4 968 117 4
442 972 4 432 955 3
234 569 2 514 412 2
083 522 1 993 191
533 803 s
margolik late
M
S
ulph
ur &
pyr
ites
076 52 704 14
967 95 691 84
524 71 510 27
611 11 058 51
701 9 922 6
sennot setiry
P
209 53 323 3
880 9 920 01
768 4 511 5
503 3 923 7
560 5 021 3
sennot ruhplu
S
Sul
phur
, sub
limed
& p
reci
pita
ted
tonn
es
935
1
713
1
994
3
337
2
459
3
442
3
375
3
192
4
856
4
881
Tabl
e 15
M
iner
al e
xpor
ts fr
om C
hina
bet
wee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
105
Chi
na e
xpor
ts c
ontin
ued
8002
7002 6002
5002 4002
3002 2002
1002 0002
9991 stin
U ytido
mmo
C 623 996
488 366 538 456
839 465 064 546
336 847 912 937
792 997 134 408
084 237 sennot
claT
Tant
alum
& n
iobi
um
135 993
753 533
613 412
941 112
803 932
sennot
mulatnaT
Ti
n 715
774 32 289 91
829 22 519 83
582 13 181 23
308 54 814 26
951 45 sennot
thguorwn
U
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
1
0 42
4 1
5 31
4 1
1 44
6 1
0 41
9 9
935
6
883
4 0
85
1 5
44
106
4
3 Ti
tani
um
Ti
tani
um m
iner
als
tonn
es
12
144
31
028
16
193
19
959
72
321
26
648
26
344
5 8
21
14
789
1 8
31 899 71
792 61 021 9
511 4 041 2
074 1 961 1
713 1 540 1
993 1 sennot
lateM
970 401
318 581 708 622
285 881 088 221
036 101 718 58
705 56 270 26
277 44 sennot
sedixO
Tung
sten
Tung
sten
ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
8
0 0
—
1
3 —
...
4
2 3
1 20
1
40 334 4
146 3 324 4
486 3 155 3
854 3 893 2
973 4 837 2
649 1 sennot
lateM
A
mm
oniu
m p
arat
ungs
tate
to
nnes
1
0 50
7 9
276
...
6 0
78
8 5
48
...
8 0
12
7 6
99
5 52
6 5
421
Van
adiu
m
750 51 035 91
034 01 748 7
669 4 849 6
188 5 770 5
278 6 761 6
sennot edixotne
P
... ...
952 791
67 0
0 0
0 0
sennot late
M
Zi
nc
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
233
150
1
38 8
91
13
366
3 5
15
...
...
...
...
109
0 813 17 946 572
504 523 573 321
580 422 820 154
967 274 658 345
036 475 105 705
sennot thguor
wnU
U
nwro
ught
allo
ys
tonn
es
19
641
18
766
20
108
23
218
33
203
38
940
23
592
16
060
1 0
65
2 24
731 003
093 053
516 1 885 2
568 1 890 2
559 5 sennot
parcS
Zirc
oniu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
330
1
58
1 0
84
1 1
13
1 3
05
1 6
15
777
2
800
9
01
190
358 1 632 1
125 672
214 47
5 5
22 49
sennot late
M
N
ote(
s):-
(a)
May
incl
ude
som
e flu
orin
e (b
) B
GS
est
imat
es, b
ased
on
know
n im
ports
into
cer
tain
cou
ntrie
s (c
) In
clud
ing
allo
ys
Tabl
e 15
M
iner
al e
xpor
ts fr
om C
hina
bet
wee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008.
106
Chi
na c
ontin
ued
Impo
rts
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
P
rimar
y ag
greg
ates
to
nnes
1
3 70
4 8
6 68
0 1
7 28
4 2
6 46
9 2
2 44
7 2
0 27
4 2
1 52
6 2
8 40
4 9
1 37
6 1
7 57
8 B
auxi
te, a
lum
ina
& a
lum
iniu
m
030 909 52 213 082 32
748 552 9 864 661 2
070 288 459 616
528 204 177 023
615 304 984 342
sennot etixua
B
710 685 4 391 990 5
095 119 6 426 800 7
937 178 5 561 506 5
670 175 4 910 643 3
417 188 1 681 326 1
sennot ani
mulA
110 71
474 12 396 92
257 11 117 81
714 9 860 31
613 5 752 8
506 9 sennot
etardyh animul
A
746 121 363 111
358 982 415 724
521 896 780 545
365 072 063 622
328 416 626 083
sennot thguor
wnU
U
nwro
ught
allo
ys
tonn
es
153
378
2
99 3
06
303
278
3
11 1
93
335
649
3
35 1
38
209
439
2
22 1
24
170
791
1
38 4
21 810 551 2
615 090 2 200 667 1
931 786 1 900 002 1
224 356 082 744
208 763 926 408
862 993 sennot
parcS
Ant
imon
y
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
1
44
80
217
1
3 07
3 2
2 73
4 1
8 00
6 2
1 95
6 2
0 32
6 1
8 68
8 1
9 37
7 204 132
464 6 046 8
625 572
931 881
274 642 1
sennot late
M
455 1 915 4
894 4 703 3
694 1 739
014 613
602 1 213 1
sennot edix
O
A
rsen
ic
51 8
9 4
4 2
9 1
1
— sennot
cinesra cillateM
Asb
esto
s
U
nman
ufac
ture
d to
nnes
6
9 39
1 7
2 00
4 1
10 4
89
117
351
1
43 4
76
189
539
1
69 9
95
191
424
2
50 4
18
299
911
169 309
597 182 1
120 1 820 1
886 754
794 623
sennot setyra
B
Ben
toni
te &
fulle
r’s e
arth
191 15
186 84 533 83
287 14 100 32
397 61 928 11
577 6 913 5
385 5 sennot
etinotneB
...
... 348
738 883
305 916 2
782 432
754 sennot
htrae s'relluF
B
ism
uth
214 1 394
425 821
46 919 1
022 412
87 59
sennot late
M
2 61
411 631 31 431 232 61
611 083 52 000 000 72 *
338 470 32 056 355 9
000 006 4 * 522 510 4
680 835 2 s
margolik eni
morB
56 6
82
Cad
miu
m
757 5 458 6
420 11 872 8
964 7 257 6
591 5 654 3
937 2 968
sennot late
M
C
emen
t 940 15
445 211 015 743
876 243 167 565 1
975 388 1 475 497 1
192 007 2 455 983 1
670 244 sennot
sreknilc tneme
C
416 755 985 525
613 957 153 218
008 490 1 711 746
574 375 010 39
022 82 944 35
sennot tne
mec dnaltroP
405 8
260 7 271 11
074 8 928 8
999 6 033 4
556 7 440 8
931 4 sennot
rehtO
Chr
omiu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
816
230
1
112
791
1
090
441
1
142
740
1
779
103
2
147
691
3
023
998
4
324
747
6
090
839
6
844
790
813 904
227 883
245 106
276 052
157 969
sennot late
M
C
oal
101 783 91 812 414 82
409 526 22 916 987 21
262 918 7 430 383 3
367 867 2 716 344
871 312 440 341
sennot eticarhtn
A
1 604 12
585 095 22 540 816 51
603 833 31 288 777 01
498 773 7 301 240 8
356 940 2 036 309 1
200 825 1 sennot
rehtO
64
381 738 2 426 585
315 611 322 54
030 461 209 17
840 092 022
0 ...
sennot etingiL
Cob
alt
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
7 5
73
16
038
29
222
41
123
83
468
143
594
1
99 0
72
165
696
1
18 3
53
254
744
626 32 379 91
032 31 478 2
286 1 583 3
083 4 701 3
770 2 843 1
sennot late
M
574 815
295 1 629
406 1 974 1
888 122
78 89
sennot sedix
O
Tabl
e 16
M
iner
al im
ports
to C
hina
bet
wee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
107
Chi
na im
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
C
oppe
r
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
1
250
148
1
813
288
2
255
252
2
065
413
2
668
761
2
882
164
4
036
724
3
631
568
4
528
238
5
196
359
651 101 901 472
394 08 650 11
703 9 911 9
478 2 28
324 262
sennot tne
mec & etta
M
Unw
roug
ht, u
nref
ined
to
nnes
1
29 9
60
124
710
9
1 23
7 1
05 4
49
123
323
1
14 3
63
129
357
8
8 54
2 1
73 2
20
197
719
Unw
roug
ht, r
efin
ed
tonn
es
404
764
6
67 6
23
834
971
1
181
004
1
357
331
1
200
095
1
222
031
8
27 0
45
1 4
95 5
65
1 4
56 6
28
U
nwro
ught
allo
ys
tonn
es
13
012
19
813
27
959
43
693
31
599
66
582
63
540
53
934
59
649
48
157 020 775 5
538 485 5 681 349 4
049 028 4 865 259 3
297 161 3 621 080 3
335 233 3 861 105 2
193 107 1 sennot
parcS
Dia
mon
d 144 2
092 22 289 102
534 215 380 649
562 124 565 062
552 761 starac
detrosnU
(a
)* 2
000
(a
)* 1
1 40
0 0 418 5
520 964 6 295 852 6
828 642 5 421 361 5
178 526 4 196 392 4
026 582 3 588 071 3
042 776 2 starac
hguor ,me
G
31
97 064 01 465 062 11
251 627 9 421 188 9
153 667 8 513 088 6
918 245 5 532 831 4
576 706 3 060 709 1
starac tuc ,
meG
1 970 666
738 795 430 614
874 299 262 679
125 817 937 765
018 889 019 474
005 426 starac
lairtsudnI
77 946 65
968 651 45 174 114 53
282 088 82 141 435 32
790 528 53 306 460 5
561 666 2 515 059 1
070 234 3 starac
tsuD
5 271 3
584 3 621 3
931 4 941 4
193 2 019 1
577 2 350 3
866 3 sennot
etimotai
D 796 72
162 51 792 21
043 5 548 4
987 3 063 3
644 3 502 6
352 11 sennot
rapsdleF 794 74
202 43 123 04
200 71 551 5
356 3 297 1
52 ...
... sennot
rapsroulF
Gol
d 007 92 *
005 83 * 002 31 *
000 01 * 007 61 *
006 04 * 009 15 *
006 14 * 004 22 *
007 61 * s
margolik )a( late
M
375 16 853 76
544 94 540 22
016 4 506 1
147 448 2
047 932 1
sennot etihpar
G
Gyp
sum
747 6
685 6 515 5
124 11 836 05
825 51 258 61
140 6 351 53
342 12 sennot
edurC
985 6
075 7 157 5
828 5 817 6
887 6 110 7
460 81 533 72
404 02 sennot
deniclaC
395 920 3
230 217 2 633 161 2
638 199 1 754 011 2
860 304 1 000 431 1
361 036 137 397
176 847 s
margolik enidoI
Iro
n or
e 716 383
443 323 623 174 412 572
452 879 702 154 911 841
424 324 111 776 293 29
977 079 96 188 272 55
sennot ero norI
7
90
444
040
878
298 501 734 15
359 6 011 03
839 79 0
173 07 48
36 321 1
sennot setiryp tnru
B
Iro
n, s
teel
& fe
rro-
allo
ys
188 553 559 496
277 961 085 962
295 418 769 215
181 846 821 108 4
415 71 118 85
sennot nori gi
P
Spo
nge
& p
owde
r to
nnes
4
3 92
2 1
45 8
59
721
677
1
335
047
1
731
298
1
615
524
8
10 3
09
351
804
3
79 6
64
675
465
028 021 1 765 883 1
714 944 556 052
224 313 447 511
246 17 140 42
047 1 570 1
sennot e
morhc-orreF
Ferr
o-si
lico-
chro
me
tonn
es
...
...
...
...
...
0
18
1 3
70
18
326
19
419
Fe
rro-
man
gane
se
tonn
es
1 5
80
381
1
83
9 9
26
27
056
28
737
13
505
17
202
596
1
315
Ferr
o-si
lico-
man
gane
se
tonn
es
95
13
223
1
08
56
11
694
12
911
24
611
25
132
19
986
Fe
rro-
mol
ybde
num
to
nnes
1
08
15
35
63
80
109
2
23
141
4
79
718
192 46 147 76
174 37 675 06
369 23 407 31
652 1 442 1
288 453
sennot lekcin-orreF
585 32
280 51 378 11
226 9 406 3
981 3 446 1
534 1 142 1
089 sennot
muiboin-orreF
684 11
593 11 945 9
697 11 925 7
712 5 090 4
280 4 301 2
652 3 sennot
nocilis-orreF
Ferr
o-tit
aniu
m &
ferr
o-si
lico-
titan
ium
to
nnes
2
40
617
2
17
361
3
28
679
2
49
384
8
40
1 72
6 3
643 352 1
401 181
062 021
472 sennot
muidanav-orreF
O
ther
ferr
o-al
loys
to
nnes
1
041
2
165
4
473
4
468
3
157
5
379
9
927
2
9 19
6 2
3 15
2 5
1 64
7 178 311 483 81
277 9 810 6
678 9 296 4
318 1 865 1
671 1 429
sennot late
m nociliS
In
gots
, blo
oms,
bill
ets
tonn
es
2 1
34 9
55
4 9
01 1
07
8 3
62 3
36
4 6
86 9
79
5 9
34 5
42
3 8
60 3
20
1 3
52 6
94
506
822
3
89 8
72
280
467
983 095 3 469 493 3
631 683 5 407 531 01
128 422 01 121 392 9
802 358 7 458 687 9
259 001 5 370 933 3
sennot parc
S
250 363 297 443
859 514 679 814
950 153 229 372
158 232 769 091
367 281 281 501
sennot niloa
K
Lead
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
1
69 6
69
311
395
3
97 1
16
389
184
6
79 0
43
825
338
1
030
313
1
202
849
1
266
795
1
445
669
096 85 339 44
428 65 956 85
616 78 771 85
688 75 887 82
162 61 477 51
sennot thguor
wnU
Tabl
e 16
M
iner
al im
ports
to C
hina
bet
wee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
108
Chi
na im
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
Li
thiu
m
911 502
555 161
43 54
002 13
51 281
sennot sedix
O
603 4 238 3
204 6 275 8
063 8 499 5
734 4 786 4
974 4 345 3
sennot etanobra
C
M
agne
site
& m
agne
sia
102 1 19
12 941
32 43
46 88
102 88
sennot etisenga
M
399 69 988 34
843 52 640 51
851 91 000 41
718 42 273 9
708 7 702 5
sennot aisenga
M
M
anga
nese
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
1
056
874
1
202
466
1
711
506
2
080
150
2
849
509
4
660
484
4
587
179
6
212
552
6
643
481
7
577
587
009 142
891 414
851 331
28 63
57 97
sennot late
M
776 961 732 821
... 081
727 353 605 571
065 422 976 884
028 477 102 388
smargolik
yrucreM
761 87 323 94
557 43 924 03
801 52 441 91
308 7 523 5
004 5 090 1
sennot aci
M
Mol
ybde
num
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
1
5 68
0 1
8 76
9 2
4 57
7 1
7 24
0 2
0 27
5 2
0 36
3 4
0 68
5 2
4 71
3 1
3 87
6 4
133
142 902
362 033
791 191
371 612
871 981
sennot late
M
46 23
71 061
626 771
24 641
187 661
sennot sedix
O
604 633 3 321 319 2
345 786 384
004 0
0 912 1
015 2 007 9
sennot sag laruta
N
Nic
kel
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
79
1 2
32
6 9
86
7 0
74
9 2
97
42
590
483
884
3
788
228
1
5 62
6 17
6 1
2 37
2 66
7
Mat
tes,
sin
ters
etc
. to
nnes
6
40
2 6
72
3 6
45
19
593
13
944
12
247
42
323
64
727
69
695
86
496 201 811
792 501 603 79
711 09 989 46
977 08 224 83
604 73 159 11
894 4 sennot
)b( thguorwn
U
224 1 279 1
944 ...
9 242
212 561
43 831
sennot parc
S
730 3 180 4
137 6 316 6
190 7 527 7
347 4 489 2
182 3 451 2
sennot sedix
O
361
923 081 541 681 380 721
964 518 221 611 020 19
027 704 96 553 552 06
672 431 07 786 316 63
sennot
muelortep edurC
175
452
1
78 8
92 3
23 942 1
926 24 784 18
344 242
22 96
046 1 996 1
26 sennot
kcor etahpsohP
P
latin
um g
roup
met
als
P
latin
um &
pla
tinum
met
als
kilo
gram
s 6
476
7
041
1
0 58
6 1
0 67
8 3
2 18
4 3
6 57
8 3
9 22
2 4
1 00
3 5
5 90
3 6
2 35
5
Was
te &
scr
ap
kilo
gram
s ...
...
...
—
1
3
85
0
35
141
1
142
P
otas
h 602 501
289 871 737 642
546 981 156 861
248 233 514 203
342 752 538 091
832 791 sennot
etahpluS
492 141 5
750 314 9 173 350 7
727 338 8 487 281 7
692 332 6 831 846 6
302 861 5 052 199 5
184 591 5 sennot
edirolhC
O
ther
pot
assi
c fe
rtilis
ers
tonn
es
1
2
1
12
358
25
491
1
34 5
43
132
873
1
01 5
28
163
324
R
are
earth
s
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
2
854
3
416
...
4 8
56
1 9
79
...
3 0
89
525
1
306
3 65
9
Rar
e ea
rth c
ompo
unds
to
nnes
1
415
1
030
7
06
2 3
38
1 1
60
2 5
10
2 2
31
5 6
04
4 6
04
2 8
61
Fe
rro-
ceriu
m &
oth
er p
yrop
horic
allo
ys t
onne
s
493
69
...
2
3 3
2 ...
3
6 6
5 99
98
802 333
33 16
84 16
03 102
483 261
sennot slate
M
600 449 1 407 595 1
034 110 2 788 212 4
643 651 2 686 573
839 071 999 3
066 2 235 3
sennot tla
S
Sill
imin
ite m
iner
als
K
yani
te, s
illim
inite
& a
ndal
usite
to
nnes
3
91
350
6
40
1 3
29
2 5
66
2 8
70
4 2
92
5 2
58
10
645
23
264 289 4
233 6 762 6
721 6 054 5
775 4 381 3
664 2 961 1
427 3 sennot
etilluM
Silv
er
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
kilo
gram
s 5
51 0
20
290
645
1
442
835
2
108
565
7
944
710
1
7 42
7 02
3 4
7 60
8 87
2 6
7 63
7 59
6 1
88 9
03 6
19
69
818
580 373 351 6
186 597 5 966 656 3
975 443 1 399 776
216 835 882 704
325 513 937 382
038 992 s
margolik late
M
S
ulph
ur &
pyr
ites
968 061 690 51
961 6 5
2 1
43 4
5 86
sennot setiry
P
309 414 8 638 646 9
315 218 8 774 603 8
314 567 6 848 199 4
151 290 4 050 073 3
449 237 2 104 979 1
sennot ruhplu
S
Sul
phur
, sub
limed
& p
reci
pita
ted
tonn
es
154
811
8
9 47
4 9
542
2
646
2
951
3
395
4
704
2
161
2
905
4
837
305 43 411 72
915 32 686 91
904 12 693 61
527 21 338 9
171 41 472 01
sennot claT
Tabl
e 16
M
iner
al im
ports
to C
hina
bet
wee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008
(con
tinue
d).
109
Chi
na im
ports
con
tinue
d
8002 7002
6002 5002
4002 3002
2002 1002
0002 9991
stinU
ytidom
moC
Ta
ntal
um &
nio
bium
691
691 961
861 111
13 85
912 653
752 sennot
mulatnaT
Tin
Ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
8
71
2 0
77
3 4
75
3 1
55
2 7
39
8 9
29
7 5
07
7 1
13
20
699
7 1
54 429 9
888 21 319 51
910 91 716 9
149 4 726 3
218 2 926 1
192 1 sennot
thguorwn
U
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
2
498
3
306
3
674
4
405
5
183
8
694
1
0 89
7 6
586
4
044
3
304
—
—
—
—
1 432
745 922
81 ...
sennot parc
S
Ti
tani
um
Ti
tani
um m
iner
als
tonn
es
15
540
39
647
59
210
47
238
251
112
5
92 9
18
500
820
7
08 3
51
1 2
23 0
11
1 0
67 0
35 147 7
084 5 122 8
031 9 281 7
776 7 602 5
841 5 792 2
962 2 sennot
lateM
545 672
693 503 662 382
683 252 090 382
417 062 751 612
560 771 310 751
730 021 sennot
sedixO
Tung
sten
Tung
sten
ore
s &
con
cent
rate
s to
nnes
1
950
5
63
791
1
853
1
303
2
851
6
145
1
2 27
9 9
304
1
0 13
1 112 1 548
744 1 523 1
167 288
895 114
404 213
sennot late
M
V
anad
ium
6
54 75
89 060 3
011 2 389 1
059 1 754
341 sennot
edixotneP
... ...
772 563
829 725
003 38
14 73
sennot late
M
Zi
nc
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
44
003
77
942
652
996
7
85 4
25
744
433
6
12 7
19
568
087
8
37 5
32
2 1
53 8
72
2 3
95 2
47 454 281
193 941 802 813
473 783 561 932
127 531 898 86
315 81 694 91
190 61 sennot
thguorwn
U
Unw
roug
ht a
lloys
to
nnes
9
1 34
7 1
10 4
77
122
614
1
43 3
03
174
500
2
19 6
29
227
990
2
13 9
68
168
434
1
48 3
11 688 72
171 24 384 27
484 67 538 37
125 76 140 15
593 53 487 74
721 24 sennot
parcS
Zirc
oniu
m
O
res
& c
once
ntra
tes
tonn
es
130
688
1
61 0
07
165
135
2
19 5
96
257
018
2
70 2
60
342
998
3
75 5
10
466
818
5
11 8
92 430 1
127 957
374 393
075 036
979 350 1
888 sennot
lateM
Not
e(s)
:- (a
) B
GS
est
imat
es, b
ased
on
know
n ex
ports
from
cer
tain
cou
ntrie
s (b
) In
clud
ing
allo
ys
Tabl
e 16
M
iner
al im
ports
to C
hina
bet
wee
n 19
99 a
nd 2
008.