7272019 Bushell v Chase

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]wh rlelot fppliiftl mlebsbhos prhvbml kubmfoel ho tdbs sujnlet hol grhc tdl Efibghrobf Ehurthg Fpplfi Ghurtd Fppliiftl Mbstrbet Mbvbsbho ]drll ([lst v NPChrkfo Edfsl Jfoa OF (065) 6= EfiFpp=td 40 ([lst )) fom tdl htdlr grhc tdl glmlrfi Ulvlotd Ebreubt Ehurt hg Fpplfis ([bkhm v [liis Gfrkh Jfoa OF (tdEbr 06) 75 G5m lt= ([bkhm )) ]dlsl twhmlebsbhos wdbed wlrl bssulm fgtlr tdl trbfi ehurt ruilm dlrl ehoeiumlm tdft wdlo f jhrrhwlr dfsfiilklm tdft dl hr sdl dfs ehcpiblm wbtd fii tdl tlrcs hg f trbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo hgglrlm uomlr DFCP rdquo boeiumbok cfabok fii rlqubrlm pfyclots fom prhvbmbok fii rlqubrlm mheuclotftbho rdquo

fom bg tdl jhrrhwlrs rlprlslotftbhos ho wdbed tdl chmbgbeftbho bs jfslm rlcfbo trul fom ehrrlettdl ilomlr hr ihfo slrvbelr (ehiiletbvliy dlrlfgtlr tdl ilomlr) cust hgglr tdl jhrrhwlr f khhmgfbtd plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho1 fom bg tdl ilomlr gfbis th mh sh tdl jhrrhwlr cfy sul tdl ilomlruomlr stftl ifw ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet hg tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo fchok htdlr efusls hg fetbho

[l ehoeiuml pifbotbggs dfvl suggbeblotiy fiilklm efusls hg fetbho ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet prhcbsshry lsthppli fom grfum jfslm ho gfisl prhcbsl ]dlrlghrl wl sdfii rlvlrsl ho tdhsl jfslsQ6S

7272019 Bushell v Chase

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U]FOMFZM HG ZLWBL[ FOM GFE]FI

JFEAKZHOM

Bo rlvblwbok f mlcurrlr-jfslm numkclot hg mbscbssfi wl mltlrcbol bomlplomlotiy hg tdl trbfi

ehurt wdltdlr fssucbok tdl gfets fiilklm bo tdl ehcpifbot frl trul f efusl hg fetbho dfs jllo hr efo jl stftlm ( Jifoa v Abrwfo (624lt) 52 Efi5m 566 5641 Zhkhgg v Krfjhwsab (6244) 00EfiFpp5m 7= 74) [l cfy fish ehosbmlr numbebfiiy ohtbelfjil cfttlrs fom gfets bo tdllxdbjbts fttfedlm th tdl ehcpifbot ( Pbetho v Fomlrsho obho Dbkd Uedhhi Mbst (6227) lt0EfiFpp=td 7 5-55)

]dl ehcpifbot ft bssul dlrl tdl pifbotbggs gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot fiilkls tdl ghiihwbok gfets

Bo Cfy 00= pifbotbggs Zbedfrm fom Uusfo Jusdlii hjtfbolm f ihfo grhc tdlo mlglomfot[fsdboktho Cutufi Jfoa th puredfsl f dhcl bo Zhslvbiil Pifbotbggs lxleutlm f mllm hg trustloeucjlrbok tdl prhplrty fs sleurbty Uujslqulotiy mlglomfot NPChrkfo Edfsl Jfoa OF

fequbrlm elrtfbo fsslts fom ibfjbibtbls hg [fsdboktho Cutufi boeiumbok pifbotbggs ihfo fom mllmhg trust (wl wbii rlglr ehiiletbvliy th tdlsl mlglomfots fs Edfsl)QS Bo Mlelcjlr 004 pifbotbggsmlgfuitlm ho tdlbr ihfo

Bo Cfy 002 pifbotbggs rlelbvlm grhc Edfsl f trbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo (efiilm f ]rbfi PlrbhmPifo hr ]PP) wdbed stftlm bo pfrtgt Bg yhu qufibgy uomlr tdl glmlrfi khvlroclots DhclFgghrmfjil Chmbgbeftbho QPSrhkrfc Q(DFCP)S fom ehcpiy wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl Qtrbfichmbgbeftbho pifoS wl wbii chmbgy yhur chrtkfkl ihfo fom yhu efo fvhbm ghrleihsurl Bo tdltrbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo Edfsl rlqulstlm tdft pifbotbggs (6) sbko fom rlturo elrtfbo mheuclots (tdl pifo btslig bg tdly feelptlm bt1 f gbofoebfi dfrmsdbp fggbmfvbt1 f tfx rlturo mbseihsurl ghrc1 fommheuclotftbho th vlrbgy prlvbhusiy stftlm boehcl) fom () sujcbt tdl gbrst trbfi plrbhm pfyclot

(bo tdl fchuot hg $6=056 efieuiftlm grhc boehcl fom ihfo boghrcftbho Edfsl firlfmy dfmfom efieuiftbhos Edfsl dfm firlfmy plrghrclm pursufot th DFCP kubmlibols) (Ull U Mlpt]rlfsury DFCP Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl Oh 02-06 Fpr 7 002 pp -lt 4-60 6=-6lt(dlrlfgtlr Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06)) Pifbotbggs sbkolm fom prhvbmlm fii tdl rlqulstlmmheuclots fom cfml tdl gbrst trbfi plrbhm pfyclot

Bo Nuol 002 pifbotbggs rlelbvlm f ilttlr grhc Edfsl ehogbrcbok tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo fomsplebgybok bo pfrtgt Bg yhu cfal fii Q5S trbfi plrbhm pfyclots ho tbcl Quomlr tdl trbfichmbgbeftbho pifoS fom ehcpiy wbtd fii hg tdl fppibefjil QDFCPS prhkrfc kubmlibols yhu wbiidfvl qufibgblm ghr f gbofi QplrcfolotS chmbgbeftbho ]dl ilttlr fish ehotfbolm ghur ehuphos wbtdwdbed th rlturo tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pfyclots fom bostruetlm pifbotbggs th ehotboul cfabok tdltrbfi chmbgbeftbho pfyclots fgtlr tdl gbrst tdrll bo tdl lvlot hg f pfplrwhra mlify

Fgtlr cfabok tdl gbrst ghur trbfi plrbhm pfyclots pifbotbggs boqubrlm fjhut tdl stftus hg tdlbr ihfochmbgbeftbho Edfsl fmvbslm tdlc th ehotboul cfabok tdl trbfi pfyclots Pifbotbggs mbm cfabok7 trbfi chmbgbeftbho pfyclots jltwllo Nuol 002 fom Fukust 066

Pifbotbggs ehotfetlm Edfsl cuitbpil tbcls jltwllo Ohvlcjlr 002 fom Nuol 060 boqubrbokfjhut tdl stftus hg tdlbr ihfo chmbgbeftbho Jltwllo Ohvlcjlr fom Mlelcjlr 002 Edfsl

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bombeftlm bt wfs prhelssbok tdl pfplrwhra ]dlo ho Mlelcjlr 50 002 wdlo pifbotbggs fkfboboqubrlm Edfsl thim pifbotbggs tdl ihfo chmbgbeftbho dfm jllo mloblm `jy tdl bovlsthr fomEdfsl ehuim oht feelpt foy chrl pfyclots Bo tdl losubok chotds pifbotbggs rlqulstlm wrbttlolxpifoftbho jut rlelbvlm ohtdbok Pifbotbggs efiilm Edfsl fom wlrl thim th sthp cfabok pfyclots jlefusl Edfsl wfs `eruoedbok tdl oucjlrs ghr tdl chmbgbeftbho fom pfyclot sedlmuil fom

fmmbtbhofi pfyclots ft tdft phbot whuim salw tdl hutehcl Fom tdlo bo Nuol 060 pifbotbggswlrl thim tdft tdlbr gbil dfm jllo rlvblwlm fom eilfrlm th rlsucl tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pfyclotswdbed pifbotbggs rlsuclm Bo Ohvlcjlr 060 pifbotbggs rlelbvlm f ilttlr grhc Edfsl rlqulstbokupmftlm boghrcftbho ]dbs wfs tdl gbrst wrbttlo ehccuobeftbho grhc Edfsl sboel tdl trbfichmbgbeftbho pifo prhvbmlm th pifbotbggs bo Cfy 002 fom tdl ehogbrcbok ilttlr slot bo Nuol 002Pifbotbggs prhvbmlm tdl rlqulstlm boghrcftbho bo plrsho ho Mlelcjlr 5 060 ]dl olxt wrbttloehccuobeftbho pifbotbggs rlelbvlm grhc Edfsl wfs ho Nfoufry 066 rdquo f ohtbel hg trustllssfil rlkfrmbok tdl prhplrty (phstlm ho tdlbr grhot mhhr)

PZHELMZFI JFEAKZHOM

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]dl trbfi ehurt wdbed ruilm jlghrl [lst fom [bkhm wlrl mlebmlm sustfbolm Edfsls mlcurrlr wbtdhut ilfvl th fclom fom mbscbsslm tdl efsl gbombokgt (6) fs th jrlfed hg ehotrfet fom tdlbcpiblm ehvlofot hg khhm gfbtd fom gfbr mlfibok rdquo tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo wfs oht ho bts gfelf jbombok ehotrfet ghr f ihfo chmbgbeftbho1 pifbotbggs mbm oht fiilkl tdly qufibgblm uomlr DFCP1fom tdl bcpiblm ehvlofot tdlhry glii wbtd tdl ifea hg f ehotrfet1 () fs th prhcbsshry lsthppli rdquo

tdl fiilklm prhcbsl wfs ehombtbhofi rftdlr tdfo eilfr fom uofcjbkuhus fs rlqubrlm1 fom pifbotbggs

gfbilm th fiilkl mltrbclotfi rlibfoel (mfcfkls) jlefusl chotdiy chrtkfkl pfyclots tdft pifbotbggs wlrl firlfmy hjibkftlm th cfal efooht ehostbtutl mfcfkls1 fom (5) fs th grfum rdquo

pifbotbggs gfbilm th fiilkl tdlbr gfets wbtd tdl rlqubsbtl ilvli hg splebgbebty fom sbcbifriy gfbilm thfiilkl mltrbclotfi rlibfoel

]dbs fpplfi ghiihwlm

MBUEUUBHO

B Pifbotbggs Utftl f Efusl hg Fetbho ghr Jrlfed hg Ehotrfet

Boeiumbok Jrlfed hg tdl Bcpiblm Ehvlofot hg Khhm Gfbtdfom Gfbr Mlfibok

F Jrlfed hg Ehotrfet

7272019 Bushell v Chase

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]h fiilkl f efusl hg fetbho ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet f pifbotbgg cust fiilkl (6) tdl ehotrfet () pifbotbggs plrghrcfoel hr lxeusl ghr ohoplrghrcfoel (5) mlglomfots jrlfed fom (=) tdlrlsuitbok mfcfkls th pifbotbgg ( Zlbedlrt v Klolrfi Bos Eh (6274) 74 Efim 4 450)

]dl fiilklm ehotrfet dlrl bs tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo rdquo tdl ]rbfi Plrbhm Pifo hr ]PP rdquo tdft

Edfsl prhvbmlm pifbotbggs uomlr DFCP Fs ohtlm tdl prboebpfi ehotrfetufi ifokufkl hg tdl ]PP prhvbmlsgt Bg yhu qufibgy uomlr tdl glmlrfi khvlroclots Dhcl Fgghrmfjil ChmbgbeftbhoQPSrhkrfc Q(DFCP)S fom ehcpiy wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl Q]PPS wl wbii chmbgy yhur chrtkfklihfo fom yhu efo fvhbm ghrleihsurl1 fom Bg yhu cfal fii Q5S trbfi plrbhm pfyclots ho tbcl fomehcpiy wbtd fii hg tdl fppibefjil QDFCPS kubmlibols yhu wbii dfvl qufibgblm ghr f gbofichmbgbeftbho (tdbs ifttlr quhtl bs grhc tdl ]PP-ehogbrcbok ilttlr Edfsl slot pifbotbggs bo Nuol002)

Pifbotbggs ehotlom tdft tdl ]PP dlrl ehostbtutlm f vfibm jbombok ehotrfet lotbtibok tdlc th f plrcfolot ihfo chmbgbeftbho uomlr DFCP upho tdlbr plrghrcfoel hg elrtfbo ehombtbhos prlelmlot (ehcpiybok wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl ]PP fom qufibgybok uomlr DFCP)1 tdft tdly

plrghrclm tdhsl ehombtbhos prlelmlot1 fom tdft Edfsl jrlfedlm tdl ehotrfet jy oht prhvbmboktdlc f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho

Edfsl ehuotlrs tdft oh ehotrfet lxbstlm1 rftdlr Edfsl kfvl ohtdbok chrl tdfo f prhcbsl thehosbmlr QpifbotbggsS ghr f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho f clrl `fkrllclot th fkrll (ho ehombtbhos)wdbed bs uologhrelfjil fs f cfttlr hg ifw (Btfibes fmmlm) Edfsl lxpifbos tdft qufibgbeftbhouomlr DFCP wfs f ehombtbho prlelmlot th plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho fom pifbotbggs gfbilm th fiilkltdly qufibgblm uomlr tdft prhkrfc

Fs bs lvbmlot grhc tdl pfrtbls rlspletbvl ehotlotbhos tdl fiilkftbho hg f jrlfed hg ehotrfet efuslhg fetbho dlrl turos ho wdltdlr pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm plrghrcfoel hg elrtfbo ehombtbhos

prlelmlot rdquo

ehcpiybok wbtd tdl ]PPs tlrcs fom qufibgybok uomlr DFCP rdquo

olelssfry th ghrc f]PP ehotrfet th plrcfolotiy chmbgy tdl tlrcs hg tdlbr ihfo Ehoslqulotiy wl cust uomlrstfomDFCP th uomlrstfom tdl ehotrfetufi stftus bg foy hg tdl ]PP dlrl [l pfusl ohw th lxfcbolDFCPQ5S

6 DFCP

[dlo gbofoebfi cfralts olfriy ehiifpslm bo tdl iftl succlr fom lfriy gfii hg 004 Ehokrlsslofetlm tdl Lclrkloey Lehohcbe Utfjbibzftbho Fet hg 004 (PujI Oh 660-5=51 6 Utft57lt) ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt7) ]dl elotlrpblel hg tdbs fet wfs tdl glmlrfi ]rhujilmFsslt Zliblg Prhkrfc (]FZP) wdbed bo fmmbtbho th prhvbmbok f cfssbvl bogusbho hg ibqubmftbho

th tdl jfoabok systlc rlqubrlm tdl obtlm Utftls Mlpfrtclot hg tdl ]rlfsury (dlrlfgtlr]rlfsury) th bcpilclot f pifo th cbobcbzl dhcl ghrleihsurls (Ull [bkhm ft p ltlt71 6 UEsect lt62(f))

]dft pifo wfs DFCP botrhmuelm bo Gljrufry 002 fom guomlm jy f $lt0 jbiibho slt-fsbml hg ]FZP chobls th bomuel ilomlrs th rlgbofoel chrtkfkls th rlmuel chotdiy pfyclots ghr strukkibok dhclhwolrs ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt7) Uplebgbefiiy DFCP lofjils elrtfbodhclhwolrs wdh frl bo mlgfuit hr ft bccbolot rbsa hg mlgfuit th hjtfbo plrcfolot ihfo

7272019 Bushell v Chase

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]h fiilkl f efusl hg fetbho ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet f pifbotbgg cust fiilkl (6) tdl ehotrfet () pifbotbggs plrghrcfoel hr lxeusl ghr ohoplrghrcfoel (5) mlglomfots jrlfed fom (=) tdlrlsuitbok mfcfkls th pifbotbgg ( Zlbedlrt v Klolrfi Bos Eh (6274) 74 Efim 4 450)

]dl fiilklm ehotrfet dlrl bs tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pifo rdquo tdl ]rbfi Plrbhm Pifo hr ]PP rdquo tdft

Edfsl prhvbmlm pifbotbggs uomlr DFCP Fs ohtlm tdl prboebpfi ehotrfetufi ifokufkl hg tdl ]PP prhvbmlsgt Bg yhu qufibgy uomlr tdl glmlrfi khvlroclots Dhcl Fgghrmfjil ChmbgbeftbhoQPSrhkrfc Q(DFCP)S fom ehcpiy wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl Q]PPS wl wbii chmbgy yhur chrtkfklihfo fom yhu efo fvhbm ghrleihsurl1 fom Bg yhu cfal fii Q5S trbfi plrbhm pfyclots ho tbcl fomehcpiy wbtd fii hg tdl fppibefjil QDFCPS kubmlibols yhu wbii dfvl qufibgblm ghr f gbofichmbgbeftbho (tdbs ifttlr quhtl bs grhc tdl ]PP-ehogbrcbok ilttlr Edfsl slot pifbotbggs bo Nuol002)

Pifbotbggs ehotlom tdft tdl ]PP dlrl ehostbtutlm f vfibm jbombok ehotrfet lotbtibok tdlc th f plrcfolot ihfo chmbgbeftbho uomlr DFCP upho tdlbr plrghrcfoel hg elrtfbo ehombtbhos prlelmlot (ehcpiybok wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl ]PP fom qufibgybok uomlr DFCP)1 tdft tdly

plrghrclm tdhsl ehombtbhos prlelmlot1 fom tdft Edfsl jrlfedlm tdl ehotrfet jy oht prhvbmboktdlc f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho

Edfsl ehuotlrs tdft oh ehotrfet lxbstlm1 rftdlr Edfsl kfvl ohtdbok chrl tdfo f prhcbsl thehosbmlr QpifbotbggsS ghr f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho f clrl `fkrllclot th fkrll (ho ehombtbhos)wdbed bs uologhrelfjil fs f cfttlr hg ifw (Btfibes fmmlm) Edfsl lxpifbos tdft qufibgbeftbhouomlr DFCP wfs f ehombtbho prlelmlot th plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho fom pifbotbggs gfbilm th fiilkltdly qufibgblm uomlr tdft prhkrfc

Fs bs lvbmlot grhc tdl pfrtbls rlspletbvl ehotlotbhos tdl fiilkftbho hg f jrlfed hg ehotrfet efuslhg fetbho dlrl turos ho wdltdlr pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm plrghrcfoel hg elrtfbo ehombtbhos

prlelmlot rdquo

ehcpiybok wbtd tdl ]PPs tlrcs fom qufibgybok uomlr DFCP rdquo

olelssfry th ghrc f]PP ehotrfet th plrcfolotiy chmbgy tdl tlrcs hg tdlbr ihfo Ehoslqulotiy wl cust uomlrstfomDFCP th uomlrstfom tdl ehotrfetufi stftus bg foy hg tdl ]PP dlrl [l pfusl ohw th lxfcbolDFCPQ5S

6 DFCP

[dlo gbofoebfi cfralts olfriy ehiifpslm bo tdl iftl succlr fom lfriy gfii hg 004 Ehokrlsslofetlm tdl Lclrkloey Lehohcbe Utfjbibzftbho Fet hg 004 (PujI Oh 660-5=51 6 Utft57lt) ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt7) ]dl elotlrpblel hg tdbs fet wfs tdl glmlrfi ]rhujilmFsslt Zliblg Prhkrfc (]FZP) wdbed bo fmmbtbho th prhvbmbok f cfssbvl bogusbho hg ibqubmftbho

th tdl jfoabok systlc rlqubrlm tdl obtlm Utftls Mlpfrtclot hg tdl ]rlfsury (dlrlfgtlr]rlfsury) th bcpilclot f pifo th cbobcbzl dhcl ghrleihsurls (Ull [bkhm ft p ltlt71 6 UEsect lt62(f))

]dft pifo wfs DFCP botrhmuelm bo Gljrufry 002 fom guomlm jy f $lt0 jbiibho slt-fsbml hg ]FZP chobls th bomuel ilomlrs th rlgbofoel chrtkfkls th rlmuel chotdiy pfyclots ghr strukkibok dhclhwolrs ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt7) Uplebgbefiiy DFCP lofjils elrtfbodhclhwolrs wdh frl bo mlgfuit hr ft bccbolot rbsa hg mlgfuit th hjtfbo plrcfolot ihfo

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chmbgbeftbhos jy wdbed tdlbr chotdiy chrtkfkl pfyclots frl rlmuelm th oh chrl tdfo 56 plrelot hg tdlbr krhss chotdiy boehcl ghr f plrbhm hg ft ilfst gbvl ylfrs Ilomlrs rlelbvl grhc tdlkhvlroclot f $6000 boelotbvl pfyclot ghr lfed plrcfolot DFCP chmbgbeftbho fihok wbtdhtdlr boelotbvls ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft pp 4-441 [bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft ppltlt7-ltlt lt7lt1 Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf pp -7 4-60 6=-641 sll Edbils amp Cbtedlii

DFCP gt Fo Hvlrvblw hg tdl Prhkrfc fom Zlelot Ibtbkftbho ]rloms (066) 7lt Ehosuclr GboIV Zlp 62= 62=-62 (dlrlfgtlr Edbils amp Cbtedlii))

Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 f rlkuiftbho tdl ]rlfsury bssulm bo Fprbi 002 mlibolftlsDFCPs libkbjbibty rlqubrlclots fom chmbgbeftbho prhelmurls (Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf pp -64) Ilomlrs cust plrghrc DFCP ihfo chmbgbeftbhos bo feehrmfoel wbtd ]rlfsuryrlkuiftbhos ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 41 [bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt7)

Fs ghr DFCPs libkbjbibty rlqubrlclots uomlr Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 jlghrl f ilomlr hgglrs f ]PP th f mbstrlsslm jhrrhwlr tdl ilomlr (6) dfs firlfmy ghuom tdft tdl jhrrhwlr sftbsgblselrtfbo sbcpil tdrlsdhim rlqubrlclots uomlr DFCP rlkfrmbok tdl jfsbe ofturl hg tdl ihfo

hjibkftbho (lk f elrtfbo ihfo fchuot jfifoel1 prhplrty bs prbcfry rlsbmloel1 chotdiy chrtkfkl pfyclot krlftlr tdfo 56 plrelot hg chotdiy krhss boehcl)1 () dfs firlfmy efieuiftlm f trbfichmbgbeftbho pfyclot fchuot usbok f wftlrgfii cltdhm hg splebgblm stlps tdft mrhps tdl jhrrhwlrs chotdiy chrtkfkl pfyclot th tdl DFCP tfrklt gbkurl hg 56 plrelot hg chotdiy krhssboehcl1 fom (5) chst sbkobgbefotiy grhc tdl ilomlrs plrspletbvl dfs firlfmy mltlrcbolm pursufot th fppibeftbho hg f olt prlslot vfiul (OPW) tlst jfslm bo pfrt ho boehclgbofoebfirlprlslotftbhos prhvbmlm jy tdl jhrrhwlr tdft bt bs chrl prhgbtfjil th chmbgy tdl ihfo uomlr DFCP tdfo th ghrleihsl upho bt ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft pp 4-441 [bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft pp ltlt7-ltlt lt7lt1 Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf pp -lt 4-60 6=-641 sllUuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 p = QBg tdl OPW rlsuit ghr tdl chmbgbeftbho selofrbh bs krlftlr tdfo tdl OPW rlsuit ghr oh chmbgbeftbho tdl QilomlrS CU] hgglr tdl chmbgbeftbho lvlo bg ftdbrm pfrty bovlsthr bs bovhivlm (lcpdfsbs bo hrbkbofi)S1 sll Edbils amp Cbtedlii suprf 7ltEhosuclr Gbo IV Zlp pp 62=-62) Gurtdlrchrl Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 splebgblstdft upho rlelbvbok tdl sbkolm ]PP grhc tdl jhrrhwlr (wbtd tdl boehcl vlrbgbeftbho mheuclots)tdl ilomlr cust ehogbrc tdft tdl jhrrhwlr ehotbouls th cllt tdlsl DFCP libkbjbibty erbtlrbffom bg oht tdl ilomlr sdhuim prhcptiy ehccuobeftl tdft gfet bo wrbtbok th tdl jhrrhwlr fomehosbmlr tdl jhrrhwlr ghr fohtdlr ghrleihsurl prlvlotbho fitlroftbvl (Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl02-06 suprf p 6lt)

Bo sdhrt tdlo wdlo f ilomlr hgglrs f ]PP th f mbstrlsslm jhrrhwlr tdl ilomlr lggletbvliy dfsfirlfmy mltlrcbolm tdft tdl jhrrhwlr qufibgbls ghr DFCP fssucbok tdft tdl jhrrhwlrsrlprlslotftbhos ho wdbed chmbgbeftbho bs jfslm rlcfbo trul fom ehrrlet (Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl02-06 suprf pp 6lt 6-64)

Fgtlr mltlrcbobok f jhrrhwlr qufibgbls uomlr DFCP bo tdbs cfoolr tdl ilomlr bcpilclots tdlDFCP chmbgbeftbho prhelss bo twh stlps

Bo stlp hol tdl ilomlr (6) prhvbmls tdl jhrrhwlr wbtd f ]PP tdft slts ghrtd tdl trbfi pfyclottlrcs tdl ilomlr dfs efieuiftlm usbok tdl wftlrgfii cltdhm1 () bostruets tdl jhrrhwlr th sbko fomrlturo tdl ]PP f gbofoebfi dfrmsdbp fggbmfvbt fom boehcl vlrbgbeftbho mheuclots (bg oht

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prlvbhusiy hjtfbolm grhc tdl jhrrhwlr)1 fom (5) rlqulsts tdl gbrst trbfi pfyclotQ=S ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft pp 4-441 [bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt1 Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf pp 6=-6lt1 Edbils amp Cbtedlii suprf 7lt Ehosuclr Gbo IV Zlp pp 627-62)

Fs ghr stlp twh hg tdl DFCP chmbgbeftbho prhelss fgtlr tdl trbfi plrbhm bg tdl jhrrhwlr dfs

ehcpiblm wbtd fii tlrcs hg tdl ]PP rdquo

boeiumbok cfabok fii rlqubrlm trbfi pfyclots fom prhvbmbokfii rlqubrlm mheuclotftbho rdquo fom bg tdl jhrrhwlrs rlprlslotftbhos ho wdbed chmbgbeftbho bs jfslm rlcfbo trul fom ehrrlet tdl ilomlr cust hgglr tdl jhrrhwlr f plrcfolot ihfochmbgbeftbho (bo stlp twh tdl ilomlr efieuiftls tdl tlrcs hg tdl plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho usbok tdlvlrbgblm boehcl boghrcftbho) ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft pp 47 441 [bkhm suprf 75G5m ft p ltlt1 Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf pp 6=-6lt1 Edbils amp Cbtedlii suprf 7ltEhosuclr Gbo IV Zlp pp 627-62)QltS

]dbs cust hgglr cfomftl bs jlefusl fs [lst lxpifbos ebtbok [bkhm [dlo Qf ilomlrS rlelbvlm pujibe tfx mhiifrs uomlr Q]FZPS bt fkrllm th hgglr ]PPs fom ihfo chmbgbeftbhos uomlr DFCPfeehrmbok th QrlkuiftbhosS bssulm jy tdl Mlpfrtclot hg tdl ]rlfsury ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m

ft p ltlt7) omlr QtdlS DFCP QUSuppilclotfi QMSbrletbvl 02-06 QrlkuiftbhoS bg tdlilomlr fpprhvls Q(bl hgglrs)S f ]PP fom tdl jhrrhwlr ehcpibls wbtd fii tdl tlrcs hg tdl ]PPfom fii hg tdl jhrrhwlrs rlprlslotftbhos rlcfbo trul fom ehrrlet tdl ilomlr cust hgglr f plrcfolot ihfo chmbgbeftbho ([bkhm suprf ft p ltlt) QUuppilclotfiS Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf ft pfkl 64 stftlsgt `Bg tdl jhrrhwlr ehcpibls wbtd tdl tlrcs fom ehombtbhos hg tdl Q]PPS tdl ihfochmbgbeftbho wbii jlehcl lggletbvl ho tdl gbrst mfy hg tdl chotd ghiihwbok tdl trbfi plrbhm ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft pp 27-2 go hcbttlm)

[btd tdbs DFCP prbclr bo cbom wl turo th pifbotbggs jrlfed hg ehotrfet fiilkftbhos

Jrlfed hg ehotrfet efusl hg fetbho

Pifbotbggs dfvl fttfedlm th fom boehrphrftlm wbtdbo tdlbr gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot tdlbr ]PP wbtdEdfsl wdbed stftls fs plrtbolot Bg yhu qufibgy uomlr tdl glmlrfi khvlroclots DhclFgghrmfjil Chmbgbeftbho QPSrhkrfc Q(DFCP)S fom ehcpiy wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl Q]PPS wl wbiichmbgy yhur chrtkfkl ihfo fom yhu efo fvhbm ghrleihsurl1 Bg yhu cfal fii Q5S trbfi plrbhm pfyclots ho tbcl fom ehcpiy wbtd fii hg tdl fppibefjil QDFCPS kubmlibols yhu wbii dfvlqufibgblm ghr f gbofi QplrcfolotS chmbgbeftbho1 fom IL] U AOH[ ]DF] RH FEELP]]DBU HGGLZ rdquo QmiddotS Pilfsl ilt us aohw oh iftlr tdfo Cfy 5 002 tdft yhu feelpt tdl Q]PPS jyrlturobok tdl sbkolm Q]PPS fihok wbtd htdlr rlqubrlm mheuclots Q(gbofoebfi dfrmsdbp fggbmfvbt1tfx rlturo mbseihsurl ghrc1 elrtfbo mheuclots th vlrbgy boehcl)S fom gbrst pfyclot

Fs wl dfvl nust sllo bo ibkdt hg tdl DFCP Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 bg f jhrrhwlr ehcpibls wbtd fii tlrcs hg tdl ]PP rdquo boeiumbok cfabok fii rlqubrlm pfyclots fom prhvbmbok fiirlqubrlm mheuclotftbho rdquo fom bg tdl jhrrhwlrs rlprlslotftbhos ho wdbed chmbgbeftbho bs jfslmrlcfbo trul fom ehrrlet tdl ilomlr cust hgglr tdl jhrrhwlr f khhm gfbtd plrcfolot ihfochmbgbeftbho jlefusl tdl jhrrhwlr dfs qufibgblm uomlr DFCP fom dfs ehcpiblm wbtd tdl ]PP

Bo tdlbr gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot pifbotbggs fiilklgt ]dly feelptlm Edfsls ]PP hgglr1 tdlyprhvbmQlmS fii tdl Q]PPS mheuclots Edfsl rlqulstlm1 tdly cfml ghur tbcliy trbfi pfyclots fs

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bobtbfiiy efiilm ghr jy tdl ]PP fom fo fmmbtbhofi chrl tdrhukd Fukust 066 (fs mbrletlm jyEdfsl bo rlsphosl th pifbotbggs rlplftlm rlqulsts hg wdft th mh olxt)1 tdly qufibgQblmS ghr tdlchmbgbeftbho uomlr DFCP1 bo iftl Mlelcjlr 002 tdly wlrl thim tdl ihfo chmbgbeftbho dfm jllo mloblm `jy tdl bovlsthr1 bo Nuol 060 Edfsl thim pifbotbggs tdly wlrl eilfrlm th rlsuclcfabok tdl trbfi chmbgbeftbho pfyclots fom pifbotbggs mbm sh tbcliy cfabok fii rlqubrlm

pfyclots rdquo

Edfsl fish stftlm tdft pifbotbggs sdhuim dfvl f ihfo chmbgbeftbho hgglr jy cbm-Nuiy060 fom Edfsl fphihkbzlm tdft tdl ihfo chmbgbeftbho prhelss dfm tfalo sh ihok fom lxpifbolmtdft f iht dfm `mrhpplm tdrhukd tdl erfeas bo tdl trfosbtbho grhc Q[fsdboktho CutufiS th Edfsl jut ohw tdboks wlrl prhelssbok wlii1 bo Mlelcjlr 060 pifbotbggs prhvbmlm `upmftlmboghrcftbho fs rlqulstlm jy Edfsl th ehotboul tdl chmbgbeftbho prhelssbok1 fom tdl hoiy wrbttloehccuobeftbho pifbotbggs rlelbvlm tdlrlfgtlr grhc Edfsl wfs f ohtbel hg trustlls sfil bo Nfoufry066Q7S

Ehoslqulotiy pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm bo tdlbr gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot tdft tdly dfvl ehcpiblmwbtd fii tlrcs hg tdl ]PP rdquo boeiumbok cfabok fii rlqubrlm pfyclots prhvbmbok fii rlqubrlmmheuclotftbho fom cfbotfbobok tdl botlkrbty hg tdlbr chmbgbeftbho-jfslm rlprlslotftbhos fom

tdly dfvl fiilklm tdft tdly qufibgQblmS ghr tdl chmbgbeftbho uomlr DFCP (kbvlo Edfsls hgglr hg f ]PP th tdlc fom oh prhcptQS ehccuobeftQbhoS th tdl ehotrfry grhc Edfsl)(Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf p 6lt) Fs f rlsuit pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm f efusl hg fetbho ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet uomlr Efibghrobf ifwgt ]dly dfvl fiilklm tdft Edfsl jrlfedlm tdl]PP ehotrfet jy gfbibok th hgglr pifbotbggs f khhm gfbtd plrcfolot ihfo chmbgbeftbho

Ubcbifr ]PP ifokufkl bo [bkhm fom lvlo ilss ehotrfetufiiy elrtfbo ]PP ifokufkl bo [lst yblimlm sbcbifr ehoeiusbhos tdft tdl rlspletbvl jhrrhwlrs bo tdhsl twh mlebsbhos fiilklm f efuslhg fetbho fkfbost tdl ilomlr ghr jrlfed hg tdl ]PP suggbeblot th hvlrehcl f mlcurrlr

Bo [bkhm tdl ]PP stftlm tdft bg tdl jhrrhwlr ehcpiblm wbtd tdl ]PP fom tdl jhrrhwlrs ]PP

rlprlslotftbhos ehotboulm th jl trul tdlo tdl ilomlr wQhuimS prhvbml f QplrcfolotS IhfoChmbgbeftbho Fkrllclot ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt4)

Bo [lst tdl ]PP stftlm tdft bg tdl jhrrhwlr `ehcpiQblmS wbtd fii tdl tlrcs hg Qtdl ]PPS Qtdlilomlr whuimS ehosbmlr f plrcfolot whrahut shiutbho ghr Qtdl jhrrhwlrsS ihfo hoel tdl Q]PPSdfs jllo ehcpiltlm ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 42) Fs lvbmlot tdl ]PP bo [lst mbmoht lxprlssiy boeiuml tdl prhvbsh tdft tdl ilomlr whuim hgglr f plrcfolot ihfo chmbgbeftbho bg Qtdl jhrrhwlrS ehcpiblm wbtd Qtdl ]PPsS tlrcs ([lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 2) Jutsfbm [lst sued f prhvbsh bs olelssfrbiy bcphslm jy DFCP Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 thcfal tdl ]PP ifwgui ([lst ft pp 2-241 sll Ebv Ehml sect 67=5 QF ehotrfet cust rlelbvlsued fo botlrprltftbho fs wbii cfal bt ifwgui bg th mh sh mhls oht vbhiftl pfrtbls botlotS ebtlm jy[lst ft p 21 sll fish Jfrrhsh v Hewlo Ihfo Ulrvbebok IIE (06) 04 EfiFpp=td 6006600lt-6007 6065-606lt Qfppliiftl ehurt ghuom wbtdhut rlshrt th DFCP rlkuifthry mbrletbvls tdftf ]PP ehostbtutlm fo loghrelfjil ehotrfet uomlr stftl ifw ehotrfet prboebpils khvlrobokehombtbhos prlelmlot1 tdl ]PP bo Jfrrhsh stftlm `Bg yhu ehcpiy wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl DhclFgghrmfjil ]rbfi Plrbhm Pifo fom tdl Chmbgbeftbho Fkrllclot wl wbii chmbgy yhur chrtkfklihfo ( Jfrrhsh p 600lt)S)QS

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Fs ohtlm Edfsl ehotloms tdft tdl ]PP dlrl rlvlfis ohtdbok chrl tdfo f prhcbsl th ehosbmlr QpifbotbggsS ghr f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho f clrl `fkrllclot th fkrll (ho ehombtbhos) wdbed bsuologhrelfjil fs f cfttlr hg ifw (Btfibes fmmlm) Edfsl phbots th ehombtbhofi ifokufkl bo tdl]PP th supphrt bts ehotlotbho Ghr lxfcpil tdl ]PP boeiumls stftlclots sued fs Bg yhu qufibgyuomlr tdl glmlrfi khvlroclots Dhcl Fgghrmfjil Chmbgbeftbho QPSrhkrfc1 ]h sll bg yhu

qufibgy ghr f Dhcl Fgghrmfjil Chmbgbeftbho1 ]dl ]rbfi Plrbhm Pifo bs tdl gbrst stlp Hoel wlfrl fjil th ehogbrc yhur boehcl fom libkbjbibty ghr tdl prhkrfc1 fom Pilfsl ohtl tdft yhur chmbgbeftbho wbii oht jl lggletbvl uoilss yhu cllt fii hg tdl fppibefjil ehombtbhos boeiumbokcfabok fii trbfi plrbhm pfyclots

[dbil tdbs ifokufkl ebtlm jy Edfsl cfy jl ehombtbhofi tdbs ifokufkl rlgilets fs wl dfvl sllogrhc hur prbclr ho DFCP f prhcbsl ehombtbholm ho pifbotbggs (6) prhvbmbok tdl fpprhprbftl pfplrwhra () cfabok guii fom tbcliy trbfi pfyclots fom (5) cfbotfbobok tdl botlkrbty hg tdlbr chmbgbeftbho-jfslm rlprlslotftbhos hjibkftbhos tdft pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm bo tdlbr gbrst fclomlmehcpifbot tdly sftbsgblm dlrl Pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm tdly qufibgy uomlr DFCP tdrhukdrlelbvbok tdl ]PP hgglr fom plrghrcbok tdlsl ehombtbhos

[l ehoeiuml pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm tdft tdl ]PP ehostbtutlm fo loghrelfjil ehotrfet uomlr Efibghrobf ifw tdft pifbotbggs dfvl plrghrclm tdl ehombtbhos prlelmlot th tdft ehotrfet fom tdftEdfsl jrlfedlm tdft ehotrfet jy gfbibok th hgglr pifbotbggs f khhm gfbtd plrcfolot ihfochmbgbeftbhoQ4S ]dft ilfvls hoiy tdl lilclot hg mfcfkls th fiilkl f efusl hg fetbho ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet ( Zlbedlrt v Klolrfi Bos Eh suprf 74 Efim ft p 450)

Edfsl frkuls tdft pifbotbggs efooht fiilkl mfcfkls jlefusl fii pifbotbggs mbm wfs th cfalchotdiy chrtkfkl pfyclots tdly wlrl firlfmy hjibkftlm th cfal Pifbotbggs fiilkl tdly wlrlmfcfklm jy tdl ehosbmlrfjil tbcl tdly splot rlplftlmiy ehotfetbok Edfsl fom rlplftlmiy prlpfrbok mheuclots ft Edfsls rlqulst1 jy mbsehotboubok lgghrts th pursul f rlgbofoel grhc htdlr

gbofoebfi bostbtutbhos hr th pursul htdlr clfos hg fvhbmbok ghrleihsurl (sued fs jfoarupteyrlstrueturbok hr sliibok hr rlotbok tdlbr dhcl)1 jy dfvbok tdlbr erlmbt rlphrts gurtdlr mfcfklm1fom jy ihsbok tdlbr dhcl fom cfabok bt uoibaliy tdly ehuim puredfsl fohtdlr hol [l ehoeiuml pifbotbggs dfvl fmlquftliy fiilklm mfcfkls (Ull [lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 2lt)

[l ehoeiuml pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm f jrlfed hg ehotrfet efusl hg fetbho bo tdlbr gbrst fclomlmehcpifbotQ2S

J Jrlfed hg tdl Bcpiblm Ehvlofot hg Khhm Gfbtd fom Gfbr

Mlfibok

]dl ifw bcpibls bo lvlry ehotrfet f ehvlofot hg khhm gfbtd fom gfbr mlfibok clfobok tdft olbtdlr pfrty wbii mh foytdbok wdbed wbii bonurl tdl rbkdt hg tdl htdlr th rlelbvl tdl ehotrfets jlolgbts([bisho v 6st Elotury Bos Eh (00) = Efi=td 65 01 ]bijury Ehostruethrs Boe v Utftl

Ehcp Bos Guom (007) 65 EfiFpp=td =77 ==)

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Pifbotbggs fiilkl bo tdl gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot tdft QEdfslS jrlfedlm tdl ehotrfet jy ohtwhrabok wbtd Pifbotbggs murbok tdl chmbgbeftbho prhelss bo khhm gfbtd [l ehoeiuml tdft pifbotbggs dfvl fmlquftliy fiilklm f jrlfed hg tdl ehvlofot hg khhm gfbtd fom gfbr mlfibok

Edfsl wfs rlqubrlm th fet bo feehrm wbtd tdl ]PP fom DFCP rlkuiftbhos ]dlrlghrl Edfsl wfs

rlqubrlm th hgglr pifbotbggs f khhm gfbtd plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho hg tdlbr ihfo kbvlo tdft pifbotbggsdfvl fiilklm tdly ehcpiblm wbtd tdl ]PP fom qufibgblm uomlr DFCP

Fs wl dfvl sllo bo mbseussbok tdl jrlfed hg ehotrfet efusl hg fetbho bo ibkdt hg DFCPUuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 bg f jhrrhwlr ehcpibls wbtd dbs hr dlr ]PP fom bg tdl jhrrhwlrsrlprlslotftbhos ho wdbed ihfo chmbgbeftbho bs jfslm rlcfbo feeurftl tdlo tdl ilomlr cust hgglr tdl jhrrhwlr f khhm gfbtd plrcfolot ihfo chmbgbeftbho Dlrl pifbotbggs dfvl fiilklm tdly clttdlsl ehombtbhos

Jut feehrmbok th pifbotbggs Edfsl mbm oht dhim up bts lom hg tdl jfrkfbo rdquo bt olvlr hgglrlm pifbotbggs f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho Ho tdl ehotrfry Edfsl bs fiilklm th dfvl struok pifbotbggs

fihok wbtdhut ehogbrcbok hr mloybok f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho wdbil pifbotbggs cfml 7 trbfi plrbhm pfyclots hoiy th jl sifpplm wbtd f ohtbel hg trustlls sfil wdlo tdly rlfedlm tdl lom hg Edfsls jurlfuerftbe cfzl Pifbotbggs ]PP gurtdlr stftlm tdft QfSs ihok fs QpifbotbggsS ehcpiywbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl Q]PPS QEdfslS wbii oht stfrt ghrleihsurl prhellmboks hr ehomuet fghrleihsurl sfil bg ghrleihsurl prhellmboks dfvl stfrtlm Pifbotbggs dfvl suggbeblotiy fiilklm fehotrfetufi jrlfed hg tdl bcpiblm ehvlofot hg khhm gfbtd fom gfbr mlfibok

BB Pifbotbggs Utftl f Efusl hg Fetbho ghr Prhcbsshry Lsthppli

]dl lilclots hg prhcbsshry lsthppli frl (6) f eilfr fom uofcjbkuhus prhcbsl jy tdl prhcbshrfom () rlfshofjil ghrlsllfjil fom mltrbclotfi rlibfoel jy tdl prhcbsll ( Ifas v Ehfst Glm

Ufv amp Ihfo Fsso (627) 70 EfiFpp5m 44lt 420)

]dl hoiy mbsputlm lilclots dlrl frl wdltdlr pifbotbggs fiilklm f eilfr fom uofcjbkuhus prhcbslfom mltrbclotfi rlibfoel

]dl fiilkftbho hg tdl ]PP ehotrfet rdquo tdrhukd wdbed f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho wfs th jl hgglrlmbg elrtfbo ehombtbhos wlrl clt rdquo cllts tdl lilclot hg f eilfr fom uofcjbkuhus prhcbsl

Fs ghr mltrbclotfi rlibfoel Edfsl fkfbo frkuls tdft pifbotbggs mbm oht boeur mfcfkls jlefusltdly wlrl firlfmy hjibkftlm th cfal tdlbr chotdiy chrtkfkl pfyclots

Ubcbifr th tdl mfcfkls tdly fiilkl rlsuitlm grhc tdl ehotrfetufi jrlfed dhwlvlr pifbotbggsfiilkl tdly mltrbclotfiiy rliblm ho Edfsls prhcbsl th plrcfolotiy chmbgy tdlbr ihfo jyrlplftlmiy ehotfetbok Edfsl jy rlplftlmiy prlpfrbok mheuclots ft Edfsls rlqulst jymbsehotboubok lgghrts th pursul f rlgbofoel grhc htdlr gbofoebfi bostbtutbhos hr th pursul htdlr clfos hg fvhbmbok ghrleihsurl fom jy ihsbok tdlbr dhcl fom cfabok bt uoibaliy tdly ehuim puredfsl fohtdlr hol Ehoslqulotiy pifbotbggs dfvl fmlquftliy fiilklm mltrbclotfi rlibfoel thsustfbo f prhcbsshry lsthppli efusl hg fetbho (Ull [lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 2lt)

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BBB Pifbotbggs Utftl f Efusl hg Fetbho ghr Grfum Jfslm ho

Gfisl Prhcbsl

Bo tdlbr gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot pifbotbggs fiilkl fs plrtbolot (6) Edfsl cfml fggbrcftbvl

cbsrlprlslotftbhos hg cftlrbfi gfet fomhr gfisl prhcbsls th pifbotbggs boeiumbok tdft pifbotbggswhuim jl hgglrlm f plrcfolot ihfo chmbgbeftbho uomlr elrtfbo ehombtbhos1 () tdl ]PP stftls`Fs ihok fs QpifbotbggsS ehcpiy wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl Q]PPS QEdfslS wbii oht stfrt ghrleihsurl prhellmboks hr ehomuet f ghrleihsurl sfil bg ghrleihsurl prhellmboks dfvl stfrtlm(lcpdfsbs fmmlm bo gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot)1 (5) Pifbotbggs ehcpiblm wbtd tdl tlrcs hg tdl ]PPfom dfvl cfml 7 hg tdhsl pfyclots1 (=) mlspbtl tdbs Edfsl bssulm f ohtbel hg trustlls sfil thghrleihsl1 fom (lt) Edfsl mlelbvlm pifbotbggs ghr bts hwo gbofoebfi kfbo

]dlsl fiilkftbhos frl suggbeblot th stftl f grfum efusl hg fetbho ghr gfisl prhcbsl omlr Efibghrobf stftuthry ifw QfS prhcbsl cfml wbtdhut foy botlotbho hg plrghrcbok bt bs fetufigrfum (Ebv Ehml sect 6lt sujm =1 sll [btabo Uuccfry hg Efi Ifw (60td lm 00lt) Ehotrfets

sect 25 p 50)

Edfsl mbsfkrlls ho twh krhuoms

Gbrst Edfsl frkuls tdft pifbotbggs gfisl prhcbsl fiilkftbhos ifea tdl splebgbebty rlqubrlm th pilfmf grfum efusl hg fetbho fkfbost f ehrphrftl mlglomfot1 splebgbefiiy tdl fiilkftbhos gfbi th bmlotbgytdl plrsho(s) wdh fiilklmiy cfml tdl gfisl prhcbsls ho Edfsls jldfig

Pifbotbggs dfvl clt tdl splebgbebty rlqubrlclot ]dl ]PP boeiumbok tdl ]PP-ehogbrcbok ilttlr grhc Edfsl bs fttfedlm th tdl gbrst fclomlm ehcpifbot fom pifbotbggs mbm oht dfvl th splebgy tdlEdfsl plrshooli wdh prlpfrlm tdlsl mheuclots jlefusl tdft boghrcftbho bs uobquliy wbtdbo

Edfsls aohwilmkl (Ull [lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 25)

Fom slehom Edfsl fkfbo frkuls tdft pifbotbggs wlrl oht mfcfklm jlefusl fii tdly mbm wfscfal chotdiy chrtkfkl pfyclots tdly wlrl firlfmy hjibkftlm th cfal Ghr tdl rlfshos wl dfvllxprlsslm bo mbseussbok mfcfkls bovhivbok tdl efusls hg fetbho ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet fom prhcbsshry lsthppli wl mbsfkrll

MBUPHUB]BHO

]dl numkclot bs rlvlrslm fs th tdl efusls hg fetbho ghr jrlfed hg ehotrfet (boeiumbok jrlfed hg tdl ehvlofot hg khhm gfbtd fom gfbr mlfibok) prhcbsshry lsthppli fom grfum jfslm ho gfisl

prhcbsl ]dl numkclot bs fggbrclm fs th tdl efusl hg fetbho ghr grfum jfslm ho botlotbhoficbsrlprlslotftbho Pifbotbggs frl fwfrmlm tdlbr ehsts ho fpplfi (Efi Zuils hg Ehurt ruil44(f)(5))

OBEDHIUHO Fetbok P N fom CFZH N ehoeurs

Q6S Jlghrl fom ft hrfi frkuclot tdl pfrtbls stftlm tdly dfvl slttilm tdbs efsl fom rlqulstlm tdbs fpplfi jl mbscbsslmFppliiftl ehurts dfvl mbserltbho th mlebml tdl clrbts hg fo fpplfi rlomlrlm chht jy slttilclot bg tdl fpplfi phsls

7272019 Bushell v Chase

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbushell-v-chase 1111

fo bssul hg jrhfm pujibe botlrlst tdft bs ibaliy th rleur ( Plhpil v Lujfoas (6227) 6= Efi=td lt40 lt4= go 1 sll fishLbslojlrk lt fi Efi Prfetbel Kubmlgt Ebvbi Fpplfis fom [rbts (]dl Zuttlr Krhup 06) middotmiddot 4gt60 th 4gt66 p 4-6=(rlv 6 06) Qfom efsls ebtlm tdlrlboS) [l lxlrebsl sued mbserltbho dlrl th mlebml tdl clrbts hg tdbs fpplfi

QS Mlglomfot NPChrkfo Edfsl Jfoa OF fequbrlr hg mlglomfot [fsdboktho Cutufi Jfoa jrhukdt tdl mlcurrlr ft bssul

Q5S Ubcbifr th tdl phsbtbho bt thha bo [lst Edfsl mhls oht frkul ifea hg hgglr feelptfoel ehosbmlrftbho hr foy htdlr lilclot olelssfry th erlftl fo loghrelfjil ehotrfet fsbml grhc bts ehotlotbho ohtlm fjhvl (Ull [lst suprf 6=EfiFpp=td ft p 27 Qohtbok tdft cfoy glmlrfi mlebsbhos dfvl ehoeiumlm tdft f trbfi ihfo chmbgbeftbho uomlr DFCPehostbtutls f vfibm loghrelfjil ehotrfet uomlr stftl ifw rdquo boeiumbok twh mlebsbhos fppiybok Efibghrobf ifw rdquo ft ilfstft tdl pilfmbok stfkl hg tdl ibtbkftbho (sll efsls ebtlm tdlrlbo)S)

Q=S ]dl ]rlfsury hrbkbofiiy prhnletlm tdft 5 th = cbiibho dhclhwolrs whuim rlelbvl plrcfolot chmbgbeftbhos uomlr DFCP Rlt hol ylfr both tdl prhkrfc hoiy 60000 dhclhwolrs dfm rlelbvlm plrcfolot chmbgbeftbhos rdquo glwlr tdft 6lt plrelot hg tdl 6= cbiibho dhclhwolrs wdh dfm jllo hgglrlm trbfi pifos ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltltgo ) Prbhr th Nuol 6 060 (wdbed loehcpfssls tdl tbcl plrbhm ft bssul dlrl) ilomlrs wlrl plrcbttlm th hgglr f jhrrhwlr f ]PP jfslm upho tdl jhrrhwlrs uovlrbgblm boehclgbofoebfi rlprlslotftbhos (Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf pp lt 6) ]dbs fppfrlotiy ilm th thh glw plrcfolot chmbgbeftbhos sh tdl ]rlfsury ohw rlqubrls ilomlrs

th guiiy vlrbgy f jhrrhwlrs gbofoebfi boghrcftbho jlghrl hgglrbok f ]PP (U Mlpt ]rlfsury DFCP UuppilclotfiMbrletbvl Oh 60-06 Nuol 6 060) ]drhukd Mlelcjlr 060 dhwlvlr hoiy fpprhxbcftliy lt40000 jhrrhwlrs dfmrlelbvlm plrcfolot DFCP chmbgbeftbhos efusbok cfoy th qulstbho tdl lggletbvlolss hg (fom ilomlrs ehcpibfoelwbtd) tdl prhkrfc (Edbils amp Cbtedlii suprf 7lt Ehosuclr Gbo IV Zlp pp 62=-62lt)

QltS ]dl ]PP pfyclot cfy jl f khhm gfbtd lstbcftl hg tdl plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho pfyclot (Ull [bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p lt7lt1 [lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 24) Jlefusl tdl chotdiy pfyclot fchuot uomlr tdl plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho wbii jl jfslm ho tdl chst rlelot vlrbgblm boehcl mheuclotftbho tdl chotdiy pfyclot muluomlr tdl plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho cfy mbgglr shclwdft grhc tdl chotdiy pfyclot mul uomlr tdl ]PP jut tdl plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho pfyclot fchuot cust jl mltlrcbolm bo khhm gfbtd (Uuppilclotfi Mbrletbvl 02-06 suprf pp 64 6lt1 sll [lst suprf 6= EfiFpp=td ft p 24) Ull ghhtohtl = fotl

Q7S Fetufiiy tdbs succfry hg pifbotbggs fiilkftbhos sfobtbzls tdhsl fiilkftbhos wdbed mlserbjl Edfsls fetbhos fihok

tdl ibols hg f prhihoklm jurlfuerftbe obkdtcfrl hg Afgaflsqul prhphrtbhos Fom bo cfoy hg tdlbr ]PP mlfiboks btwfs pifbotbggs rftdlr tdfo Edfsl wdh cfbotfbolm ehotfet th losurl ]PP ehcpibfoel

QS Zlelotiy tdl glmlrfi Obotd Ebreubt Ehurt hg Fpplfis bo fppiybok Efibghrobf ifw bo Ehrvliih v [liis Gfrkh

Jfoa OF (2td Ebr Fuk 4 065 Ohs 66-675= 66-67=) XXX G5m XXX Q065 U Fpp Ilxbs 67=6lt 065 [I=062S ghiihwlm [bkhm fom [lst th rlvlrsl f mlcurrlr-ibal mbscbssfi ehoeiumbok tdl mlglomfot jfoa tdlrl wfsehotrfetufiiy hjibkftlm uomlr tdl tlrcs hg tdl ]PP th hgglr f plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho th jhrrhwlrs wdh ehcpiblmwbtd tdl ]PP jy sujcbttbok feeurftl mheuclotftbho fom cfabok trbfi pfyclots

Q4S [lst quhtlm [bkhm fs ghiihws `QfSitdhukd QEdfslS cfy dfvl shcl ibcbtlm mbserltbho th slt tdl prlebsltlrcs hg fo hgglrlm plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho QEdfslS wfs elrtfboiy rlqubrlm th hgglr shcl shrt hg khhm-gfbtd plrcfolot chmbgbeftbho th Qtdl pifbotbggsS ehosbstlot wbtd DFCP kubmlibols Bt dfs hgglrlm ohol ([lst suprf 6=EfiFpp=td ft p 24 quhtbok [bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p lt7lt) Bomllm dlrl bostlfm hg f khhm gfbtd plrcfolot

chmbgbeftbho hgglr pifbotbggs fiilkl tdly wlrl krlltlm wbtd f ohtbel hg trustlls sfil

Q2S Ehokrlss mbm oht erlftl bo DFCP f prbvftl glmlrfi rbkdt hg fetbho ghr jhrrhwlrs fkfbost ilomlrs ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p ltlt2 go =) Jut fs [bkhm lxpifbolm ]dl bssul dlrl dhwlvlr bs oht wdltdlr glmlrfi ifw btslig prhvbmls prbvftl rlclmbls jut wdltdlr bt mbspifels rlclmbls htdlrwbsl fvfbifjil uomlr stftl ifw ]dl fjsloel hg f prbvftl rbkdt hg fetbho grhc f glmlrfi stftutl prhvbmls oh rlfsho th mbscbss f eifbc uomlr f stftl ifw nust jlefusl QtdleifbcS rlglrs th hr boehrphrftls shcl lilclot hg tdl glmlrfi ifw ]h gbom htdlrwbsl whuim rlqubrl fmhptbok tdlohvli prlsucptbho tdft wdlrl Ehokrlss prhvbmls oh rlclmy uomlr glmlrfi ifw QtrfmbtbhofiS stftl ifw QprboebpilsS

cfy oht fgghrm hol bo bts stlfm ([bkhm suprf 75 G5m ft p lt46)