早稲田大学アジア・ムスリム研究所リサーチペー …...isbn 978-4-9907402-3-8...

ISBN 978-4-9907402-3-8

早稲田大学アジア・ムスリム研究所

リサーチペーパー・シリーズ Vol.4

Report of the Survey on Muslim Students in Japan

(2013-2014)

Ηiroshi KOJIMA, Jin NODA, Ηirofumi OKAI and Yukari SAI Institute for Asian Muslim Studies, Waseda University

February 2015

i

早稲田大学アジア・ムスリム研究所

リサーチペーパー・シリーズ Vol.4

Research Paper Series, Vol.4

Institute for Asian Muslim Studies, Waseda University

Report of the Survey on Muslim Students in Japan (2013-2014)

Ηiroshi KOJIMA, Jin NODA, Ηirofumi OKAI and Yukari SAI Institute for Asian Muslim Studies, Waseda University

February 2015 To be available at the webpage of the Institute for Asian Muslim Studies: http://www.kikou.waseda.ac.jp/ias/en/research/ams.php http://www.kikou.waseda.ac.jp/ias/research/ams.php

© Hiroshi KOJIMA 2015

http://www.kikou.waseda.ac.jp/ias/en/research/ams.php

http://www.kikou.waseda.ac.jp/ias/research/ams.php

iii

Table of Contents

Preface v

I. Survey Outline 1

II. Survey Questionnaire 7

III. Survey Results 15

1. Demographics 17

2. Study 31

3. Friends 41

4. Financial Arrangements 46

5. Muslim-Friendly Facilities 54

6. Religion 68

7. Satisfaction, Concerns and Plans 78

v

Preface This is the report of the Survey on Muslim Students in Japan, which was conducted by the Institute for Asian Muslim Studies from November 2013 to January 2014, in cooperation with the Muslim Student Association-Japan. It is published as the fourth volume of the Institute’s Research Paper Series.

The Institute for Asian Muslim Studies was virtually established by the late Prof. Dr. Tsugitaka SATO in June 2010 under the auspices of the Organization for University Research Initiatives to study Muslim minorities in Asia and to help improve the life of Muslim minorities and non-Muslim majorities through the social integration. The Institute has been also supported by the Organization for Islamic Area Studies and it will be transferred from the OURI to the OIAS as of April 1, 2015.

The Institute for Asian Muslim Studies has conducted research and surveys on Muslims in East and Southeast Asia including this survey. The Institute has also carried out non-research activities including the organization and co-organization of the (annual) National Meeting of Masjid Representatives at Waseda. It initiated the Muslim Student Café for Muslim and non-Muslim students at Waseda in February 2012 and has been organizing the event a couple of times per semester. It also initiated the (annual) National Meeting of Muslim Student Representatives in February 2013 and has just held the third Meeting with the panel discussion on this report, particularly the chapter on Muslim-friendly facilities and services, on January 31, 2015 at Waseda.

We would like to thank Dr. Fady S. K. Alnajjar, the MSAJ Secretary-General and the representatives of Muslim student associations at Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Tokyo, Kyushu University, Fukui University, Osaka University, Nagoya University, Ehime University, Niigata University and Yamaguchi University as well as all the survey respondents from these and some other universities including Waseda. We would also like to thank the representative and members of Shia student group in Kansai Area who also cooperated with our survey. This survey was funded by the FY2011-2013 JSPS grant-in-aid No.2330170 (Title: “Symbiosis of Muslims and Non-Muslims in East Asia”; P.I.: Prof. Hiroshi KOJIMA).

February 25, 2015 Hiroshi KOJIMA, Ph.D. Director, Institute for Asian Muslim Studies

1

I. Survey Outline

3

The Survey on Muslim Students in Japan was conducted by the Institute for Asian Muslim Studies (IAMS) in cooperation with the Muslim Student Association-Japan (MSAJ) with the funding from the FY2011-2013 JSPS grant-in-aid No.2330170 (Title: “Symbiosis of Muslims and Non-Muslims in East Asia”; PI: Prof. Hiroshi KOJIMA, Faculty of Social Sciences, Waseda University). One of the major purposes of the survey was to improve the study and life conditions of Muslim students in Japan.

The survey questionnaire partly draws on the questionnaire of the Social Survey of Muslim Population in Japan (2005-2006) and that of the ALEPS (Alumni Look East Policy Society) Survey (2007). Both surveys were conducted by the IAMS member, Prof. Hirofumi TANADA of the Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University. The pretest of the draft questionnaire was conducted at the MSAJ Annual Meeting, Yamanashi on 22 September 2013 and about 30 Muslim students and researchers kindly cooperated with the pretest for the improvement of the questionnaire. We would like to thank the MSAJ and the participants in the pretest.

The final questionnaire with frequency distribution is found in Part II of this report, even though the format is slightly modified to accommodate figures for frequencies. It consists of the instruction at the beginning, eight batches of questions and the space for free comments at the end as follows:

(Instructions) 1) Demographics: Q1-Q13 2) Study: Q14-Q20 3) Friends: Q21-Q22 4) Financial Arrangements: Q23-Q25 5) Muslim-Friendly Facilities: Q26-Q28 6) Religion: Q29-Q31 7) Satisfaction/Concerns: Q32-Q35 8) Future Plans: Q36-Q37

(Free comments)

The survey procedure was as follows: 1) The MSAJ asked the representatives of affiliated university Muslim

associations for cooperation with the survey and let the IAMS know the contact information of the representatives having agreed to participate in the survey.

2) After the IAMS had contacted the representative of each university Muslim association, it sent a packet of requested number of survey questionnaires and post-paid

4

return envelopes. 3) Each U. Muslim representative distributed a questionnaire and a return

envelope to each Muslim student. 4) Each Muslim student sent the filled questionnaire in a return envelope with the

sender’s name, affiliation and e-mail address to the IAMS. 5) The IAMS made a list of respondents for each university and sent small

rewards to each representative with a list of respondents for the university. 6) Each representative sent a receipt of rewards to the IAMS and distributed a

reward to each respondent according to the list. The distribution of questionnaires to representatives started in November 2013.

The original plan was to end the survey in early January 2014, but a few questionnaires continued to arrive until the end of January. Then, the sparse arrival of questionnaires continued until late March. Thanks to the kind cooperation of representatives and Muslim students at various universities, we received nearly 390 questionnaires in return envelopes. We restricted the cases to those whose sex and age are known and removed largely blank questionnaires, leaving 376 usable cases.

The number of usable cases for each university is as follows: 1) Kyushu University 65, 2) Osaka University 40, 3) Ehime University 29, 4) Tokyo Institute of Technology 28, 5) Nagoya University 24, 6) University of Tokyo 22, 7) Niigata University 20, 8) Kyoto University 19, 9) Fukui University 17, 10) Yamaguchi University 11, 11) Tohoku University and Waseda University 10 respectively. We did not plan to select respondents from national universities, but many Muslim students turned out to be majoring in engineering or natural science at large or local national universities. The return envelopes for the Shia group in Kansai Area were marked as such and 40 usable questionnaires were received. They are included in the number of cases for each university.

The actual number of respondents at each university can be larger because a few respondents did not write in the affiliation on the return envelope. Considering the spatial distribution of universities, some representatives seem to have distributed the questionnaires to Muslim students in the nearby universities and those in other areas.

The minimum data cleaning was applied to the usable questionnaires. Many respondents kindly wrote relatively long free comments and it has turned out to be difficult to include a chapter on them in this report to avoid the further delay in its publication. We plan to publish the results of analysis on free comments in a different format.

5

II. Survey Questionnaire

7

SURVEY ON MUSLIM STUDENTS IN

JAPAN (QUESTIONNAIRE) November 15, 2013

Institute for Asian Muslim Studies, Waseda University is conducting the survey on Muslim

Students in Japan, in cooperation with the Muslim Student Association-Japan (MSA-J), to improve study

and life conditions of Muslim students in Japan. This survey is funded by the FY2011-2013 JSPS

grant-in-aid No. 23330170 (Title:”Symbiosis of Muslims and Non-Muslims in East Asia”; PI: Prof.

Hiroshi KOJIMA)

We would greatly appreciate if you could kindly fill out this questionnaire as a Muslim student

respondent. Please rest assured that all the information will be used only for statistical purposes and will

not be disclosed in any identifiable forms.

If you have any question, please do not hesitate to write to the Institute.

Thank you very much in advance for your kind cooperation!

Institute for Asian Muslim Studies University Research Initiatives

Waseda University E-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.kikou.waseda.ac.jp/ias/en/research/ams.php

Hiroshi KOJIMA, Ph.D.

Director, Institute for Asian Muslim Studies Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences

Waseda University

1. Choose ONE if no specific direction and circle the number of the answer you choose. If you choose “Other”

describe in details. 2. Follow the question numbers and directions.

3. Rest assured that all the information, personal or organizational, provided by you will be kept strictly confidential.

4. When you finish filling out the questionnaire, make sure that there are no mistakes or missing answers. 5. Enclose the filled questionnaire in the return (postage paid) envelope and write your name, school and

e-mail address on the envelope before posting, so that we can offer you a small gift through the Muslim student representative of your school.

Notes

8

[Demographics] N=376 Q1. What is your gender?

1. Male 75.3% 2. Female 24.7% Q2. How old are you? （）years old 1) 23 8.0%; 2) 21 7.7%; 3) 20 7.5%; 4) 24 & 27 6.4%

Q3. What country are you from? （）1) Malaysia 33.8%; 2) Indonesia 30.6%; 3) Iran 9.0%; 4) Bangladesh 6.9%; 5) Egypt 4.8%

Q4. Are you currently married? 1. Yes ⇒SQ1 45.7% 2. No 54.3%

SQ1.What country is your spouse from?

1. Japanese 1.2% 2. Same country as yours 96.5%

3. Other country (describe: ) 2.4%

Q5. When did you come to Japan for the first time?

Year:（） Month: ( ) 1) April 25.8%; 2) October 22.0% 1) 2013 26.7%; 2) 2012 20.5%; 3) 2011 14.8%; 4) 2010 13.2%; 5) 2009 9.7%

Q6. When did you come to Japan as a “Foreign (college) Student”?

Year:（） Month: ( ) 1) April 32.0%; 2) October 23.6% 1) 2013 31.4%; 2) 2012 23.0%; 3) 2011 14.1%; 4) 2010 11.7%; 5) 2009 8.7%

Q7. How long have you stayed in Japan as a “Foreign (college) Student”? （）year(s)（）month(s) 1) 8mon 19.0%; 2) 3mon 18.1%

1) 1yr 26.7%; 2) 3yrs 22.2%; 3) 2yrs 18.1%; 4) 0yr 14.6% Q8. How long have you stayed in Japan in total?

（）year(s)（）month(s) 1) 8mon 19.1%; 2) 3mon 17.1% 1) 1yr 24.4%; 2) 3yrs 18.4%; 3) 2yrs 18.0%; 4) 0yr 14.2%

Q9. Where did you live when you came to Japan for the first time? Prefecture:（） City: ( ) 1) Fukuoka 7.9%; 2) Nagoya 7.0%; Matsuyama 6.4% 1) Fukuoka 16.1%; 2) Tokyo 15.9%; 3) Osaka 11.8%

Q10. Where do you live at present? Prefecture:（） City: ( ) 1) Fukuoka 9.3%; 2) Matsuyama 8.5%; 3) Nagoya 8.2% 2) Fukuoka 17.4%; 2) Tokyo 13.0%; 3) Osaka 10.3%

Q11. What kind of housing do you stay at present? 1. Dormitory annexed to your school 18.7% 2. Residence hall for foreigners (foreign students) 6.1% 3. Private rent apartment/house 66.8% 4. Other (describe: ) 8.3% Q12. Whom do you live with at present? Choose as many as apply.

1. Muslim friends from your own country 2) 33.2% 2. Non-Muslim friends from your own country 6.1% 3. Muslim friends from other countries (except Japan) 10.6% 4. Non-Muslim friends from other countries (except Japan) 12.8% 5. Japanese Muslim friends 1.3% 6. Non-Muslim Japanese friends 7.7% 7. Spouse and/or children 1) 34.3% 8. Brothers and/or sisters of yourself or your spouse 0.8% 9. Parents of yourself or your spouse 0.0% 10. Living alone 3) 29.5% 11. Other (describe: ) 1.9%

Q13. Which family member(s) do you have in your home country? Choose as many as apply. 1. Grandparents 43.6% 2. Father 2) 78.2% 3. Mother 1) 88.3% 4. Spouse 17.0% 5. Brother 3) 77.7% 6. Sister 4) 73.4% 7. Child 10.9% 8. Other（describe：）10.9%

9

[Study] Q14. What school/institution do you study at present? Choose as many as apply.

1. Technical college 2.1% 2. Undergraduate school, College 2) 26.3% 3. Graduate school 1) 57.4% 4. University Research Lab/Institute (post-doc) 3) 11.4% 5. Research Institute (post-doc) 1.1% 6. Other (describe: ) 4.0%

Q15. What degree(s) do (did) you pursue in Japan? Choose as many as apply. 1. Diploma 5.1% 2. Bachelor’s 2) 30.3% 3. Master’s 3) 25.3% 4. Doctorate 1) 47.3% 5. Post-doc (Non-degree) 6.1% 6. Other (describe: ) 5.9%

Q16. What is your current major? Choose one only. 1. Social Sciences 5) 4.8% 2. Engineering 1) 67.8% 3.Humanities 1.1% 4.Medicine/Dentistry/Pharmacy 4) 5.3% 5. Education 0.8% 6. Home Economics 1.6% 7. Agriculture 3) 6.4% 8. Art/Music 0.0% 9. Natural Sciences 2) 6.6% 10. Other (describe: ) 5.6%

Q17. What degree(s) did you receive in your home country? Choose as many as apply. 1. Diploma 3) 10.6% 2. Bachelor’s 1) 47.1% 3. Master’s 2) 35.1% 4. Doctorate 1.1% 5.Other (describe: ) 19.1%

Q18. Why did you choose Japan to study? Choose as many as apply.

1. Its technology and economy are developed. 1) 67.6% 2. There was a school/institution you wanted to study at. 28.7% 3. You were interested in Japanese culture or language. 3) 40.7% 4. Recommended by family, relative, acquaintance or people around you. 28.5% 5. You had family members or relatives staying in Japan. 8.0% 6. You had acquaintances or friends staying in Japan. 10.4% 7. Its safety 27.4% 8. You thought it would be advantageous when searching for a job. 19.4% 9. You wanted to study abroad anywhere. 4) 38.8% 10. You were awarded a scholarship/fellowship to study in Japan. 2) 62.2% 11 Other (describe: ) 5.3%

Q19. What level of Japanese language do you command?

Q20. How is your communication with Japanese around you?

[Friends] Q 21. How many friends do you have in Japan?

Example: When you have 3 Japanese friends, answer ( 3 ) 1. Japanese Muslim friends ( 2.2 ) 2. Muslim friends from your own country ( 1) 40.7 ) 3. Muslim friends from other countries (except Japan) ( 2) 18.1 )→SQ1 4. Non-Muslim Japanese friends ( 3) 15.2 ) 5. Non-Muslim friends from your own country ( 5.8 ) 6. Non-Muslim friends from other countries (except Japan) ( 10.6 )

Very good Good Not Good Not at all Listening and Speaking 1 5.1% 2 40.4% 3 1) 45.7% 4 8.8% Reading 1 3.8% 2 29.3% 3 1) 47.8% 4 19.1% Writing 1 2.2% 2 26.3% 3 1) 48.4% 4 23.1%

Excellent Sufficient Limited No Japanese professors 1 20.6% 2 1) 54.2% 3 21.7% 4 3.5% Japanese students 1 12.8% 2 1) 54.3% 3 31.3% 4 1.6% Japanese staff members 1 7.2% 2 1) 47.1% 3 42.8% 4 2.9% Japanese neighbors 1 3.5% 2 28.2% 3 1) 42.5% 4 25.8%

10

SQ1. Where are your foreign Muslim friends from? Choose as many as apply. 1. Indonesia 3) 53.8% 2. Malaysia 4) 50.2% 3. China 11.5% 4. Bangladesh 1) 62.2% 5. Pakistan 5) 48.6% 6. India 21.8% 7. Afghanistan 19.6% 8. Uzbekistan 13.9% 9. Iran 19.3% 10. Turkey 26.6% 11. Egypt 2) 55.3% 12. Sudan 16.3% 13. Tunisia 9.7% 14. Morocco 14.2% 15. UAE 9.7% 16. Saudi Arabia 9.7% 17. Palestine 16.0% 18 Other nationalities (describe: ) 21.5% Q22. Do you participate in any of the following extra-curricular activities? Choose as many as apply.

1. Study and culture group 21.5% 2. Sports or outdoor activity group 3) 28.7% 3. Religion group 2) 42.6% 4. NGO or civil volunteer activity group 5.9% 5. Community group 4) 27.4% 6. International exchange group 12.2% 7. Home country (student) society 1) 53.5% 8. Foreign student association 21.8% 9. Foreigner’s society in Japan 9.0% 10. Other (describe: ) 4.5%

[Financial Arrangements] Q23. Do you receive any scholarship or fellowship at present?

1. Yes ⇒SQ1 90.2% 2. No 9.8%

SQ1. What kind of scholarship/fellowship do you receive now? Choose as many as apply. 1. Japanese government scholarship/fellowship (Monbukagakusho/MEXT) 2) 23.1% 2. Scholarship/fellowship of your home country 1) 49.2% 3. Study grant of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of

Japan/MEXT (Gakushu Shoreihi) 6.0% 4. Scholarship/fellowship by private sector such as a school 6.9% 5. JSPS fellowship 2.4% 6. Other (describe: ) 3) 13.5%

Q24. What was the source of travel expenses to come to Japan? Choose as many as apply.

1. Scholarship/fellowship/grant 1) 82.7% 2. Your own savings 2) 19.7% 3. School 1.6% 4. Family/Relatives 3) 15.2% 5. Friends 0.3% 6. Other（Describe：） 1.6%

Q25. What is the source of your living expenses? Choose as many as apply.

1. Scholarship/fellowship 1) 88.6% 2. Money transferred from your own country 7.7% 3. Your own savings 3) 13.0% 4. Income by your spouse 5.9% 5. Debt to your acquaintance 0.8% 6. Part-time job →SQ1 to SQ4 2) 16.0% 7. Other (describe: ) 1.6%

SQ1. What kind of part-time job do you have? Choose as many as apply. 1. Home teacher or lecturer in prep school 8.3% 2. Office work 1.7% 3. Manual work 2) 26.7% 4. Service or sales 13.3% 5. Research or Teaching assistant 1) 43.3% 6. Translation or language teaching 3) 20.0% 7. Special skill (e.g., IT engineer) 3.3% 8.Other (describe: ) 16.7%

SQ2. How did you find the part-time job? Choose as many as apply.

1. Newspaper/magazine in Japanese language 10.0% 2. Newspaper/magazine in your mother tongue 0.0% 3. Through the school you attend 1) 46.7% 4. Internet 3) 18.3% 5. By Muslim friends from your own country 1) 46.7% 6. By non-Muslim friends from your own country 5.0% 7. By foreign Muslim friends other than Japanese 8.3% 8. By non-Muslim foreign friends other than Japanese 8.3% 9. By Japanese Muslim friends 0.0% 10. By non-Muslim Japanese friends 8.3% 11. Through Muslim student group 8.3% 12. Accidentally 5.0% 13. Other (describe: ) 8.3%

11

SQ3. How much do you earn monthly? 1. Less than ¥25,000 2) 21.7% 2. ¥25,000- ¥49,999 1) 30.0% 3. ¥50,000- ¥74,999 3) 20.0% 4. ¥75,000- ¥99,999 6.7% 5. ¥100,000- ¥149,999 11.7% 6. ¥150,000- ¥199,999 10.0% 7. ¥200,000 or more 0.0% 8. Don’t know 0.0%

SQ4. How do you spend the wage you earned? Choose as many as apply. 1. For study 2) 60.0% 2. To remit to your family 21.7% 3. Living expenses 1) 93.9% 4. To enjoy life 45.0% 5. To save in the bank 41.7% 6. Communication expenses 36.7% 7. Medical expenses 25.0% 8. Travel expenses 3) 50.0% 9. Debt payment 11.7% 10. For religious purposes 21.7% 11. Other (describe: ) 0.0% 12. Nothing special 8.3%

[Muslim-friendly facilities] Q26. Are the following Muslim-friendly facilities and services available at your school ? ① The school’s guidebook or web site for Muslim students/post-docs

1. Not available 2. Available but inadequate 3. Available and adequate 4. Don’t know 1) 58.4% 11.8% 6.2% 23.6%

② Daily prayer space 1. Not available 2. Available but inadequate 3. Available and adequate 4. Don’t know

27.5% 1) 40.3% 30.5% 1.6% ③ Ablution (wudu) facility

1. Not available 2. Available but inadequate 3. Available and adequate 4. Don’t know 1) 54.8% 27.1% 15.3% 2.7%

④ Meeting room for Friday prayer (jumat) 1. Not available 2. Available but inadequate 3. Available and adequate 4. Don’t know

31.3% 1) 35.6% 29.1% 4.1% ⑤ Halal dishes at (Coop/Seikyo) student cafeteria

1. Not available 2. Available but inadequate 3. Available and adequate 4. Don’t know 23.4% 1) 43.8% 29.6% 3.2%

⑥ Halal snacks at (Coop/Seikyo) campus shop 1. Not available 2. Available but inadequate 3. Available and adequate 4. Don’t know

39.0% 1) 41.7% 11.7% 7.6% Q27. Do you eat lunch or snack at your school?

1. Yes ⇒SQ1 & SQ2 2. No (Eat lunch at home) 3. No (Never eat lunch) 1) 80.1% 18.9% 1.1%

SQ1. How often do you eat lunch or snack at your school when you go there? 1. Almost every time 2. Often 3. Half of the time 4. Less often 5. Almost never 1) 34.3% 20.5% 12.8% 26.6% 2.4% SQ2. What kind of lunch or snack do you eat? Choose as many as apply.

1. Halal or Muslim-friendly lunch at student cafeteria 1) 70.7% 2. Halal or Muslim-friendly lunch at off-campus restaurant 25.3% 3. Halal or Muslim-friendly lunch box or snack from home 2) 56.9% 4. Halal or Muslim-friendly lunch box or snack from campus shop 22.9% 5. Halal or Muslim-friendly lunch box or snack from off-campus store 15.5% 6. The other kind of lunch at student cafeteria 15.8% 7. The other kind of lunch at off-campus restaurant 7.1% 8. The other kind of lunch box or snack from home 12.8% 9. The other kind of lunch box or snack from campus shop 6.7% 10. The other kind of lunch box or snack from off-campus store 6.1% 11. Other (describe: ) 4.0%

Q28. How important is it to you to eat Halal foods in your everyday life? 1. Very important 2. Important 3. Not important 4. Not important at all 1) 84.8% 11.8% 3.2% 0.3% [Religion] Q29. Have your faith changed since you came to Japan?

1. Became stronger 1) 41.5% 3. Not changed 2) 26.0% 5. Became weaker 3.5%

2. Became fairly stronger 3) 20.6% 4. Became fairly weaker 8.4%

12

Q30. How much do you follow Islamic rules in your everyday life? 1. Very strictly 2) 34.7% 3. Not very strictly 8.4%

2. Fairly strictly 1) 55.3% 4. I don’t care 1.6%

Q31. How often do you use or participate in the following? ① Reading newspaper in your mother tongue

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 19.1% 13.7% 8.5% 15.0% 1) 43.7% ② Purchasing Halal foods

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 1.3% 11.6% 24.8% 21.3% 1) 41.0% ③ Eating at Halal restaurants

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 8.9% 1) 39.5% 22.3% 15.6% 13.7% ④ Prayer service in Masjid/Mosque 1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 14.6% 23.8% 7.3% 21.4% 1) 32.8% ⑤ Prayer service in Musallah/prayer room

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 18.0% 9.4% 4.1% 13.5% 1 ) 55.0% ⑥ Lecture or study group related to Islam

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 21.5% 23.4% 9.5% 1) 33.4% 12.2% ⑦ Dawah/Tabligh

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 1) 47.8% 25.0% 6.9% 14.0% 6.3% ⑧ Activities of the Muslim student circle at your school

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 1) 33.9% 30.6% 11.7% 17.3% 6.5% ⑨ Activities of the foreign student circle at your school

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 40.9% 1) 42.0% 7.6% 7.6% 1.9% ⑩ Activities of the other student circle at your school

1. Not at all 2. Less than once a month 3. Twice a month 4. Once a week 5. Twice or more a week 1) 47.7% 33.0% 10.1% 7.1% 2.2% [Satisfaction/Concern] Q32. How satisfied are you with the following at present? Very

satisfied Fairly

satisfied Fairly

unsatisfied Very

unsatisfied ①Study 1 32.4% 2 1) 55.6% 3 11.2% 4 0.8% ②Family life 1 31.6% 2 1) 51.9% 3 9.9% 4 2.5% ③Religious life 1 26.4% 2 1) 48.4% 3 22.6% 4 2.7% ④Residence 1 34.7% 2 1) 53.7% 3 10.8% 4 0.8% ⑤Foods 1 12.7% 2 1) 53.5% 3 27.8% 4 6.0% ⑥Medical care 1 37.5% 2 1) 50.8% 3 9.0% 4 2.7% ⑦Financial condition 1 26.5% 2 1) 52.7% 3 15.4% 4 2.4% ⑧Relation with Japanese 1 18.3% 2 1) 51.5% 3 22.9% 4 7.3% ⑨Relation with people from your country 1 1) 57.5% 2 39.2% 3 1.9% 4 1.6% ⑩Relation with Muslims 1 1) 50.7% 2 44.9% 3 4.3% 4 0.3% ⑪Part-time work (if applicable) 1 20.7% 2 1) 65.5% 3 10.3% 4 3.4%

13

Q33. Do you have any concerns? Choose as many as apply. 1. Child Education 28.7% 3. Health of yourself and family 31.9% 5. Family in your country 3) 49.2% 7. Homesickness 27.7% 9. Joblessness 14.6% 11. Difficulty in getting Japanese Habits 22.1% 13. Office politics 7.2% 15. Community relationships 26.6% 17. Other（describe：） 3.2%

2. Security/Economy in your country 37.8% 4. Difficulty in language 1) 67.6% 6. Future life 4) 44.7% 8. Lack of free time 30.1% 10. Residence 12.5% 12. Difficulty in Japanese way of thinking 28.7% 14. Foods 2) 56.9% 16. Study/Research facilities 24.2%

Q34. In general, are you satisfied with your life in Japan?

1. Very satisfied 14.0% 2. Satisfied 1) 77.9% 3. Not satisfied 7.8% 4. Not satisfied at all 0.3%

Q35. How much are you adapted to the life in Japan? 1. Very adapted 10.2% 2. Adapted 1) 83.1% 3. Not adapted 6.2% 4. Not adapted at all 0.5%

[Future Plans] Q36. What kind of organization do you plan to work for after you earn the degrees or finish your post-doc period in Japan? 1. Japanese company 2) 24.5% 3. Foreign Company (Non-Japanese) 13.0% 5. Research Institute 17.3% 7. Non-university educational institute 3.2%

2. Company of home country 13.8% 4. Government of home country 13.3% 6. University, College 1) 43.6% 8. Self-employment 6.4%

9. Other (describe: ) 5.3% Q37. What is the preferred location of your planned work? 1. Japan 28.9% 2. Home country 62.9% 3. Other countries (describe: ) 8.2%

Please write in below whatever comments about your life (study, living, religion, etc.) in Japan, including suggestions to your school for improvement.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION!!!

Please Enclose the filled questionnaire in the return (postage paid) envelope and write your name, school and e-mail address on the envelope before posting, so that we can offer

you a small gift through the Muslim student representative of your school. Thanks!

15

III. Survey Results

17

1. Demographics Sex and Age Composition

First, the demographics or the basic characteristics of respondents are presented. We have restricted our cross-tabulation to those respondents for whom both sex and age are known because we often use the tabulation by sex or by age group. As a result, 376 cases are left. We have to note that these cases are not a nationally representative sample of Muslim (international) students in Japan because we could get cooperation from the student representative of Muslim student associations at a limited number of universities and that the representatives could distribute questionnaires only to a limited number of Muslim students at their university. Moreover, the respondents who kindly returned filled questionnaires are self-selected.

Table 1 shows the sex and age composition of respondents (based on Q1 and Q2). Among them 75% are males and 25% are females. But respondents aged 35 and above are mostly males (88%) while the proportion of females is the highest (30%) at ages 30-34. The share of respondents aged 18-24 is 38% and the largest among the four age groups, but 16% are aged 35 and above because the respondents include postdoctoral and research fellows as indicated below.

Table 1 Sex and Age Composition

Age GroupMale Female Total

18-24 103 38 14125-29 71 24 9530-34 57 24 8135+ 52 7 59Total 283 93 376


18-24 73.0% 27.0% 100.0%25-29 74.7% 25.3% 100.0%30-34 70.4% 29.6% 100.0%35+ 88.1% 11.9% 100.0%Total 75.3% 24.7% 100.0%


18-24 36.4% 40.9% 37.5%25-29 25.1% 25.8% 25.3%30-34 20.1% 25.8% 21.5%35+ 18.4% 7.5% 15.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Sex

Sex

18

The age of respondents ranges between 18 and 46, but the mode is 23 (8.0%), followed by 21 (7.7%), 20 (7.5%) and 24/27 (6.4%). The median age is 27.3. The mean age is 28.3 for the total, 28.6 for males and 27.2 for females (both the median and the mean have been increased by 0.5). Thus, female respondents tend to be younger, which can be also observed in Table 1.

Both the proportion of females and the mean age of respondents vary by other characteristics. The share of females is relatively high among Malaysians (28%) and Indonesians (29%), but it is even higher among Iranians (38%). It is low among Egyptians (11%), but it is even lower among Bangladeshis (4%). The mean age is very low among Malaysians (24.0), but much higher among Indonesians (29.9), Iranians (32.1), Bangladeshis (33.2) and Egyptians (29.5).

The proportion of females is relatively low among the respondents having arrived in Japan in 2013 (21%), 2010 (22%) and 2008 or before (23%), but it is the highest among those having arrived in 2011 (31%). The low level in 2010 and the high level in 2011 might be related to the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake in 2011. The low share of females among the most recent entrants may be related to the slower integration of female students in the Muslim student community at some universities because the prayer space seems to be mainly used by male students (according to the free comments). We can also observe the irregular rise of mean age among the entrants in 2011 possibly due to the earthquake while, otherwise, the mean age of respondents regularly rises with the length of stay. It is 26.2, 27.1 and 28.2 among entrants in 2013, 2012 and 2010, but it is 29.6 among entrants in 2011.

Possibly because of the earthquake and possibly because of smaller number of respondents in Hokkaido-Tohoku Areas the sex and age composition reveals a peculiar pattern. The proportion of females in the Areas is the highest at 38% and the mean age is the lowest at 22.5. The share of females is the lowest at 17% in Kanto Area, while it is relatively high at 30% in Kansai Area. The mean age is relatively low in Kanto and Chubu Areas (26.7 and 25.5), but it is over 30 in Kansai, Chugoku-Shikoku and Kyushu Areas. These differences among Areas reflect those among universities to some extent.

The share of females is extremely low at the University of Tokyo (5%), Fukui University (6%) and Tokyo Institute of Technology/TIT (7%), but it is extremely high at 45% at Niigata University. The mean age is very low at Niigata University and Fukui University (23.3 and 24.6), but it is very high at Ehime University and Kyoto University (32.4 and 31.9), while it is close to or over 30 at many other universities except TIT (27.2). At the “other” universities (except the largest 9) the share of females is 29% and

19

the mean age is 25.8, but the similar combination of these figures cannot be found among the nine largest ones possibly because students at the top nine tends to be in natural sciences and engineering at the doctoral level. The share of females is 38% and the mean age is 32.6 among the respondents from the Shia group, which is relatively close to the figures for Iranians. But it is markedly different from the figures for respondents from the MSAJ-affiliated associations (29.2% and 27.8).

Nationality

According to the 2013 JASSO (Japan Student Services Organization) survey conducted on universities, Indonesia (2,410), Malaysia (2,293), Bangladesh (875), Saudi Arabia (472), Egypt (229) and Uzbekistan (227) are major Islamic sending countries exceeding the 200 mark. The Immigration Bureau’s (Ministry of Justice) statistics as of the end of 2013 reveal the similar ranking but somewhat different figures: Indonesia (3,219), Malaysia (2,478), Bangladeshis (978), Saudi Arabia (558), Uzbekistan (352), Egypt (256), Pakistan (233) and Iran (209).

However, according to Table 2 (based on Q3), Malaysians (34%) are the largest nationality group among respondents, who are closely followed by Indonesians (31%) who seem to be under-represented in comparison with the national statistics. Iranians (9%) rank the third and they appear to be somewhat over-represented due to the cooperation by the Shia group. Bangladeshis (7%) rank the fourth and they seem to be somewhat under-represented. Egyptians (5%) rank the fifth. Even though this table does not show Pakistanis, they represent 3% among respondents. Saudi Arabians (1 respondent) and Uzbekistanis (4 respondents) are extremely under-represented in this survey in comparison with the national statistics.

Table 2 for nationality by sex also indicates that among male respondents

Malaysians, Indonesians and Iranians are somewhat under-represented while

Table 2 Nationality by Sex

NationalityMale Female Total

Malaysia 32.2% 38.7% 33.8%Indonesia 29.0% 35.5% 30.6%Iran 7.4% 14.0% 9.0%Bangladesh 8.8% 1.1% 6.9%Egypt 5.7% 2.2% 4.8%Others 17.0% 8.6% 14.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

20

Bangladeshis and Egyptians are fairly over-represented. The over-representation among males is found among many nationality groups including Pakistanis. This is why the percentage for “Others” is much higher among males than among females.

Table 3 for nationality by age also indicates the extremely high proportion of Malaysians among respondents aged 18-24 as well as the very high proportion of Indonesians among those aged 35+. Iranians and Bangladeshis are also concentrated in the higher age groups, while “others” are concentrated in the age groups for 25-29 and 30-34.

Marital Status As Table 4 (based on Q4) shows, 46% of respondents are married, but the

percentage is higher among males (47%) than among females (41%). Among those married almost all are married with a compatriot (97%) and only two male respondents are married with a Japanese spouse (1%). Only three male respondents and one female respondent are married with a spouse from “Other country” (2%).

Table 5 reveals, as expected, that the higher the age, the higher the proportion

married. The proportion married is naturally very low (6%) among respondents aged 18-24, but it is 45% at ages 25-29, 83% at ages 30-34 and 89% at age 35 and above.

Table 3 Nationality by Age

Nationality18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Malaysia 68.8% 14.7% 14.8% 6.8% 33.8%Indonesia 23.4% 30.5% 28.4% 50.8% 30.6%Iran 1.4% 12.6% 11.1% 18.6% 9.0%Bangladesh 0.7% 4.2% 14.8% 15.3% 6.9%Egypt 0.7% 9.5% 8.6% 1.7% 4.8%Others 5.0% 28.4% 22.2% 6.8% 14.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 4 Marital Status by Sex

Marital Status Male Female TotalMarried 47.3% 40.9% 45.7%Unmarried 52.7% 59.1% 54.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

21

Year of Arrival and Duration of Stay Since the response rates for the questions on the duration of stay (Q7 and Q8)

is not very high and there seems to be differences with the responses to the questions on the year of arrival (Q5 and Q6) due to miscalculation and/or misunderstanding, we present the results only for the year of arrival due to the lower response rate for the month of arrival. Among the two questions regarding the year of arrival, we analyze the year of first arrival to Japan (Q5) because some respondents never came to Japan as a foreign student, but they came as a researcher even though some respondents seem to have come to Japan for the first time long time ago as an undergraduate or graduate student and came back again more recently.

The two kinds of entry year are different among 15% of respondents. The gap is larger among females (22%) than among males (13%). It is possible that some female students enter Japan as a spouse of male students or researchers. The gap between the two is the smallest among respondents aged 18-24 (4%) and the largest among those aged 30-34 (25%). Young students may enter their undergraduate program soon after their arrival in Japan (with or without Japanese language courses), while those aged 30-34 may come to Japan as a student after they had come to Japan for other reasons.

Table 6 shows the tendency towards an increase in the proportion of females

among more recent entrants, except the oldest entrant group (cohort) for 2008 or earlier

Table 5 Marital Status by Age

Marital Status 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalMarried 6.4% 45.3% 82.5% 89.8% 45.7%Unmarried 93.6% 54.7% 17.5% 10.2% 54.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 6 Year of Arrival by Sex

ArrivalMale Female Total

Before 2009 15.4% 14.3% 15.1%2009 9.3% 11.0% 9.7%2010 13.6% 12.1% 13.2%2011 13.6% 18.7% 14.8%2012 20.4% 20.9% 20.5%2013 27.9% 23.1% 26.7%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

22

(“Before 2009”). Compared with males, females are much more concentrated in 2011 for the year of first arrival. This may be related to the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake as mentioned above. On the other hand, females are under-represented in 2013 for the year of first arrival possibly because of less integration into the Muslim student community.

Table 7 shows the distribution of the year of arrival by age group. There is a tendency for the proportion of the oldest entrant group to rise with age, which may be reasonable. The tendency for the proportion of older entrant group to decline is generally observed across age groups. But the proportion of entrants in 2011 is different across age groups. The proportion for 2011 falls markedly among the respondents aged 18-24, but it rises markedly among the respondents aged 35 and above. It is possible that younger Muslim students decided not to come to Japan or to leave Japan after the earthquake, while older respondents decided to come to Japan or to stay on in Japan due to less competition for scholarships or fellowships. But even among Muslim students aged 18-24, those who entered in 2010 seem to have stayed on in Japan or to have returned to Japan sometime after the earthquake to resume their study in Japan.

Area of Residence There are two questions (Q9 and Q10) asking the prefecture and the city of

residence at the time of first entry and at present. We focus on the present residence because it is more closely related to the current conditions of various aspects of life. The prefectures of two kinds of residence are different among 22% of respondents. The gap is larger among females (24%) than among males (21%), but it is relatively small. The gap between the two is the largest among respondents aged 18-24 (38%) and the smallest among those aged 35 and above (16%) and it decreases with age. Young students may take Japanese language courses in other prefectures before entering their

Table 7 Year of Arrival by Age

Arrival18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Before 2009 5.0% 14.9% 23.4% 28.8% 15.1%2009 9.9% 9.6% 9.1% 10.2% 9.7%2010 15.6% 9.6% 13.0% 13.6% 13.2%2011 11.3% 17.0% 15.6% 18.6% 14.8%2012 22.7% 23.4% 16.9% 15.3% 20.5%2013 35.5% 25.5% 22.1% 13.6% 26.7%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

23

undergraduate program, while older students may not have to take Japanese language courses in other prefectures because the universities with graduate schools tend to have the Japanese language program in the same or nearby universities.

Prefectures have been collapsed into six Areas to facilitate the analysis. Table 8 indicates that over 20% of respondents live in Kanto (23%), Chubu (22%) and Kyushu (21%) Areas, while 18% live in Kansai Area and 12% live in Chugoku-Shikoku Area. This reflects, to some extent, the ranking of universities in terms of the number of respondents as we will see later. Among respondents of both sexes males are more likely to live in Kanto Area while females are more likely to live in Kansai Area. This may be because male respondents majoring in engineering are more concentrated in Kanto Area, while they are less concentrated in Kansai Area.

Housing Table 10 (based on Q11) indicates that 67% of respondents live in the private

rent apartment, while 19% live in the dormitory and 6% live in the residence hall for foreign students. Males are more likely to live in the dormitory, but less likely to live in the residence hall for foreign students. Perhaps, female students are given priority

Table 8 Area of Residence by Sex

AreaMale Female Total

Hokkaido-Tohoku 3.6% 6.6% 4.3%Kanto 25.3% 15.4% 22.8%Chubu 22.0% 23.1% 22.3%Kansai 17.0% 22.0% 18.2%Chugoku-Shikoku 11.9% 11.0% 11.7%Kyushu 20.2% 22.0% 20.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 9 Area of Residence by Age

Area18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Hokkaido-Tohoku 10.6% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 4.3%Kanto 24.8% 35.2% 12.5% 12.5% 22.8%Chubu 38.3% 8.8% 18.8% 8.9% 22.3%Kansai 5.7% 26.4% 27.5% 23.2% 18.2%Chugoku-Shikoku 8.5% 12.1% 7.5% 25.0% 11.7%Kyushu 12.1% 16.5% 33.8% 30.4% 20.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

24

or face less competition to be allocated a room in the residence hall for foreign students.

Table 11 indicates that ages 25-29 have somewhat peculiar distribution with a

higher proportion of respondents living in the residence hall for foreign students and a lower proportion of those living in the private rent apartment. The respondents aged 30-34 are less likely to live in the dormitory, but they are more likely to live in the other type of housing. Those aged 35 and above are also more likely to live in the other type of housing.

Living Arrangement Table 12 is based on Q12 which allows multiple choices for the answer. Thus, the percentages add up to more than 100%. The table indicates that the three major living arrangements for respondents are living with spouse and/or children (34%), living with Muslim friends from the home country (33%) and living alone (30%). The first and the third choices are not usually compatible with multiple choices. But the second choice can be selected with other choices such as living with non-Muslim friends from other countries (13%), living with Muslim friends from other countries (11%), living with non-Muslim Japanese (8%) and living with non-Muslim friends from the home country (6%) particularly when the respondents live in group housing such as the dormitory and the residence halls for foreign students.

Table 10 Housing by Sex

HousingMale Female Total

Dormitory 20.3% 14.0% 18.7%FS Residence 4.3% 11.8% 6.1%Apartment 67.3% 65.6% 66.8%Other 8.2% 8.6% 8.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 11 Housing by Age

Housing18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Dormitory 23.4% 23.4% 7.4% 15.5% 18.7%FS Residence 5.0% 11.7% 4.9% 1.7% 6.1%Apartment 70.2% 57.4% 71.6% 67.2% 66.8%Other 1.4% 7.4% 16.0% 15.5% 8.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

25

Table 12 also indicates that males are more likely to live with Muslim friends from the home country as well as other non-relatives than females, but they are less likely to live with spouse and/or children and to live alone. This is related to the tendency for males to live in the dormitory. Alternatively, the fact that females are more likely to live with spouse and/or children is related to the tendency for females to live in the residence hall for foreign students, including the housing for the family.

Table 13 reveals striking differences across age groups. The majority of respondents aged 18-24 live with Muslim friends from the home country, but at the same time 36% of them live alone. On the other hand, the majority of those aged 30-34 and 35 and above live with spouse and/or children, but only less than 20% of them live alone. The percentages living with non-relatives tend to be the lowest among the respondents aged 30-34 and they tend to rise among the respondents aged 35 and above, while the percentages for living with spouse and/or children and for living alone fall. This is related to the rise in the percentages living in the dormitory among those aged 35 and above.

Table 12 Living Arrangement by Sex

Living ArrangementMale Female Total

Muslim from Home 37.1% 21.5% 33.2%Non-Muslim from Home 6.7% 4.3% 6.1%Muslim from Others 11.3% 8.6% 10.6%Non-Muslim from Others 13.4% 10.8% 12.8%Muslim Japanese 1.4% 1.1% 1.3%Non-Muslim Japanese 7.8% 7.5% 7.7%Spouse/Children 32.9% 38.7% 34.3%Brother/Sister 1.1% - 0.8%Parents - - -Living Alone 28.3% 33.3% 29.5%Other 1.8% 2.2% 1.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

26

Family at Home Table 14 (based on Q13) indicates that 88% of respondents have their mother at home country, 78% have their father and brothers and 73% have sisters. But only 44% of respondent have grandparents at home country, 17% have their spouse and 11% have children. The table also shows some marked differences between the sexes. Males are much more likely to have their spouse and children at home country than females and they are somewhat more likely to have their sisters. Males are more likely to have their spouse and children at home country possibly because of gender division of labor for childcare and because of their older age.

On the other hand, females are somewhat more likely to have their grandparents and brothers at home country. It is natural that they are more likely to have their grandparents because they are younger than males as indicated above. But the large difference in the percentages for having brothers and sisters among females is somewhat unnatural. It is possible that the daughters with brothers only (without sisters) are encouraged to study by their family. It is also possible that brothers are more likely to stay at home after marriage while sisters may marry out of the family.

Table 13 Living Arrangement by Age

Living Arrangement18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Muslim from Home 53.9% 22.1% 14.8% 27.1% 33.2%Non-Muslim from Home 6.4% 5.3% 4.9% 8.5% 6.1%Muslim from Others 10.6% 12.6% 6.2% 13.6% 10.6%Non-Muslim from Others 12.1% 17.9% 6.2% 15.3% 12.8%Muslim Japanese 0.7% 1.1% 1.2% 3.4% 1.3%Non-Muslim Japanese 6.4% 8.4% 6.2% 11.9% 7.7%Spouse/Children 4.3% 34.7% 69.1% 57.6% 34.3%Brother/Sister 1.4% 1.1% - - 0.8%Parents - - - - -Living Alone 36.2% 38.9% 17.3% 15.3% 29.5%Other - 4.2% 1.2% 3.4% 1.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

27

Table 15 shows a relatively regular pattern of change with age in the

proportion having each family member at home country. The percentages of respondents having their grandparents, father, mother, brothers and sisters tend to fall with their age due to the death and the leaving home. On the other hand, the percentages of respondents having their spouse and children rise with age due to the progression to family formation at older ages. The exceptions are the fall in the proportion of respondents having their brothers at ages 25-29 and the rise in the proportion having their sisters at ages 35 and above. This may be related to the sex composition of respondents by age or their nationality composition by age.

Affiliation Table 16 shows the proportion being affiliated with the top nine universities in terms of the number of respondents. The respondents who did not write in their university on the envelope are included in others. Therefore, some of the respondents

Table 14 Family Member at Home Country by Sex

Family Member Male Female TotalGrandparents 42.0% 48.4% 43.6%Father 78.1% 78.5% 78.2%Mother 88.0% 89.2% 88.3%Spouse 19.8% 8.6% 17.0%Brother 76.0% 82.8% 77.7%Sister 75.6% 66.7% 73.4%Child 12.7% 5.4% 10.9%Other 9.2% 16.1% 10.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 15 Family Member at Home Country by Age

Family Member 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalGrandparents 61.0% 42.1% 35.8% 15.3% 43.6%Father 87.2% 85.3% 71.6% 54.2% 78.2%Mother 92.9% 91.6% 87.7% 72.9% 88.3%Spouse 4.3% 13.7% 23.5% 44.1% 17.0%Brother 85.8% 69.5% 76.5% 72.9% 77.7%Sister 77.3% 70.5% 67.9% 76.3% 73.4%Child 0.7% 4.2% 18.5% 35.6% 10.9%Other 10.6% 10.5% 8.6% 15.3% 10.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

28

affiliated with the top nine universities may be included in “others.” Among the universities respondents are affiliated with, Kyushu University has by far the largest share of 17%, followed by Osaka University (11%). After the second place, the differences in the share become much smaller. They are followed by Ehime University (8%), Tokyo Institute of Technology (7%), Nagoya University (6%), University of Tokyo (6%), Niigata University (5%), Kyoto University (5%) and Fukui University (5%).

Table 16 also reveals sex differences in the affiliation of respondents to a university. Males have much larger shares than females at Tokyo Institute of Technology (9% vs. 2%), University of Tokyo (7% vs. 1%) and Fukui University (6% vs. 1%) possibly because of the larger shares of engineering majors at these universities, which tend to be male-dominated. Females have larger shares at other universities except Osaka University and Nagoya University where males have somewhat larger share than females. Table 17 shows significant differences among age groups of respondents in terms of university affiliation. Among the respondents aged 18-24 the majority belong to “other” universities. Only Niigata University exceeds the 10% mark (12%), followed by Fukui University (9%). Among those aged 25-29 the ranking is somewhat closer to the ranking in the total. Kyushu University and Osaka University (respectively 18%) have the largest shares, followed by University of Tokyo (14%) and Ehime University and Tokyo Institute of Technology (respectively 11%). Among those aged 30-34 the ranking is also closer to the ranking in the total, but the levels are different and “other” universities have the smallest share of 11%. Kyushu University has by far the largest share (31%), followed by Osaka University (20%) and Nagoya University (11%). The

Table 16 Univesity Aff iliation by Sex

UniversityMale Female Total

Kyushu U 16.6% 19.4% 17.3%Osaka U 11.0% 9.7% 10.6%Ehime U 7.1% 9.7% 7.7%Tokyo IT 9.2% 2.2% 7.4%Nagoya U 6.7% 5.4% 6.4%U Tokyo 7.4% 1.1% 5.9%Niigata U 3.9% 9.7% 5.3%Kyoto U 4.6% 6.5% 5.1%Fukui U 5.7% 1.1% 4.5%Other 27.9% 35.5% 29.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

29

respondents aged 35 and above are concentrated in certain major university. Kyushu University has the largest share of 27%, followed by Ehime University (20%) and Kyoto University (10%).

Lastly, we present the results for Islamic group affiliation. As mentioned above, we received cooperation from the Shia Group separately from the MSAJ for conducting this survey. We should note that the respondents are concentrated in Kansai Area due to our logistic constraints. We should also note that some respondents from the MSAJ survey channel may be Shias.

Table 18 indicates that the Shia Group represents 11% of respondents, which might have led to the over-representation of Iranians. It also shows the higher representation of the Shia Group among females (16%) than among males (9%). A similar tendency was also observed among Iranians.

Table 19 shows the regular rise of the Shia Group with age. There may be few (or no) undergraduates among respondents from the Shia Group because its share is only 1% among those aged 18-24. But among the respondents aged 35 and above, its share is about one fourth (24%). Due to the bias in sex, age and regional composition,

Table 17 University Aff iliation by Age

University18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Kyushu U 5.0% 17.9% 30.9% 27.1% 17.3%Osaka U 2.8% 17.9% 19.8% 5.1% 10.6%Ehime U 2.1% 10.5% 4.9% 20.3% 7.7%Tokyo IT 7.8% 10.5% 4.9% 5.1% 7.4%Nagoya U 7.8% - 11.1% 6.8% 6.4%U Tokyo 2.1% 13.7% 4.9% 3.4% 5.9%Niigata U 12.1% 2.1% 1.2% - 5.3%Kyoto U 0.7% 6.3% 7.4% 10.2% 5.1%Fukui U 9.2% 1.1% 3.7% - 4.5%Other 50.4% 20.0% 11.1% 22.0% 29.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 18 Islamic Group Aff iliation by Sex

Islamic Group Male Female TotalShia 8.8% 16.1% 10.6%Non-Shia 91.2% 83.9% 89.4%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

30

we will not present below the results by Islamic Group affiliation. But we will present the results by the university affiliation for some group of questions including “Muslim-friendly facilities.”

Table 19 Islamic Group Aff iliation by Age

Islamic Group 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalShia 1.4% 12.6% 14.8% 23.7% 10.6%Non-Shia 98.6% 87.4% 85.2% 76.3% 89.4%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

31

2. Study Institutional Affiliation Table 20 (based on Q14) shows the institutional affiliation by sex. The majority of respondents (56%) are affiliated with the graduate school. The second largest group of respondents (26%) belongs to the undergraduate school. About 11% are affiliated with the university research laboratory (post-doc), 2% with technical college, 1% the research institute (post-doc) and 4% others. Males are more likely to be affiliated with the graduate school and the university research laboratory than females, while females are more likely to be affiliated with the under-graduate school and the research institute.

Table 21 reveals the institutional affiliation by age. Naturally, there are significant differences by age. While two thirds (66%) of respondents aged 18-24 are affiliated with the undergraduate school, over 70% of those aged 25 and above are affiliated with the graduate school and over 15% with the university research laboratory. Only those aged 18-24 belong to the technical college and only those aged 30 and above the research institute. Only a small minority of respondents aged 18-24 is affiliated

Table 20 Institutional Aff iliation by Sex (MA)

InstitutionMale Female Total

Technical College 1.8% 3.2% 2.1%Undergrad School 24.7% 31.2% 26.3%Graduate School 59.4% 51.6% 57.4%U Res Lab (PD) 12.4% 8.6% 11.4%Res Inst (PD) 0.7% 2.2% 1.1%Other 4.6% 2.2% 4.0%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 21 Institutional Aff iliation by Age (MA)

School18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Technical College 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1%Undergrad School 66.0% 3.2% 2.5% 1.7% 26.3%Graduate School 22.7% 83.2% 75.3% 74.6% 57.4%U Res Lab (PD) 2.1% 15.8% 16.0% 20.3% 11.4%Res Inst (PD) 0.0% 0.0% 3.7% 1.7% 1.1%Other 4.3% 3.2% 3.7% 5.1% 4.0%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

32

with the university research laboratory. Most of them should be master-level students who belong to the university laboratory because the question allows for multiple answers. Pursued Degrees Table 22 (based on Q15) shows the pursed degree by sex. Nearly a half of respondents (47%) study for the Doctorate, while nearly one third (30%) for the Bachelor’s degree and one quarter (25%) for the Master’s degree. Only 5% of respondents pursue the diploma, presumable from the technical college. Since this is a multiple-choice question, some respondents pursue both Master’s degree and Doctorate and others both Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees. About 6% of respondents study as a post-doctoral fellow. Males are more likely to pursue the Doctorate and/or to stay in Japan as a post-doc, while females are more likely to pursue the Master’s degree.

Table 23 reveals the pursued degree by age. Naturally, there are significant

differences by age. The three fourths (75%) of respondents aged 18-24 study for the Bachelor’s degree and one fifth (21%) for the Master’s degree, while most of those aged 25 and above study for graduate degrees: 39% for the Master’s degree and 60% for the

Table 22 Pursued Degrees by Sex (MA)

DegreeMale Female Total

Diploma 4.9% 5.4% 5.1%Bachelor's 30.4% 30.1% 30.3%Master's 24.4% 28.0% 25.3%Doctorate 49.5% 40.9% 47.3%Postdoc 7.4% 2.2% 6.1%Other 5.3% 7.5% 5.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 23 Pursued Degrees by Age (MA)

Degree18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Diploma 13.5% - - - 5.1%Bachelor's 75.2% 4.2% 4.9% - 30.3%Master's 20.6% 38.9% 24.7% 15.3% 25.3%Doctorate 7.8% 60.0% 75.3% 83.1% 47.3%Postdoc 0.7% 3.2% 11.1% 16.9% 6.1%Other 4.3% 11.6% 4.9% 1.7% 5.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

33

Doctorate at ages 25-29, 25% for the Master’s degree and 75% for the Doctorate at ages 30-34 and 15% for the Master’s degree and 83% for the Doctorate at ages 35 and above. Only a minority (14%) of those aged 18-24 pursue the diploma, but none in other age groups. The proportion studying or planning to study as a post-doc increase with age: 1% and 3% at ages 18-24 and 25-29, but 11% at ages 30-34 and17% at ages 35 and above.

Major Table 24 (based on Q16) shows the major by sex. About two thirds of respondents (68%) major in Engineering, while only 5-7% of respondents major in other fields such as Social Sciences (5%), Medicine, Dentistry or Pharmacy (5%), Agriculture (6%) and Natural Sciences (7%). Only a tiny minority major in Humanities (1%), Education (1%) and Home Economics (2%), while none majors in Art or Music. Males (74%) are much more likely to major in Engineering than females (50%). Males (7%) are also more likely to major in Natural Sciences than females (4%), while females (11% and 10% respectively) are more likely to major in Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy and Agriculture than males (4% and 5% respectively). Only females (4% and 3% respectively) major in Humanities and Education, and even fewer males (1%) major in Home Economics than females (3%), possibly due to the sex-typing.

Table 25 reveals the major by age. Contrary to the cases of the institutional affiliation and the pursued degrees, there are relatively small differences by age. The large majority (57-79%) of respondents major in Engineering, even though it is the highest at ages 18-24. On the other hand, the proportion majoring in Medicine,

Table 24 Major by Sex

MajorMale Female Total

Social Sciences 3.2% 9.6% 4.8%Engineering 73.8% 50.0% 67.8%Humanities - 4.3% 1.1%Medicine/D/P 3.5% 10.6% 5.3%Education - 3.2% 0.8%Home Economics 1.1% 3.2% 1.6%Agriculture 5.3% 9.6% 6.4%Art/Music - - -Natural Sciences 7.4% 4.3% 6.6%Other 5.7% 5.3% 5.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

34

Dentistry or Pharmacy is the lowest at ages 18-24 (1%) and the highest at ages 30-34 (14%). The proportion majoring in Agriculture is also the lowest at ages 18-24 (1%) but the highest at ages 35 and above (12%). The proportion majoring in Natural Sciences is the lowest at ages 30-34 (3%) but the highest at ages 25-29 (13%).

Home-Country Degrees Table 26 (based on Q17) shows the home-country degrees by sex. Nearly a half of respondents (47%) have the Bachelor’s degree from their home country, while a little more than one third (35%) have Master’s degree and 1% the Doctorate. Only 11% of respondents have the diploma from home, presumable from the high school or the technical college (polytechnic). Since this is a multiple-choice question, a few respondents have both the Diploma and the Bachelor’s degree and a few others both Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees. Males (38%) are more likely than females (27%) to have the Master’s degree from home, while females (53%) are more likely than males (45%) to have the Bachelor’s degree from home.

Table 25 Major by Age

Major18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Social Sciences 3.5% 3.2% 9.9% 3.4% 4.8%Engineering 79.4% 61.1% 56.8% 66.1% 67.8%Humanities 0.7% 1.1% 1.2% 1.7% 1.1%Medicine/D/P 0.7% 6.3% 13.6% 3.4% 5.3%Education 1.4% - 1.2% - 0.8%Home Economics 2.8% 1.1% 1.2% - 1.6%Agriculture 0.7% 10.5% 7.4% 11.9% 6.4%Art/Music - - - - -Natural Sciences 5.0% 12.6% 2.5% 6.8% 6.6%Other 6.4% 5.3% 6.2% 3.4% 5.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 26 Home-Country Degrees by Sex (MA)

DegreeMale Female Total

Diploma 11.0% 9.7% 10.6%Bachelor's 45.2% 52.7% 47.1%Master's 37.8% 26.9% 35.1%Doctorate 1.1% 1.1% 1.1%Other 18.4% 21.5% 19.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

35

Table 27 reveals the home-country degrees by age. Naturally, there are significant differences by age. About two thirds (63-68%) of respondents aged 25 and above have the Bachelor’s degree from home, but only 17% at ages 18-24. Similarly, the proportions having the Master’s degree from home are only 4% at ages 18-24 and 41% at ages 25-29, but 61% and 66% respectively at ages 20-34 and 35 and above. The proportion having the Doctorate from home is 4% at ages 30-34 and 1% at ages 25-29, but zero at ages 18-24 and ages 35 and above. The proportion for others are extremely high (44%) at ages 18-24.

Reasons for Choosing Japan Table 28 (based on Q18) shows the reasons for having chosen Japan to study by sex. About two thirds of respondents (68%) chose Japan because of its developed technology and economy and 62% because of a scholarship or a fellowship. These two major reasons are followed by interests in Japanese culture and society (41%), wishes to go abroad (39%), wishes to study at a specific school (29%), recommendation (29%), Japan’s safety (27%), better job opportunity (19%), presence of friends in Japan (10%), and presence of relatives in Japan (8%). Males (70% and 66% respectively) are much more likely than females (59% and 51% respectively) to mention the two major reasons as well as the presence of friends (12% vs. 4%), while females are much more likely than males to mention the presence of relatives (5% vs. 18%) and safety (25% vs. 33%).

Table 29 reveals the reasons for having chosen Japan to study by age. There are differences by age. The proportion of respondents having chosen the two major reasons declines with age except that those aged 35 and above are the most likely to mention Japan’ developed technology and economy. Similarly, the proportion for interests in Japanese culture and society decreases with age, while the proportion for recommendation tends to increase with age. The proportion for wishes to study at a specific school rises with age, but it is extremely low at ages 18-24. On the other hand, the proportion for better job opportunity and wishes to go abroad declines with age, but

Table 27 Home-Country Degrees by Age (MA)

Degree18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Diploma 14.9% 7.4% 9.9% 6.8% 10.6%Bachelor's 17.0% 68.4% 63.0% 62.7% 47.1%Master's 3.5% 41.1% 60.5% 66.1% 35.1%Doctorate - 1.1% 3.7% - 1.1%Other 44.0% 6.3% 4.9% - 19.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

36

it is extremely high at ages 18-24. Somehow, the respondents aged 25-29 are much more likely to mention Japan’s safety.

Proficiency in Japanese Language Tables 30-1 through 30-3 (based on Q19) show the level of proficiency in Japanese language (listening and speaking, reading and writing) by sex. The respondents are best at listening and speaking and worst at writing. About 40% of respondents are good and 5% very good at speaking and listening to Japanese, while 46% of them are not good and 9% not good at all. Only 29% of respondents are good and 4% very good at reading Japanese, while 48% of them are not good and 19% not

Table 28 Reasons for Japan by Sex (MA)

ReasonMale Female Total

Tech & Economy 70.3% 59.1% 67.6%Specific School 27.6% 32.3% 28.7%Culture & Language 40.3% 41.9% 40.7%Recommendation 27.9% 30.1% 28.5%Relatives in Japan 4.6% 18.3% 8.0%Friends in Japan 12.4% 4.3% 10.4%Safety 25.4% 33.3% 27.4%Job Opportunity 18.7% 21.5% 19.4%Anywhere Abroad 39.2% 37.6% 38.8%Scholarship 66.1% 50.5% 62.2%Other 6.0% 3.2% 5.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 29 Reasons for Japan by Age (MA)

Reason18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Tech & Economy 70.2% 66.3% 61.7% 71.2% 67.6%Specific School 14.2% 35.8% 38.3% 39.0% 28.7%Culture & Language 48.9% 43.2% 30.9% 30.5% 40.7%Recommendation 24.1% 23.2% 34.6% 39.0% 28.5%Relatives in Japan 5.7% 9.5% 11.1% 6.8% 8.0%Friends in Japan 9.2% 11.6% 8.6% 13.6% 10.4%Safety 24.1% 35.8% 24.7% 25.4% 27.4%Job Opportunity 35.5% 11.6% 8.6% 8.5% 19.4%Anywhere Abroad 58.9% 29.5% 28.4% 20.3% 38.8%Scholarship 72.3% 63.2% 53.1% 49.2% 62.2%Other 3.5% 8.4% 4.9% 5.1% 5.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

37

good at all. Similarly, 26% of respondents are good at writing Japanese, while 46% of them are not good and 23% not good at all. Females have higher levels of proficiency than males in all the three dimensions of Japanese language use.

Tables 31-1 through 31-3 reveal the level of proficiency in Japanese language

(listening and speaking, reading and writing) by age. There are regular changes with age. The level of proficiency in all the three dimensions of language use tends to decline with age and the proficiency level in all of them is by far the highest at ages 18-24, possibly because many of them are undergraduates who can (or should) spend time for learning Japanese language.

Table 30-1 Prof ic iency in Japanese (Speaking) by Sex

ProficiencyMale Female Total

Very good 4.2% 7.5% 5.1%Good 37.8% 48.4% 40.4%Not good 48.8% 36.6% 45.7%Not at all 9.2% 7.5% 8.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 30-2 Prof ic iency in Japanese (Reading) by Sex



Sex

Table 30-3 Prof ic iency in Japanese (Wrting) by Sex



Sex

38

Communication with Japanese Tables 32-1 through 32-4 (based on Q20) show the level of communication with Japanese around respondents (professors, students, staff members and neighbors) by sex. The respondents are better in communicating with professors than with students, staff members and neighbors, possibly reflecting the average level of English proficiency for each category. About 21% of respondents have excellent level of communication with professors and 54% sufficient level, while 13% of them have excellent level and 54% sufficient level of communication with students and 7% of them have excellent level and 47% sufficient level of communication with staff members. However, the level of communication significantly goes down with neighbors: it is excellent for only 4% of respondents, sufficient for 28%, limited for 43% limited and no (communication) for 26%. The sex difference is relatively small for communication with professors and students. But females have better communication with staff members and much better one with neighbors.

Table 31-1 Prof ic iency in Japanese (Speaking) by Age

Proficiency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Very good 7.1% 3.2% 7.4% - 5.1%Good 63.8% 30.5% 23.5% 23.7% 40.4%Not good 26.2% 49.5% 56.8% 71.2% 45.7%Not at all 2.8% 16.8% 12.3% 5.1% 8.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 31-2 Prof ic iency in Japanese (Reading) by Age



Age Group

Table 31-3 Prof ic iency in Japanese (Writing) by Age



Age Group

39

Tables 33-1 through 33-3 reveal the level of communication with Japanese

around respondents (professors, students, staff members and neighbors) by age. At ages 18-24 the level of communication with professor is low but the level of communication with students, staff members and neighbors is high, possibly reflecting the situation of undergraduates and possibly the higher level of proficiency in Japanese language. The level of communication with neighbors is somewhat high at ages 30-34,

Table 32-1 Communication with Professors by Sex

Communi- cation Male Female TotalExcellent 20.3% 21.7% 20.6%Sufficient 54.8% 52.2% 54.2%Limited 21.0% 23.9% 21.7%No 3.9% 2.2% 3.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 32-2 Communication with Students by Sex


Sex

Table 32-3 Communication with Staff by Sex


Sex

Table 32-4 Communication with Neighbors by Sex


Sex

40

possibly because of higher percentage of females.

Table 33-1 Communication with Professors by Age

Communi- cation 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalExcellent 10.0% 25.5% 31.3% 23.7% 20.6%Sufficient 60.0% 51.1% 46.3% 55.9% 54.2%Limited 26.4% 21.3% 21.3% 11.9% 21.7%No 3.6% 2.1% 1.3% 8.5% 3.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 33-2 Communication with Students by Age


Age Group

Table 33-3 Communication with Staff by Age

Communi- cation 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalExcellent 6.4% 8.5% 11.3% 1.7% 7.2%Sufficient 53.9% 41.5% 38.8% 50.8% 47.1%Limited 34.8% 48.9% 50.0% 42.4% 42.8%No 5.0% 1.1% - 5.1% 2.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 33-4 Communication with Neighbors by Age


Age Group

41

3. Friends Friends by Nationality and Religion

Table 34 (based on Q21) shows the mean number of friends by the combination of nationality and religion and by sex. Most Muslim international students have no Japanese Muslim friends due to the low prevalence of Muslims among Japanese. The mean number of Japanese Muslim friends is only 2.2. On the other hands, they have a lot of Muslim friends from their own country and other countries. The mean number of compatriot Muslim friends is 40.7 and that of Muslim fiends from other countries (except Japan) is 18.1. At the same time, they have a lot of Japanese non-Muslim friends and their mean number is 15.2. They have only 5.8 non-Muslim friends from their own country and 10.6 non-Muslim friends from other countries (except Japan). Males (20.5) are much more likely to have Muslim friends from other countries than females (10.5), possibly because they get to know each other at the prayer space or in extra-curricular activities which they participate more often as shown below.

Table 35 reveals the mean number of friends by the combination of nationality

Table 34 Mean Number of Friends by Nationality and Religion by Sex

Nationality and Religion Male Female TotalJapanese Muslim 2.1 2.4 2.2Compatriot Muslim 40.0 42.7 40.7Other Muslim 20.5 10.5 18.1Japanese Non-Muslim 14.9 16.0 15.2Compatriot Non-Muslim 5.6 6.6 5.8Other Non-Muslim 10.5 11.1 10.6

Sex

Table 35 Mean Number of Friends by Nationality and Religion by Age

Nationality and Religion 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalJapanese Muslim 2.2 2.0 2.5 1.8 2.2Compatriot Muslim 57.1 29.9 30.4 35.5 40.7Other Muslim 16.2 17.8 19.8 20.8 18.1Japanese Non-Muslim 17.3 13.1 14.1 14.7 15.2Compatriot Non-Muslim 8.1 5.0 3.9 3.8 5.8Other Non-Muslim 9.7 12.3 10.4 10.5 10.6

Age Group

42

and religion and by age. Naturally, there are differences by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are much more likely to have Muslim friends from their own country and more likely to have non-Muslim friends from their own country, partly due to the larger size of undergraduate compatriot population.

The sub-question (Q21:SQ1) on the nationalities of non-compatriot friends was asked to those respondents who have Muslim friends from other countries (except Japan). Table 36 shows the frequency distribution of nationalities of non-compatriot Muslim friends (after removing the own nationality of each respondent) by sex. As expected from the frequency distribution of nationality of respondents (Table 2), the majority of respondents have at least one Indonesian and Malaysian Muslim friends. Unexpectedly, the majority of respondents also have at least one Bangladeshi, Egyptian and Pakistani Muslim friends. A fifth or more respondents have Turkish and Indian Muslim friends. Perhaps, Muslim students of these nationalities share the same friendship network with Indonesians and Malaysian Muslim students even though their population size is much smaller.

However, only 19% of respondents have Iranian Muslim friends even though

Table 36 Nationalities of Foreign Muslim Friends by Sex (MA)*

NationalityMale Female Total

Indonesia 55.9% 46.7% 53.8%Malaysia 52.0% 44.0% 50.2%China 10.5% 14.7% 11.5%Bangladesh 65.2% 52.0% 62.2%Pakistan 53.9% 30.7% 48.6%India 25.0% 10.7% 21.8%Afghanistan 21.1% 14.7% 19.6%Uzbekistan 13.7% 14.7% 13.9%Iran 19.1% 20.0% 19.3%Turkey 28.1% 21.3% 26.6%Egypt 56.3% 52.0% 55.3%Sudan 15.6% 18.7% 16.3%Tunisia 10.5% 6.7% 9.7%Maorocco 15.2% 10.7% 14.2%UAE 10.5% 6.7% 9.7%Saudi Arabia 19.1% 16.0% 18.4%Palestine 19.1% 5.3% 16.0%Other 19.9% 26.7% 21.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

43

Iranians represent 9% of respondents (greater than the proportion of Bangladeshis and Egyptians) possibly due to their separate friendship network for Shias. Male respondents tend to exhibit a higher percentage for each nationality, but China, Uzbekistan, Iran and Sudan are exceptions possibly because of relatively high share of females among Muslim students from these countries. On the other hand, much lower percentages for Pakistan and India among females may suggest the lower share of females among Muslim students from these countries.

Table 37 reveals the frequency distribution of nationalities of non-compatriot Muslim friends by age. There do not seem to be common age patterns even among major nationalities. The proportion choosing Malaysia and Egypt tends to rise with age. It is the inverse of the frequency of respondents by nationality for Malaysia (Table 3), but it is not the case for Egypt of which respondents exhibit low percentages at both ends (ages 18-24 and ages 35 and above). Malaysian Muslim students represent more than two thirds of respondents at ages 18-24 and their friendship network may be often limited to Malaysians. But their percentages decline with age and their friendship network seem to increasingly extend to other nationalities, particularly Indonesians.

Table 37 Nationalities of Foreign Muslim Friends by Age (MA)*

Nationality18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Indonesia 58.5% 52.8% 54.9% 43.4% 53.8%Malaysia 27.1% 57.3% 57.7% 79.2% 50.2%China 6.8% 14.6% 21.1% 3.8% 11.5%Bangladesh 60.2% 61.8% 66.2% 62.3% 62.2%Pakistan 50.0% 41.6% 46.5% 60.4% 48.6%India 17.8% 28.1% 23.9% 17.0% 21.8%Afghanistan 8.5% 22.5% 29.6% 26.4% 19.6%Uzbekistan 7.6% 16.9% 19.7% 15.1% 13.9%Iran 11.0% 27.0% 22.5% 20.8% 19.3%Turkey 22.9% 25.8% 32.4% 28.3% 26.6%Egypt 39.0% 55.1% 66.2% 77.4% 55.3%Sudan 5.1% 28.1% 15.5% 22.6% 16.3%Tunisia 4.2% 15.7% 14.1% 5.7% 9.7%Maorocco 11.0% 18.0% 18.3% 9.4% 14.2%UAE 9.3% 9.0% 8.5% 13.2% 9.7%Saudi Arabia 20.3% 19.1% 14.1% 18.9% 18.4%Palestine 14.4% 13.5% 18.3% 20.8% 16.0%Other 23.7% 23.6% 16.9% 18.9% 21.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

44

On the other hand, the proportion choosing Indonesia and Bangladesh are relatively stable across age groups, which may be related to the tendency of respondents to increase their percentage with age. Pakistan has a combination of the two age patterns, which may be related to the age patterns of actual Muslim student population. Extracurricular Activities

Table 38 (based on Q22) shows the percentages of participation in extracurricular activity groups by sex. The majority (54%) of respondents participate in home country (student) society and 43% religion group. Other popular activity groups include sports or outdoor activity group (29%), community group (27%), foreign student association and study and culture group (22% respectively). There is a large sex difference in the participation in sports and outdoor group probably because Muslim women are discouraged from participating in sports with the exposure of their body to male strangers. The proportion participating in foreign student association tends to be lower among females than males possibly for the similar reason.

Table 39 reveals the percentages of participation in extracurricular activity groups by age. The typical age pattern of lower percentages at ages below 30 and higher percentages at ages 30 and above is found for participation in home country society, religion group and community group. The secular rise with age is found for participation in study and culture group and international exchange group. The relatively stable age pattern is found for participation in sports or outdoor activity group and foreign student association.

Table 38 Extracurricu lar Activities by Sex (MA)

Extracurricular Activity Male Female TotalStudy & Culture Group 22.3% 19.4% 21.5%Sports & Outdoor 34.3% 11.8% 28.7%Religion Group 42.0% 44.1% 42.6%NGO or Volunteer 5.7% 6.5% 5.9%Community Group 26.9% 29.0% 27.4%Int'l Exchange Group 12.4% 11.8% 12.2%Home Country Society 52.3% 57.0% 53.5%Foreign Student Assoc 23.7% 16.1% 21.8%Foreigner's Society 8.8% 9.7% 9.0%Other 3.2% 8.6% 4.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

45

Table 39 Extracurricu lar Activities by Age (MA)

Extracurricular Activity 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalStudy & Culture Group 15.6% 21.1% 23.5% 33.9% 21.5%Sports & Outdoor 26.2% 32.6% 28.4% 28.8% 28.7%Religion Group 39.0% 38.9% 50.6% 45.8% 42.6%NGO or Volunteer 7.8% 3.2% 6.2% 5.1% 5.9%Community Group 23.4% 20.0% 38.3% 33.9% 27.4%Int'l Exchange Group 9.2% 13.7% 13.6% 15.3% 12.2%Home Country Society 42.6% 55.8% 63.0% 62.7% 53.5%Foreign Student Assoc 22.7% 22.1% 22.2% 18.6% 21.8%Foreigner's Society 7.8% 9.5% 12.3% 6.8% 9.0%Other 4.3% 5.3% 4.9% 3.4% 4.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

46

4. Financial Arrangements Receipt of Scholarship or Fellowship

Table 40 (based on Q23) shows the receipt of a scholarship or a fellowship by sex. Most of respondents (90%) receive a scholarship or a fellowship. Males (92%) are more likely to receive a scholarship or a fellowship than females (85%).

Table 41 reveals the receipt of a scholarship or a fellowship by age. The respondents aged 18-24 (97%) are far more likely to receive a scholarship or a fellowship than respondents in other age groups (85-88%).

Kind of Scholarship or Fellowship

Table 42 (based on Q23:SQ1) shows the kind of scholarship or fellowship by sex in case that the respondent receives one. Almost a half of (49%) respondents receive a scholarship or a fellowship from their home country. Nearly one quarter (23%) receives a scholarship or a fellowship from the Japanese government (Monbukagakusho/MEXT) and 6% receives a study grant (Gakushu Shoreihi) from it. About 7% of respondents receive a scholarship or a fellowship from the private sector including the school. A small minority (2%) receives a JSPS fellowship.

Table 43 reveals the kind of scholarship or fellowship by age in case that the respondent receives one. The respondents aged 18-24 (70%) are far more likely to receive a scholarship or a fellowship from their home country than respondents in other age groups. It hits the bottom of 29% at ages 25-29 and rises with age to 46% at ages

Table 40 Receipt of Scholarship or Fellowship by Sex

Scholarship Felowship Male Female TotalYes 92.1% 84.6% 90.2%No 7.9% 15.4% 9.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 41 Receipt of Scholarship or Fellowship by Age

Scholarship Felowship 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalYes 97.1% 85.1% 87.5% 86.2% 90.2%No 2.9% 14.9% 12.5% 13.8% 9.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

47

35 and above. The proportion receiving the MEXT scholarship or fellowship peaks at ages 25-29 and 30-34 (35% and 34%) and it stays low at 14% respectively at ages 18-24 and 35 and above. Both the proportion receiving the MEXT Gakushu Shoreihi and the scholarship or fellowship from the private sector peaks at 10% respectively at ages 25-29. The proportion receiving the JSPS fellowship is the highest (8%) at ages 35 and above.

Sources of Travel Expenses

Table 44 (based on Q24) shows the sources of travel expenses by sex. Most of respondents (83%) finance travel expenses by a scholarship, a fellowship or a grant. One fifth of respondents (20%) use their own savings for travel and 15% family money. Males (86%) are more likely to finance travel expenses by a scholarship, a fellowship or a grant than females (73%), while females (27%) are more likely to finance them by family money than males (11%).

Table 45 reveals the sources of travel expenses by age. The respondents aged 18-24 (87%) are a little more likely to finance travel expenses by a scholarship, a fellowship or a grant than those in other age groups (76-83%). Those aged 35 and above (29%) are a little more likely to finance travel expenses by their own savings than

Table 42 Kind of Scholarship or Fellowship by Sex (MA)*

Kind of Scholarship Male Female TotalMEXT 25.0% 16.9% 23.1%Home Country 47.7% 54.5% 49.2%MEXT Shoreihi 5.9% 6.5% 6.0%Private Sector 5.1% 13.0% 6.9%JSPS Fellowship 2.7% 1.3% 2.4%Other 15.6% 6.5% 13.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 43 Kind of Scholarship or Fellowship by Age (MA)*

Kind of Scholarship 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalMEXT 13.5% 35.0% 34.3% 14.0% 23.1%Home Country 69.9% 28.8% 35.7% 46.0% 49.2%MEXT Shoreihi 5.3% 10.0% 5.7% 2.0% 6.0%Private Sector 4.5% 10.0% 7.1% 8.0% 6.9%JSPS Fellowship - 2.5% 2.9% 8.0% 2.4%Other 8.3% 16.3% 14.3% 22.0% 13.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

48

those in other age groups (17-19%) Those aged 25-29 (20%) are a little more likely to finance travel expenses by their family money than those in other age groups (10-17%).

Sources of Living Expenses

Table 46 (based on Q25) shows the sources of living expenses by sex. Most of respondents (89%) finance living expenses by a scholarship or a fellowship, part-time job 16%, own savings 13%, remittances 8% and spouse income 6%. Males (92%) are more likely to finance living expenses by a scholarship or a fellowship than females (79%), while females (15%) are more likely to finance them by spouse income than males (3%).

Table 47 reveals the sources of living expenses by age. The respondents aged 18-24 (93%) are a little more likely to finance travel expenses by a scholarship or a fellowship than those in other age groups (84-87%). Those aged 35 and above (22%) are more likely to finance living expenses by their own savings than those in other age groups (11-13%). Those aged 25-29 and 35 and above (10-11%) are more likely to finance living expenses by remittances than those in other age groups (5-6%). Those aged 30-34 (12%) are most likely to finance their living expenses by their spouse income.

Table 44 Sources of Travel Expenses by Sex (MA)

Source Travel Exp Male Female TotalScholarship 85.9% 73.1% 82.7%Own Savings 19.4% 20.4% 19.7%School 1.8% 1.1% 1.6%Family 11.3% 26.9% 15.2%Friends 0.4% - -Other 2.1% - 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 45 Sources of Travel Expenses by Age (MA)

Source Travel Exp 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalScholarship 87.2% 80.0% 82.7% 76.3% 82.7%Own Savings 18.4% 16.8% 18.5% 28.8% 19.7%School - 2.1% 1.2% 5.1% 1.6%Family 15.6% 20.0% 9.9% 13.6% 15.2%Friends - - 1.2% - 0.3%Other - - 2.5% 6.8% 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

49

Part-Time Job There are only 60 respondents who chose the part-time job as a source of living expenses in Q25: 45 males and 15 females; and 25 aged 18-24, 13 aged 25-29, 12 aged 30-34 and 10 aged 35 and above. Thus, the following results related to part-time job (based on Q25:SQ1-SQ4) should be interpreted with reservation.

Table 48 (based on Q25:SQ1) shows the kind of part-time jobs by sex. Many respondents (43%) work as a research assistant or a teaching assistant. Some (27%) take a manual job and others (20%) take a job in translation or language teaching. A fewer respondents take a job in sales or services and even fewer work as a home teacher or a lecturer at the preparatory school. Males are more likely to take a manual job and a job in sales or services, while females are more likely to work as a research assistant or a teaching assistant or to take a job in translation and language teaching. Table 49 reveals the kind of part-time jobs by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are more likely to take a manual job and a job in sales or services and less likely to work as a research assistant or a teaching assistant.

Table 46 Sources of Living Expenses by Sex (MA)

Source Living Fee Male Female TotalScholarship 91.9% 78.5% 88.6%Remittances 7.1% 9.7% 7.7%Own Savings 13.4% 11.8% 13.0%Spouse Income 2.8% 15.1% 5.9%Debt 0.7% 1.1% 0.8%Part-time Job 15.9% 16.1% 16.0%Other 1.4% 2.2% 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 47 Sources of Living Expenses by Age (MA)

Source Living Fee 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalScholarship 92.9% 87.4% 84.0% 86.4% 88.6%Remittances 6.4% 10.5% 4.9% 10.2% 7.7%Own Savings 10.6% 12.6% 11.1% 22.0% 13.0%Spouse Income 1.4% 5.3% 12.3% 8.5% 5.9%Debt 1.4% - - 1.7% 0.8%Part-time Job 17.7% 13.7% 14.8% 16.9% 16.0%Other - 1.1% 1.2% 6.8% 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

50

Table 50 (based on Q25:SQ2) shows the job search methods by sex. Many

respondents (47% respectively) found a part-time job through the school or Muslim compatriots. A fewer found a job through the internet and Japanese newspapers. Males are more likely to have found a job through Muslim compatriots, while females are more likely to have found a job through the school. Table 51 reveals the job search methods by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are more likely to have found a job through Muslim compatriots and less likely to have found a job through the school.

Table 48 Kind of Part-Time Jobs by Sex (MA)*

Kind of Part-Time Job Male Female TotalHome Teacher 8.9% 6.7% 8.3%Office Work 2.2% - 1.7%Manual Work 31.1% 13.3% 26.7%Service/Sales 17.8% - 13.3%RA or TA 37.8% 60.0% 43.3%Translation/Lang T 17.8% 26.7% 20.0%Special Skills 4.4% - 3.3%Other 13.3% 26.7% 16.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 49 Kind of Part-Time Jobs by Age (MA)*

Kind of Part-Time Job 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalHome Teacher 4.0% 15.4% 8.3% 10.0% 8.3%Office Work - - 8.3% - 1.7%Manual Work 40.0% 15.4% 8.3% 30.0% 26.7%Service/Sales 24.0% - - 20.0% 13.3%RA or TA 8.0% 61.5% 75.0% 70.0% 43.3%Translation/Lang T 12.0% 23.1% 41.7% 10.0% 20.0%Special Skills 4.0% - - 10.0% 3.3%Other 24.0% 15.4% 8.3% 10.0% 16.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

51

Table 52 (based on Q25:SQ3) shows the monthly earnings by sex. Most respondents (72%) earn less than 75,000 yen per month. A few earn 100,000 to 199,999 yen, but some of them may include the earnings during the school recess. Males are more likely to earn 50,000 to 74,999 yen and females are more likely to earn less than 25,000 yen. Table 53 reveals the monthly earnings by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are more likely to earn less than 75,000 yen and less likely to earn 100,000 to 199,999 yen.

Table 50 Job Search Methods by Sex (MA)*

Job Search Method Male Female TotalJapanese Newspaper 8.9% 13.3% 10.0%Mother-Tongue NP - - -School 37.8% 73.3% 46.7%Internet 20.0% 13.3% 18.3%Muslim Compatriot 53.3% 26.7% 46.7%Non-Muslim Compatriot 4.4% 6.7% 5.0%Foreign Muslim 11.1% - 8.3%Foreign Non-Muslim 11.1% - 8.3%Japanese Muslim - - -Japanese Non-Muslim 8.9% 6.7% 8.3%Muslim Student Group 11.1% - 8.3%Accidentally 6.7% - 5.0%Other 4.4% 20.0% 8.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 51 Job Search Methods by Age (MA)*

Job Search Method 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalJapanese Newspaper 8.0% 15.4% 16.7% - 10.0%Mother-Tongue NP - - - - -School 20.0% 61.5% 75.0% 60.0% 46.7%Internet 20.0% 15.4% 25.0% 10.0% 18.3%Muslim Compatriot 72.0% 30.8% 16.7% 40.0% 46.7%Non-Muslim Compatriot 8.0% - - 10.0% 5.0%Foreign Muslim 12.0% - 8.3% 10.0% 8.3%Foreign Non-Muslim 4.0% 15.4% - 20.0% 8.3%Japanese Muslim - - - - -Japanese Non-Muslim 8.0% 7.7% - 20.0% 8.3%Muslim Student Group 12.0% - - 20.0% 8.3%Accidentally 8.0% 7.7% - - 5.0%Other 4.0% 7.7% 25.0% - 8.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

52

Table 54 (based on Q25:SQ4) shows the use of earnings by sex. Almost all the

respondents (93%) use the earnings for living expenses and many use them for study, travel, enjoyment, savings and communication. Males are more likely to use the earnings for savings and females are more likely to use them for debt payment. Table 55 reveals the use of earnings by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are more likely to use the earnings for savings and less likely to use them for study. The percentages for study, remittances and communication tend to increase with age.

Table 52 Monthly Earn ings by Sex*

Monthly Earnings Male Female Total< 25K 17.8% 33.3% 21.7%25K-49,999 31.1% 26.7% 30.0%50K-74,999 24.4% 6.7% 20.0%75K-99,999 6.7% 6.7% 6.7%100K-149,999 8.9% 20.0% 11.7%150K-199,999 11.1% 6.7% 10.0%200K+ - - -Don't Know - - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 53 Monthly Earn ings by Age*

Monthly Earnings 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total< 25K 32.0% 0.0% 16.7% 30.0% 21.7%25K-49,999 28.0% 38.5% 25.0% 30.0% 30.0%50K-74,999 32.0% 7.7% 8.3% 20.0% 20.0%75K-99,999 - 7.7% 16.7% 10.0% 6.7%100K-149,999 4.0% 30.8% 16.7% - 11.7%150K-199,999 4.0% 15.4% 16.7% 10.0% 10.0%200K+ - - - - -Don't Know - - - - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

53

Table 54 Use of Earn ings by Sex (MA)*

Use of Earnings Male Female TotalStudy 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%Remittances 20.0% 26.7% 21.7%Living 91.1% 100.0% 93.3%Enjoyment 46.7% 40.0% 45.0%Savings 46.7% 26.7% 41.7%Communication 35.6% 40.0% 36.7%Medical Expenses 24.4% 26.7% 25.0%Travel 51.1% 46.7% 50.0%Debt Payment 6.7% 26.7% 11.7%Religion 24.4% 13.3% 21.7%Other - - -Nothing Special 8.9% 6.7% 8.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 55 Use of Earn ings by Sex (MA)*

Use of Earnings 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalStudy 40.0% 69.2% 75.0% 80.0% 60.0%Remittances 16.0% 23.1% 25.0% 30.0% 21.7%Living 88.0% 100.0% 100.0% 90.0% 93.3%Enjoyment 48.0% 53.8% 33.3% 40.0% 45.0%Savings 60.0% 38.5% 16.7% 30.0% 41.7%Communication 28.0% 38.5% 41.7% 50.0% 36.7%Medical Expenses 16.0% 30.8% 41.7% 20.0% 25.0%Travel 44.0% 53.8% 58.3% 50.0% 50.0%Debt Payment 12.0% 7.7% 16.7% 10.0% 11.7%Religion 32.0% 15.4% 8.3% 20.0% 21.7%Other - - - - -Nothing Special - - - - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

54

5. Muslim-Friendly Facilities and Services

Muslim-friendly facilities and services are gradually getting better at Japanese universities, but they are still at an inadequate level in terms of both quantity and quality due to the secular nature of Japanese universities and the smaller number of Muslim international students at Japanese universities. Kishida (2011) conducted a survey on 44 universities in 2007 and 2008 and found that the prayer space and Halal foods at the student cafeteria is more readily available at the universities with 50 or more Muslim students (14) and that they are less readily available at those with 10 to 49 (16) and almost unavailable at those with 9 or less (14). Even among the 14 universities with 50 or more Muslim students, their space is available at only 2 of them and permitted space is available at 10. Halal foods at the cafeteria are available at only 6 of them and the indication of their ingredients is available at only 4.

Even though Muslim-friendly facilities and services are more readily available at foreign universities with a larger number of Muslim international students, they are not necessarily adequate. According to the results of 1999/2000 survey of 13 Australian universities by Asmar (2001:154), the daily prayer space is available at all (13) universities, but the ablution facility at 10, the Friday prayer space and Halal foods at 8, Muslim counsellors and the meeting space at 6, and university web information for Muslims at 9. But only ablution facility and meeting space are proper at 3 universities and daily and the Friday prayer spaces are proper only at 1. Thus, the combined question on the availability and adequacy is asked in this survey. Facilities and Services at School Tables 56-1 through 56-6 (based on Q26) show the availability and adequacy of Muslim-friendly facilities and services at school by sex. They indicate that the percentage of respondents who do not have access to each amenity is relatively high as follows: 1) 58% for the guidebook for Muslims; 2) 28% for the daily prayer space; 3) 55% for the ablution facility; 4) 31% for the meeting room for Friday prayer; 5) 23% for Halal dishes at the student cafeteria; and 6) 39% for Halal snacks at the campus shop. On the other hand, the percentage of respondents who have access to each adequate facility or service is rather low as follows: 1) 6% for the guidebook for Muslims; 2) 31% for the daily prayer space; 3) 15% for the ablution facility; 4) 30% for the meeting room for Friday prayer; 5) 30% for Halal dishes at the student cafeteria; and 6) 12% for Halal snacks at the campus shop. Therefore, the university’s amenity for Muslim students is worse for the guidebook and the ablution facility and better for the daily prayer space

55

Table 56-1 Guidebook for Muslims by Sex

Guidebook for Muslims Male Female TotalNot Available 57.0% 62.8% 58.4%Available/Inadequate 11.9% 11.6% 11.8%Available/Adequate 6.7% 4.7% 6.2%Don't Know 24.4% 20.9% 23.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 56-2 Daily Prayer Space by Sex

Daily Prayer Space Male Female TotalNot Available 24.3% 37.4% 27.5%Available/Inadequate 41.7% 36.3% 40.3%Available/Adequate 33.0% 23.1% 30.5%Don't Know 1.1% 3.3% 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 56-3 Ablution Facility by Sex

Ablution Facility Male Female TotalNot Available 52.6% 61.5% 54.8%Available/Inadequate 29.6% 19.8% 27.1%Available/Adequate 16.4% 12.1% 15.3%Don't Know 1.5% 6.6% 2.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 56-4 Meeting Room for Friday Prayer by Sex

Meeting Room For Friday Prayer Male Female TotalNot Available 27.2% 43.8% 31.3%Available/Inadequate 38.7% 25.8% 35.6%Available/Adequate 32.3% 19.1% 29.1%Don't Know 1.8% 11.2% 4.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 56-5 Halal Dishes at Student Cafeteria by Sex

Halal Dishes at Student Cafeteria Male Female TotalNot Available 20.4% 32.6% 23.4%Available/Inadequate 45.4% 39.1% 43.8%Available/Adequate 31.1% 25.0% 29.6%Don't Know 3.2% 3.3% 3.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 56-6 Halal Snacks at Campus Shop by Sex

Halal Snacks at Campus Shop Male Female TotalNot Available 37.4% 44.0% 39.0%Available/Inadequate 43.5% 36.3% 41.7%Available/Adequate 11.2% 13.2% 11.7%Don't Know 7.9% 6.6% 7.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Sex

Sex

Sex

Sex

Sex

56

and Halal dishes at the cafeteria. But the situation is different by sex and age and also by university affiliation. The percentage for “Don’t Know” is relatively high for the guidebook, possibly because the availability is less recognizable Table 56-1 for the guidebook indicates that males are less likely to choose “Not Available” than females but more likely to choose “Available and Adequate,” while this may be partly because of the higher percentage for “Don’t Know” among males. More distinct sex differences are observed for Table 56-2 for the daily prayer space, Table 56-4 for the Friday prayer room and Table 56-5 for Halal dishes at the cafeteria: males are much less likely to choose “Not Available” and much more likely to choose “Available and Adequate.” Less distinct but similar tendency is exhibited by Table 56-3 for the ablution facility, while Table 56-6 for Halal snacks at the campus shop reveals different tendency: females are more likely to choose “Not Available” but also slightly more likely to choose “Available and Adequate,” which may not be related to the difference in choosing “Don’t Know.” Perhaps, it is because females are more likely to buy Halal snacks at the campus shop than to eat Halal lunch at the student cafeteria than males, as shown below.

Tables 57-1 through 57-6 show the availability and adequacy of Muslim-friendly facilities and services at the university by age. They reveal a regular pattern of change with age in the proportion for each choice: the respondents aged 18-24 are most likely to choose Not Available,” those aged 35 and above are most likely to choose “Available but Inadequate,” and those aged 30-34 are most likely to choose “Available and Adequate.” In Table 57-1 for the guidebook, the proportion for “Don’t Know” is the highest among respondents aged 30-34, which depresses the proportion for “Available and Adequate” in this age group. These age patterns may be related to the sex and age composition of respondents by university affiliation.

Tables 58-1 through 58-6 reveal the availability and adequacy of Muslim-friendly facilities and services at the university by university affiliation. It is drastically different among universities, reflecting the actual and perceived availability and adequacy. The respondents at Nagoya University are the most likely to choose “Available but Inadequate” possibly because the booklet (Nagoya University 2012) is designed for both Muslims and Non-Muslims. The respondents at Niigata University are by far most likely to choose “Not Available” for the amenities except the guidebook. Perhaps, the respondents at Niigata University have either less actual or expressed demand due to the very high proportion of females and those aged 18-24. Kyoto University and Fukui University also tend to lack the amenities (Halal dishes at the cafeteria in the former being an exception) can be also partly related to the sex and age

57

Table 57-1 Guidebook for Muslims by Age

Guidebook for Muslims 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalNot Available 64.0% 55.4% 56.0% 52.8% 58.4%Available/Inadequate 10.3% 9.8% 13.3% 17.0% 11.8%Available/Adequate 3.7% 10.9% 2.7% 9.4% 6.2%Don't Know 22.1% 23.9% 28.0% 20.8% 23.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 57-2 Daily Prayer Space by Age

Daily Prayer Space 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalNot Available 38.1% 24.7% 17.9% 19.3% 27.5%Available/Inadequate 36.0% 41.9% 44.9% 42.1% 40.3%Available/Adequate 24.5% 31.2% 35.9% 36.8% 30.5%Don't Know 1.4% 2.2% 1.3% 1.8% 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 57-3 Ablution Facility by Age

Ablution Facility 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalNot Available 64.7% 50.0% 41.0% 57.1% 54.8%Available/Inadequate 23.7% 26.1% 30.8% 32.1% 27.1%Available/Adequate 10.1% 18.5% 25.6% 8.9% 15.3%Don't Know 1.4% 5.4% 2.6% 1.8% 2.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 57-4 Meeting Room for Friday Prayer by Age

Meeting Room For Friday Prayer 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalNot Available 42.1% 23.7% 23.1% 28.1% 31.3%Available/Inadequate 28.6% 43.0% 39.7% 35.1% 35.6%Available/Adequate 24.3% 28.0% 34.6% 35.1% 29.1%Don't Know 5.0% 5.4% 2.6% 1.8% 4.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 57-5 Halal Dishes at Student Cafeteria by Age

Halal Dishes at Student Cafeteria 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalNot Available 32.9% 15.8% 18.8% 19.3% 23.4%Available/Inadequate 34.3% 45.3% 50.0% 56.1% 43.8%Available/Adequate 29.3% 33.7% 31.3% 21.1% 29.6%Don't Know 3.6% 5.3% - 3.5% 3.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 57-6 Halal Snacks at Campus Shop by Age

Halal Snacks at Campus Shop 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalNot Available 39.3% 41.9% 41.3% 30.4% 39.0%Available/Inadequate 41.4% 38.7% 42.5% 46.4% 41.7%Available/Adequate 12.9% 9.7% 13.8% 8.9% 11.7%Don't Know 6.4% 9.7% 2.5% 14.3% 7.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Age Group

Age Group

Age Group

Age Group

Age Group

58

Table 58-1 Guidebook for Muslims by University

Guidebook for Muslims Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoNot Available 59.0% 66.7% 41.7% 48.1% 40.9% 36.4%Available/Inadequate 11.5% 5.1% 20.8% 3.7% 31.8% 13.6%Available/Adequate 6.6% - 12.5% 3.7% 4.5% 22.7%Don't Know 23.0% 28.2% 25.0% 44.4% 22.7% 27.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Guidebook for Muslims Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other Total

Not Available 65.0% 70.6% 64.7% 65.4% 58.4%Available/Inadequate 20.0% 5.9% 5.9% 10.3% 11.8%Available/Adequate - - - 7.5% 6.2%Don't Know 15.0% 23.5% 29.4% 16.8% 23.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 58-2 Daily Prayer Space by University

Daily Prayer Space Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U Tokyo

Not Available 17.5% 10.3% 6.9% 3.8% 4.2% 13.6%Available/Inadequate 46.0% 48.7% 51.7% 38.5% 70.8% 40.9%Available/Adequate 36.5% 33.3% 41.4% 57.7% 25.0% 45.5%Don't Know - 7.7% - - - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Daily Prayer Space Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other Total

Not Available 90.0% 44.4% 75.0% 37.3% 27.5%Available/Inadequate 10.0% 27.8% 6.3% 37.3% 40.3%

Available/Adequate - 16.7% 18.8% 24.5% 30.5%Don't Know - 11.1% - - 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 58-3 Ablution Facility by University

Ablution Facility Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U Tokyo

Not Available 71.4% 25.0% 20.7% 42.9% 65.2% 28.6%Available/Inadequate 17.5% 35.0% 58.6% 28.6% 34.8% 47.6%

Available/Adequate 11.1% 32.5% 20.7% 25.0% - 23.8%Don't Know - 7.5% - 3.6% - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Ablution Facility Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalNot Available 85.0% 66.7% 70.6% 61.3% 54.8%Available/Inadequate 10.0% 11.1% 5.9% 24.5% 27.1%

Available/Adequate - 11.1% 17.6% 12.3% 15.3%Don't Know 5.0% 11.1% 5.9% 1.9% 2.7%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

University

University

University

University

University

University

59

Table 58-4 Meeting Room for Friday Prayer by University

Meeting Room For Friday Prayer Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoNot Available 33.3% 2.6% - - 4.2% 4.5%Available/Inadequate 46.0% 59.0% 27.6% 64.3% 50.0% 54.5%

Available/Adequate 20.6% 30.8% 72.4% 28.6% 41.7% 40.9%Don't Know - 7.7% - 7.1% 4.2% -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Meeting Room For Friday Prayer Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalNot Available 85.0% 83.3% 82.4% 41.7% 31.3%Available/Inadequate 5.0% - - 25.9% 35.6%Available/Adequate 5.0% 5.6% 17.6% 26.9% 29.1%Don't Know 5.0% 11.1% - 5.6% 4.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 58-5 Halal Dishes at Student Cafeteria by University

Halal Dishes at Student Cafeteria Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoNot Available 20.3% 7.5% 34.5% 3.6% 4.2% 4.5%Available/Inadequate 46.9% 67.5% 51.7% 39.3% 58.3% 22.7%Available/Adequate 32.8% 25.0% - 53.6% 37.5% 72.7%Don't Know - - 13.8% 3.6% - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Halal Dishes at Student Cafeteria Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalNot Available 80.0% 11.1% 47.1% 29.1% 23.4%Available/Inadequate 10.0% 55.6% 35.3% 39.1% 43.8%Available/Adequate - 33.3% 11.8% 28.2% 29.6%Don't Know 10.0% - 5.9% 3.6% 3.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 58-6 Halal Snacks at Campus Shop by University

Halal Snacks at Campus Shop Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoNot Available 20.3% 46.2% 34.5% 17.9% 50.0% 45.5%Available/Inadequate 64.1% 41.0% 41.4% 53.6% 25.0% 18.2%Available/Adequate 12.5% 5.1% 6.9% 14.3% 16.7% 22.7%Don't Know 3.1% 7.7% 17.2% 14.3% 8.3% 13.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Halal Snacks at Campus Shop Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalNot Available 60.0% 66.7% 41.2% 41.7% 39.0%Available/Inadequate 30.0% 16.7% 41.2% 40.7% 41.7%Available/Adequate 5.0% - 5.9% 14.8% 11.7%Don't Know 5.0% 16.7% 11.8% 2.8% 7.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

University

University

University

University

University

University

60

composition: Kyoto University has a high proportion of females and a very low proportion of those aged 18-24, while Fukui University has a very low proportion of females and very high proportion of those aged 18-24.

On the other hand, the proportion for “Available and Adequate” tends to be high at the Tokyo Institute of Technology (TIT) and the University of Tokyo (UT) (the guidebook in the former being the exception). It is also high at Ehime University except Halal dishes and snacks on campus. This may be also related to the sex and age composition of respondents because TIT and UT has highest proportions of males and Ehime University has relatively high proportion of females who tend to bring lunch boxes and snacks as shown below. At Ehime University the relatively high availability of the guidebook may be related to the high proportion of respondents aged 35 and above (postdocs), while the relatively high availability of facilities at Ehime University can be partly related to the space availability in the local city. The relatively high availability of the guidebook at Nagoya University, UT and Niigata University may be related to the relatively high proportion of those aged 18-24. Lunch or Snack Table 59 (based on Q26) shows the proportion of respondents eating lunch or snack at school by sex. About 80% of respondents eat lunch at school and 19% eat at home, while only 1% eat no lunch. Females (85%) are more likely to eat lunch at school than males (79%) and less likely to eat at home, possibly because they are more likely to prepare boxed lunches by themselves as shown below.

Table 60 indicates the proportion of respondents eating lunch or snack at school by age. The respondents aged 25-29 (83%) are most likely to eat lunch at school and those aged 18-24 (77%) are least likely. The proportion eating lunch at home has the opposite tendency, which may be related to the higher concentration of those aged 18-24 at Niigata University and “Others” as shown below.

Table 59 Eating Lunch/Snack at School by Sex

Lunch/Snack at School Male Female TotalYes 78.6% 84.6% 80.1%No (At Home) 20.4% 14.3% 18.9%No (No Lunch) 1.1% 1.1% 1.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

61

Table 61 shows the proportion of respondents eating lunch or snack at school by university affiliation. The proportion eating lunch at school is highest at Osaka University (95%), Kyoto University (95%) and the Tokyo Institute of Technology (93%) and it is the lowest at Niigata University (56%), which is probably the direct consequence of the low availability of lunch and snack on campus as indicated by Tables 58-5 and 58-6. Naturally, the proportion eating lunch at home is the highest at Niigata University (44%) and lowest Osaka University (2.5%), Kyoto University (5.3%) and TIT (7.1%). Somehow, the proportion eating no lunch is relatively high at Ehime University (3.6%) and Osaka University (2.5%).

Two sub-questions on the frequency and religious nature of lunch are asked to those who eat lunch at school. Table 62 (based on Q27:SQ1) indicates the frequency of eating lunch at school by sex. About 34% of respondents eat lunch almost every time, 21% often, 13% half of the time, 27% less often, and 2% almost never. Therefore, almost the two thirds of them eat lunch half of the time or more frequently. Males more frequently eat lunch at school than females by a small margin among those who eat lunch, but males are less likely to eat lunch at school among all the respondents.

Table 60 Eating Lunch/Snack at School by Age

Lunch/Snack at School 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalYes 77.0% 83.0% 81.5% 80.7% 80.1%No (At Home) 21.6% 16.0% 18.5% 17.5% 18.9%No (No Lunch) 1.4% 1.1% - 1.8% 1.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 61 Eating Lunch/Snack at School by University

Lunch/Snack at School Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoYes 87.7% 95.0% 71.4% 92.9% 83.3% 86.4%No (At Home) 12.3% 2.5% 25.0% 7.1% 16.7% 13.6%No (No Lunch) - 2.5% 3.6% - - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Lunch/Snack at School Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalYes 55.6% 94.7% 82.4% 68.2% 80.1%No (At Home) 44.4% 5.3% 17.6% 30.0% 18.9%No (No Lunch) - - - 1.8% 1.1%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

University

University

62

Table 63 shows the frequency of eating lunch at school by age. The respondents aged 35 and above eat lunch at school most frequently and those aged 18-24 least frequently. But the combined proportion of “Every Time” and “Often” is the highest at ages 25-29 (65%), who are also more likely to eat lunch at school.

Table 64 reveals the frequency of eating lunch at school by university affiliation. The frequency is highest at Kyoto University, the Tokyo Institute of Technology and Osaka University, while it is lowest at Niigata University, Fukui University and Ehime University. The students at bigger universities in metropolitan areas tend to eat lunch at school, while the students at smaller universities in local cities tend not to eat lunch at school. This may partly reflect the availability revealed by Tables 58-5 and 58-6, but this may also reflect the (time) distance to the university from home. It would be natural for the students in local cities to go home and eat lunch, particularly Halal lunch, if it does not take too much time to go home.

Table 65 (based on Q27:SQ2) indicates the religious nature and kind of lunch eaten at school by sex among those who eat lunch at school. The lunch which is most often eaten is the Halal lunch at the student cafeteria (71%) and the Halal lunch box from home (57%), which suggests that many Muslim students combine these two types. The Halal lunch at the off-campus restaurant (25%) and the Halal lunch box from the

Table 62 Frequency of Lunch/Snack at School by Sex*

Frequency of Lunch/Snack Male Female TotalEvery Time 34.5% 33.8% 34.3%Often 20.9% 19.5% 20.5%Half of Time 13.2% 11.7% 12.8%Less Often 25.5% 29.9% 26.6%Almost Never 2.3% 2.6% 2.4%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 63 Frequency of Lunch/Snack at School by Age*

Frequency of Lunch/Snack 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalEvery Time 19.6% 41.0% 42.4% 45.7% 34.3%Often 21.5% 24.4% 16.7% 17.4% 20.5%Half of Time 20.6% 6.4% 12.1% 6.5% 12.8%Less Often 34.6% 23.1% 22.7% 19.6% 26.6%Almost Never 3.7% - 1.5% 4.3% 2.4%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

63

campus shop (23%) form the second group in terms of popularity. Then, the lunch at the cafeteria (16%), the Halal lunch box from the off-campus store (16%) and the lunch box from home (13%) form the third group. The lunch at the off-campus restaurant (7%), the lunch box from the campus shop (7%) and the lunch box from the off-campus store (6%) are less popular. The pattern for males is not too different from that for both sexes, but it is somewhat different from that of females. Females are more likely to have lunch boxes, particularly Halal ones than males. They are less likely to eat the lunch at the student cafeteria and slightly less likely to eat the Halal lunch at the off-campus restaurant but more likely to eat the lunch at the off-campus restaurant.

Table 66 shows the religious nature and kind of lunch eaten at school by age among those who eat lunch at school. The proportion eating the Halal lunch at the student cafeteria keeps the top position at younger ages (18-29), but it takes the second position at older ages (30 and above) possibly because of higher proportion married, while the opposite pattern is observed for the proportion having the Halal lunch box from home. At ages 18-24 the latter percentage is relatively low, but the percentage having the Halal lunch box from the campus shop or the off-campus store is relatively high. This may be related to the higher proportion married. The respondents aged 35 and above are characterized by a relatively high proportion of having the lunch box from home and relatively low proportions of having the Halal and (plain) lunch box from the campus shop or the off-campus store.

Table 64 Frequency of Lunch/Snack at School by University*

Frequency of Lunch/Snack Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoEvery Time 45.6% 50.0% 20.0% 50.0% 35.0% 42.1%Often 19.3% 23.7% 15.0% 23.1% 30.0% 21.1%Half of Time 10.5% 5.3% 5.0% 11.5% 5.0% 10.5%Less Often 17.5% 15.8% 60.0% 11.5% 30.0% 26.3%Almost Never 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Frequency of Lunch/Snack Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalEvery Time 0.0% 55.6% 0.0% 20.0% 34.3%Often 0.0% 11.1% 14.3% 24.0% 20.5%Half of Time 10.0% 11.1% 35.7% 20.0% 12.8%Less Often 70.0% 5.6% 42.9% 30.7% 26.6%Almost Never 20.0% 0.0% 7.1% 2.7% 2.4%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

University

University

64

Table 67 reveals the religious nature and kind of lunch eaten at school by university affiliation among those who eat lunch at school. The proportion eating the Halal lunch at the student cafeteria is highest at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagoya University and the University of Tokyo, but it is lowest at Ehime University and Niigata University. On the other hand, the proportion having the Halal lunch box from home is highest at Osaka University, Kyoto University, Ehime University and Kyushu University and it is lowest at Fukui University and Niigata University. The proportion eating the Halal lunch at the off-campus restaurant is the highest at UT (58%) and relatively high at TIT (39%), which reflect the location in Tokyo where a variety of restaurants are found in the vicinity. Ehime University is characterized by

Table 65 Type of Lunch/Snack at School by Sex (MA)*

Type of Lunch/ Snack Male Female TotalHalal Lunch/Cafeteria 74.5% 59.7% 70.7%Halal Lunch/Off-Campus 25.5% 24.7% 25.3%Halal L Box/Home 54.1% 64.9% 56.9%Halal L Box/Campus 20.9% 28.6% 22.9%Halal L Box/Off-Campus 15.0% 16.9% 15.5%Lunch/Cafeteria 16.8% 13.0% 15.8%Lunch/Off-Campus 5.9% 10.4% 7.1%Lunch Box/Home 12.7% 13.0% 12.8%Lunch Box/Campus 5.0% 11.7% 6.7%Lunch Box/Off-Campus 5.5% 7.8% 6.1%Other 2.7% 7.8% 4.0%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 66 Type of Lunch/Snack at School by Age (MA)*

Type of Lunch/ Snack 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalHalal Lunch/Cafeteria 79.4% 73.1% 62.1% 58.7% 70.7%Halal Lunch/Off-Campus 27.1% 26.9% 22.7% 21.7% 25.3%Halal L Box/Home 38.3% 61.5% 71.2% 71.7% 56.9%Halal L Box/Campus 27.1% 19.2% 22.7% 19.6% 22.9%Halal L Box/Off-Campus 19.6% 11.5% 15.2% 13.0% 15.5%Lunch/Cafeteria 17.8% 12.8% 18.2% 13.0% 15.8%Lunch/Off-Campus 5.6% 11.5% 6.1% 4.3% 7.1%Lunch Box/Home 8.4% 10.3% 13.6% 26.1% 12.8%Lunch Box/Campus 9.3% 3.8% 7.6% 4.3% 6.7%Lunch Box/Off-Campus 9.3% 5.1% 1.5% 6.5% 6.1%Other 1.9% 9.0% 3.0% 2.2% 4.0%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

65

relatively high proportions eating the lunch at the student cafeteria and having the lunch box from home.

Table 68 (based on Q28) indicates the importance to eat Halal foods by sex. Eating Halal foods is very important to most respondents (85%) and important to the most of remainder (12%). It is “unimportant” (“Not important” or “Not important at all”) to only a very small minority (3.5%). It tends to be more important for males than females.

Table 69 shows the importance to eat Halal foods by age. Eating Halal foods is most likely to be very important among respondents aged 18-24 and least likely to be very important among those aged 30-34. But the percentages for “unimportant” increase with age.

Table 67 Type of Lunch/Snack at School by University (MA)*

Type of Lunch/ Snack Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoHalal Lunch/Cafeteria 71.9% 63.2% 30.0% 92.3% 90.0% 89.5%Halal Lunch/Off-Campus 19.3% 18.4% 15.0% 38.5% 20.0% 57.9%Halal L Box/Home 66.7% 78.9% 70.0% 46.2% 40.0% 47.4%Halal L Box/Campus 36.8% 15.8% 20.0% 23.1% 15.0% 10.5%Halal L Box/Off-Campus 8.8% 18.4% 15.0% 19.2% - 15.8%Lunch/Cafeteria 14.0% 7.9% 35.0% 23.1% 25.0% -Lunch/Off-Campus - 15.8% 15.0% 3.8% - 5.3%Lunch Box/Home 12.3% 23.7% 45.0% 7.7% 10.0% 5.3%Lunch Box/Campus 5.3% 10.5% 10.0% 3.8% 5.0% 10.5%Lunch Box/Off-Campus 1.8% 5.3% 15.0% 3.8% 5.0% -Other 1.8% 5.3% 10.0% 7.7% - 10.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Type of Lunch/ Snack Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalHalal Lunch/Cafeteria 30.0% 44.4% 57.1% 81.3% 70.7%Halal Lunch/Off-Campus 10.0% 16.7% 28.6% 28.0% 25.3%Halal L Box/Home 30.0% 72.2% 28.6% 50.7% 56.9%Halal L Box/Campus 20.0% 5.6% 21.4% 26.7% 22.9%Halal L Box/Off-Campus 20.0% 5.6% 21.4% 22.7% 15.5%Lunch/Cafeteria 20.0% 22.2% 21.4% 12.0% 15.8%Lunch/Off-Campus 10.0% 16.7% 7.1% 6.7% 7.1%Lunch Box/Home 20.0% 5.6% 7.1% 5.3% 12.8%Lunch Box/Campus 20.0% 5.6% 7.1% 4.0% 6.7%Lunch Box/Off-Campus - 5.6% 7.1% 10.7% 6.1%Other - - - 4.0% 4.0%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

University

University

66

Table 70 reveals the importance to eat Halal foods by university affiliation. Eating Halal foods is most likely to be very important at Kyushu University, Fukui University and Ehime University and it is least likely at Kyoto University and Osaka University.

Table 68 Importance of Halal Foods by Sex

Importance of Halal Foods Male Female TotalVery Important 86.5% 79.3% 84.8%Important 10.3% 16.3% 11.8%Not Important 2.8% 4.3% 3.2%Not Important at All 0.4% - 0.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 69 Importance of Halal Foods by Age

Importance of Halal Foods 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ TotalVery Important 91.4% 82.1% 77.8% 82.8% 84.8%Important 7.1% 14.7% 17.3% 10.3% 11.8%Not Important 1.4% 2.1% 4.9% 6.9% 3.2%Not Important at All - 1.1% - - 0.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 70 Importance of Halal Foods by University

Importance of Halal Foods Kyushu U Osaka U Ehime U Tokyo IT Nagoya U U TokyoVery Important 95.4% 67.5% 93.1% 82.1% 87.5% 81.8%Important 4.6% 17.5% 3.4% 17.9% 12.5% 18.2%Not Important - 12.5% 3.4% - - -Not Important at All - 2.5% - - - -Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Importance of Halal Foods Niigata U Kyoto U Fukui U Other TotalVery Important 90.0% 36.8% 94.4% 89.1% 84.8%Important 10.0% 42.1% 5.6% 9.1% 11.7%Not Important - 21.1% - 1.8% 3.2%Not Important at All - - - - 0.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

University

University

67

[References] Asmar, Christine (2001) “A Community on Campus: Muslim Students in Australian

Universities.” A. Saeed & S. Akabazadeh (eds.), Muslim Communities in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press, pp.138-160.

Kishida, Yumi (2011) “Responses to the Needs of Muslim International Students: Current Situation and Challenges.” Ryugakusei Koryu Shido Kenkyu [Studies on the Exchange and Guidance of International Students], Vol.13, pp.35-43 (in Japanese). http://dspace.lib.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2297/30107/1/TE-PR-KISHIDA-Y-35.pdf

Nagoya University (2012) Understanding the Life of Muslim Students in Nagoya University (in Japanese and English).

http://www.ecis.nagoya-u.ac.jp/exchange/MStudentLife2012.pdf

68

6. Religion Faith Change

Table 71 (based on Q29) shows the faith change after coming to Japan by sex. The majority of respondents say that their faith became either stronger (42%) or fairly stronger (21%) and more than one fourth (26%) say that their faith did not change. Males (43%) are a little more likely to say that their faith became stronger than females (38%).

Table 72 reveals the faith change after coming to Japan by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are most likely to say that their faith became either stronger (47%) or fairly stronger (30%), while those aged 35 and above are lest likely to say that their faith became either stronger (33%) or fairly stronger (12%). As a result, the respondents aged 35 and above are more likely to say that their faith did not change or became fairly weaker. The respondents aged 25-29 exhibit a somewhat similar age pattern as those aged 35 and above.

Observance of Islamic Rules

Table 73 (based on Q30) shows the observance of Islamic rules in everyday life by sex. The majority of respondents (55%) observe Islamic rules fairly strictly and

Table 71 Faith Change in Japan by Sex

ChangeMale Female Total

Stronger 42.6% 38.0% 41.5%Fairly stronger 20.6% 20.7% 20.6%Not changed 25.6% 27.2% 26.0%Fairly weaker 8.3% 8.7% 8.4%Weaker 2.9% 5.4% 3.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 72 Faith Change in Japan by Age

Change18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Stronger 47.4% 37.9% 41.8% 32.8% 41.5%Fairly stronger 29.9% 15.8% 16.5% 12.1% 20.6%Not changed 11.7% 31.6% 34.2% 39.7% 26.0%Fairly weaker 7.3% 10.5% 5.1% 12.1% 8.4%Weaker 3.6% 4.2% 2.5% 3.4% 3.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

69

more than one third (35%) very strictly. Males (37%) are more likely to observe Islamic rules than females (29%), while females (59%) are more likely to observe males (54%)

Table 74 reveals the observance of Islamic rules in everyday life by age. The

respondents aged 18-24 are most likely to observe them fairly strictly (61%) and those aged 35 and above are most likely to observe them very strictly (42%).

Frequency of Religious and Cultural Practices This section analyzes the frequency of each of 10 religious and cultural practices by sex and age in the following order: reading mother-tongue newspapers, purchasing Halal foods, eating at Halal restaurants, prayer services at Masjid (Mosque), prayer services at Musallah (prayer room), participating in Islamic lectures or study groups, participating in Dawha or Tabligh (missionary work), participating in activities of the Muslim student circle, participating in activities of the foreign student circle and participating in activities of the other student circle.

1) Mother-Tongue Newspapers Table 75-1 (based on Q31-1) shows the frequency of reading mother-tongue

newspapers by sex. The respondents are divided into two: about 44% of respondents read papers twice or more per week and 15% once a week, while 19% of them do not read them at all and 14% read them less than once a month. As a whole, males tend to

Table 73 Observance of Islamic Rules by Sex

ObservanceMale Female Total

Very strict 36.7% 28.6% 34.7%Fairly strict 54.0% 59.3% 55.3%Not very strict 8.3% 8.8% 8.4%I don't care 1.1% 3.3% 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 74 Observance of Islamic Rules by Age

Observance18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Very strict 32.4% 34.0% 34.2% 42.1% 34.7%Fairly strict 61.2% 53.2% 53.2% 47.4% 55.3%Not very strict 5.8% 9.6% 11.4% 8.8% 8.4%I don't care 0.7% 3.2% 1.3% 1.8% 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

70

read mother-tongue newspapers more often than females.

Table 76-1 reveals the frequency of reading mother-tongue newspapers by age. The respondents aged 35 and above are most likely to read them and the frequency tends to decline as the respondents become younger.

2) Purchase of Halal Foods Table 75-2 (based on Q31-2) shows the frequency of purchasing Halal foods by

sex. The majority of respondents purchase them either twice a week (41%) or once a week (21%), while one quarter (25%) purchase them twice a month and 12% less than once a month. As a whole, males tend to purchase Halal foods more often than females.

Table 75-1 Frequency of Reading Home Newspapers by Sex

FrequencyMale Female Total

Not at all 18.1% 22.2% 19.1%Less than once a month 11.2% 21.1% 13.7%Twice a month 7.2% 12.2% 8.5%Once a week 13.8% 18.9% 15.0%Twice or more a week 49.6% 25.6% 43.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 76-1 Frequency of Reading Home Newspapers by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Not at all 23.7% 24.7% 11.3% 9.3% 19.1%Less than once a month 19.4% 9.7% 13.8% 5.6% 13.7%Twice a month 15.1% 4.3% 6.3% 1.9% 8.5%Once a week 16.5% 12.9% 17.5% 11.1% 15.0%Twice or more a week 25.2% 48.4% 51.3% 72.2% 43.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 75-2 Frequency of Buying Halal Foods by Sex



Sex

71

Table 76-2 reveals the frequency of purchasing Halal foods by age. The

frequency is the highest at ages 25-29 and the lowest at ages 35 and above.

3) Visit to Halal Restaurants Table 75-3 (based on Q31-3) shows the frequency of eating at Halal restaurants

by sex. The majority of respondents visit them somewhat less frequently: 40% visit less than once a month, 22% twice a month and 9% not at all. As a whole, males visit Halal restaurants more often than females.

Table 76-3 reveals the frequency of eating at Halal restaurants by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 18-24 and the lowest at ages 35 and above.

Table 76-2 Frequency of Buying Halal Foods by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total


Age Group

Table 75-3 Frequency of Eating at Halal Restaurants by Sex



Sex

Table 76-3 Frequency of Eating at Halal Restaurants by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total


Age Group

72

4) Prayers at Masjid Table 75-4 (based on Q31-4) shows the frequency of participating in prayer

services at the Masjid by sex. The majority of respondents participate in them either twice a week (33%) or once a week (21%). As a whole, males visit the Masjid much more often than females.

Table 76-4 reveals the frequency of participating in prayer services at the Masjid by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 30-34 and the lowest at ages 35 and above. But the percentage for participating twice or more a week is the highest (37%) at ages 18-24.

5) Prayers at Musallah Table 75-5 (based on Q31-5) shows the frequency of participating in prayer

services at the Musallah by sex. The majority of respondents (55%) participate in them twice a week and 14% once a week. As a whole, males visit the Musallah much more often than females.

Table 75-4 Frequency of Prayers at Masjid by Sex



Sex

Table 76-4 Frequency of Prayers at Masjid by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total


Age Group

73

Table 76-5 reveals the frequency of participating in prayer services at the Musallah by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 25-29 and the lowest at ages 18-24.

6) Islamic Lectures or Study Groups Table 75-6 (based on Q31-6) shows the frequency of participating in Islamic

lectures or study groups by sex. The respondents are divided into two: about 12% of respondents participate in them twice or more per week and 33% once a week, while 22% of them do not participate at all and 23% participate less than once a month. Males participate in them more often than females.

Table 76-6 reveals the frequency of participating in Islamic lectures or study

Table 75-5 Frequency of Prayers at Musallah by Sex



Sex

Table 76-5 Frequency of Prayers at Musallah by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total


Age Group

Table 75-6 Frequency of Attending Islamic Lectures by Sex



Sex

74

groups by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 18-24 and the lowest at ages 35 and above.

7) Dawah or Tabligh Table 75-7 (based on Q31-7) shows the frequency of participating in Dawah or

Tabligh by sex. The respondents are divided into two: about 48% of respondents do not participate at all and 25% participate less than once a month, while 14% of them participate once a week and 6% twice or more per week. Males participate in them more often than females.

Table 76-7 reveals the frequency of participating in Dawah or Tabligh by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 18-24 and the lowest at ages 25-29.

Table 76-6 Frequency of Attending Islamic Lectures by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total


Age Group

Table 75-7 Frequency of Dawah or Tabligh by Sex



Sex

Table 76-7 Frequency of Dawah or Tabligh by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total


Age Group

75

8) Muslim Student Activities Table 75-8 (based on Q31-8) shows the frequency of participating in activities of

the Muslim student circle by sex. The respondents are divided into two: about 34% of respondents do not participate at all and 31% participate less than once a month, while 18% of them participate once a week and 7% twice or more per week. Males participate in them more often than females.

Table 76-8 reveals the frequency of participating in activities of the Muslim student circle by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 18-24 and the lowest at ages 35 and above.

9) Foreign Student Activities Table 75-9 (based on Q31-9) shows the frequency of participating in activities of

the foreign student circle by sex. About 41% of respondents do not participate at all and 42% participate less than once a month, while 8% respectively participate twice a month or once a week. The frequency of males’ participation is as low as females’.

Table 75-8 Frequency of Muslim Student Activities by Sex


Not at all 32.4% 38.5% 33.9%Less than once a month 30.2% 31.9% 30.6%Twice a month 9.7% 17.6% 11.7%Once a week 19.1% 12.1% 17.3%Twice or more a week 8.6% - 6.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 76-8 Frequency of Muslim Student Activities by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total


Age Group

76

Table 76-9 reveals the frequency of participating in activities of the foreign

student circle by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 18-24 and the lowest at ages 35 and above.

10) Other Student Activities Table 75-10 (based on Q31-10) shows the frequency of participating in activities

of the other student circle by sex. About 48% of respondents do not participate at all and 33% participate less than once a month, while 10% participate twice a month and 7% once a week. The frequency of males’ participation is as low as females’.

Table 76-10 reveals the frequency of participating in activities of the other student circles by age. The frequency is the highest at ages 18-24 and the lowest at

Table 75-9 Frequency of Foregin Student Activities by Sex



Sex

Table 76-9 Frequency of Foregin Student Activities by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Not at all 46.7% 35.8% 35.4% 43.1% 40.9%Less than once a month 30.7% 51.6% 49.4% 43.1% 42.0%Twice a month 10.2% 6.3% 6.3% 5.2% 7.6%Once a week 10.9% 3.2% 6.3% 8.6% 7.6%Twice or more a week 1.5% 3.2% 2.5% - 1.9%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 75-10 Frequency of Other Student Activities by Sex



Sex

77

ages 25-29 and ages 35 and above. But the percentage of respondents who do not participate in activities of the other student circle at all is the highest at ages 18-24.

Table 76-10 Frequency of Other Student Activities by Age

Frequency18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Not at all 53.7% 44.2% 43.6% 44.8% 47.7%Less than once a month 21.3% 41.1% 37.2% 41.4% 33.0%Twice a month 12.5% 7.4% 11.5% 6.9% 10.1%Once a week 8.1% 6.3% 6.4% 6.9% 7.1%Twice or more a week 4.4% 1.1% 1.3% - 2.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

78

7. Satisfaction, Concerns and Plans Satisfaction

This section analyzes the level of satisfaction with each of 11 items by sex and age in the following order: study, family life, religious life, residence, foods, medical care, financial condition, relation with Japanese, relation with compatriots, relation with Muslims and part-time work (applicable respondents only). The overall satisfaction level is the highest for relation with compatriots followed by relation with Muslims, while it is the lowest for foods followed by relation with Japanese and religious life.

1) Study Table 77-1 (based on Q32-1) shows the level of satisfaction with the study by

sex. The majority of respondents (56%) are fairly satisfied with their study and 32% very satisfied, while 11% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 1% very unsatisfied. As a whole, males are more satisfied with their study than females.

Table 78-1 reveals the level of satisfaction with the study by age. The

respondents aged 35 and above are most satisfied with their study and those aged 18-24 are least satisfied.

Table 77-1 Satisfaction with Study by Sex

Satisfaction Male Female Total

Very satisfied 34.4% 26.1% 32.4%Fairly satisfied 54.5% 59.1% 55.6%Fairly unsatisfied 10.0% 14.8% 11.2%Very unsatisfied 1.1% - 0.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 78-1 Satisfaction with Study by Age

Satisfaction 18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Very satisfied 19.6% 30.1% 48.1% 45.6% 32.4%Fairly satisfied 64.5% 60.2% 38.0% 50.9% 55.6%Fairly unsatisfied 15.2% 8.6% 12.7% 3.5% 11.2%Very unsatisfied 0.7% 1.1% 1.3% - 0.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

79

2) Family Life Table 77-2 (based on Q32-2) shows the level of satisfaction with the family life

by sex. The majority of respondents (52%) are fairly satisfied with their family life and 36% very satisfied, while 19% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 3% very unsatisfied. As a whole, the satisfaction level for the family life is similar between sexes.

Table 78-2 reveals the level of satisfaction with the family life by age. The

respondents aged 18-24 and 35 and above are most satisfied with their family life and those aged 25-29 are least satisfied.

3) Religious Life Table 77-3 (based on Q32-3) shows the level of satisfaction with the religious

life by sex. Nearly a half of respondents (48%) are fairly satisfied with their religious life and 26% very satisfied, while 23% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 3% very unsatisfied. As a whole, the satisfaction level for the religious life is similar between sexes, except that no females are very unsatisfied.

Table 77-2 Satisfaction with Family Life by Sex


Very satisfied 35.7% 35.6% 35.6%Fairly satisfied 51.5% 53.3% 51.9%Fairly unsatisfied 10.7% 7.8% 9.9%Very unsatisfied 2.2% 3.3% 2.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 78-2 Satisfaction with Family Life by Age


Very satisfied 32.6% 29.8% 48.1% 35.2% 35.6%Fairly satisfied 57.0% 53.2% 39.2% 55.6% 51.9%Fairly unsatisfied 8.1% 14.9% 8.9% 7.4% 9.9%Very unsatisfied 2.2% 2.1% 3.8% 1.9% 2.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

80

Table 78-3 reveals the level of satisfaction with the religious life by age. The

respondents aged 30-34 are more satisfied with their religious life than other age groups.

4) Residence Table 77-4 (based on Q32-4) shows the level of satisfaction with the residence

by sex. The majority of respondents (54%) are fairly satisfied with their residence and 35% very satisfied, while 11% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 1% very unsatisfied. As a whole, females are more satisfied with their residence than males.

Table 78-4 reveals the level of satisfaction with the residence by age. The

respondents aged 25-29 are most satisfied with their residence and those aged 35 and

Table 77-3 Satisfaction with Religious Life by Sex



Sex

Table 78-3 Satisfaction with Religious Life by Age



Age Group

Table 77-4 Satisfaction with Residence by Sex



Sex

81

above are least satisfied.

5) Foods Table 77-5 (based on Q32-5) shows the level of satisfaction with the foods by sex.

The majority of respondents (54%) are fairly satisfied with their foods and 13% very satisfied, while 28% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 6% very unsatisfied. As a whole, the satisfaction level for the foods is similar between sexes.

Table 78-5 reveals the level of satisfaction with the foods by age. The

respondents aged 35 and above are most satisfied with their foods and those aged 25-29 are least satisfied.

Table 78-4 Satisfaction with Residence by Age


Very satisfied 29.0% 40.0% 41.0% 31.0% 34.7%Fairly satisfied 60.9% 50.5% 44.9% 53.4% 53.7%Fairly unsatisfied 8.7% 8.4% 14.1% 15.5% 10.8%Very unsatisfied 1.4% 1.1% - - 0.8%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 77-5 Satisfaction with Foods by Sex



Sex

Table 78-5 Satisfaction with Foods by Age



Age Group

82

6) Medical Care Table 77-6 (based on Q32-6) shows the level of satisfaction with the medical

care by sex. The majority of respondents (51%) are fairly satisfied with their medical care and 38% very satisfied, while 9% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 3% very unsatisfied. As a whole, the satisfaction level for the medical care is similar between sexes.

Table 78-6 reveals the level of satisfaction with the medical care by age. The

respondents aged 18-24 are most satisfied with their medical care and those aged 35 and above are least satisfied.

7) Financial Condition Table 77-7 (based on Q32-7) shows the level of satisfaction with the financial

condition by sex. The majority of respondents (53%) are fairly satisfied with their financial condition and 30% very satisfied, while 15% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 2% very unsatisfied. As a whole, males are more satisfied with their financial condition than females.

Table 77-6 Satisfaction with Medical Care by Sex



Sex

Table 78-6 Satisfaction with Medical Care by Age


Very satisfied 28.3% 37.6% 50.6% 41.4% 37.5%Fairly satisfied 65.9% 47.3% 35.4% 41.4% 50.8%Fairly unsatisfied 5.8% 11.8% 8.9% 12.1% 9.0%Very unsatisfied - 3.2% 5.1% 5.2% 2.7%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

83

Table 78-7 reveals the level of satisfaction with the financial condition by age.

The respondents aged 18-24 are most satisfied with their financial condition and those aged 25-29 and 35 and above are least satisfied.

8) Relation with Japanese Table 77-8 (based on Q32-8) shows the level of satisfaction with the relation

with Japanese by sex. The majority of respondents (52%) are fairly satisfied with their relation with Japanese and 18% very satisfied, while 23% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 7% very unsatisfied. As a whole, the satisfaction level for the relation with Japanese is similar between sexes.

Table 78-8 reveals the level of satisfaction with the relation with Japanese by

Table 77-7 Satisfaction with Financial Codition by Sex



Sex

Table 78-7 Satisfaction with Financial Condition by Age



Age Group

Table 77-8 Satisfaction with Relation with Japanese by Sex



Sex

84

age. The respondents aged 35 and above are most satisfied with their relation with Japanese and those aged 25-29 are least satisfied.

9) Relation with Compatriots Table 77-9 (based on Q32-9) shows the level of satisfaction with the relation

with compatriots by sex. The majority of respondents (58%) are very satisfied with their relation with compatriots and 39% fairly satisfied, while 2% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 2% very unsatisfied. As a whole, males are more satisfied with their relation with compatriots than females.

Table 78-9 reveals the level of satisfaction with the relation with compatriots

by age. The respondents aged 30-34 are most satisfied with their relation with compatriots and those aged 25-29 are least satisfied.

Table 78-8 Satisfaction with Relation with Japanese by Age



Age Group

Table 77-9 Satisfaction with Relation with Compatriots by Sex



Sex

85

10) Relation with Muslims Table 77-10 (based on Q32-10) shows the level of satisfaction with the relation

with Muslims by sex. The majority of respondents (51%) are very satisfied with their relation with Muslims and 45% fairly satisfied, while 4% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 0% very unsatisfied. As a whole, males are more satisfied with their relation with Muslims than females.

Table 78-10 reveals the level of satisfaction with the relation with Muslims by

age. The respondents aged 18-24 are most satisfied with their relation with Muslims and those aged 35 and above are least satisfied.

11) Part-Time Work (Applicable Respondents Only)

Table 78-9 Satisfaction with Relation with Compatriots by Age


Very satisfied 56.5% 57.9% 63.3% 50.9% 57.5%Fairly satisfied 40.6% 34.7% 35.4% 47.4% 39.0%Fairly unsatisfied 2.2% 3.2% - 1.8% 1.9%Very unsatisfied 0.7% 4.2% 1.3% - 1.6%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 77-10 Satisfaction with Relation with Muslims by Sex



Sex

Table 78-10 Satisfaction with Relation with Muslims by Age


Very satisfied 51.4% 55.8% 50.0% 41.4% 50.7%Fairly satisfied 46.4% 38.9% 46.3% 48.3% 44.7%Fairly unsatisfied 2.2% 5.3% 2.5% 10.3% 4.3%Very unsatisfied - - 1.3% - 0.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

86

Table 77-11 (based on Q32-11) shows the level of satisfaction with the part-time work by sex among applicable respondents. About two thirds of respondents (66%) are fairly satisfied with their part-time work and 21% very satisfied, while 10% of them are fairly unsatisfied and 3% very unsatisfied. As a whole, females are more satisfied with their part-time work than males.

Table 78-11 reveals the level of satisfaction with the part-time work by age

among applicable respondents. The respondents aged 25-29 are most satisfied with their part-time work and those aged 35 and above are least satisfied.

Concerns

Table 79 (based on Q33) shows the frequency of concerns with 16 items by sex. The greatest concern is the language difficulty (68%) followed by foods (57%), family at home (49%) and future life (45%). Other concerns passing the 20% mark include security at home (38%), health (32%), lack of free time (30%), child education and Japanese way of thinking (29% for both), home sickness (28%), community relationships (27%), study facilities (24%) and Japanese habits (22%). Among them males are much more likely to have concerns over health, child education, while females are much more likely to have concerns over home sickness.

Table 77-11 Satisfaction with Part-Time Work by Sex*



Sex

Table 78-11 Satisfaction with Part-Time Work by Age*


Very satisfied 8.0% 38.5% 36.4% 11.1% 20.7%Fairly satisfied 76.0% 53.8% 54.5% 66.7% 65.5%Fairly unsatisfied 8.0% 7.7% 9.1% 22.2% 10.3%Very unsatisfied 8.0% - - - 3.4%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

87

Table 80 reveals the frequency of concerns with 16 items by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are most likely to have concerns over future life and Japanese

Table 79 Concerns by Sex (MA)

ConcernsMale Female Total

Child Education 30.4% 23.7% 28.7%Security at Home 38.9% 34.4% 37.8%Health 33.9% 25.8% 31.9%Language Difficulty 68.2% 65.6% 67.6%Family at Home 49.8% 47.3% 49.2%Future Life 43.8% 47.3% 44.7%Homesickness 21.6% 46.2% 27.7%Lack of Free Time 29.3% 32.3% 30.1%Joblessness 14.1% 16.1% 14.6%Residence 13.8% 8.6% 12.5%Japanese Habits 21.2% 24.7% 22.1%Japanese Thinking 28.6% 29.0% 28.7%Office Politics 6.4% 9.7% 7.2%Foods 55.8% 60.2% 56.9%Community Relation 27.6% 23.7% 26.6%Study Facilities 24.7% 22.6% 24.2%Other 3.5% 2.2% 3.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 80 Concerns by Age (MA)

Concerns18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Child Education 11.3% 16.8% 48.1% 62.7% 28.7%Security at Home 39.0% 34.7% 40.7% 35.6% 37.8%Health 29.1% 24.2% 32.1% 50.8% 31.9%Language Difficulty 61.7% 74.7% 71.6% 64.4% 67.6%Family at Home 48.9% 54.7% 45.7% 45.8% 49.2%Future Life 56.0% 42.1% 38.3% 30.5% 44.7%Homesickness 22.7% 33.7% 30.9% 25.4% 27.7%Lack of Free Time 17.7% 36.8% 43.2% 30.5% 30.1%Joblessness 16.3% 18.9% 12.3% 6.8% 14.6%Residence 7.8% 12.6% 18.5% 15.3% 12.5%Japanese Habits 24.1% 25.3% 16.0% 20.3% 22.1%Japanese Thinking 34.8% 28.4% 24.7% 20.3% 28.7%Office Politics 6.4% 6.3% 7.4% 10.2% 7.2%Foods 59.6% 67.4% 46.9% 47.5% 56.9%Community Relation 29.1% 26.3% 23.5% 25.4% 26.6%Study Facilities 26.2% 26.3% 17.3% 25.4% 24.2%Other 5.0% 3.2% 1.2% 1.7% 3.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

88

way of thinking, while those aged 35 and above are most likely to have concerns over child education and health. The respondents aged 25-29 are most likely to have concerns over foods and family at home, while those aged 30-34 are more likely to have concerns over lack of free time. Satisfaction with Life in Japan

Table 81 (based on Q34) shows the satisfaction with the life in Japan by sex. Most respondents (78%) are satisfied with their life in Japan and 14% very satisfied, while only 8% of them are not satisfied. As a whole, females are more satisfied with their life in Japan.

Table 82 reveals the satisfaction with the life in Japan by age. The respondents aged 25-29 are least satisfied with their life in Japan.

Adaptation to Life in Japan

Table 83 (based on Q35) shows the level of adaptation to the life in Japan by sex. Most respondents (83%) are adapted to their life in Japan and 10% very adapted, while only 6% of them are not adapted and 1% not adapted at all. As a whole, the adaptation level for the life in Japan is similar between sexes.

Table 81 Satisfaction with Life in Japan by Sex


Very satisfied 13.9% 14.3% 14.0%Satisfied 77.1% 80.2% 77.9%Not satisfied 8.6% 5.5% 7.8%Not satisfied at all 0.4% - 0.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 82 Satisfaction with Life in Japan by Age


Very satisfied 9.4% 14.9% 20.0% 15.5% 14.0%Satisfied 84.2% 74.5% 71.3% 77.6% 77.9%Not satisfied 6.5% 10.6% 8.8% 5.2% 7.8%Not satisfied at all - - - 1.7% 0.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

89

Table 84 reveals the level of adaptation to the life in Japan by age. The

respondents aged 30-34 are least adapted to their life in Japan.

Plans for Place of Work Table 85 (based on Q36) shows the plans for place of work by sex. The first choice for employment is a university or a college (44%) followed by a Japanese company (25%) and a research institute (17%). Others include a home company (14%), home government (13%) and a foreign company (13%). Males are much more likely to plan to work at a home company or the home government, while females are much more likely to plan to work at a research institute.

Table 86 reveals the plans for place of work by age. The respondents aged 18-24 are most likely to plan to work at a Japanese company, a home company or a foreign company and least likely to plan to work at a research institute or a university or a college. On the other hand, those aged 35 and above are most likely to plan to work at a university or a college and the home government.

Table 83 Adaptation to Life in Japan by Sex

AdaptationMale Female Total

Very aapted 10.0% 11.0% 10.2%Adapted 83.6% 81.3% 83.1%Not adapted 6.0% 6.6% 6.2%Not adapted at all 0.4% 1.1% 0.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 84 Adaptation to Life in Japan by Age

Adaptation18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Very aapted 10.1% 8.4% 15.0% 6.9% 10.2%Adapted 84.9% 84.2% 75.0% 87.9% 83.1%Not adapted 5.0% 7.4% 7.5% 5.2% 6.2%Not adapted at all 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 0.0% 0.5%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

90

Preference for Country of Work Table 87 (based on Q37) shows the preferred country of work by sex. Less than two thirds of respondents (63%) prefer to work in their home country, while less than one third (29%) prefer to work in Japan and 8% in other countries. The preference is virtually the same for each sex.

Table 88 reveals the preferred country of work by age. The respondents aged

Table 85 Work Place Plans by Sex (MA)

Work PlaceMale Female Total

Japanese Company 24.7% 23.7% 24.5%Home Company 15.2% 9.7% 13.8%Foreign Company 13.4% 11.8% 13.0%Home Government 14.5% 9.7% 13.3%Research Institute 15.9% 21.5% 17.3%University/College 43.1% 45.2% 43.6%Other Education 2.1% 6.5% 3.2%Self-Employment 5.3% 9.7% 6.4%Other 3.9% 9.7% 5.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

Table 86 Work Place Plans by Age (MA)

Work Place18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Japanese Company 45.4% 14.7% 9.9% 10.2% 24.5%Home Company 24.1% 10.5% 3.7% 8.5% 13.8%Foreign Company 17.0% 12.6% 9.9% 8.5% 13.0%Home Government 12.1% 10.5% 14.8% 18.6% 13.3%Research Institute 9.9% 23.2% 22.2% 18.6% 17.3%University/College 19.1% 51.6% 59.3% 67.8% 43.6%Other Education 1.4% 7.4% 2.5% 1.7% 3.2%Self-Employment 8.5% 5.3% 4.9% 5.1% 6.4%Other 3.5% 8.4% 3.7% 6.8% 5.3%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

Table 87 Preferred Country of Work by Sex

CountryMale Female Total

Japan 29.0% 28.6% 28.9%Home Country 62.7% 63.7% 62.9%Other Countries 8.3% 7.7% 8.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Sex

91

18-24 are most likely to prefer to work in Japan and least likely to prefer to work in their home country, while those aged 35 and above are most likely to prefer to work in their home country and least likely to prefer to work in Japan. Those aged 25-29 and 30-34 are more likely to prefer to work in other countries.

Table 88 Preferred Country of Work by Age

Country18-24 25-29 30-34 35+ Total

Japan 40.1% 21.3% 27.8% 15.8% 28.9%Home Country 54.7% 68.1% 60.8% 77.2% 62.9%Other Countries 5.1% 10.6% 11.4% 7.0% 8.2%Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Age Group

92

※本書は、2014 年度早稲田大学特定課題研究助成費（特定課題Ｂ）「ムスリム・マイノリテ

ィのハラール食品消費行動の関連要因：東アジアと西欧の比較研究（2014B-361）」（研究代

表者：小島宏）の成果の一部として、その経費により印刷されたものである。 Report of the Survey on Muslim Students in Japan (2013-2014) Hiroshi KOJIMA, Jin NODA, Hirofumi OKAI and Yukari SAI Research Paper Series, Institute for Asian Muslim Studies, Waseda University, Vol.4 （早稲田大学アジア・ムスリム研究所リサーチペーパー・シリーズ Vol.4）

2015 年２月 25 日発行早稲田大学重点領域研究機構プロジェクト研究所

〒162-0041 東京都新宿区早稲田鶴巻町 513 番地

早稲田大学 120-4 号館３階 311 TEL: 03-3203-4748 FAX: 03-3203-4840

E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.kikou.waseda.ac.jp/ias/research/ams.php

ISBN 978-4-9907402-3-8 Printed in Japan © Hiroshi KOJIMA 2015

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.kikou.waseda.ac.jp/ias/research/ams.php

94

Research Paper Series, Vol.4

Institute for

Asian Muslim Studies

Waseda University

早稲田大学アジア・ムスリム研究所 リサーチペー …...isbn 978-4-9907402-3-8...

Documents

早稲田大学アジア・ムスリム研究所リサーチペー …...isbn 978-4-9907402-3-8...