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c^a]Ke iaR^^ NhY^c, 1948 (Universal Declaration of HumanRights, UDHR d.W.GP.@e.)

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@]Ke MWKe Cy - ^P aMKeY :

gZk~e eR ^ZK @ajIe R ^[a _cL c^a]Ke X ce @MZKZK c^a]KeK @^ KZK c^a]Ke @_l @]K MeZ_c^KeMf @]Ke MWK MU @^Ve @fM Ke \La a MU@^Ve QU K aW baae `k GA@ jf ~ KC @]Ke aW GaKC @]Ke QU K KCU ag Ree Ga KCU Kc Ree - KakZ'e C_e j c^a]Kee aZK KbZ jf _ZK @ai Z[ _eiZ_Qe ej[a KeY Ga _eYc _A GKe @]K c^a]Kee i_q ej[G KYi GK _eiZK R ^ \A[a K Gje _eYce \L~C[a @]KeMWK @fM @fM ee eL \La `ke ij _eiZK iVK baaSae a]K jA[G \e\ - ~j fKu Ra^ _A NZK jA_e -aj @]Ke CfN^e _eYc, ~_e L\, eRMe, @gd AZ\ ~jZ G @]Ke @[K Ga icRK gY @bq, G[e i jC[a Mea

3. jfe PfiI[, What areWomens International Human RightseaK R.KKu i_\Z, HumanRights of Women : National andInternational Perspectives _Ke P-85-84 (`fWf`@ -_^ifb^@ d^beiU _i,1994)4. fe, Gf, jAi, Freedom Closeto Home : The Impact of ViolenceAgainst Women ReproductiveRights, Ga eaK KK, InternationalHuman Rights and WomensPeproductive Health, in WomensRights, Human Rights : InternationalFeminist Perspective, Rf _Ui I@ @ If_e i_\Z, 238, 256(London, Routledge 1995)

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5. K^[ e[ Domestic Violnce asan International Human Rights Issuein Human Rights of Women : Nationaland International Perspectives,ea^ KK i_\Z _ 326-339(`fWf`@ : _^ifb^@d^beiU _i, 1995)6. gak \L7. gak \L

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8. @b^ Gi. `Re, BecomingHuman : The Origin and Developmentof Womens Rights in Women,Gender and Human Rights : A GlobalPerspective, cRe @Mi^ i_\Z15-64 (Rd_e : eIZ _aKg^,2003)18.

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24

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18. eZ K_e I a Kic^,Subversive Sites : FeministEngagement with Law in India ( ^C\f : iR _aKi ^, 1996, 175-172)19. _eh I cjk ce icR \ei KejA[a _b\K Reid _b\ Kj~G Re id_b\ cZ\g \e _ jA[G GaicRKeY _Kd \e idZ fbKe[G Re b\K fw b\ Ve@fM Ke aSaK ja fw b\ RaKa _KZK jA[a ak Re b\icRK

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20. W[W a^c ef^i^ rmmu.s. 321 (1997) Ki @d^,Building Capacity for Change : TrainingMannual on the Convention on theElimination of All Forms ofDescrimination Against Womn,

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K~^ ^ : cjku _Z @fM aaje, _ZaK K ajecjku ^A ej[a fwd ba^ id ]eY ic^u @]Ke Gai]^Z C_e GK ^KecK _ba _KA[G Gjia ]eY C_e @]eZK~ ^^ Z^ bae j ^KeK jA[G cjk Ga _ehc^u ce @fM aaje:- _eh Ga cjk _Z @fM -@fM aajee iaak b\ba C_^ jA^[G Kak ij ia @fMaaje ~j cjku @]Ke Ga i]^Z C_e @ @Y[G iMWK jb\ba_ Kj~G ZY, cjku i_ZK K HZjiK KeYe jC[a@ia] MWK i]ea _A ~C ia iKecK K~ ^^ ^@~G, i MWK

G[e icf jA ^j cjku @]Ke Ga i]^Z C_e _ZaK :-_ZaKe @[ @]Ke MWKGa i]^ZK Kc Kea a icZ eLa cjk c^u eZe Kc Kea C_eKUKY, ~a @iae KUKY, @bbaK K icu @ ^cZ ^A eRMe Kea,K ic^u cRe eRMe _ea^ AZ\ G ia b\bae KZUC\jeY

aZ (Exclusion) :- aZ @[ fw Ga fwd ba^ ]eY @]eecjkc^ u @]Ke Ga i]^Ze aZ Kea cjk c^u ]cK _ejZ _\a^ \a, S@c^u _ZK i_e bM ^\a, bU \a @]Kee aZKea K KYi agh _\a MjY Kea_A @ ^cZ ^ \a AZ\ @]Keeaje @ee cjkc^u KW lZe bM^a C_e ^h] ReKeMf KQ icd_e Gj ^h]m UK Xf KeMf cjkc^u `UafQW @^ Lk Lka _A @^cZ \@Mf G @^cZ MUG ie\@Mf - ~ cjkc^u _e gee Xu jC[a bk

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^28

gk^ _hK _aK ja K ~C ia RMe Kak cjkc^ Lka_A aai Ke~AQ iVe ic^ ^R AQ cZaK _hK __ea

G C\jeYe b\ba i Ke[a Z^ _Ke K~ ^^e SfK \L _ea,~_e - @fM aaje, _ZaK Z[ aje @^ ga\e Kjf, `UafLke bM ^ ^A _ea "aZ'K \gCQ, gk^ _hK _ae i "@fMaaje'K \gCQ Z[ ^R AQcZaK _hK _ Lk _eaK Kak iZba cjkc^u _A C i^ ce icZ Kea "_ZaK'K \gCQ

Cg - RYaS @a @RYZe b\ba KeaRY aS jC @a @RYZe Ke~C - G Cbd _Ke b\baK iW b\bae_ebhe @bq KeQ Cg C_e ^j ae _eYc C_e iW ^KZ Ke[G @bbaKZ id @A^ Gjbk b\baK \gA[G~C[e cjku _ehu Zk^e ^c ee eL~AQ cjku ^c e\a \e b\bae Cg i \L ~A[G j @bbaKZ @A^eKak _Z j _KZK @bbaK, c ^j Kak _Ze @ ^_iZe j @A^cK @bbaK ba iKZ \A[G 22 Gj @ ^_iZ KZK iZe jA[G,~_e - _Ze cZe, Ne\e QW fMf K ^R \dZe cj cW^f

@RYZe Ke~C[a b\ba c iWe @bq G[e ijia iZ GaK~ ^^ icf Ke~AQ ~je Cg ^j b\ba Kea, _e iMWKe_eYc b\ba_ jA[G Gj iZak jA[G ~Zak K Gj ]e

^@~A[G ~ _eh Ga cjk ic^ ee, ~\I aa lZe G_e ^j

21. C\jeY _A \L : IranianWomn are Compting in Sports Again,The Women Watch, InternationalWomens Right Action Watch,Minnesota, June 1998, Vol. 11, Nos.3 & 4, 822. MZ jeje^ a^c eRb au@ ` A@ AIR, 1999 SC 1149 \L

iWe ckK X 29

@fM aaje _ZaK ai

Gjbk ]eY ~M cjkc^u C_e _eh @]eZ c^\K f\\@~A[G Gjbk c^\ cjkc^u C_e \MY aS f\\A ic^u ic^ i~MGa @]Kee aZ Ke[G EY ^a _A i]eYZ i[G ~ aueRce KMR_Z aKba \Lf KeaK ja G i, G aaKZK @Y\LKe\A[G ~ @]Kg cjk ^ Ce]Ke iZe _ZK i_e Rc _A[^ ic^u _Le Rc KYae lcZ [G Gjbk bae aaZK @Y\LKe cjk Ga _ehu _A ic^ ie _eYc jCQ ~ cjk c^u auEYe aPZ Kea _eYc : @]Ke Z[ i]^Ze iKZ, Gje C_bM K _dM lZea] i K Gje ic iW @MZ aajeK b\ba_ PjU Kea ^c Gj fwd ba^ id]eY C_e @]eZ jA[a \eKe G[ ijZ Gj c Ree ~ Gjb\ba_ aajee _eYc c^a]Ke Ga i]^Ze c^Z, C_bM K _dM lZe a] i Ke[a K Gje ic Ke\C[a ~\ KYi @]KeijZ i K ~MZ ~W \@~G, Zjf @]Ke C_bM lZe a]i jA[G G_e Kea ` ke @]Ke Kak iA fKc^u bZe icZjA[G ~Cc^ ij i _eY Ke_e[a a ~MZe @]Ke jA[a fwMZ _b\ KeYe cjkc^u i_ bae KYi @]Kee aPZ Keaa]jG b\bae iaV i C\jeY Gje _eYc @]Kee _ ic KYi aaje iZak b\ba _ jA[G, ~Zak Gje _bacjkc^u c^a]Ke Ga i]^Z C_e ^ cfLZ bae _W[G

Gje c^Ze ic Kea K c^Ze a] _jAa Gje C_bM Kea lZe ic K a] iKea Gje _dM lZe ic K a] i Kea

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^30

Rc/Nee KMR_Z

RYgY Ke~C[a b\ba @RYZe jC[a b\ba

au

EY _A@R

@a\^Ke

~KYi lZe ~ KYi K \e b\baeR^ZK, @[K, icRK, iZK K @^ ~ KYi lZe jC[ab\ba iW _eiebq b\bae K~lZ Ra^e iaR^^ lZ _~Kak icZ ^ j NeA lZ Z[ NeA Ku aaje c b\ba _ebh@bq @[Z ~ KYi aq, K_ei^, _eae a ic\d \e Ke~A[ab\ba Gje _eiebq iW Kak fLZ @A^e ^jZ b\ba ceicZ ^ j, ae icRK, iZK ]eY Z[ _[ MWKe ej[a b\ba cGje @MZ

b\bae a_K _ebhe GK[ i ~ iW Kak b\bae C K KakGje aj e_ C_e ^ \A ^[G, ae cjku _A i_ e_ec^a]Ke Ga i]^Ze iel Kea C_e Gje ^ b\bae CHZjiK jA[C @a i_ZK, aqMZ jC @a iiMZ, iaMWK Gje_ebh _eie bq iW @MZ ic^Ze c_\ J_eK @A^ KK~^^ ce icZ ^j ae, G[e cjku aa iZ Ga @aiKicf Ke~AQ @A^MZ bhe J_eK @A^K a]Z lZ Ga aa@aiK aZ lZ Kj~A[G

23. cjkc^ gKe jC[a ia_Kee b\ba \e Kea _A ia\,1979, ]e-124. gak \L 25. gak \L

iWe ckK X 31

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^R K~ _eieK icZ eL^ j ~KYi lZe b\ba jae iba^ejQ i ia lZ _~ Gj ^Re K~lZK _ieZ Ke[G @^z\2(Q) Ga 5 icRK _[, EXa\ ^Z ^dce C_^ b\ba ie ee\dZK aKgZ Ga i\X Ke[ Gj_e bae G Cbd J_eK @A^Ga @^_eK ^Z^ dce C_^ jC[a b\ba _~ ee Ce\d_ieZ Ke[G @ ^z\ 2 Ga 3 b\ba \eKea Ga ic^Z i^ ZKea ie e_eL Z@e Ke[ @ ^z\2(P) KYi aq ii aC\Mu K~Kk_e C_^ b\baK \e Kea \d e C_e ^Ke[G G[e Cbd ieKe Ga NeA K~K, i aq j@ K MjA[, e \de K~lZ c]e @i[ @^z\ 2 Ga 3eC_e Kak @A^ \e b\ba \e Keae \dZ ^ ^ Ke ae G\Me iKecK K~ ^^ MjY Kea, ^Z I ~R^ _Yd^ Kea Ga@^ ic _Ke _\l_ ^ae \dZ c] ^ Ke[ ee Ce\dZKiKe Kea ^c @ ^z\ 4 e GjK Kak J_eK K~ ^^ c]eicZ ^ eL iKecK K~^^ c] Z bZe icf Ke~AQ Gjbkbae e \dZe iK ic^Z Z[ b\baaj^ aaje ijZ ~WiWe ck\@K cRbZ Ke~AQ @ ^z\ 1 e 4 c]e aL Ke~C[ae \dZe ab^ \M C_e ^ce Py KeMf

ik id \dZ Ga _eYc id \dZ

iW e C_e \A _Ke \dZ ^ Ke[G -ike Ga _eYce iKecKK~^ ^ , iie ckK ~R ^, _glY K~Kc, ^ Z^ i~M i, iel aai _Ae \e ii]^ @a^ Ree - G ia ee ik id \dZ Gbk Kea \ej cjk c^ u aee ej[a HZjiK Ga iZK b\ba \e Ke~A_ea K cjku _A ic^ Z i^ Z KeaK jf ii]^e aai Kea @Z Ree jf Kak GZKe ee \dZ gh jA ^ [G G[_A Gj ia Kea c]Ree ~ ii]^ @a^ \e aae cjkc^ u ic^ Z i^ Z jA _eQ Gje @[ jCQ ~ aa iZe i]e @Ya e \dZe GK MeZ_ c^ \ C\jeY ie_, cZ\^ @]Ke a bU \ae @]Ke @_ @_ cjku eR ^ZK@gMjY i^ Z Ke ^ [G J_eK ee Gj @]Ke i^ Z ja i ~\cjkc^ glZ ^ j, ic^ u _[ c^ u ie, eR ^ZK \k Ga bU \ae@^^ \M ahde RY^ j Z[ iZ ae K iaR^^ Pye bM ^aei~M 26 ic^ u _Le ^ j Zjf ic^ aa lZe Gj @]Kee _dMKe_e ^ j aaK aaje ee ic^ Z @Ya_A iKecK K~^ ^ C_eRe \A @ ^z\-4 _eYc iZ \dZ C_e MeZ \A[G

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^32

@]KeK i^ \a Ga Gje _ I iele \dZ :c^a]Ke MWK iKe Kea _A eK Z^U ee \dZ ^ bAaK _Wa- _[c, @]Ke Ga i]^ ZK i^ \a, \Zd, Gje _ _A ~R^ , ^Z

^dc Ga aaiMZ X Z@e Kea Ga ghe, ^d aai \e _ZK@]Ke Ga i]^Z ~_e CfN^ ^ jG i[_A iel _\^ Kea Gj Z^ ee ej[a \dZ e _e Kf j aaK ee cjkc^u @]Ke Gai]^Z _ jA_ea

i]eYZ, i ]^ Z[ @^^ @A^e iKZ \@~A @]Ke Ga i]^Zei^ Ke~A[G K Kak iKZ \A\f aa ee cjk Z[ _eej[a fKu @]Ke _ jA ^ [G Gj KeYe ii]^e aai KeC_~q ~R^ _Yd^ Kea, _glY \a Ga @^^ aai Kea ^ZRee G ia _\l_ \e ~ @_ @_ @]Ke C_bM i^ Z jA ~GZ ^j G[_A @agKd @A^ aai, _fi Ga @_\Kk^ ia

^eZ Kea c] Ree Gj Z^ ee \dZ ^bAf ~A j KYi e@]Ke Ga i]^ ZK _e cZe c^Z \A_e Z[ G iae ^R Az@ ^~d C_bM Ga _dMK i^ Z Ke_e

iKecK K~ ^^ :HZjiK Ga _PkZ b\bae aS ~M J_eK ee ic^ @]Ke[a i cjkc^ _e cZe Gje C_~M Ke_e ^j HZjiKGa _PkZ b\bae C_^ jC[a _ZaK MWK \e Kea _A iW@^z\-4 e \A _Ke iKecK K~^^ ^eZ KeQ iKecKK~^^ iMWK Kj~G ~j\e cjk Z[ _e ej[a aMu _ZjC[a j^K beY Ke~A _ea @^z\-4 \A _Ke iKecKK~ ^^K MeZ \A[G- @id Ga id @id iKecK K~ ^^ij icd _~ Ree ~ _~ HZjiK K _PkZ b\bae aS @]KeC_bM Keae _ZaK i Ke[a G K~ ^^ ijia b\ba ijiZ ~jK P Kf \e Ke~A_ea ZY, ~C ^ZMWK cjkc^uK~lZe ^~q K _\ ^Ze _[cKZ \A[ i ia @id iKecKK~ ^^e C\jeY28 KU a ielY \e eR^Ze cjku ijbMZaXAa Gj_e @C GK C\jeY id iKecK K~ ^^ iMWK ~j

^ee fM Ke~A[G KeY, Gj geeK b^ Ze C_^ cjku @agKZK_eY Ke[G, ~_eK Mbai, _iZ / cZZ ij ~W jA[a @agKZ id I @id K~^^e Cg jCQ agh _\l_ ^eZ Kea agh _\l_ cjku \akZ ij RWZ ^j, ae GZjiK Ga _PkZb\bae jC[a @ia] Ga C_iZ _ZaKK \eKea ij RWZ

26. i]eY iZ 23, L-2027. i]eY bhe iKeZKb\ba g iKeZK K~ ^^K aSAa _A aaje Ke~A[G,K i]eY iZ i]eZK alZ_eK b\baK iKeZKb\ba @_l @]K _i Ke[G agh @]KeK i]eZK a iKeZKb\baVe @fM eLa CPZ agh@]Ke icRK _ee C_e @]eZjA[a ak iKeZK b\baagh ic\d aee HZjiKb\bae C ^k^ Kea _A C 28. \L - The European Courtof Justice has Ruled in Favour ofJob Preferences for women; TheWomns Watch, Internat ionalWomns Rights Action Watch, Dec,1997, Vol. II, No. 2.6.29. i]eY iZ - 25 L - 21

iWe ckK X 33

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@ic^ i~M / _eiZ

Ka _k^ Keae c_\ (Duty Diligence)

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iWe ckK X 35

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iWe @g\e ja @[ Gj ~ e cjku aee jC[a b\baKPjU Ke Gje Cg Ga G[ ijZ ~WjA[a Ka _eKeae \dZ^A[G K icRK i]ea Z[ cjku iZe _ea^ @Ya ijR Kc^j Kak i\ba, \XiK Z[ ^ee _Kd \e j _ea^@Y~A_e i[_A _ZK ee i i]^Z ejQ ~ Gj ^R eibe cjku iZ @^^Ke Ka _eKea _A Ree _\l_ Gaicdic ^ eY Kea ee Gj @]Ke cejQ ~ ^ R lcZ Ga _eiZ@ ^ie ^ KZK @ ^z\ C_e i30 NhY Ke ^ R ibe \dZiaK _ebhZ Ke_ea K i a NhY _dMe @]Ke \dZ ijKeja Pj ~_e Gj\e iWe ck Cg l ^ jG iWK ic[^ RYAf_e e \A ee Ce\d jA[G _[c - @RZK ee iW KcUeicl _Kd \e33 Ga \Zd, \g ce iWe i MWK ed@A^e icf Ke cjku ic^Z i^Z Kea

iWK ab^ bae ed @A ^e @bq Ke~A _e, ~_eK ^@ @A ^_Yd^ Ke, ^Z ^eY Ke, iW \KYe _PkZ @A^e aScY aKgZKe Z[ @^ C_d \e 34 i]eYZ ]e ^@~A[G ~, ~ _~ Pq@]ee ed @A ^e _ea^ @Y ^ ~AQ i _~ @RZK i ]^eNhZ @]Ke fKu _ jA_ea ^ j K CyZc ^ dkd (i_c KU)uKZK ^h `ke GA ]eYe _ea^ @iQ i[e Gj Kj~AQ ~@RZK PqK @_YA [a ee fKu c^e iia @]Ke C_bM Keae@g i jA[G 35 @g\e e ibe GAbk @gK CPZc^Ke~A[G KeY G ia @g _eY KeaK j @]Ke e_e \L~A[G

30. gak \L 31. gak \L 32. cjku ae ic _Keb\ba \e Kea _A ia\ 1979]e-28 (2) Ga bG^ i @A^1969e a] iZ ielY ^eZjAQ Gje i jCQ ~ ielYie Cg ij ck LC[a, @ ^jA ^ jA[a Ga i\i e

^e ijZ Gj Ke[a 33. i @MZ \dZ iejA[a _MZe icl _A i\ieK _Z 4 ahe [e icZK e_U\aK _W[G 34. NeA ba @bq Ke~A[aab^ C_de C\jeY _A \L :Bringing Equality Home : Implmentingthe Convention on the Elimination ofAll Forms of Discrimination AgainstWomn, faM fAi i_\Z (NewYork : United Nations DevelopmentFund for Women, 1998)35. NeA bae @bqKeY _A~\I a]^K @]^dce @agKZejQ, Z[_ G lZe _ae aPekdi_\Z \ ~[[ _Zge @]ee@RZK c^\ fMKeae ic[^\A[G Minister of Immigration andEthnic Affairs V. Tech, (1994) 128 ALR353 (High Court of Australia andVishaka V. State of Rajasthan (1997)6 SCC 241 (Supreme Court of India).

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^36

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36. ]e - 1 e b\bae _ebh\L37. i]eY iZ 1538. i]eY iZ 1939. i]eY iZ 1840. KcU ai^ @, e, Kw GabeZ _Le ^dcZ e_U aZZ G\g c^ue @beY iNheRe @]eZ ji ie @Zeqe_U cMQ

37

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@ ^z\ -5

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Ga icRK ]eY MWK a\kAa Ree _eaeK Ra^ Z[

NeA Kc] bMae c ic^Z @Ya Ree Gj NeA

lZMWKe _ea^ e MeZ \e @ ^z\ -5 icRK ^ dc, ]eY

Ga _[ _ea^ e \dZ e C_e ^ KeQ VK Gj_e @ ^z\-

5 (L) _eaeK Ra^e _eh Ga cjku ce Nee \LgY,

_fc^u fk^ _k^ id icRK ^dcc^ a\kAae \dZ

e C_e ^ KeQ Gj_e bae cjk Ga _ehu _eaeK

bcKe ic^Z @Y G @ ^z\ cjku _A aaid

id @^^ lZe ia^K aXA [G

i]eY iZ -19

_eeK ]eY Ga _[c^ cjkc^u _ehu @]^

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ijbk ic^ iZ-19 icRK ]eY Ga _[K

cjku aee _eaeK ji, ~_eK NeA ji,

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iP^ K~Kcc^ MjY Kea _A _a \A[G

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cjkc^u ^A jC[a @a] a_e Ga aga ie ee \dZb^ G @ ^z\ cjkc^u ^A @a] a_e \e Kea \dZ e C_e^ Ke[G @ ^z\e bh aga a agae [a cjkc^u \hc^^j ae Gje a_eZ, agae [a cjku C_e jC[a ghY_gK MeZ \A[G

i]eY iZ -19

@a] a_e Ga aga ie ee \dZ Kak iel _\^ Kea_~ icZ ^j, ae ij ia _eiZ ~_eK \e\, aeRMe, ~AZ\K \e Kea c Gje \dZ Gia _eiZ cjku C_e ~^ jiea_\K aXA[G ~^ jie ^@ e_ ~_eK ~^ _~U^ C_e ^\a _A Re \A[G (L 13, 14, 15, 16, 24(R)

eR ^ZK Ga iaR^K Ra^@ ^z\ -7

eR^ZK Ga iaR^^ Ra^e ic^Z _A ^cfLZ @]Ke Ree :

iaR^^ iie bU \a I ^aP^ fXa Ga iaR^^ K~kde_\a MjY Kea

^ ^a Ga GjK fM Kea aieKe ii I iN (eR ^ZK Ga iaR ^^ Ra^ iZ) e bM ^a i]eY iZ -23

icRK, iZK ]eY Z[ iP^e @ba ~M cjkc^ CyiaR^^ _\ _\a _A _e ^j cjkc^u iaR^^ GaeR ^ZK lZe @g MjY aXAa _A @A ^ _Yd^ Kea ije _le Gbk icRK iZK ]eYc^ a\kAae @agKZejQ G[_A ^cfLZ _a MWK \@~AQ b\ba_ ]eYe _ea^ cjkc^u Cy _\ae ^~q \a ^aPZ _\_\ae _eh Ga cjku iLe ic^Z @Ya ab^ _iw ij cjku @gMjY Ga ic^u \KY icf

Kea eR ^ZK \k, gcK iN, aieKe iMV^ @\e cjkc^u

_A ic^ i~M C_fa] KeAa iaR^^ Ra^e cjku C_iZ aXAa _A iKecK

K~ ^^ MjY Kea (L -15,18, 22, 26, 28, 29, 32,34, 42, 43, 45, 47)

iWe K~ _eie Ga a 39

@RZK _Z^ ]Z Ga ijbMZ

@ ^z\ -8

@RZK ee cjku ijbMZ, ee _Z^]Z Z[ @RZK iieK~ Keae ic^ i~M Gj @ ^z\e i_eg Ke~AQ i]eY iZ -8 I i]eY iZ -23

iKecK _\l_ _A G iZ agh bae i_eg Ke[G (L-43)i]eY iZ -23

icRK ]eY ~M cjkc^ eR^ZK Ga a\gK ialZe,@RZK K _d ii Z[ ik^ c^ue Kc iLe Z[Zkee _\ae \L~ @RZK _iw, aScY, c^ad ijdZ @\lZe cjkc^u @gMjY i^Z KeMf j G ia lZe cjku\KY ikZ jA_ea Gj KeYe, Gia lZe cjkc^u iLaXAa _A iKecK K~ ^^e @agKZ ejQ (L -35, 36, 37,38, 39, 40, 49)

edZ / RZdZ

@ ^z\ -9

KZK \ge @A ^e i \ge cjk @^ \ge _ehK aaj Kf ^Reck RZdZ jeAaK _W[G G ibe iWe ae jCQ ~ cjkuRZdZ Zu cu RZdZVe Z ja CPZ cjku RZdZ _Aa,a\kAa K aRd eLae @]Ke _ehc^u ij ic^ ja CPZ G@]Ke c K _Zu RZdZ C_e ^be ja CPZ ^j ^R _fc^uRZdZ ^ eY Kea _A c cjkc^u _ehc^u ij ic^ @]Ke ckaCPZ i]eY iZ -21

icRe _ ijbMZ Ga iaR^^ ia, ~_e K i Ga gl, _ARZdZ @Z cj_ i[_A iakK cjku ^R RZdZ ^eYKeae @]Ke eja CPZ cjku RZdZ ic^u c K _ZuRZdZ C_e ^be Kea CPZ ^j gl

@ ^z\ -10

gl lZe cjku aee b\ba \e Kea Ga ic^Z @Ya^c ^cfLZ KZK C_de _a \@~AQ

gle ia e _~ cjkc^u _ag Ga aMZ cM\g^ e ic^i~M i

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^40

ab^ ee gl _A ic^ i~M, ic^ c^e gl, @agK @ ^ief, KfR, ^ee gl K~Kc Ga ii I _eae ^dR^ id

^ iP^ _ _VKce EXa\ ]eYMWK jUAa Ga @]e _V QX[a QZc^u

je KcAa c]a I A_ lZe ic^ i~M _\^ Ga LkK\ I geeK

gle @gMjY aXAa i]eY iZ-19Gj i_eg Ke[G ~ gl Ga iaR^^ iP^e aaje / C_bM fwdba^ id ]eYMWK ic Kea _A C ja CPZ

eRMe

@ ^z\ - 11

eRMe lZe ic^ZK i^ Z Kea _A ielcK @A^ cjZ_,agh Ke ^cfLZ ie:

Kc Keae @]Ke, a Pd^ Keae i]^Z Ga eRMe lZeic^ i~Me @]Ke,

eRMe ij ~W jA[a @]Ke Ga @ ^iwK ia] i~M, icRK iel, ii iel Ga K~lZe ^e_\ _eag Ga G[ij

cjkc^u aZ^ ijZ _iaKk^ QU Ga @^^ ia]e aa, aaj K Mbai R ^Z b\baK aeY Kea Z[ K~ike cZZ

id ijdK ia ~MAa i]eY iZ -13@RZK gcK iN (ILO) e 100Zc ia\e ic^aZ^ iK fM Kea i]eY iZ - 16_eaeK C\Me Kc Ke[a cjku icRK iel GaicRK jZK i^ Z Kea ^ c _\l_ ^a ee \dZi]eY iZ - 19Gj K~ike ~^ ^~Z^K fwd ba^ iZb\ba e_e _ebhZ Ke Gj b\ba KeYe cjkueRMe lZe ic^ i~M _ jA ^[G i[_A, iWe G @ge NeA Kc Ke[a cjku iel,\LeL Ga _glY _A _a \@~AQ

iWe K~ _eie Ga a 41

ii iel@ ^z\ -12G[e cjku ie \A _Kee ii ia C_e MeZ\@~AQ _[c, ii iaK cjku _Le _jPAa Ga\Zd, fwd ba^ @]eZ ii ia C_f KeAa -~_eK Mbai Ga _ia _ea @aie ~Z^a i]eYiZ MWKe KZK agh ib C_e Py Ke~AQ ~jcjku ii C_e agh _ba _KA[G ^ce G iaibe Py KeMf i]eY iZ - 14KZK ic\de cjku ~^ w KUKU Keae _[ Pk@iQ GjK cke ic KeafM C\cK cRaZ Kea_A

^cfLZ i_eg Ke~AQ Z[/_eiL^ iMj Kea, ZK~ Kea, _PkZ ]eYe i]e @Ya, cjk ii/iMV^ C\cK ic[^Kea, iaR^^ gl, ii id CPZ ^Z _Yd^ Ga i~q eiN ijij~M Kea i]eY iZ - 15agh Ke cjk Ga ggc^u C_e GWie _ba Ga G[e \L\C[aa_\K ^e eL KZK i_eg Ke~AQ G[e cjku icRK bcKGa _R^^ iad @agKZe @]ee @]Ke i^Z Ke~AQ iiia Z[ GP.@A.b. e cq _A K~Kce cjku @gMjY ejaCPZ

i]eY iZ - 19cjku ae ji ic^u ii Ga Ra^K a_\e _KA[G G _KeKZK _eeK _[ cjk Ga ggu ii _A j ^KeK C\jeY ie_,cjku ~ ^ KUa a ifA Kea, MbaZ cjku L\ id KUKY Ga_Z i^K _[cKZ \a AZ\ cjku Mb Z[ _R^^ ^dY id@]Ke \a_A G[e agh Z[ ielZ ii iae i_eg Ke~AQ

i]eY iZ - 24S@ c^u ~ ^ KUa, aj aaj _[ Z[ aajK ie akKe KeYecjkc^u @]KcZe GWie @gu ejQ G[_A M_^dZ aRd eLcjkc^u ~^ ii id iP^ Ga iiia C_fa] ja @ZRee a@A^ ba aiai Ke[a Ga @a] bae fY jC[acjkc^ ee C_eq \dZ _eiebq iuUcd _eiZe ej[acjkc^u fM agh ii ia @agK-~_eK ig iNh Reej[aiZe ej[a cjk, agae ^ dRZ Ga @a] fY \e @Y~A[acjk a aK K aKkwZ \e _baZ cjk iWe G iZ Gbkcjkc^u PjU Ke ic^u _A iZ bae ii ia aa Kea _A_a \AQ (L- 16, 18, 24, 25)

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^42

@[K I icRK Ra^@ ^z\ - 13_eae bZe Ga aje @[K Ga icRK lZe ic^Z i^ Z Ke~aCPZ ad ii Ga _eae bk NeA iic^u \e Ke~A[a icRKGa @[K b\baK ic Kea ee \dZ G Cg _eY Kea _A

^cfLZ lZe ic^Z @Ya Ree: _eaeK ii]^ EY c^e^ id Ga iZK K~Kce @gMjY

McY cjk

@ ^z\ -14

G[e McY cjkc^u @[K lZe ~M\^, aae @agKZ GaiciK agh MeZ \@~AQ agh Ke McY cjku _eiZK \eeL Gj @^z\ ^cfLZ lZe _\l_ ^a_A eC_e \dZ\A[G : MC ^d^ K~Kc, Gje ~R^ Ga e_d^ lZe McY cjku

ijbMZ eja CPZ ijbMZ ejf j ~R^ c^ue McY cjku@agKZ Ga \KYK icf Ke~A_ea

McY cjku _A ii ia, gl, Zfc, aa _A C_~q _eag,KhbK aaid lZe ij~M iwu @[K aKg _A i~M GaicRK iel C_f ja CPZ G[e G K[ i ~ ^ ibecjku iZK icRK _e_le \Lf j cjkuaee b\bae @^c^ Ke~A_ea

i]eY iZ -19

_eeK ae Ga eRMe @^hYe ijeK ~aK_W[a McY cjkc^ agh bae fwd ba^ @]eZjie iL^ jA[ ZY, jie gKe jC[a cjku_A iZ ia C_fa] ja CPZ L-21,24(R)@A^ \e ic^Z

@^z\-15

^MeK @A^, @A^ _Kd Ga @A^MZ Pq idccfe cjk Ga _ehu ic^ c~\ \a CPZ @A^K ^^ e cjku ic^Z Ga ic^u lcZ C_eKYi _Ke _ZaK eja K[ ^ j C\jeY ie_, \gce ~ KYi i^K ~A @i_ea Ga ai Keaei]^Z idaii^ _i Keae i]^Ze _eh Ga

iWe K~ _eie Ga a 43

cjku ic^ @]Ke eja CPZ KYi NeA Pqcce c cjku lcZ ^ dY Kea @ ^PZ ic^ iZ-21

@A ^ \e jC a NeA Pq \e cjku lcZ icZKea a ic^u _ehu @]^ Kea @^PZ cjkc^u \e Pq ile Kea C_e KUKY, EY^alZe @ic^ i~M Z[ cjk ilu _eh ilZk^e Kc c~\ \a Gje KZU C\jeY

aaj Ga _eaeK @A^

@^z\-16

G @^z\, _eae-NeA lZ ce _[cK@ ^^-ce b\ba \e Keae \dZ e C_e^ Ke[G _eae ce @ic^Z, Zj icRK

^dc, _ee, iZ a @]^K @A^ aaie @i[C ^ KjK ZKa\kAae \dZ ee G[e @MZ cjku ic^Z _g - aaj, aaj_e aajK Ra^ Ga aaj az\ iZ - G ic iK ^R _eiebqKe[G

aaj Kea id @]Ke: aaj icde cjku ia^c adi, aaj_A ijcZ, aaj _KeY @\ ic^u c^a @]Ke ielZ eLaRee Kak iakK aqu ce aaj ja CPZ af aaj cjkuii Ga aKg _A a_\R^K, ZY Gj a@A^ NhZ ja CPZ

aajK Ra^e, Ga aaj aQ\ iZe cjku @]Ke:

cjku i^ iZ iL ^ eY Kea, Ga ic^u ce icd aa]^eLa Z[ _R^^ id @]Ke eja CPZ @bbaKZ, _h i^MjY id Z[ @^^ ccfe c ic^ @]Ke eja CPZ

aqMZ iZZ @MZ cjku ^ R _eae im/^c eLa, ^ R _i @ ^~da MjY Kea Z[ i KY aK Kea @]Ke eja Ree

NeA ji, _R^^ id @]Ke @\K ic^ iZ \e @ ^z\ -16e@bq Ke~AQ

i]eY iZ-19

aZckK @_e Ga Mb_Z, cjku ^R i^iZ iL Gaic^u ce icd aa]^ ^eY Kea @]Ke CfN^ @\K _eaeKRa^ iZ ji ba \L ~AQ

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^44

_eae ce cjku ae]e ji _eaeK Ga iaR^^ Ra^eic^ue ijbMZ @]Ke l Ke[G

NeA jie gKe jA[a cjku \I^ Ga `R\e Cbd @A^@MZ ^ d cka Ree i[_A, MUG _U jiK ^ dY Kea @agKjfak @^ _le ia, @gd Ga _^ ai iuU K i_^ Keae@agKZ ejQ (L-24(N))

i]eY iZ-21

~Cia @A^ a icRK ^ dce Ce]Ke Z[ aaj aQ\ lZe _ehucjku @_l ag bM ck[G iMWK b\ba_ aaj K aaj bki [a icde Vk jA[a i C_e cjk Ga _ehu ic^ @]KeejQ Gj G[_A, KeY _eaee cjku ~M\^K _ehu @[K ~M\^ijZ ic^ aaP^ Ke~a CPZ (L-28, 30, 31, 32, 33)iWe _a]^ @ ^ie, aajZ K @aajZ, _ZK cjku ic^ @]Kecka CPZ (L-29)

iWe ag

iWe ag MWK RYa _A iWe @^z\ Z[ i]eY iZ MWKGKZ _X iMWK ce [a iK aSa Ree Gj ag MWK ~ KYiMUG @ ^z\ a i]eY iZe ^jZ ^j C\jeY ie_, ic^Zei]ecK X Kak MUG @ ^z\ ce \@~A ^j ae @ ^z\ - 1e 4 K GKZ _Xf j Gj VK aS jA[G @ ^z\ -4 iKecK K~Kc^Z \A GA XK ckK @]e _\^ KeQ b^ b^ lZe G XeK~KeZ @ ^z\-5 e 16 e \L~G G ia @ ^z\ MWK ahdeC_e Py Ke~AQ G Py ijZ @ ^z\ MWKe ce @iKe C_^ ag MWK C_e c Pye @agKZ ejQ

ae]e, icRK aai Ga aqaghe K~Kk_ ce

@i

_PkZ ae ]ee _ba _ZK aqe ae, _i, K~Kk_ Ga ^dC_e _W[G ae]ee j^KeK _baK Pja Ga i]ea C_eMeZ\a iWe agh @a\^ Gbk aScY ~M Gj @^ c^a @]KePqMWK Ve iZ @ ^z\-5 @MZ icRK ^ dc Ga ae]e ~j cjku_ehe @]^ ba ^P ee eL K ic^u bcK icZ Ke[G,

41. cjkc^ gKe jC[a ia_Kee b\ba \e Kea _A ia\,1979, ]e - 16 (O)

iWe K~ _eie Ga a 45

ZK a\kAa ee \dZ G[e GK[ i ~ aq aghe K~Kk_Kae]e Z[ icRK aaie Xe @fM Ke \L~A _ea ^ j i[_Aic^Z @YaK jf aq aghe K~Kk_ Z[ ZK ^eZ Ke[aae]e Ga icRK X - G Z^U~KK GK iwe \Lae @agKZejQ C\jeY ie_, _R^^ id @]Kee c^Z [f c @]Kg cjkG ahde iZ ^d ^A_e ^j ab^ \g ~_eK cKiK , \lY@ `K Ga af\ge \L~AQ ~ cjku \e Mb ^e]Ke aajeic^u ice Az C_e ^ be Ke 42 Gj_e _ZZK ae]e, icRKX cjkc^u aqMZ @]Ke Ga i]^ZK iKPZ Ke\A[G iaR^^ Ga NeA lZ ce abR^e @

icRK Ga NeA lZ G_e \A c^MX gY ~j _eae, ic\d @\Kaq Ra^e eR^ZK Ga @[K MZa]Ve @fM Ke[G Gje \AUj ^KeK _eYc jA[G _[cU jCQ ~ Cbd lZ _A @fM @fMi ^eZ Ke~AQ Ga \ZdU jCQ ~ G \A lZij i_q K~K@fM @fM MeZ \@~AQ NeA lZ - GK icRK ]eY Ga _ZZKae]e C_e @]eZ Ga G[ij i_q K~ Kak ^ cee ^ j ae GjeKYi MeZ j ^ j 43 G[_A cjku \e Ke~C[a NeA KcK Kc cj\@~G Ga _eh \e Nee eK ^ aje Ke~C[a KcK @]K c^ZZ[ @[K cjZ \@~A[G iW iaR^^ Ga NeA lZe G c^MX abR^K @^PZ c^Ke G[_A _eae, ic\d, K~ik Ga ed @A^K iW MUG ie KhU_[ee _eL[G iaR^^ Ga NeA lZe i_q Ga _eie iKaS iW G ic lZe ic^Z @Ya Ree c^Ke Ga G i]ee \dZe C_e ^ Ke[G NeA Ga iaR^^ lZ ce i GC\jeYe \LaK ck cjkc^u Kak NeA Kc] ~M c^Ke~C[a jZ ic^u KZK ^ ]eYe Ke ck[G G iaKee aZ^, _ehc^ Ke[a ic^ ]eYe Kee aZ^ @_lKc jA[G Gj icRK ae KeYe _eaee _@ Ga S@u @fM_ecYe ii]^ \@~A[G G aee SfK iaR^^ lZeCe]Ke @A^e \LaK ck 45 Gj KeYe iaR^^ Ga NeAlZe abR^ ic Kea Ree b\baaj^ aaje Ga ic^Z ce i

b\baaj^ aaje ic^Z Xe GK MeZ _ \M ic^Z @Ya _A\A _Ke K~ ^^e @agKZ ejQ MUG _U b\ba_ aajeC_e ^dY eLa Ga G[e el _Aae C_d @^ _U, ic^ ii]^,i~M Ga _eYc i^ Z Kea _A aai b\baaj^ aaje Kakbf bUK C_e MeZ \A[G ic^Z Xe _PkZ iciMWK _AiKecK K~ ^^ ^ eZ Ke[G Cbd ee \dZ ^ eZ Ke ic^ZeCg _eY Kea _A _di Ke[

42. Men - New Focus for FamilyPlanning Programms, PopulationReports, Series J. No. 33, 1986.Bangladesh data from D. LawrenceKincaid et. al. Family Planning andthe Empowerment of Women inBangaladesh, paper presented at the119th Annual Meeting of the AmericanPublic Health Association, Atlanta,GA, November 13, 1991, in Lori L.Heise, Freedom Close to Hom : TheImpact of Violence Against womenon Reproductive Rights andRebecca Cook International HumanRights and Womens ReproductiveHealth, in Womens Rights HumanRights : International FeministPerspective, eds. Juile Peters andAndrea Wolper, 238, 256 (London :Routledge 1995), 242.43. Donna Sullivan, The Public /Private Distinction in InternationalHuman Rights Law, in Womens RightHuman Rights : International FeministPerspective eds. Julie Peters andAndrea Wolper, 126-134 (London :Routledge, 1995) 128, See alsoGeneral recommendations 23 cause8. i]eY iZ 23 L - 8 c\L 44. R.H. Jajurie, The Problem ofOccupational Segregation : ThePhilippines Worst Case Scenario inRelation to CEDAW, Saliga, (A Papersubmittd to Asia Pecific Forum forWomen Law and Developmnt, 1996).This study describes how womensincreasing participation in the labourforce is restricted to traditionallyfemale occupations that are lowerpaid with few options to higher wageemployment. It estalishes how thisviolates womens free choice inemployment and results in wagediscrimination in the absence of normsand systems to enforce equal payfor work of equal value. G @d^eGK[ a^ Ke~AQ ~ K_e baecjkc^u aX Pf[a @gMjY_eeK bae cjku RaKce, ~C[e Kc @d ck[G, icZejQ Cy aZ^ ck[a eRMeecjku _A ajZ Kc aK ejQ Gj_cY Ke ~ ic^ K~ _A ic^aZ^e _A C_~q c^\ Gaaai ^ ejf eRMe Pd^Keae cjku ]^ Z CfN^ jAb\ba _ aaje \L\A[G 45. ai] \Me Marriage andFamily Laws - iW ie beZeaieKe iicu e_U, 1995(Co-ordination Unit for the FourthWorld Conference on Women)

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^46

fwd ba^ @]eZ ji

~\I iWe KYi ^ @ ^z\ cjku ae ji iKe ^j K i]eYiZ - 19 Gbk jiK fwd ba^ @]eZ b\ba e_e \L[G GiZe G K[ i Ke~AQ ~ fwd ba^ @]eZ ji @^K lZ Gaibe \L~A[G, ~_eK ii, eRMe, _eae, McY cjk AZ\ i]eY iZ -19 e fwd ba^ @]eZ jie a_K _ebh \@~AQGa Gbk jie ab^ e_ @ ^z\ 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14 Ga 16 eibe CfL Ke~AQ Kak cjk jA[a jZ cjkc^ ~C jie gKe j@ ZK fwdba^ @]eZ ji Kj~G K Gj ij ji ~j cjku Kak @fM

^j ae Mbe Ga @ic ^_Z ba _baZ Ke[G 46 G ji @^ _KejiVe @fM, KeY Gje Cg, ie_ Ga cjku C_e Gje _ba@fM jA[G Gjbk jiK VK bae aSa, G ahde Z[ iMj KeaZ[ GjK \e Kea _A agh @A^ _Yd^ Kea Ga @^ C_d ajeKea ee \dZ fwd ba^ @]eZ jie iZ ie_K \ ^ \AGjK i]eY ji id @A^ ij~e Gje ic]^ LRa @[ c^a]Kel Kea C\jeY ie_, K~ike ~^ ^~Z^K @Y\L Kea @[cjkc^ @ ^ba Ke[a KK @Y\L Kea Gbk @_e]K @Y\L Kea`ke Gbk \aaje aX[G Ga cjku ^ ijd Ke\A ic^u K~ikQW f~a _A a Ke[G Gbk bae Gj K~ Keae ic^ i~MGa K~ike bd/a_\e ic^ iel @]KeK l Ke[G @fM _ePd Ga ibe C_^ b\bae agh ie_

cjkc^u _ePd Kak fwd ba^ C_e @]eZ ^j, ae Z ijic^u ib, _eiZ, ]c, aM, RZ @\ ic ~W jA[G Gj aScYC_e iW @]eZ G[_A iW cjku MUG e_e ^j ae @fM @fMe_e \L[G C\jeY ie_ McY cjk, \kZ cjk, (47) GP @A biKcZ cjk, iNh iZe ej[a cjk, @a] bae fY jA[a cjk,ag ae [a cjk AZ\ cjku @^^ _ePd ij fwd ba^~WjA ic^u ij jC[a b\bae @ ^bZ _eie Ve @fM @fMKe[G i[_A @fM @fM _ePd Ga @fM ibe ej[a cjkc^u_A b\bae @ ^ba c b^ b^ jA[G C\jeY ie_ aW aW ijeeej[a cjku @ ^ba RZ @]ee bM bM jA McY ibe ej[acjku Ve @fM iW _eiZ, aM, RZ @\ ij ~W jA[a j ^fbK^e eL b\ba @ ^ba @ ^ie @fM @fM iKecK K~_ ^ ^eYKe[G iZ Ga cjku @]Ke

cjku ij b\ba Ke[a ia _Ke ^Z ^dcK a\kAa _A iW @\g\G - G ^dc ed @A^e jC @a icRK, iiZK ]eY a _[e

46. i]eY iZ 19, _e-647. beZe _[cK icl C_eicZ ^ UY (R ^@e-2000)\A beZ ieKeu \kZ cjkgKe jC[a b\ba \e Kea _A@A^ fM Kea _a \AQ Gaagae ^ dRZ S@c^u ghYie P _KU KeQ

iWe K~ _eie Ga a 47

@i[C cjku ibe iZ GK RUk lZ Gj G[_A, KeY MUG_U iZ Ga ]cK i]^Z c^a]Ke ce @iQ, @_e _le ]c GaiZe KZK ^ dc cjku _ehe @]^ c^Ke ` kZ b\ba RUke_ ]eY Ke RUkZK ^ aS, ]c I iZMZ i]^Z Ga cjku ic^ZKMUG @^Ue ae] lZ bae \L~CQ @^K MWG e \e iW@ ^z\ C_e @e_ Ke~A[a ie G aa\ \LaK ck _fc^uedZ ^ eY Keae cjku ic^ @]Ke iZ @ ^z\ (9)e _e -2C_e AR_U _g CVAQ Ga i eLQ ie KeY \@~AQ ~, ~\KYi cjk @^\g ^MeKu aaj Ke AR_Ue _PkZ eZ @ ^ieGj ]e ^@~A[G ~ _Z\e _fc^u edZ ^eY Keae cjkuijcZ ejQ @^z\ 16(2)e NhY @^ie aaj _KeY \dZ\ge _PkZ ab^ ]c Ga ^eleZ KeY ~M _eY Kea cif afbeZ ~qKeQ Gj @]ee @ ^z\ 16(Q) C_e @_ CVA KGZ@b~M KeQ ~, Gj gedZ aaie ae] Aifc iVKe ed]c @ ^z\ 5(K) @MZ e \dZK ^ARe@ _e_e @iKe KeQ G @ ^z\e _eh Ga cjku icRK Ga iZK @PeYe _ea^@Ya ie _a \@~AQ

iW iZK cjku ic^Z ae] e_e \L ^j K iZK @NZ Ke^j Gj Kak iAia iZK ]eY Ga _[ C_e @NZ Ke ~jb\ba_ VK ~cZ Gj b\ba_ ed @A^K @NZ Ke[G G_eKea \e, iW _ZK b\ba_ ^dc, ~je Ci @A^, ia]^, icR,iZ a ]c ~j a jA[C, i ia a\kAae \dZ e C_e ^Ke[G K iZ Ga ic^Z ce aa\ _gK ic]^ Keae iWeGj \ KY ^ dkd \e ia lZe MjYd jA ^ j G ie a ^@UGa beZe iay ^dkde ^hZ \A a_eZ \KYe C\jeY ba

^@~A_e c] Kge a^c aje eR49 ccfe beZe iay ^ dkdCe]Ke lZe _eeMZ @A^ -~j @\ai cjku _A b\ba_[f- K jUAa _A c^ Ke\A[f beZd ia]^e ic^Z GK ckK@]Ke jA[a i GAbk ^h ^@~A[f a ^@Ue iay ^dkdGj_e GK ahde iWe \ KY MjY Ke[f R ^ ^Gf a^c IaWUU ccfe _g [f ~ ~\ i ]^ cjkc^u ic^Z Ga b\ba_

^dc Cbdu c^Z \A[G Z jf aa\d iZe KC @\gK K~KeKe~a ^ dkdu i jf ~ Gbk iZe ic^ZK _[cKZ \@~a GA[_A ~ ic^Z c^a]Ke e_e ia]^e ielZ

48. i ]^e ]e - 5 icRK ^dca iZe C_^ b\ba _ cZ\gGa _[e _ea^ @Ya _e MeZ\A[G Gj iZ ae] ^j KiZe ~Cia _[ cjkc^u _Ab\ba _ i iaK ae] Ke 49. (1996) 5 SCC 125, cited in ADigest of Case Law on the HumanRights of Women, 32-36 (Thailand :Asia Pacific Form on Women Lawand Development, 2003), 34.50. Case No. 18 of 1994, SupremeCourt of Vanuate, cited in a Digest ofCase Law on the Human Rights ofWomen, 81-84 (Thailand : Asia PacificForum on Women, Law andDevelopment, 2003), 83.

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^48

ia\e @ ^z\ a^ cK, ic ^eZ Kfbk ^j

iW ic^Z flK iaVe aW c^Ke ~\ KYi a ed K @RZK@A^ G fl _eY \Me @]K @ ^Kk jA[G, @ ^z\ 23 GjK ia]^Ve c @]K c~\ \A[G Gj cjku c^a]Ke AZjie _Z` k^,~C AZjie _ZK i`kZ G ^ee iNhe _eYc iWK c ic^Z~Ze GK cAfL e_ \L~G ic^Z fM Kea_A iW _eK~lZ ^eZ Ke ^j ae Gj iKe Ke C_^ jC[a ^@lZc^ue GjK fM Ke~a @[Z, K~lZ iKe KYi ic

^Z Ke~A ^j K, Z[_ Gje ckK i \X Ga ^Z

^h

1979 cije iW ileZ Ga 1981e fM ja \e cjku @]KeKc^a]Ke ba iKZ _Aa _A @je \g ah fMMf 1993 ec^a]Ke C_e jA[a ag ik^ NhYe G iKZ ck[f G[ecjku @]KeK c^a]Kee GK @abR @w ba iKe KeMf Gjc iKe KeMf ~ cjku @]Ke ckZ RZiNe c^a]KeK~Kk_ e @az\ @gba i^ _Aa CPZ

G ~Ze _ZK _~d cjku _A MUG MUG Kf aRd [f @RZK ee iWK MjY Kea ~cZ GK KV^ _ele cj [f, icZ@R c GjijZ RWZ @^K _iw @c ic^ e ejQ ec^u \e ^R^R \dZ ^aj Kea a e \e ^@~C[a _\l_ MWKe iW KcU\e _bagk icl Kea Gjbk GK _iw iW ibe bahZe \AUahd C_e ^ \ae @agKZ ejQ _[c, iW @MZ lZc^ueiWK K~KeZ i^ Z Kea, Ga \Zd, ^@ ^@ ibe Ga _eiZeiWK K~ ^Z Ke Gje _eie a Kea Gjbk bae, @beY iNh,@beY ai_Z aqu @]Ke AZ\ _iwK iW _eie cK@Y~A_e c^a @]Ke iNhe bahZ _A iW ckK X _\^Ke cjku ic^Ze ~ZK @MK aXA [G

51. Vienna Declaration andProgramme of Action (1993) UNGAOR, World Confrence on HumanRights, 48th Session, 22nd Plenarymeeting, UN Doc. AICONE, 157/24,in Arvonn S. Fraser, BecomingHuman : The Origin and Developmntof Womens Rights, in Women,Gender and Human Rights : A GlobalPerspective, ed. Marjorie Agosin 15-64 (Jaipur : Rawat Publications, 2003).

iWe K~ _eie Ga a 49

_eg

gak

@ ^c\^ (Ratification)

@^c\^ jCQ e \e \@~C[a GK fLZ iP^ ~j\e e ieaZ iKe Ke[G @^c\^ _e j KYi e ie i\ijA[G Ga "i\i e' a "ia\ e' Kj~G i jf_e cKZK e GjK @^c\^ Kea _~ Gj fM jA ^ [G KZUee @^c\^ ckf _e i fM ja Gj _ZK ie ^eZKe~A[G iW fM ja _ae @Z Kce 20U ee @^c\^@agK [f (@^z\ - 27)

@ ^z\ C_e i

@ ^z\ C_e i G_e GK NhY ~j\e i\i e KZK @ ^z\@MZ \dZ i ^ Kea _A a ^j @RZK @A^e e \e G_ei fM~A _e ~jK iZ Cge jA[a Ga ia\e CgK ae]Ke ^ [a

KcU

@ ^z\ - 17 @ ^~d KcU i_^ Ke~AQ G[e i\i ec^u \eaQ~A[a 23 RY aghm ejQ KcUe ic^ aqMZ lcZe KcUeK~Ke[, e / ieKe _Z^ ] ba ^ j cjku ibe agh @bmZ/@ ^bZ ej[a iwK ic^ Cy ^ZKZe @]Ke jA[a @agK Gjaghmc^u ^aP^e ab^ iZ, bMkK lZ Z[ @A^K ^^ _Zeic^ _Z^ ]Z ~_e ja i \Me ^ \@~A[G Gc^ eah _~KcUe K~ Ke[ Ga \Zd [e _A c ^aPZ jA_e _ZK 2ahe KcUe @] i\i a\k[

NhY

NhY \e i\i e KYi @ ^z\ ibe ^R \dZ i Ke[G NhY @ ^z\ C_e i Ve @fM G[e \dZ ibe ee iZ iKe~A[G K \dZ icZ Ke~A^j

50

fwd ba^ / fwb\

Re b\ fwb\ Ve @fM fwb\ cjk Ga _ehu ce geeKb^Z C_e @]eZ fwd ba^ b\ jCQ geeK b^Z ij ~WjA[a icRK ae Ga ]eY G ae cjk Ga _ehu @fM @fM_KZ ij ~W ic^u b^ b^ bcK Ga lcZ _eie ce a\A[G Gia ]eY Ga G[ ijZ ~W ~A[a bcK _ehK _]^ \A cjku Zkee eL[G

^KecK \dZ

c^a @]Ke Ga ckK iZZK @l eLa _A ee lcZ C_e KQ@ug fM~A[G G @ug Ga ^ dc @ ^ie e KYi aqe @]Ke Gai]^ Z _e cZe ^dY Ke_ea ^j e C_e G _Ke KUKYK^KecK \dZ Kj~G G _Ke \dZ @A^e eja \e _ZK aq

^Re K[ Kja, ~a @ia @\ i]^ ZK @l eL_e ieKe ~_eaqe G ia ]^Z l ^ Ke, i[_A ^KecK \dZ Z' C_e ejQ

ed @A ^

\g bZe fMjC[a @A^ K ^^ K ed @A^ Kj~G

i\i e

ia\K ~C \g @ ^c\^ Ke[G, ZK i\i e Kj~G

a]iZ (de jure) Ga aZ (de facto)

a]iZ @[ J_eK bae ~j @A^iZ iZ aZ @[ ~j aaiZ iW G K[ iKe Ke ~ J_eK ee @A^ [a i aa iZb^ b^ jA_e C\jeY ie_, @A^e b\ba ^ [f c aaiZe b\ba eja G[_A, a]iZ Z[ aa lZe _[K \e Kea_A iW iKecK _\l_ C_e Re \A[G

aKK \ff (Protocol)

KZK c^a]Ke i ijZ GK ijdK i c Ke~A[G ~j ck ieK~ ^^K i\X Ke[G ck iK @ ^c\^ Ke[a ec^ j Gj ijdKie @ ^c\^ Ke_ea _UKfe @ ^c\^ Kea a ^ Kea i\iee Az C_e ^be Ke aK i iak @ ^c\^ Kf_e i_qee ej[a fK ^ R @b~M KcU _LK i] _VA _ea ` kZ KYiMe c^a]Ke CfN^ ccfe c KcU ~ Ke_ea G \A K~a]KcUe lcZ Ga K~lZ / _ieZ Ke[G,

gak 51

~j Kak ee e_U icl, (iW @MZ \dZ) ce icZ ej G_e Kea \e aq agh KcU _~ _j _ea i^ Z jA[G

iW Ga KcU

G aje iWe \aRK iW Kj~AQ Ga iW @bq icZK KcU Kj~AQ

iKecK \dZ

iKecK \dZ iAMWK ~j @]Ke iKe Kea ^c Vi _\l_MjY Kea_A eK a Ke[G, ~_eK ~R^ Z[ K~Kc Z@e Kea,ZK K~Ke Kea _A ik ~MW Kea AZ\ RY aq Ga Z_eaee ii I iLz _A Ra^ ~_^e icPZ ee @]Ke iKecK\dZe GK C\jeY

i

a_K @[e i GK @A^MZ \ff / \aR e Ga @RZK iic^uAz I ijcZe Gj jA[G @RZK @A^e NhY Ga ik^Zk^e i eMWK iaVe @]K aKe[G Gje KeY e ^R fLZijcZe ie i\i jA[G G[e [a \dZ ZfAa _A ^ R ^ RK ac^Ke Z[ KcU \e ee icl _A ijcZ \A[G @RZK @A^eKak ej i\i jA[G, aq agh ^j iK ia\ a _Zm_Z cKj~G

ia\e iKZ

KYi ia\K iKZ \e c e @_YA_e ia\K KZe @A^MZ_ba @ ^c\^ ij ic^ iKZ _A eK fLZ ba ia\K MjY KeaK_W[G, ~j\e Gj ia\ fM Kea _A a jA[G i]eYZ, ifM jf_e e GjK iKZ \ae i~M ck[G

ile

ie \dZK @A^MZ ba MjY Kea _ae G[e \LZ Ke e ieCg _Z ^Re ijcZ _Kg Ke[G \LZ Kf_e ie @ ^z\MWK_k^ Kea_A e a jA ^ [G, K, @RZK ee G agi i jA[G~ i @Z ie Cg CfN^ Kea ^j \LZ Kf_e ^R@A^K ^^ icl Kea Ga G[e _ea^ @Ya_A eK i~M ck[G~j\e i ie @ ^c\^ _A ~M jA[G

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^52

cjkc^ gKejC[a ia_Ke b\ba \eKea_A ia\

ia\e bM\e e

ckZ RZiNe NhY_ZK ^e eL ckK c^a]Ke, cYhe_Z I cj Z[ ^e-_eh ic^Ze @]Ke _Z \XZe ij @i_KU Ke,

c^a]Kee iaR^^ NhY^c \e b\ba @MjYdZe i_Z \X @i _KU Ke Ga NhY Ke ~ ia cYh ]^ jA R ^jA[ Z[ _Z I @]Ke \e ic ic^, iZe, fwMZ b\baicZ @^ KYi aQ aee Ce, G[ @bq ic @]Ke Ga ]^Z_Aa_A ic jK\e,

c^a]Ke id @RZK Pq_ZMWK Ke Ke ia_Ke @[K,icRK, iZK, ^ MeK Ga eR ^ZK @]Ke C_bM Keae ^ e-_ehu ic^ @]Ke i^ Z Keae \dZ ^ @,

^e-_ehu ic^Z @]KeK @MA ^ae ckZ RZiN I Gj @]^iagh ii c^u \e MjZ _a, NhY Ga i_eg MWK Ke Ke,

PZ ~ G ic @A ^, \ff, NhY i cjku aee b\ba_ak cZe ejQ,

ieY Ke ~ cjku aee b\ba ic^Z @]Ke Ga c^aKc~\ _Z i^e iK CfN^ Ke, ^R \ge eR^ZK,icRK, @[K Ga iZK Ra^e cjkc^ _ehu ic jA@gMjY Keae a]K jA[G, icR I _eaee ice a] iKe[G, Ga ^R\g Z[ c^a icRe iae cjku @ ^jZ gqi_ aKgZ ja @]K KKe jA[G,

PZ~ \e\ @ai jZ cjkc^u L\, i, gl, eRMe _AZfc Ga i~M Z[ @^^ @agKZ iaV Kc C_f jA[G.

G K[ j\dwc Ke ~ ^d I ic^Z C_e @]eZ ^@ @RZK@[K aaie i_^ _eh I ^e ce ic^Z @Ya \Me aghijdK ja,

G K[ C_e MeZ \@ ~ aa\h a\, ic _KeRZa\,(Racism) RZMZ b\ba, C_ ^aga\, ^a-C_ ^aga\,@KcY, a\g @]_Z Ga _bZ Z[ ee @beY a_eejl_e C ^k^ - _ehu @]Ke _ C_bM _A @agK,

gak 53

@i eL ~ @RZK g I iele i\XKeY, @RZK C\aMeji, icRK I @[ ^ZK aaie Ce ic e ce _eeKij~M, i]eY ba i_ ^eKeY Ga agh ba _bagk@RZK ^dY aai ce _ecY ^eKeY, ^de i, \g\g ce _eeK ie ic^Z I fb, a\g I J_ ^agK@]_Z Z[ a\g gi^]^ \ge R^Zu @c^d, ]^Z Z[ed abcZ Ga bMkK @LZ _Z i^, icRK aKg I_MZK @MA ^a Ga Gj `ke -_eh ce i_ ic^Z_e ijdK ja,

G K[e ijcZ ~ \ge i_ aKg, agKfY Ga g _A ialZe _ehu ij ic^Z @]ee cjk c^u ia]K @gMjY Ree,

G K[K ^e eL ~ _eae KfY Ga icR-aKge cjkucj_ ~M\^ ejQ ~jK K G _~ C_~q KZ \@~A^j,cZZe icRK MeZ Ga i^ fk^_k^e _Z-cZ Cbdu bcKeMeZ Ga iPZ^ ~ _R^^ _Kde cjku bcK b\bae @]e^jA i^ fk^ _k^e \dZ Cbd _eh I Ga icM icRe\dZ ja CPZ,

iPZ^ ~ -_eh ce i_ ic^Z @Ya _A icR I _eaee- _ehu _eeK bcKe _ea^ @Ya Ree,

"^e ae] b\ba C ^k^' _A NhY _Ze ^eZ i MWKK~e e_d^ \Me ia_Ke b\ba ic Kea _A @agK_\l_ ^ae \X _Zm Ke, ^ cfLZ ij i_ ijcZ RYCQ:

bM -1

@ ^z\ -1

G ia\ _A "^e ae] b\ba' e @[ fw @]ee ~KYi _Keb^Z, aje (Exclusion) a _ZaK ~je _eYc a Cg cjkueR^ZK, @[ K, icRK, iZK, ^MeK a @^ KYi lZec^a]Ke a ckK ]^Ze c^Z, C_bM a _dMe j ^ _jA[Ga ic Ke\A[G G _ebh, ^e- ae] b\baK ^ee aajKiZ Ve @fM Ke \L[G Ga G b\baK _ehu ij ic^ c^\eZCf[G

@ ^z\ -2

i\i e ^ e- ae] ic _Ke b\bae ^ Ke GjK ic KeaCge G i\i @ak b\ba C ^k^ ^ Z _Yd^ Ga C_~q K~_ ^MjY Kea _A i\ic^ ijcZ G[_A i\ic^ ^cfLZ K~ @eKeQ :

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^54

(K) G _~ ~C ed i ]^ a @^ icPZ a]a]^e ^e- _ehic^Z i ~\ @bq jA^[G ZK icf Kea Ga G ieaajeK \MK @A^ Ga @^ C_~q cce i^ Z Kea,

(L) ^e-ae] ia _Ke b\baK ic Kea _A @agKZ @ ^~d\ a]^ ijZ @^^ _\l_ MjY Kea,

(M) ^e - _eh ic^Z @]ee ^ ee @]Ke _A @A^MZ iel aaiKea Ga ~ KYi _Ke b\ba ckK K~/aaje aee ed^d]KeY Ga @^^ iaR^^ ii cce ^ec^u _bagkiel i^ Z Kea,

(N) ^e- ae] b\ba ckK KYi K~ a aajee ^a eja Z[iaR^^ _]KeY Ga iic^ ~_e G \dZ _k^ Ke iK[ i^ ZKea,

(O) KYi aq, iMV^ a C\M \e Ke~A[a ^e - ae]b\bae C ^k^ _A ic_Ke @agKd _\l_ ^a,

(P) ^e- ae] b\ba i Ke[a _PkZ @A^, @]^dc, eR^ZGa _eeK ig]^ a ic Kea _A a] aai ij @^ icK~_ ^ MjY Kea ,

(Q) ^e- ae] b\ba i Ke[a ic \a]^K Cz\ Kea

@ ^z\ -3

i\i e ^e- _eh ic^Z @]ee ic lZe - aghZ eR^ZK,icRK, @[K Ga iZK - cjku c^a]Ke Z[ ckK ]^Z iaI C_bMe Me _A cjk aKg I _MZ i^ Z Kea \Me a] _Yd^ijZ ic @agKd _\l_ MjY Kea

@ ^z\ -4

K. ^e-_eh ce ic^Z Ze ^Z Kea Cge, i\i e \eMjY Ke~A[a @id agh _\l_ ia\e aL jA[ab\ba gY @bq ja^j K, Gje _eYc KYi bae a@ic^Z Ga b^ b^ e aRd eLa \Me ijdK ja K[ ^j ic^ i~M Ga aajee fl _eY jAMf _e Gbk agh_\l_ MWK ic Ke\@~a

L. cZZ iel Cge, ia\e CfLZ _\l_ ijZ, i\iec^u \e MjY Ke~A[a agh _\l_ MWK b\baKeaf ]e~a ^j

gak 55

@ ^z\ -5

^cfLZ ahd C_e i\i ec^ ic icPZ _\l_ ^a:

(K) fwMZ \e gZ a j^Z @[a _eeK ba ^ eZ ^ e-_ehubcK @]ee icRe _PkZ ]eY Ga EXa\ Z[ Gjbk @^^ic _eeK ic Kea Cge ^ e- _ehu icRK Ga iZK@PeYe ie @Ya,

(L) _eae id gle cZZK GK icRK \dZ Ga _fe fk^_k^_eh-^e (_Z-cZ) Cbdu \dZ ba ~_e iKZ _G Zj i^ ZKea - GK[ ^e eL ~ _ZK lZe _fe jZ iaVeMeZ_

@ ^z\ -6ic _Kee ^e-aaid Ga aga R ^Z ghYe _ZKe _A i\ie a] _Yd^ icZ icPZ _\l_ MjY Kea

bM-2

@ ^z\ -7^R\ge eR ^ZK Ga iaR^^ Ra^e ^e- ae] b\ba ic

Kea _A i\i e ic @agKd _\l_ MjY Kea aghKe,^cfLZ ahde ^e-_ehu ic^ @]Ke i^ Z Kea :

K. ic ^aP^ Ga iaR^^ R^ce cZ\^ / bU\^ Kea Gaic iaR^^ ii / @ ^^ _A ^aP^ fXa _A ~M aaPZja ,

L. ieKeu ^Z ^eY Ga Gje K~ ^d^e @gMjY Z[ _ZKee ieKe _\_\a Ga ic ieKe K~ ^\^,

M. \ge iaR^^ Ga eR ^ZK Ra^ ij ig ic aieKe iiGa iMV^e @gMjY

@ ^z\ -8

@RZK ee ^R \ge _Z^ ]Z Kea Ga @RZK iMV^e K~Kea lZe _ehu ijZ ic^Z be Ga a^ KYi b\bae,cjku i~M \a_A i\i e C_~q _\l_ MjY Kea

@ ^z\ -9

1. _ehu ij ic^bae, cjku RZdZ MjY Kea, a\kAa aaRdeLa _A i\i e ic^ @]Kee KZ _\^ Kea KYia\gK aaj Kea_e Ga aaj icde c ^ R RZdZ a\kAf

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^56

_ ^e RZdZ ~_e @_ @_ a\k ^ ~G K ZK ~_e "ej^'Ke \@ ^ ~G @[a ce RZdZ Z C_e f\\@ ^ ~G - i\ie G ic i^ Z Kea

2. cjk c^u ^R i^ iZu RZdZ a_ee _ehij ic^@]KeK i\i e KZ \a

bM-3

@ ^z\ -10

i\i e ^e - ae] b\ba ic Kea _A icPZ _\l_ MjYKea ~j \e gl lZe ^e_A _ehu ij ic^ i~M i^ Z jA_ea G Cge, e ^ e- _eh ic^Z be ^ cfLZ \MMWK aghbae i^ Z Kea:

K. ije Ga McY Cbd lZe ic _Ke gl^^e @d^ IW_c _ , a I ]ckK cM\g^ lZe cjku _A _ehu ijic^ _Ke iak fMKea; G _Ke ic^Z _Ka\kd,i]eYgl, ahdK gl, aMZ Ga Cygl Z[ ic _Ke ]ckK_glY lZe i^ Z Kea ;

L. ic^ _VLiW, ic^ _el, ic^ ~MZe glK Z[ ic^MYc^e a\kd _eie Ga gl id @iaa_Z C_fa] ;

M. gl lZe ia ee ic _Kee ^e- _eh id EXa\@a]eYe C ^k^ Ga ijgl I @^^ _Ke gle _j^ ~jic^Z _ e ijdK ja G[_A aghbae _V _K Ga a\kdK~Kc Z[ gl\^ _Yke _ea^ @Ya

N. QZa Ga @^^ @d^ id @ ^\^ _ lZe ic^ i~M O. _X Ga aajeK ileZ K~Kc icZ ^ee gl K~Kc -

agh Ke gl lZe _eh-cjku ce ej[a aa]^K ~[gNji Kea Cge ^@ ~C[a K~Kc MWKe _ag Keaeic^ i~M

P. @]e _V QW\A[a _fu ce QZ c^u je ji Ga @]e fQW[a cjk Ga akK c^u _A Z gl K~Kc

Q. LkK\ Ga geeK gle iKd @gMjY _A ic^ i~M R. _eae ^dR^ id iP^ I _ecg icZ i I _eae KfY

i^ Z Keae ijdK jC[a agh glK K~Kc C_fa]

gak 57

@ ^z\ -11

(1) ^e - _eh ic^Z @]ee eRMe lZe b\ba \eKea_A i\i ec^ @agKd _\l_ MjY Kea, aghKe ^ cfLZiZe cjku ic^ @]Ke C_e ^ \a :-

K. _ZK cYh _A Kc Keae @az\ @]Ke

L. ^~q a_ee ic^ c^\ / ~MZ icZ ic^ i~Me @]Ke

M. ]^ bae a I eRMe Pd^ Keae @]Ke, ic^ _\ ^Z,eRMee iel Z[ ^ ~q iak Ga ^ ~q ijZ ej[a ia] _Aa@]Ke _glY, Cy aaidK _glY Ga aMZ _glY Ga _^ _glY _Aae @]Ke

N. K~e MYa cfu^e ic^Z ijZ ic^ K~ _A ic^ ia] Gaic^ @PeY ijZ ic^ _egcKe @]Ke

O. iaZ^ QU @]Ke ijZ icRK ^e_ @]Ke, aghKe, @aieMjY, aeRMe, @iiZ, @lcZ Ga aK iZe ;

P. i iel @]Ke Ga _R^^ id K~e iel ijZ K~ike^e_e @]Ke ;

(2) aaj Ga cZZe @]ee cjku aee b\baK eKa Gaic^u K~Kea @]KeK _bagk Kea_A i\i e icPZ_\l_ MjY Kea :

K. Mbai a _iaKk^ QU KeYe cjku K~e aeL a \Z KeaGa aajK iZ @]ee aeL Keae b\baK ^h] Kea

L. _a ^ ~q, aeZ a icRK b AZ\e @ ^ @Y aZ^ a Zfia] ijZ _iaKk^ QUe ia] Kea ;

M. _ZcZu _eae \dZ ij K~lZe \dZ ZfAa Ga iaR^^Ra^e @gMjY Keae i~M \a_A @agKd aaie_j^, aghKe, gg_k^ ia] i \Me ij~M aai _ZGa Gje aKg _A _j^ \a ;

N. Mbaie j^KeK K~e _bae cjku agh iele _a]^Kea

(3) am ^K Ga ahdK m^ @]ee G @ ^z\e @bq _iw iZielcK a]a]^ MWK icl Ke~a Ga @agKZ @ ^~d i MWKig]^, Cz\ a ae Ke~a

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^58

@ ^z\ -12

1. i ia lZe, ^ e-_eh ic^Z @]ee, _eae ^ dR^ iaicZ @^^ i ia C_fa]_A G lZe ej[a ic ^e-ae] b\ba \e Kea _A i\i e @agKd _\l_ MjYKea

2. G @ ^z\e _[c _eM `e CfLZ aai i, Mbai, _ia Ga_ia _ea @aie C_~q ia, @agK ik cMY iae GaMbai I ^\^ @aie _~ _K bR^ ~MA \a _Ae i\i C_~q _\l_ MjY Kea

@ ^z\ -13

@[K Ga icRK Ra^e @^^ lZe, ^e-_eh ic^Z @]ee,@]Ke i^ Z Kea _A G ia lZe ej[a ^e - ae] b\ba \eKea _A i\i e C_~q _\l_ MjY Kea, agh Ke ^cfLZ_iwe-

(K) _eaeK ia] (Family benefit) _Aa _A @]Ke

(L) au EY, aK I @^^ @[K EY _Aa @]Ke,

(M) c^eR^ K~Kc, LkK\ Ga iZK Ra^e ic lZe@gMjY Keae @]Ke

@ ^z\ -14

1. @[K aaie jia aje ej[a lZe Ke[a K~ ijZ _eae_Z_hYe McY cjku MeZ_ bcK Ga ic^ iL^ jC[a

^ ici _Z e ^\a Ga ia\e CfLZ _a MWK McYcjku lZe ~_e fMja i \Me icPZ _\l_ MjY Kea

2. ^e - _eh ic^Z @]ee McY lZe ^e - ae] b\ba\eKe ic^Z i^ Z Kea _A i\ie C_~q _\l_ MjY Kea~j \e McC ^d^ K~Kce cjkc^ bM\e jA Gje ` A\CVA _ea G[_A ^cfLZ ahde agh ba @]Ke i^ ZKeaK ja :

(K) ia ee aKg ckK ~R^ _Yd^ I K~ ^d^e @gMjY ;

(L) _eae ^dR^ id iae iP^, _ecg icZ _~ iia C_fa] ;

(M) icRK iel K~Kce _Zl ba C_KZ ja ;

gak 59

(N) ic _Ke _glY I gl - Cbd J_eK I @^_eK - Z[ aajeKileZ id gl _, Ga G[ ijZ cjk-c^u ahdK \lZa_A ic M I i_ieY ~R^e i` k _Aa ;

(O) ^~q a @c^ ~q cce ic^ @[K i~M fb _A d ijdK\k Ga icad MV^ ;

(P) ia _Ke ic\dK K~Kk_e @gMjY ;(Q) KhEY, aRe ia], C_~q m^Kgke ia] icZ bie

~R^e Z[ Rc aa K~Kce ic^ aaje ;(R) _~ Ra^ C_bM _A, aghKe aiMj, _eck, a\Z I Rk~MY,

Mc^Mc^ ~M~M AZ\e aai

bM -4

@ ^z\ -15

1. i\i e @A^ @Me ^e-_ehu @ ^e_ ic^Z _\^ Kea

2. i\i e \I^ ccfe ^e - _ehu ic^ @A^MZ @]Ke_\^ Kea Z[ Gje _dM _A ic^ i~M c \a aghZ,cjkc^u Pq_Z (Contract) \LZ Kea Ga i_ \LgY Z[aKKY Keae ic^ @]Ke e _\^ Kea Ga ^dkd IUa^fe ia ee cjk I _ehu ic^ aaje \LAa

3. cjku a] ^K lcZK iuPZ Ke[a ic _Ke Pq_Z Ga @A^MZ_ba [a KYi NeA KMR _Z MjY ~M ^j af i\i eijcZ

4. aqe ~a@ia eja, Ga KC @Pke ai ja i ahd Pd^Keae ]^Z id @A ^e i\i e _eh I cjku ic^ @]Ke_\^ Kea

@ ^z\ -16

1. aaj I _eaeK ia ij ~W jA[a a_ee ^e - ae]b\ba ic Kea _A i\i e @agK _\l_ MjY Kea, Ga^e - _eh ic^Z @]ee agh ba ^ cfLZ ahd i^ Z Kea :

(K) aaj Keae ic^ @]Ke ;

(L) ]^ bae Ra^i[ aQae @]Ke Z[ ]^ Ga _ ijcZe jaaj Keae ic^ @]Ke ;

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^60

(M) aajZ Ra^e Ga aaj az\ ja_e ic^ @]Ke Ga \dZ ;

(N) _Z- cZu aajK iZ ~C @aie [f c i^ iZ a_eeic^u ic^ @]Ke Ga Ce\dZ eja; ia _eiZe _fc^ujZK ia]K MeZ \@~a;

(O) i^ iL Ga KZ aa]^e i^ R ^ ^a i ahde ]^Ga \dZ _aK ^ ^ae ic^ @]Ke Ga G id iP^, glZ[ i]^ C_fa] lZe ic^Z ~j\e ic^ C_eq @]Keia Ke_ea ;

(P) @bbaKZ, Za]eKZ, ^ iZ (Trusteeship) Ga _hi^ MjY K RZd a]^e ej[a Gjbk @^^ @ ^^e ic^ @]Ke Ga Ce\dZ ; G ic lZe _fe jZK ia]K MeZ \@~a ;

(Q) _Z_ ^ bae _eaeK ^c, aaid Ga a Pd^ Kea ij ic^aqMZ @]Ke;

(R) cf ^A a a^ KYi cfe, i_ cfK^, @]MjY, _ek^,C_bM Ga aZeY ibe _Z_ ^ Cbdu ic^ @]Ke

2. ^akK / ^akKe ^a I aaje @A^MZ a]Z eja ^j, Gaaaje ia^ c adi ^eY _A a] _Yd^ icZ ic @agKd_\l_ MjY Ke~a, G[ ijZ aaj _RKeY c aZ ckKKe~a

bM-5

@ ^z\ -17

1. _Z ia\e K~^d^e @MMZ icl Kea Cge ^e-ae] b\ba C ^k^ icZ (Gj_eVe Kak icZ Kj~a) MV^Ke~a @ee G icZe 18 i\i eja ~a 35Zc e Gia\e KZ _\^ Kea iZak i\i iL 23 ja icZeib Cy ^ZKZ i^ aq Ga ia\ @MZ ahde aghmjA[a i\i e ^ R ^ MeK c^u ce G i\iu Pd^ Kea i\ic^ aqMZ lcZ @ ^ie ^R ^R ia _\^ Kea icZi\i c^^d^e ab^ bMkK lZe _Z^ ]Z i^ Z Ke~a~j `ke _cL ^dK_Yk ij ab^ ibZ MWKe bM\e i^ ZKe~A_ea

2. i\i ec^u \e c^^Z aqc^u ce M cZ\^ \e icZeib c^u ^aPZ Ke~a _ZK i\i e ^R ^MeK ce RYuc^^d^ Ke_ea

gak 61

3. _Z ia\ fM jae 6 ci _e _e K ^ aP^ ja _ZK ^ aP^@ZKce Z^ ci _ae ckZ RZiNe cjiPa i\i e c^u _ZfL2 ci ce ic^u i\i c^^Z Kea _A Kja ec^u \ec^^Z i\ic^u GK ZfK, a@ ^Kce, cjiPa _Z Kea GZfKe i\iu ^cij Zu c^^Z Ke[a ee ^c c CfLja Gjbk ba _Z ZfKK ic i\i eK \@~a

4. ckZ RZiNe cL K~kde cjiPau \e @dRZ ia\]^ euaVKe icZ i\i c^u ^aP^ Ke~a G aVKe Kec _Aic\d i\i eu \A ZZdg C_iZ @agK ja icZe ibbaij aq ^ aPZ ja ~ju ia]K bU cka Ga C_iZ i\i eGa bU\A[a _Z^ ] c^u _ ajcZ cka

5. icZ i\iu eah _A ^ aPZ Ke~a K _[c ^ aP^e ^ aPZKe~A[a i\ic^u ce 9RY i\iu K~Kk \Aah _e icja _[c ^ aP^e VK _e _e Gj i\iu ^ ^ aP^ KcU @lu\e fUe W \e aQ~a

6. 35Zc e\e ia\K KZ _\^_e, @ ^Q\2, 3 Ga 4 @ ^~dicZe @Zeq 5RY i\iu ^ aPZ Ke~a Gj 5RY @Zeq i\iuce 2RY i\iu ^ c KcU @l fUe W cce VK Kea

7. @KiK bae KYi i\i _\ Lf_Wf i_q e ^ R ^ MeK c^uce @^ icKl aghmK icZe @ ^c\^ Kc ^ ~q Ke_ea

8. i]eY ibe @ ^c\^ Kc, ckZ RZiN _Ye icZe i\i c^ic^u aZ^ _Aa icZe \dZe MeZK ^\A i]eY ibi\ic^u ia iak ^ eZ Ke_e

9. _Z ia\ @MZ icZe K~Kk_e iVK i_\^ _A @agKdKce Ga ia] i~M ckZ RZiN cjiPau \e _\^ Ke~a

@ ^z\ -18

1. _Z ia\e _a]^ MWK _bagk Kea_A i\i e @A^ _Yd^,^dK, _gi^K Ga @^^ lZe ^A[a _\l_ I @MMZie icZ \e icl _A e_U _Z Ke RZiN cjiPau ^ ccZ_\^ Kea ;

(K) ee ia\ fM jae GK ah_e, Ga

(L) Gj_e, @ZKce _ZK eahe [e Ga KYi icZ ~Zak@ ^e] Ke

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^62

2. _Z ia\e @ ^jZ \dZ _eY \Me \L\A[a @ia] GaGje KeY Cq e_Ue CfL Ke~A _e

@ ^z\ -19

1. icZe K~_Yk icZ ^R ie Kea 2. icZ Ze Kce c^u 2ah_A ^aPZ Kea @ ^z\ -20

1. _Z ia\e @ ^z\ -18 @ ^~d _MZ e_U icl _A icZahe [e aia G aVK @Zage \A ij _A ja

2. icZe aVK i]eYZ ckZ RZiN cL K~kde a icZ\e ^eZ @^ KYi ia]R^K i^e ja

@ ^z\ -21

1. icZ ^R K~Kk_ iaZ ahK e_U, @[K I icRK _eh\cce RZiN i]eY ib ^KUe \Lf Kea G e_Ue,i\i ec^u Ve ck[a e_U Ga Z[e icl Ke icZ ^RcZcZ Ga _a \A_e ~\ KYi i\i e ^KUe KYicZcZ a _a @i[G Zjf icZ ^R e_Ue ca ij G iaicf Kea

2. icZ e_UK cjiPa "cjk @aiZ @dM' ^ KUK @aMZ ^ c _VAa

@ ^z\ -22

_Z ia\e aai MWK lZe K~eZ aghm ii Gje K~ ^d^icl id K~e _Z^]Z Kea _A jK\e ja ia\e aailZe K~eZ aghm iiK K~ ^d^ icl C_e e_U _Z Kea_A icZ @cY Ke_e

bM -6

@ ^z\ -23

ia\e KYi a @g, @^ KYi _a]^ ^e _eh ic^Z _ e @]KijdK jC[a _a]^K _baZ Kea ^j G[e ^cfLZ _a]^jA_e (K) i\i ee a]^e, @[a(L) i ee fM jA[a KYi @RZK ia\, i a eR^ c

@ ^z\ -24

_Z ia\e ^eZ @]Ke MWK _ cZe _ _A i\i e edee ic _Ke @agK _\l_ MjY Keae _ZgZ \a

gak 63

@ ^z\ -251. ic ee le _A _Z ia\ Lf eja 2. ckZ RZiN cjiPau G ia\e Rc\e @bjZ Ke~AQ 3. _Z ia\ @^c\^ _A Lf ejQ @^c\^ iKd _Z

RZiN cjiPau ^KUe \Lf Ke~a 4. _Z ia\K ic ee _ag _A Lf eL~a RZiN

cjiPau _Le _ag KZ_Z \Lf Kf_e j _ag K~Keja

@ ^z\ -261. G ia\e ig]^ _A KYia i\i e ~ KYi icde

@ ^e] Ke_e ig]^ id @]iP^ fLZ bae RZiNcjiPau \aK ja

2. G _Ke @ ^e] C_e K~ ^^ ckZ RZiN cjibe ^eYja

@ ^z\ -271. i~q e cjiPau ^KUe ia\K _ (accession) a KZe

20Zc _Z _jae 30 \^ _e _Z ia\ fMja 2. _Z ia\e _ a KZ _A 20Zc _Z _ _e ~\ KYi e

Ze _ a iKZ _Z _VG Zjf _Z \Lfe 30 \^ _e Cqee G ia\ fMja

@ ^z\ -281. ia\e _ a KZ icde e ^R i id \aR ckZ

RZiN cjiPa u _LK _VAa i G \aR ic ece@aMZ ^c aZeY Kea

2. ~\ i _Z ia\e Cg Ga _dR^e @^Kk jA ^[GZjf G[_A @ ^cZ \@~a ^j

3. RZiN cjiPau _LK @]iP^ _VA ~ KYi icde i`eA ^@~A_e i `eA ^f_e cjiPa ia eu Gi_Ke iP^ \a G _Ke @]iP^ cjiPau _Le _ja\^ Ve fMjf af ]e~a

@ ^z\ -291. \A a \Ae @]K e ce ~\ _Z ia\e aL a _dM

id KYi aa\ \L\G Ga Gje @_h ic]^ ^jA _eZjf i ce KYi GK ee @^e]e aa\d ahdKciZKeu _LK _V~A _e ciZ _A @^e]e 6cice ~\ G e ci MV^ C_e ijcZ ^jG Zjf G ceKYi GK e ^dkde ia]^K @^_k^e @^e] ijZccfUK @RZK ^dkdK _VA _e

iW : cjkc^u @]Kee _^i_^64

2. ia\ _ a KZ C_e le Kf icde _ZK i\i e GNhY Ke_e ~ G @ ^z\e _[c _eM `K i c ^^ j ~\KYi e G _Ke i eL Z jf @^ e i\i Cq _eM `c ^a _A a ^j

3. ~\ _eM ` 2 @ ^ie KYi i\i e i eL[G, Cq e ~KYi icde ckZ RZiN cjiPau @]iP^ _VA eL[a i`eA @Y_e

@ ^z\ -30

_Z ia\e @ea, P^ , AeR, `ei, Ehd Ga ^d ieY ic^bae _cYK Ga RZiN cjiPau _Le eL~a G ia\ _A i_ _]KZ ^c leKe, Gje il ba le KeQ

gak 65

iW Ga cjku _Z jicjkc^ gKe jC[a ia_Ke b\baK \eKea _A 1981e ia\ GK[ Ke Ke ~ cjku_Z ji, b\bae GK Me e_, ~j i ba ic @Z Ree GcZ \LaK Mf, cjku _Zji ahde iW LfLf Py Ke^ j, K cjk ae] b\ba \e Kea _A KcU, ~j iWeK~ ^^ _A \d, i]eY iZ-19e ba Kj ~ ia\e i\i e, cjku _Z ji icKea _A CPZ _\l_ MjY Kea ^c a

fwd ba^ @]eZ jie _ebhiWe i]eY iZ - 19 @ ^~d fwd ba^ @]eZ ji jCQ :* ij ji ~j cjku _Z GA[_A jA[G KeY i RY cjk @U* _eh Zk^e cjku C_e Gbk jie _ba @fM Ga @]K Mbe jA[Gi]eY iZ-19 @ ^~d, jie @[ jCQ G_e, ~ KYi K~ ~j geeK, c^iK a ~ ^K @NZa _W \A[G, a G_e KYi K~e ]cK \@~G, Rae\ Ke~G, a ]^Ze _ZaK fM~G1993 cije ckZ RZiN cjku _Z ji \e Kea Cge GK NhY^c Ke[f ~C[e Gahde LfLfba Py Ga _ebhZ jAQ G NhY^c @ ^~d fwd ba^ @]eZ ji ijji @U ~je _eYc cjku geeK, ~ ^K, c^iK _W a @NZ \A[G a \A_e Gj aZZ,KYi ]cK, ReRae\ a @i^ R^K bae RYKe ]^Z l KeaK c ji Kj~a G jiiaR^^ @[a aqMZ Ra^e jA_e

^h :1 cjku _Z jie i fwd ba^ - @]eZ c^Z Ga cjku bcK ij ~WjA ejQ, ~j

icR\e ^eZ jA[G2 jie fl cjkc^ jA[ KeY ic^ cjk3 jie KeY, Gje e_ Ga Gje _eYc cjku lZe b^ Ga Me jA[G4 ji @PeY Ke[a aq ieKe K aieKe jA_e

C\jeY :1 ak}e Kak geeK @NZ \a_A Ke~G ^ j, ae G Cge Ke~G ~ Gj\e cjkRYu

@Z ieRa^ _A ^ jA~C, a Zu icRe aZWZ Ke~C @ce fKcZMWK c icRKc^Ze @]ee j jA[G, ~_eK - A{Z jeY ja @_l cZ gde, a S@ jCQ NeeA{Z, i[e KYi _eiZe a ~cZ \M ^ fM G[e ij ^j ~ ak}e bk NUY ~KYi cjku Mbe c^iK @NZ \A_e Ga geeK _W bMaK c jA[G

2 ~aZu C_eK GiW `_W Kak G[_A ^ j ~ i geeK @NZ _C, ae G_e Keae CgjCQ ~aZRYue icRK Ra^ c _baZ jC Ga Zue geeK I ~^ @KhY cicjA~C cjku icRK iZ cLZ ew-e_ Ga geeK ieZ \e ^ eZ jA[G ~ZakKYi ~aZe ieZ j ej^, Zjf Ze icRK aajK Ga _eaeK Ra^ c ^jA[G geeK lZ Ga _We ~Y Ve G iae ~Y KYi MY Kc ^j

3 Mb^ e] Ga _eae ^dR^e @ba cjk Ga _eh Cbdu _baZ Ke[G, K G @ba cjkulZe jie e_ ^A[G KeY, @ ^zKZ Mb]eY Kak cjku j bMaK _W[G

4 \e\e _ba c cjku C_e @]K bae _W[G KeY G[~M @^K cjk aga Ke @a]a_ee gKe jA~cjku _Z ji ic Keae MeZ ijZ _WZu ijdZ _A ia] c C_fa] ja CPZ KG[ijZ ijia icRK c^Z Z[ ]eYMWK cKaf Kea @Z Ree ~j cjku _eh @_lKc c~\ \A[G, ic^u EXa\ bcKe icZKe eL Ga fwd ba^ @]eZ jiK_jZ Ke[G fwd ba^ aZZ, cjku _Z ji ibe RZ, aM, gl lZ, ~^Z bkKeYMWK c @Z MeZ_ iLfN i_\de cjk, @[K e_ \ak gYe cjk, a ^ e _ehcce fw-@]eZ _b\e agi Ke^ [a cjkc^u lZe fwd ba^ @]eZ jie a_\@]K [G G[_A @aajZ cjk, Mea Ga _ai cjk, geY[ cjk Ga a]a cjk ^^ _Kejie gKe jA[

iWe fwd ba^ @]eZ jie C\jeY :iWe i]eY iZ - 19 @ ^~d iWe @ ^z\MWKe @bq ic lZ Ga ahde fwd-ba^@]eZ ji _A _ea i]eY iZ - 19 ijia @ ^z\MWK C_e c U__Y \A[G ~C[eagh bae fwd ba^ @]eZ jie K[ Kj~AQ

@ ^z\ ahd fwd ba^ - @]eZ jie C\jeY

1 b\bae fwd ba^ - @]eZ ji b\bae_ebh GK e_ @U

5 icRK Ga iZK _eaeK ji, ~ZK R ^Z jZ, WjY _[,fw - @]eZ Rae\ Ke Ke~C[a aaj,

bcK/]eY Ga _[ GiW `_Wa, @gkZ a_e

6 @a] a_e Ga \e\, aKe, ~ AZ\ cjkc^uaga \e @]K _baZ Ke[G Ga ic^u ghYjC[a ghY Ga @a] a_ee gKe Ke[G, ~^ _~U^

10 gl i Ga _eae ^dR^ id iP^e @ba, fwdba^ - @]eZ EXa\ ]eY Ga cjku _Z a\h ba

11 eRMe K~lZe ~^ - ^~Z^; @^ Ne Kc Ke[acjku _Z ji

12 i MbaZ cjku LAa _Aae KUKY; _Z i^K _[cKZ\a; cjkc^u Mb]eY Z[ _R^^ id ^dY _A@]Ke ^ \a; S@c^u ~ ^ KUa a ifA Kea _[

14 McY cjk EXa\ ]eY Ga cjku Zk ee c~\ \a;eRMe @ ^hYe ijeK ~C[a S@c^u _Z ji

Ga ~^ ghYe a_\

16 aaj Ga _eaeK @ ^zKZ Mb^ e], Mb_Z, ^R i^iZ iL, ic^u@A ^ ce ic aa]^ ^eY Kea _A cjkc^u @]Ke

CfN^; NeA ji _eaeK Ga iaR^^ Ra^ecjku ijZ jC[a b\ba

ieKeu \dZ :

Gia U__Yc^ ^e eL, i\i ec^u KcUe _a ^ccZ \@~AQ :

* @A ^ K ^^ , ^Z ^eY, K~Kc Ga @^ C_d cce fwd ba^ @]eZ jie PjU G ZeCPZ cKaf Ke - ji @PeYKe, ieKe a aieKe ~ KYi aq jA[ ^ KjK

@A ^ K ^^ Ree @U, K Gj _~ ^j

NeA ji, ak}e, ~^ ghY id @A ^ ic cjku iel _\^ Kea CPZ Ga ic^u MeaI i^ el Kea CPZ G[ijZ jie gKe jA[a cjku _A ielcK C_d ~[ @gd, _ecg,_^ ai AZ\e aai Ke~C; ae]ee _ea^ _A ^dK @]Ke, _fi Ga @^ @]Kec^u_A _glYe _a]^ Ke~a CPZ

* jie a , KeY e_ Ga _eYc MWKe ZRc Ke~C, _eiL^ _Z Ke~C, Ga @ ^i^Ke~C ~j`ke jiK CPZ bae cKaf Ke~A _ea

* cjkc^u _Z jibaK _j^ \C[a ae]e Ga EXa\ _[MWK a\k~C G \Me glK~Kc MjY Ke~C

* @a] a_e Ga ~^ ghYK a Kea _A Z \ a]^e aai Ke~C

cZcZ `c

^c :

KC lZe K~ Ke :

ii :

VKY :

* @_Y G ajU ahde KCVe RYf? G aj @_Y KCVe _Af?

* G aj _Xa _ae @_Y KY iW ahde RY[f? ~\ j, KC iZe RY[f?

* IW@ bhe iW ie @^ KYi fL @_Y _XQ K? ~\ j, KC fL?

* @_Y G aj Kbk bae aaje KeQ? \dKe Ze a^ Ke

* ^cfLZ ahd ibe G aje c^ \g ( ^ aKie () Pj \@)

Cc ihR^K ig]^ Ree

bh/bhe iekZ

aee Z

PZ

* G aje G_e \AU ahd Kj ~j @_Yu C_~M c^jf

* G aje G_e \AU ahd Kj ~C[e ig]^e @agKZ ejQ

* aje c^a _A @^ KYi ca