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"D ,@/9F7$ "G7198@2E*The lifestyles of Native Americans were shaped by location and climate. Native Americans of the cold Arctic tundra hunted animals, while those in temperate areas grew crops and hunted. (p. 141)

;D '01:A7@2$(:<:297E*By the late 1500s, Europeans had begun migrating to North America in search of farmland, valuable minerals, and freedom. The Spanish colonized what is now the southwestern and southern United States, the English settled along the Atlantic coast, and the French came to northern areas for the fur trade. (p. 141) The middle Atlantic coastal area provided fertile soil and plenty of game. The English settlers there thrived and raised cash crops for trade. Plantation owners in the South used enslaved Africans to provide the labor for large-scale farming. (pp. 141–142)

(D )H:$,7H$(:02/197E*In the late 1700s, thirteen British colonies along the Atlantic coast fought a successful war of independence, creating the United States of America. In 1867 other British North American colonies formed the Dominion of Canada, a self-governing nation within the British Empire. (p. 142)

!D I1:G$.7@$/:$.B9292>$.7@*By the mid-1800s, the United States had expanded westward across the North American continent to the Pacific coast. Canada carried out its own westward expansion during the late 1800s. (p. 142)

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'D ?1:H/BL$!9F9E9:2L$@2=$*29/C*Industrialization transformed the United States and Canada during the 1800s. MD The waterfalls of the northeastern United States were good sources

of power for factories. Coal from the Midwestern states powered steam engines. Rivers and lakes throughout the central part of the continent provided easy transport for manufactured goods. (pp. 142–143)

ND Cotton, the raw material of the textile industry, became more and more profitable. By the 1800s the demand for cotton also increased the demand for enslaved workers. Disputes over slavery led to the United States Civil War of 1861–1865. (p. 143)

ID )78B2:<:>98@<$@2=$.:89@<$(B@2>7*The completion of transcontinental railroads in the late 1800s in both Canada and the United States led to increased settlement of the West. Thousands of immigrants were hired to build the railroads. (p. 144)

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"D The United States is a democratic republic with a federal system of government. In a federal system, the national government shares power with state and provincial governments. The American plan of government is set down in the Constitution, drafted in 1787. Over the years, amendments to the Constitution have been made to meet the country’s changing needs. The national government is made of three branches—executive, legislative, and judicial. (p. 144)

;D Canada is a parliamentary democracy with a federal system that includes a national government and various provinces and territories. The British monarch, represented by a Canadian governor-general, is Canada’s ceremonial head of state. The prime minister, who heads the majority party in Parliament, is the actual head of government. Canada became completely independent from the United Kingdom in 1931. (pp. 144–145)

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"D +7<9>9:0E$ I177=:G*Freedom of religion has always been valued in both the United States and Canada. Most Americans and Canadians who are members of organized religions are Christians. (p. 147)

;D %@2>0@>7*English and French are the official languages of Canada. French-speaking Canadians in Quebec and some other provinces want greater protection for their language and its culture; many people in Quebec favor Quebec’s independence. (pp. 147–148)

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"D R0E98*Jazz, a mix of African and European musical ideas, was born in New Orleans early in the 1900s as a genuinely American music form. Country music and rock ’n’ roll became popular later in the 1900s. (pp. 148–149)

;D )B7$S9E0@<$"1/E*American and Canadian painting and sculpting began to diverge from European traditions in the early 1900s. Painters from both countries have depicted their unique landscapes and urban environments. (p. 149)

/012*

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(D %9/71@/017*In the late 1800s and early 1900s, American and Canadian literatures took on their own distinct identities as writers wrote about their home regions, such as the Great Plains, and told stories about ordinary working men and women. Writers from other cultures also added their own views to the literatures of the United States and Canada. (p. 149)

!D 6:A0<@1$ '2/71/@92G72/*The United States movie industry, which began in New York City and soon moved to Los Angeles, has had an enormous cultural impact on the rest of the world. Both Canada and the United States are noted for their contributions to the performing arts. The United States is the birthplace of the musical, associated with Broadway—the street that runs through New York City’s theater district. (pp. 149–150)

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As citizens of two of the world’s wealthiest countries, most Americans and Canadians have a high standard of living as well as the advantage of many personal choices and opportunities. (p. 150) "D 57@</B$ (@17*

In Canada, the government pays for health care for all citizens. In the United States, most people must pay for their own health insurance. The role of the U.S. government in health care is under debate. Many Americans receive health benefits with their jobs, but rising costs have placed quality health care beyond the reach of many of those who do not have this benefit. (p. 150)

;D '=08@/9:2*Both the United States and Canada require all children to attend school. Both countries have public and private schools and universities. Over 95 percent of both populations are literate. /012*

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(D .A:1/E$ @2=$+7817@/9:2*Sports are popular in both Canada and the United States. Many Americans and Canadians also take advantage of their countries’ millions of acres of national parks for hiking and camping. (pp. 150–151)

!D (7<7U1@/9:2E*People in the United States and Canada celebrate many of the same religious holidays, and many civic observances are similar, although held on different dates. Independence Day is on July 4 in the United States, and Canada celebrates its national holiday, Canada Day, on July 1. (p. 151)

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Both the United States and Canada have free market economies, in which people can own, operate, and profit from their own businesses. Both economies were once primarily agricultural but are now industrial and service economies. (pp. 157–158) "D ">1980</017*

Farming in the region is primarily commercial and large-scale. One billion acres (405,000,000 ha) in the United States and 167 million acres (67,583,000 ha) in Canada are used for agriculture. Only a small percentage of Americans and Canadians work as farmers, because of the high cost of farming, the hard work involved, and unpredictable consumer demand. (p. 158)

;D V7C$">1980</01@<$61:=08/E*The major U.S. and Canadian crops are wheat and corn. U.S. and Canadian ranches and dairies are among the world’s leading producers of beef, milk, and eggs. Both countries also grow a variety of fruits and vegetables and produce chickens and pigs. (pp. 158–159)

(D ;17@W92>$?7:>1@AB98$;:02=@197E*Geographic factors in the region once limited agricultural work, but technology and modern transportation have largely overcome these limits. (p. 159)

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##D R@20T@8/0192>$@2=$.71F987$#2=0E/197E$ pages 159–161

About 20 percent of Americans and Canadians work in manufacturing industries, which have been transformed by advanced technologies such as robotics and computerized automation. (pp. 159–160) "D 6:E/Z#2=0E/19@<$ '8:2:G97E*

About 75 percent of Americans and Canadians work in service industries such as government, health care, and education. High-tech and biotechnology industries also employ many people in both countries. (p. 160)

;D +7/::<92>$ /B7$+0E/$;7</*As the U.S. economy shifted from manufacturing to services, older industrial areas in the Great Lakes and Northeast were left with abandoned factories and steel mills. The rusting plants and parts gave these areas the derogatory nickname “the Rust Belt.” Today communities are converting old factories to new uses. (pp. 160–161)

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"D )B7$"0/:G:U9<7*Extensive automobile use in Canada and the United States has required investment in the building and maintenance of millions of miles of highways, roads, and bridges. (pp. 161–162)

;D -/B71$R7@2E$:T$)1@2EA:1/@/9:2*Most Americans and Canadians travel long distances by airplane. Railroads carry relatively few passengers but carry about 35 percent of the region’s freight. Another 35 percent is carried by waterways and on large trucks. Pipelines carry the region’s gas and oil. (p. 162)

(D (:GG0298@/9:2E*Canada’s broadcasting and telephone systems are operated by the government. Those in the United States are privately owned and operated. Cellular telephones, faxes, and electronic communications are becoming increasingly common. (pp. 162)

/012*

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"D '[A:1/E$@2=$ #GA:1/E*The United States provides more than 10 percent of all world exports, but its huge purchases of energy, as well as the negative effects of foreign tariffs on U.S. exports, have created an enormous trade deficit. Canada exports and imports less than the United States and enjoys a trade surplus. (p. 163)

;D ,"I)"*The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) removed trade restrictions among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. (p. 163)

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The United States and other nations carried out a war on terrorism following terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001. The first military operation took place in Afghanistan against Osama bin Laden’s terrorist network.

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Canada and the United States are rich in natural resources, but the growth of industry has seriously damaged portions of the environment. Efforts are being made throughout the region to repair the damage, but much work needs to be done. (pp. 165–166)

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"D "89=$+@92*Chemical emissions from automobiles, power plants, and factories react with water vapor to cause acid rain. Acid rain corrodes buildings, damages crops, pollutes soil, and poisons fish. (p. 166) Winds blow acid rain from one region into another. The Great Lakes area is the most seriously affected by acid rain. The United States and Canada are working together to improve air quality and prevent acid rain. (pp. 166–167)

;D .G:>*Smog is a combination of smoke and fog that creates a haze in the air. Areas throughout the United States measure air quality and issue warnings to citizens when smog levels are high. Some U.S. states require emissions testing for automobiles. Engineers are researching alternatives to fossil fuels. People can help by riding bikes, walking, or taking public transit instead of driving. (p. 167)

(D \@/71$ 6:<<0/9:2*Industrial waste combines with acid rain to pollute water, killing fish and birds and making people sick. Runoff from fertilizers and pesticides used on farms also pollutes water resources. (pp. 167–168)

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!D ;@8W$T1:G$/B7$;192W*Water in the Great Lakes region became so polluted that the Cuyahoga River in Ohio actually caught fire several times in the 1970s. Cleanup efforts are returning the lakes and rivers to their natural state. (pp. 168–169)

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Global warming poses major challenges to North America and the rest of the planet. The United States and Canada will have to monitor and respond appropriately to changes in temperature and other effects of global warming. The melting of polar ice is accelerating. Areas of the permafrost in the tundra are thawing. Flooding of rivers and rising oceans threaten coastal areas with rising ocean waters and more frequent floods. Warmer, higher seas alter climate patterns, causing weather events such as El Niño. (p. 169)

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"D Latin America covers 8 million square miles of land, from the United States-Mexico border to the southern tip of Argentina in South America. (p. 193)

;D The name “Latin America” refers to the languages (Spanish and Portuguese, derived from Latin) spoken in this geographic region. (p. 193)

(D Geographers divide Latin America into three regions: Middle America, the Caribbean, and South America. (p. 194)

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Latin America’s rugged landscape is the result of its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, where plates of the earth’s crust have collided for millions of years, causing earthquakes and creating mountains and volcanoes. (p. 194) "D R:02/@92E$:T$R7[98:L$(72/1@<$"G7198@L$@2=$ /B7$(@19UU7@2*

Mexico’s Sierra Madre and the Central Highlands in Central America rise above the landscape of Middle America. Many Caribbean islands are part of the Central Highlands mountain range. (p. 194)

;D "2=7E$:T$.:0/B$"G7198@*The Andes mountain ranges run along the western edge of South America and are the world’s longest mountain range (4,500 miles [7,242 km]). Their parallel ranges, called cordilleras, are arranged in deep folds. In southern Argentina, hills and lower flatlands form a plateau known as Patagonia. (pp. 194, 196)

(D 59>B<@2=E$:T$;1@]9<*Much of Brazil consists of broad plateaus, such as the Mata Grosso Plateau and the Brazilian Highlands. (p. 196)

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"D Narrow coastal lowlands hem the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America. (p. 196)

;D Inland areas of South America hold vast grasslands that provide wide grazing for beef cattle. (pp. 196–197)

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"D +9F71E$:T$.:0/B$"G7198@*Navigable rivers, such as the Amazon, serve as transportation routes and provide hydroelectric power. (p. 197)

;D %@W7E*Latin America has few large lakes. Lake Titicaca in the Andes of Bolivia and Peru is the world’s highest navigable lake. (p. 198)

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"D Latin America’s significant natural resources include minerals, forests, farmlands, and water. Major deposits of oil and natural gas occur along the Gulf of Mexico and southern Caribbean Sea. Mexico and Venezuela are leading petroleum producers. (p. 198)

;D Venezuela’s Orinoco River area contains 11 percent of the world’s gold. Brazil is also rich in gold, and Peru and Mexico are known for their silver deposits. (p. 198)

(D Chile is the world’s leading exporter of copper. (p. 198) !D Geographic inaccessibility, lack of capital, and social and political

divisions hinder fuller development and distribution of natural resources in Latin America. (p. 198)

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Most of Latin America lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; thus, much of its area has a tropical climate. However, there is a great variety of climates in the region. (pp. 199–200) "D )1:A98@<$+7>9:2E*

Mexico, eastern central America, some Caribbean islands, and such parts of South America as the Amazon Basin have a tropical rain forest climate and vegetation, with hot temperatures and abundant rainfall occurring year-round. (p. 200)

;D )B7$+@92$I:17E/*The Amazon Basin, with the earth’s largest rain forest, covers one-third of South America and has trees that form a dense canopy that soars as high as 130 feet (40 m) over the forest floor. (p. 200)

(D )1:A98@<$.@F@22@*In the tropical savanna climate typical of the coast of southwestern Mexico, most Caribbean islands, and north-central South America, the grasslands have hot temperatures, abundant rainfall, and a dry season lasting several months. (p. 201)

!D )B7$50G9=$ .0U/1:A98E*In the humid subtropical climate of southeastern South America, the winters are short and mild, and the summers are long, hot, and humid. (pp. 201–202)

'D !7E71/$ @2=$./7AA7$"17@E*Parts of northern Mexico and the southwestern climate of South America have desert climates and vegetation; in Chile the rain shadow effect of the Andes has produced the dry, arid Atacama Desert, whereas other areas have a steppe climate, with hot summers, cool winters, and light rainfall. (p. 202)

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"D The climates of Latin America depend more on elevation than on distance from the Equator. (p. 202)

;D The tierra caliente lies between sea level and 2,500 feet (760 m) and has average annual temperatures from 68ºF to 91ºF (20ºC to 33ºC). The main crops include bananas, sugar, rice, and cacao. (p. 203)

(D The tierra templada lies between 2,500 and 6,500 feet (700 and 2,000 m) and has average daily temperatures between 60ºF and 72ºF (16ºC and 22ºC). Coffee and corn are the main crops. (p. 203)

!D In the tierra fría, frosts are common in the winter months. Potatoes and barley grow at these elevations. (p. 203)

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"D "$;<72=92>$:T$67:A<7E*The ancestors of Native Americans were the first people to settle Latin America, followed by Europeans in the 1400s, enslaved Africans in the 1500s, and Asians in the 1800s. Over the centuries there has been a blending of these different ethnic groups throughout Latin America. (pp. 212–213)

;D %@2>0@>7*Language helps bring together the diverse ethnic groups of Latin America. Spanish is the primary language of most countries in the region, but Portuguese, French, English, and many local dialects also are spoken. (p. 213)

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"D .:0/B$"G7198@^E$6:A0<@/7=$+9G*Most South Americans live on the continent’s coastal edges, the “populated rim” that provides favorable climates, fertile land, and access to transportation systems. Relatively few South Americans live in the continent’s inland areas. (p. 214)

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;D 6:A0<@/9:2$!72E9/C*Population densities vary greatly within Latin American countries. One important factor in a country’s population density is its area. For example, most South American countries are large and their population densities are low, but the Caribbean islands are small and much more densely populated. (pp. 214–215)

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"D R9>1@/92>$,:1/B*In addition to immigrants settling in Latin America from other countries, many Latin Americans migrate—both legally and illegally—to the United States, looking for economic opportunities, improved living conditions, political freedom, or escape from political unrest. (p. 215)

;D #2/712@<$ R9>1@/9:2*As in many other parts of the world, many Latin Americans from the rural areas migrate to cities in search of better jobs or because of a shortage of fertile land to farm. (pp. 215–216)

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"D )B7$*1U@2$.7//92>*Today most Latin Americans live in urban areas. Mexico City is the largest urban area in the region, with 18 million people. Other large cities include Caracas, Venezuela; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; Sao Paolo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Havana, Cuba. (p. 217)

;D *1U@2$(B@<<72>7E*Immigrants seeking a better life for themselves have overcrowded cities, and living conditions are poor for many people. Resources in cities are strained by population growth. (p. 217)

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"D )B7$R@C@*The Maya dominated southern Mexico and northern Central America from about A.D. 250 to 900. They built many cities and based their economy on agriculture and trade. The Maya also were skilled in mathematics and had a system of picture writing called glyphs. The Maya mysteriously abandoned their cities, and archaeologists are continuing to search for more information about the Mayan civilization. (p. 221)

;D )B7$"]/78*The Aztec civilization arose in central Mexico in the 1300s, with their capital in Tenochtitlán, today the site of Mexico City. The Aztec had a highly structured class system headed by an emperor and military officials. (p. 221)

(D ?9T/E$ /:$ /B7$\:1<= E$)@U<7E*Several foods grown by the Aztec, such as corn, tomatoes, and cacao beans—used to make chocolate—have become worldwide favorites. (p. 221)

!D )B7$#28@*During the time of the Aztec, the Inca established a civilization in the Andes Mountains that stretched from present-day Ecuador to central Chile. The Inca were skilled terrace farmers who built roads, temples, and forts, but they had no written language. Storytelling was used to pass on knowledge to each generation. (pp. 221–222)

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"D '01:A7@2$ (:2_07E/E*Spanish conquistadors defeated the Aztec and Incan empires. The Portuguese settled on the coast of Brazil. Later, Britain, France, and the Netherlands colonized in the Caribbean area. As a result of these conquests, European colonies arose throughout Latin America. The Roman Catholic Church became the major unifying institution in both Spanish and Portuguese colonies. (p. 222)

;D (:<:29@<$ '8:2:G97E*The European colonies were economically prosperous. Some Spanish settlers prospered from the mining of silver and gold. European plantations grew coffee, bananas, and sugarcane for export to Europe. Native Americans and Africans were forced to work on plantations and ranches. (pp. 222–223)

(D ?@9292>$#2=7A72=7287*In the late 1700s, resentment against European rule spread through Latin America. Haiti gained its independence from France in 1804. In 1821 Mexico won its freedom from Spain. By the mid-1800s, most Latin American countries had achieved independence. A few Caribbean islands still remain under foreign control today. (pp. 223–224)

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Latin America’s wars for independence led to the emergence of a new kind of leader—a caudillo, or dictator, who ruled with the backing of the military and wealthy landowners. (p. 224)

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"D During the 1900s, the formation of industries, the building of railroads, and the expansion of trade brought wealth to Latin America’s upper classes. Progress was limited, however, for the majority of Latin Americans, especially rural dwellers. Many people began to demand reform and an end to the peonage system. (p. 224)

;D In 1959, the Cuban Revolution made Cuba a communist state ruled by dictator Fidel Castro. (p. 224)

(D During the 1990s, several military dictatorships gave way to democratically elected governments. (pp. 224–225)

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"D +:G@2$(@/B:<989EG*Most Christians in Latin America are Roman Catholics. Roman Catholicism was the official religion of the Spanish colonies and Brazil. The church became wealthy and supported the rich and powerful classes of society. Its clergy benefited from the close ties between church and state. Today, many Roman Catholic clergy and lay people oppose dictatorships and work to improve the lives of the poor. (p. 227)

;D 61:/7E/@2/9EG*Protestantism came to Latin America with Dutch and British settlers in the 1800s. Recently the number of Protestants has grown rapidly because of Protestantism’s emphasis on lay participation. (p. 227)

(D "$R9[92>$:T$+7<9>9:2E*Many Latin Americans, especially Native Americans and people of African descent, practice a blend of their ancestral religions and Roman Catholicism. (pp. 227–228)

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"D )1@=9/9:2@<$ "1/E*Native Americans produced the earliest art forms in Latin America, including textiles, pottery, metalwork, and woodcarving. They built temples decorated with paintings and mosaics. During colonial times the arts were inspired by European works and Christian themes combined with African and Native American styles. Traditional musical styles and dances brought to Latin America by Africans evolved into calypso, reggae, and samba. (pp. 228–229)

;D R:=712$"1/E*Many modern Latin American works of art focus on social and political subjects. Diego Rivera’s murals, for example, illustrate key events in Mexican history, especially the struggle of impoverished farmers to win social justice. The combination of Native American, European, and African musical traditions has created distinctive styles of Latin American music, such as the samba from Brazil, salsa from Cuba, and mariachi from Mexico. Latin American writers and artists today receive international recognition. (p. 229)

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"D I@G9<97E*In Latin America the family extends beyond parents and children to include grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins, and compadres, or godparents. Latin American society still displays traces of the Spanish and Portuguese tradition of male supremacy, but women have expanded their public role in many fields, including election to public office. (pp. 229–230)

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;D '=08@/9:2$@2=$57@</B$(@17*MD Most Latin American children are required to complete elementary

school, but often they do not because of economic hardships. Some gains in education have been made, however. Literacy rates are rising, governments are devoting more funds to schools, and some countries are seeing gains in school attendance. University enrollment also is rising. (p. 230)

ND Poverty, malnutrition, and lack of sanitation and clean drinking water are major health concerns. As in other regions of the world, health care is linked to standards of living. Despite a wide gap between rich and poor, Latin America overall is improving the health of its people. (p. 230)

(D .A:1/E$@2=$%79E017*Latin Americans are passionate sports fans, especially of fútbol (called soccer in the United States) and baseball. Latin America’s leisure activities are similar to those other countries—watching television and attending movies, for example—but its favorite leisure activity may be celebrating. Fiestas are common, such as Carnival held before the Roman Catholic observation of Lent. (pp. 230–231)

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"D !"#$%&'($")@2=$*$'$%&'($"*Large agricultural estates owned by wealthy families or corporations are called latifundia. These highly mechanized commercial operations produce high yields in return for low labor costs. Small government- owned farms on which rural farmers grow crops for their families are called minifundia. Campesinos have begun combining their farms into large, jointly run cooperatives. (p. 238)

;D (@EB$(1:AE$@2=$%9F7E/:8W*Latin American countries are the world’s largest producers of coffee, bananas, and sugarcane for export. Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil raise cattle for export on large ranches in grasslands areas. Countries are at economic risk, however, if weather or other disasters destroy their cash crops. (p. 238)

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"D #2=0E/19@<$?1:H/B*Latin America’s physical geography—high mountain ranges and dense rain forests—has made the growth of industry and access to natural resources difficult in many areas. Political instability in some Latin American countries has made foreign investors wary of investing in Latin American industry. Countries with relatively stable governments and sufficient human and natural resources have begun to overcome these obstacles. (p. 239)

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;D R@_09<@=:1@E*Foreign-owned factories called maquiladoras—most of which are built along the U.S.-Mexico border—provide jobs to people in the host country. They also benefit the foreign corporations by allowing them to hire low-cost labor and provide duty-free exports. On the other hand, the maquiladoras also keep wages down, may encourage dangerous jobs, and often pollute the environment. (pp. 239–240)

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"D ,"I)"*By encouraging trade among the United States, Mexico, and Canada, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has strengthened Mexico’s economy. Other Latin American countries are watching to see whether a free trade agreement like NAFTA could help their economies as well. (p. 240)

;D I:179>2$!7U/E*Many Latin American countries have used loans from foreign countries to finance industrial development. The economic troubles of the 1980s caused many of these countries to restructure their loans to allow more time to repay, but at a higher total cost. Repayment of foreign debt, in turn, caused needed domestic programs to be halted in some countries for lack of funds. (p. 240)

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"D Latin America’s physical geography has limited the building of roads, but the region does have a major highway system, the Pan-American Highway. A trans-Andean highway runs through the Andes and links cities in Chile and Argentina. (pp. 240–241)

;D Some Latin American countries have good railroads; other countries lack the funds to maintain their rail systems. As a result, inland waterways such as the Amazon River, the Paraná-Paraguay Rivers, and the Panama Canal are still major transport routes for both passengers and cargo. (p. 241)

(D Air travel will help overcome the obstacles of Latin America’s physical geography, but it remains a relatively expensive mode of transportation for most Latin Americans. (p. 241)

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"D Latin American rain forests are gradually disappearing. More than 13 percent of the Amazon rain forest has been destroyed for roads, settlements, and mining. (pp. 242–243)

;D Deforestation threatens the lifestyles of indigenous people and risks the extinction of many species of plants and animals that grow or live nowhere else. (p. 243)

(D As the rain forest is depleted, there are fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that is increasingly trapping more heat in the atmosphere and contributing to global warming. (p. 243)

!D Brazil and other rain forest countries are working to provide for the needs of their populations—living space and natural resources—without further destroying the rain forest. (pp. 243–244)

'D I@1GE$@2=$+@28B7E$S71E0E$I:17E/E*Slash-and-burn farming—clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation— results in depleted soil that can be used for only a year or two. Farmers and ranchers then move on and clear more land. (p. 244)

ID 6<@2/92>$ T:1$ /B7$I0/017*Commercial logging operations also destroy the rain forest. Brazil has set aside about 10 percent of its Amazon rain forest for national forests or parks in which logging is banned. Citizens in Costa Rica are working to conserve their forests, as well. Reforestation, along with new farming, mining, and logging methods can protect the forests. (p. 244)

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"D -F7181:H=7=$$(9/97E*As Latin America’s rural workers migrate to cities, they often cannot find adequate housing or jobs. Some are forced to live in makeshift slums and shantytowns, where diseases spread rapidly because of the lack of sanitation systems or running water. Many countries have no clean air laws, making air pollution a serious problem for people in these cities. (pp. 244–245)

;D ;09<=92>$@$;7//71$%9T7*National and local governments, international agencies, and grassroots efforts have begun to help Latin American countries address the problems of their overcrowded cities. (p. 245)

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"D !9EA0/7=$ ;:1=71E*In Latin America many territorial disputes have occurred, usually over the rights to natural resources. (pp. 245–246)

;D 6:A0<@/9:2$?1:H/B$@2=$R9>1@/9:2*High birthrates that contribute to overpopulation in some Latin American countries have begun to slow down. However, many skilled workers who might otherwise remain in their home countries and help address many problems are emigrating from Latin America. (pp. 246–247)

(D !9E@E/71$ 617A@17=27EE*Physical geography makes Latin America especially vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes. Governments in the region are cooperating to help Latin Americans prepare for and anticipate emergencies rather than reacting after the fact. (p. 247)

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!D #2=0E/19@<$ 6:<<0/9:2*Environmental laws have not kept up with the growth of industry and commercial farms. Air and water pollution have increased. Chemical runoff is now crossing borders and threatening neighbor countries. (p. 247)

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"D ./10>><7$H9/B$/B7$.7@*Most of Europe lies within 300 miles (483 km) of a seacoast. This closeness to the sea has shaped the lifestyles of Europeans. About 25 percent of the Netherlands lies below sea level. The Dutch have built dikes to hold back the waters. They have gained new land by draining lakes and flooded areas. (pp. 271–272)

;D )B7$,:1/B712$67292E0<@E*The Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe is mountainous. Ice Age glaciers melted here, leaving thousands of lakes. Other glaciers carved out fjords along the coastline. Jutland, the peninsula on which mainland Denmark lies, is mostly flat. (p. 272)

(D )B7$ .:0/B712$ 67292E0<@E*MD Southwestern Europe’s Iberian Peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal,

separates the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the peninsula is a plateau, but the Pyrenees Mountains form a barrier between it and the rest of Europe. (p. 272)

ND The Apennine Peninsula is a long, thin, boot-shaped piece of land on which the country of Italy lies. The Apennines mountain range, which includes the active volcano Mount Vesuvius, extends down the center of the peninsula. Only about 30 percent of the Apennine Peninsula is plains. (pp. 272–274)

3D The Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe is a tangle of mountain ranges and valleys. Overland travel in this region is difficult. (p. 274)

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!D '01:A7^E$ #E<@2=E*Iceland, an island south of the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean, features volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers. The British Isles—primarily Ireland and Great Britain—are cool, hilly, and rainy. In the Mediterranean, five large islands—Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Crete—all have rugged terrain and volcanic mountains. Greece’s nearly 2,000 islands in the Aegean Sea have rugged landscapes and a sunny climate that attracts tourists. (p. 274)

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"D R:02/@92$+7>9:2E*Europe’s northwestern mountains have some of the world’s oldest rock formations, but erosion and glaciation made their peaks low. The younger mountains of southern Europe are high and jagged. Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps, is over 15,771 feet (4,807 m) high. Another lofty chain, the Carpathians, runs through eastern Europe. (pp. 274–275)

;D 6<@92E$ +7>9:2E*The fertile North European Plain stretches from southeastern England and western France to Russia. A major agricultural region, the plain is home to some of Europe’s largest cities. The Great Hungarian Plain, another fertile region, extends from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia, and Romania. (p. 275)

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"D The rivers of Europe flow from inland mountains and highlands to the coasts. Europeans have built networks of canals that aid transportation and irrigation. (p. 275)

;D Scandinavian rivers tend to be short. Rivers on the Iberian Peninsula are generally too shallow and narrow for large ships. England’s Thames River, however, allows ships easy access to the inland city of London. (p. 275)

(D The Rhine, Western Europe’s major river, runs through France and Germany into the Netherlands, connecting inland industrial cities to the North Sea. The Danube, Eastern Europe’s major river, flows from Germany’s Black Forest to the Black Sea. The Main-Danube Canal, completed in 1992, links the North Sea and the Black Sea. (pp. 275–276)

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"D Europe’s abundant supply of coal and iron supported the development of modern industry. Today, many European coalfields are depleted. (p. 276)

;D In places where other fuels are scarce, Europeans burn peat, a dense, mossy substance dug up in swamps and dried for fuel. Most Europeans rely on coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear and hydroelectric power. (p. 276)

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#D \@/71$$@2=$$%@2=$ #2'.9*_\\L_\X*

European climates vary according to distance from the sea. Countries closer to warm Atlantic ocean currents and winds have milder temperatures than those farther east and north. Vegetation varies according to climate. (pp. 277–278)

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"D )177E$@2=$59>B<@2=E*Forests in the region include varieties of deciduous and evergreen trees. Conifers thrive in cooler sections of the region, such as the mountains. The Alps have a highlands climate with colder temperatures and more precipitation than nearby lowland areas. Occasional dry winds can trigger avalanches. (p. 279)

;D #17<@2=^E$I:17E/E*Much of Europe was originally forested, but over the centuries people have cleared away many of the trees. For example, by 1922 Ireland had cut down 99 percent of its original forest. Government-sponsored refor- estation efforts, as well as those of private groups, have increased woodland areas. (pp. 279–280)

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"D Most of southern Europe has a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The Alps block moist Atlantic winds, so less precipitation falls in southern Europe than in northwestern Europe. (p. 280)

;D The mistral, an Alpine wind, occasionally blows bitter cold air into southern France. Siroccos—high, dry winds from North Africa—sometimes bring hot weather to Europe. (p. 281)

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"D Eastern and northern areas of Europe have a humid continental climate— cold, snowy winters and hot summers. Warm Atlantic currents have less influences on climates in these areas farther from the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, summer and winter temperatures vary more widely in eastern and northern Europe than in the rest of Europe. (p. 281)

;D Grasslands cover much of eastern Europe, especially Hungary and Romania. Forests are mixed deciduous and coniferous. (p. 281)

(D Far northern parts of Scandinavia feature subarctic and tundra climates. Winters are bitterly cold, and summers are short and cool. Much of the soil is permanently frozen below the surface, and only the hardiest vegetation can survive. (p. 281)

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"D '/B298$ ?1:0AE*Europe consists of more than 30 countries and about 160 ethnic groups. Although some countries have one major ethnic group, most European countries have two or more. (p. 288)

;D '/B298$ )72E9:2E*In the Balkan Peninsula, serious fighting erupted during the 1990s among ethnic groups that once formed the country of Yugoslavia. (p. 288)

(D .:0187E$:T$*29/C*Since World War II, Europeans have been working to settle their historic differences and to achieve economic and political unity. Shared values include the importance of the past and of family, the cultural achievements of their ancestors, a commitment to democracy, and government responsibility for social welfare. (pp. 288–289)

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"D 6:A0<@/9:2$!72E9/C*Although Europe is the sixth-largest continent in land area, it is the third-largest in population. The region includes some of the most densely populated cities in the world. (p. 289)

;D 6:A0<@/9:2$!9E/19U0/9:2*The most densely populated areas of Europe are the places with the most temperate climates, plains, fertile soil, mineral deposits, and inland waterways. (p. 289)

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"D The Industrial Revolution that started in the late 1700s transformed Europe from a rural, agricultural society into an urban, manufacturing society. Today about 75 percent of all Europeans live in cities. (pp. 289–290)

;D *1U@2$ I7@/017E*Europe’s largest cities face the challenge of overcrowding and pollution. European cities offer a unique mixture of old and new ways of life. (p. 290)

(D 6:A0<@/9:2$ R:F7G72/E*Population movements have been a continual part of Europe’s history. Immigrants from North Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and the Caribbean came to western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was experiencing a labor shortage. Despite immigration, Europe’s overall population is shrinking because of low birthrates. (pp. 290–291)

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"D '@1<C$67:A<7E*Archaeological finds suggest that humans lived in Europe more than one million years ago. By 6000 B.C., farming spread from Southwest Asia to many parts of Europe. With the introduction of farming, Europeans settled in villages, some of which grew into large cities. (p. 295)

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MD The ancient Greeks laid the foundations of Western civilization. Greece’s mountains and maritime location led to the rise of separate city-states linked by a common Greek language and culture. Greek forms of government, art, literature, theater, and philosophy left a lasting mark on the Western world. (p. 295)

ND In Italy, another people, the Romans, founded a republic and later, a Mediterranean empire. The Roman Empire at its height spanned much of Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa. The Romans imitated many aspects of Greek culture and added their own developments in government, law, and engineering. (p. 295)

(D "$(B19E/9@2$'01:A7*In the late A.D. 300s, the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves. Therefore, eastern and western Europe gradually developed different cultural and political traditions. The Western form of Christianity, known as Roman Catholicism, became dominant in western Europe. The major form of Christianity in eastern Europe became Eastern Orthodoxy. (pp. 295–296)