AP WorldAP WorldChapter 4: Greece and Chapter 4: Greece and RomeRome

Greece: 1750 BCE -133 BCE (Ancient and Classical)Rome: 509 BCE – 476 CE (Classical)The Classical Era is generally noted as

spanning from 1000 BCE – 500 CE

Geography MattersGeography Matters

The Minoan CivilizationThe Minoan CivilizationIsle of CreteKing MinosKnossos PalaceTrading w/Egypt

and Mesopotamia

Poof! They’re Gone.

MycenaeansMycenaeansSpread all over Greece – named

after their largest city, MycenaeCity-states with super thick

fortressesInfluenced by Egypt and

MesopotamiaLinear B

The Trojan WarThe Trojan WarThe Political Side:

◦ Went down ~1250 BCE◦ Mycenae v. Troy (Troy was in

Turkey)◦ Troy controlled straits that

connected the Mediterranean and Black seas

◦ Legend: Trojan Paris kidnaps Helen of

Mycenae, etc.

◦ Result? Greeks burn Troy to the ground

after 10 years of off and on fighting

After the Trojan war, Mycenaean Civilization crumbles

Greece’s dark age◦People actually got dumber…okay not

quite Priorities changed Well, less skilled – they forgot how to write

Epic Poems emerge◦Illiad and Odyssey (credited to you

know who) (750 BCE ish)◦Was it all a Myth? No! Heinrich

Schliemann

HomerHomer

City-StatesCity-StatesAcropolis – the high city, that had

a marble temple for the gods and goddesses

Lower ground – walled main city containing a marketplace, theatre, public buildings, and homes

Athens’ AcropolisAthens’ Acropolis

Warfare!Warfare!Bronze out, Iron inIron is cheaper, so

middle class can get armed

Iron helmets, shields, and swords

Phalanx formation – lots of practice

SpartaSparta Spartan government had

2 kings + council of elders who advised them

Assembly of “approved” citizens

Citizens=male, native-born Spartans who were 30+

5 ephors – elected officials who handled daily affairs

Newborns examined Age 7: military training

begins◦ Move to military barracks◦ Coarse diet, hard exercise,

rigid discipline Age 20: may marry, but must

remain in barracks until 30 and eat there until 60

Age 30: more special training, but allowed to join the Assembly

WomenWomen

Should produce healthy sons

Expected to exercise to strengthen

Must obey fathersCould inherit

propertyOften ran family

estates (b/c men were off at war)

Were educated

Disliked trade and wealthNo travelDidn’t bother with new ideas or

the artsOther Greek’s perceptions of the

Spartans:◦“Spartans are willing to die for their

city, because they have no reason to live”

Welcome to AthensWelcome to Athens

Developing a DemocracyDeveloping a Democracy

Limited RightsMale citizens onlyCitizenship

restrictedSlaves restrictedBUT…Athenians

had more say than anywhere else

Athenians continually demand better government system

Will evolve into a democracy

Early beginnings include

Council of 500◦ All citizens eligible◦ Worked on laws

Assembly◦ Legislative body

WomenWomen

Secluded existence

Aristotle: ◦ Women are

imperfect beings who lacked the ability to reason as well as men

Poorer women

EducationEducation

(Raphael’s Renaissance Painting of the “School of Athens” – featured in the Vatican)

Girls – little to no school Boys – school if families had enough $

◦ Reading, writing, music, memorizing poetry, public speaking◦ Military training

◦ Athens encouraged exploration of knowledge

Perception of Non-GreeksPerception of Non-GreeksGreeks see non-Greeks as

“barbaroi” Sense of prideful, defiant

uniqueness among the Greek people

Phoenicians and Egyptians seen as barbarians◦Despite the fact the Greeks borrowed

many inventions from them…

Persian WarPersian WarKing Darius I – demands gifts of earth

and water from powerful Greek city-states

Ionia and Athens“Master, remember Athens”Marathon and ThemistoclesDarius – XerxesThermopylae and K. LeonidasSalamis and ThemosticlesAthens emerges

Athens and direct democracy◦Large number of citizens take direct

part in the day-to-day affairs of government

◦Organizes Delian League◦Transfers treasury from Delos to

Athens Uses other city-states’ $ to rebuild

Athens

PericlesPericles Aristocrat who ruled through

wisdom and negotiation◦ Assembly (of 6,000+) met

frequently◦ All male citizens should take part in

the government◦ Stipend given to men in public

office (enables poor men to hold public positions)

◦ Jury – male citizens over 30, chosen to serve for a year, receive stipend

Urged expansion of empire to bolster wealth and economy

Funeral Oration – Athenian power rests in the hands “not of a minority but of the whole people”

Hired architects to rebuild Acropolis (Persians had destroyed it)

Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian WarDelian League – Athens and democracyPeloponnesian League – Sparta and

oligarchy27 year battlePericles – lets rural people retreat

within city walls – plague and death of 1/3

Sparta allies with Persia to capture Athens – 404 BCE

End of Athenian Domination

SocratesSocratesAthenian stonemason and philosopher

◦ Did not record his thoughts◦ Challenged others with his Socratic Method

Patient examination is a way of seeking truth and knowledge

Methods of questioning seemed threatening to traditions of Athens

◦ Seen as a threat, “corrupting Athenian youth”, ◦ Trial at 70, death by hemlock◦ Men surpass women in mental and physical tasks,

but some talented women should be educated to serve the state

PlatoPlatostudent of Socrates

◦ Socrates death makes Plato distrust democracy, flees city for 10 years

◦ Emphasized importance of reason

◦ The Republic – describes an ideal state Gvt should regulate

every aspect of its citizens’ lives to provide for their best interests

Society in three classes Workers to produce

necessities of life Soldiers to defend the

state Philosophers to rule

The wisest of them all “Philosopher King” - ultimate authority

◦ Men surpass women in mental and physical tasks, but some talented women should be educated to serve the state

AristotleAristotle Plato’s most famous student Developed his own ideas

about government Suspicious of democracy –

could lead to mob rule Favored rule by single,

strong, virtuous leader People out to live with the

“golden mean”◦ Balance between extremes

Created the Lyceum◦ Study of all branches of

knowledge Politics, ethics, logic, biology,

literature, and more The first European universities

based courses mainly on Aristotle

Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

Greek works reflect balance, order, and beauty Architecture

◦ Perfect balance and harmony◦ Parthenon – temple dedicated to Athena

Sculpture and Painting◦ Transition from rigid poses to natural poses in their most

peaceful, graceful form

HistoriansHistoriansHerodotus

◦History should be researched and recorded

◦Persian WarThucydides

◦History should be written with as little bias as possible

◦Peloponnesian War from Athenian perspective

MacedoniaMacedoniaBackward, half-civilized region in the NPeople of Greek originPhilip II of Macedonia

◦ Throne in 359 BCE◦ Dreamed of conquering prosperous city-states to

the south◦ Built superb army ◦ Threats, bribery, and diplomacy – formed alliances

with many Grk city-states◦ B. of Chaeronea in 338 – defeats Athens and

Thebes◦ Greece is under Philip’s control◦ Intends to take over Persia◦ Assassinated at his daughter’s wedding

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great Tutored by Aristotle Took over at 20 years old Already experienced and

continues his father’s dream Conquers Asia Minor,

Palestine, Babylon, and Egypt Crossed Hindu Kush into N.

India Soldiers refuse to continue Returns to Babylon to

continue campaign Dies of a sudden fever Asks commanders to give the

empire “to the strongest”◦ Macedonia and Greece◦ Egypt◦ Persia◦ For 300 years, their

descendants competed for power over the lands Alex had conquered

LegacyLegacy Spread Hellenistic Culture far and wide Alexandria, Alexandria, and hmm, Alexandria!!

◦ Alexandria, Egypt – sea lanes between Europe and Asia◦ Greek architect constructed◦ Center of learning◦ Great Museum◦ Library

Blending of eastern and western cultures◦ Persian wife and clothing

Women◦ Women no longer restricted to their homes◦ Learned to read and write

New Schools◦ Stoicism – high moral standards, protecting the rights of fellow

humans◦ All people, including women and slaves, were morally equal

because all had the power of reason

Don’t forget…Don’t forget…PythagorasEuclid – The ElementsAristarchus (Earth rotates on its

axis and orbits the sun)Archimedes (lever and the world)Hippocrates

Rome!Rome!

GeographyAncestors of Rome – “Latins” –

arrived around 800 BCEPeople in Italy – Etruscans (Greek

city-state)◦Adapt many things from the

Etruscans including their alphabet, arches, and religion

Roman RepublicRoman RepublicRepublic – “thing of the people” –

keeps any one person from having too much power

Patricians – landholding upper class

Plebeians – farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders

ConsulsSenateTribunes

Roman SocietyRoman SocietyFamily was the basic unit“Pater familias” - Male head of

the household had absolute power (was an actual Roman law)

Wife was subject to his authority and was expected to be loving, dutiful, dignified, and strong

WomenWomen

Roman women had a greater role than Greek women

Ran businesses (small shops to major shipyards)Most worked at home, raised families, spinning,

and weavingGained freedom over centuries – patrician women

went to public baths, dined out, attended theatre, and entertainment with husbands

EducationEducation

Boys and girls were educatedMost Romans learned to write

◦ Archaeologists even found graffiti on Roman wallsWealthy Romans often hired Greek tutors to

supervise and educate their kids◦ Memorize major events and developments in Roman

historyRhetoric important (again the public speaking

thing)

Expansion in ItalyExpansion in ItalyRomans conquered the Etruscans to the

north and Grk city-states to the southBy ~270 BCE Romans controlled Italian

peninsula How?

◦ Skillful diplomacy + loyal, well-trained army◦ Legion – military unit of about 5,000 men◦ All Roman citizens-soldiers who fought

without pay and supplied their own weapons◦ System of rewards and punishments

Conquered LandsConquered LandsTreated defeated enemies

with justiceThose conquered had to

acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes, and supply soldiers for Roman army◦ Sounds tough, but allowed to

keep their own customs, money, and local government

Partial citizenship to some, full citizenship to very few

**Generous policies kept conquered lands loyal**

Soldiers were posted in each conquered area

Network of military roads to link territories

Latin spreads through trade, travel, etc.

Italy slowly unites under Roman rule

WARS WITH WARS WITH CARTHAGECARTHAGERecap – Rome’s taken the Italian peninsulaAs Rome spreads they brush elbows with the Phoenician city of CarthageCarthage ruled trading in N. Africa and W. Mediterranean

PUNIC WARSPUNIC WARS•264 BCE – 146 BCE•Punic Wars b/c “Punic” is Latin for Phoenician•First Punic War

• Rome defeats Carthage and wins Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

•Second Punic War – • Carthage seeks revenge• Hannibal is very sneaky • 218 BCE, Pyrenees, French

Alps, and elephants

• Results?• Hannibal loses half his army, all but

one elephant• Nevertheless, SURPRISE!• 15 years of Hannibal and

Carthaginian foolery• But, Rome isn’t captured• And then, Rome gets sneaky too

Hannibal is tromping around RomeSO, Scipio Africanas and the Romans go

tromp around N. Africa and Carthaginian territory

Hannibal flees Italy and goes home to defend

So the Punic Wars are over, So the Punic Wars are over, Right?Right?Not quite. Romans Hold a

GrudgeSenator Cato

“Carthage Must Be Destroyed”

Third Punic War –◦ Rome completely

destroys Carthage Survivors are killed or

enslaved Salt is plowed into the

earth

Romans now in charge of Western Mediterranean

Roman ImperialismRoman ImperialismMare Nostrum “Our Sea”Romans continue imperializing –

further establishing control over foreign lands and peoples

Rome expanded into the eastern Mediterranean as well

Romans fight to take over some of Alex the Great’s old holdings◦Macedonia◦Greece◦Asia Minor (Turkey)◦Egypt allies with Rome

Republic to EmpireRepublic to Empire Julius Caesar

◦ Crosses the Rubicon◦ Becomes first dictator of Rome◦ Killed 44 BCE

Octavian – 1st official emperor 33 CE – Crucifixion of Jesus 70 CE – Jewish temple

destroyed, Jewish Diaspora begins

Pax Romana “Roman Peace” ◦ 96-180 CE (The 5 good

emperors)◦ Time of tremendous intellectual,

technological, and architectural developments

Extensive Empire◦ N Africa, Egypt, Turkey, Greece,

France, all the way up to Hadrian’s Wall (border for Scotland)

http://www.coins-auctioned.com/themes/coins/images/roman-empire.jpg

Once the Pax Romana Once the Pax Romana ends…ends…The next 100 yrs are full of

turmoil and power strugglesHigh taxes placed heavy burdens

on the peopleFarmland was overused and lost

its productivity

DiocletianDiocletian

Divided empire into 2 to make it easier to govern

Wanted to increase emperor’s prestige (purple robes, gold, jewels, “kneel and kiss”, etc.)

Fixed prices to slow inflation

ConstantineConstantine

Granted toleration to Christianity◦ Ensured Christianity’s

successBuilt a new capital –

Constantinople on the Bosporus Strait (Black and Med. Sea)

Rome in the West was declining, but Constantinople in the East was flourishing

Social Causes•Erosion of traditional

values•Self-serving upper class•Bread and Circuses

Social Causes•Erosion of traditional

values•Self-serving upper class•Bread and Circuses

Economic Causes•Heavy Taxes•Population Decline

Economic Causes•Heavy Taxes•Population Decline

Political Causes•Oppressive Government•Corrupt Officials•Divided Empire

Political Causes•Oppressive Government•Corrupt Officials•Divided Empire

Military Causes•Germanic Invasions•Weakened Roman Legions

Military Causes•Germanic Invasions•Weakened Roman Legions

The Decline and Fall of Rome

The Decline and Fall of Rome