Chapter 7Consonantal Gestures

Professor: 鍾榮富教授Students : 陳昱璇 ．楊之耘． 楊玉玲

na0c0007 ． Na0c0014 ． na0c0017

Two way to describe the aspect:

1. the places of articulatory - the targets of the gestural movements

2. the manner of articulatory - how to approach

Consonantal Gestures

Articulatory Targets (1) bilabial (2) labiodental (3) dental (4) alveolar (5) retroflex (6) palato- alveolar (7) palatal (8) velar (9) uvular (10) pharyngeal

(11) epiglottal

(1) Bilabial The bilabial gesture is common in English - bilabial stops and nasals [ p, b, m ] - bilabial fricatives allophones of the labiodental sounds [ f, v ] Ewe of West Africa [ , ] voiceless and voiced bilabial fricatives Vanuta – linguo-labials - nasals, stops, fricatives

Many languages , English - the labiodental fricatives [ f, v ]

Probably no labiodental stops or nasals - except allophones bilabial sounds - a labiodental nasal /ɱ/, when /m/ occurs before /f/ - emphasis or symphony

Some languages have affricates - the bilabial stop is released into a labiodental fricative

(2) Labiodental

(3) Dental British and American English - dental fricatives [ , ] No dental stops, nasals, or laterals - except allophonically before [ , ] - as in eighth, tenth, wealth Tip, dip, nip, lip - to feel where your tongue touches the roof of your mouth

Stops, nasals, and fricatives all occur in English and in many other languages.

(5) Retroflex Made by curling the tip of the tongue up and back so underside touches or approaches the back part of the alveolar ridge. - IPA [ , , ]

(4) Alveolar

(5) Retroflex

(5) Retroflex

Gestures for [ ʃ, ʒ ] - the front of the tongue is slightly domedRetroflex is exactly equivalent to apical post-alveolar

Palato-alveolar is equivalent to laminal post-alveolar Apical – sounds made with the tip of the tongue Laminal - sounds made with the blade

In English – the palato-alveolar sounds are the fricatives and affricates [ ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ ] French, Italian - nasals made the same or similar position

(6) Palato-alveolar