Chapter 11Reproductive system

Head topics1. Meaning and type of the reproductive system2. The male and female reproductive system 3. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis4. Puberty and estrus5. Ovulation and fertilization in the domestic animal5. Ovulation and fertilization in the domestic animal6.Gastration and Laboring

The reproductive system is a system of organswithin an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction.

Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system.

Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of the species, and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next.

The male and female reproductive systems contribute to the events leading to fertilization. Then, the female organs assume responsibility for the

.

the female organs assume responsibility for the developing human, birth, and nursing.

The male and female gonads (testes and ovaries)

produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and functioning of the organs of reproduction and other organs and tissues.

The testes are paired reproductive organs in the scrotum, which hangs outside the human body.

Normal sperm production requires the cooler outside temperature. .

Each testis contains coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm (male reproductive cells) production occurs. Between the seminiferous tubules are Leydig cells, clusters of endocrine (secretory) cells.

Leydig cells produce androgens (sex hormones), mostly testosterone.

In asexual reproduction, one individual produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself. These offspring are produced by mitosis. There are These offspring are produced by mitosis. There are many invertebrates, including sea stars and sea anemones for example, that produce by asexual reproduction. Common forms of asexual reproduction include:

Fission, budding, fragmentation, and the formation of rhizomes and stolons are some of the mechanisms that allow organisms to reproduce asexually.

The hydra produces buds; starfish can regenerate an entire body from a fragment of the original body.

Asexual reproduction allows an organism to rapidly produce many offspring without the time and resources committed to courtship, finding a mate, and mating.

The lack of genetic variability in asexually reproducing populations can be detrimental when environmental conditions (for which all the clones are so well adapted)

change quickly.

In this form, an offspring grows out of the body of the parent.

Hydras exhibit this type of reproduction.

In this form, a parent releases a specialized mass of cells that can develop into an offspring.

Sponges exhibit this type of reproduction..

Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of the species, and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. the next.

In sexual reproduction new individuals are produced by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.

Sperm are male gametes, ova (ovum singular) are female gametes.

Fertilisation of the ovum (oocyte) takes place in the oviduct. The blastocyst arrives in the uterus at around day 5.