Chiang Mai 1

Chiang MaiNot to be confused with Chiang Rai.This article is about the city Chiang Mai. For other uses, see Chiang Mai (disambiguation).

Chiang Maiเชียงใหม่

City Municipality

Top left: view of Chiang Mai's east moat; top right: the chedi of Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; middle left: view from Doi Suthep of downtown ChiangMai; middle right: Thapae gate; bottom left: aSongthaew share taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man

Location of the city within Chiang Mai Province

Location of the city within Thailand

Coordinates: 18°47′43″N 98°59′55″E [1]Coordinates: 18°47′43″N 98°59′55″E [1]

Country  Thailand

Province Chiang Mai Province

Government

 • Type City municipality

 • Mayor Tatsanai Puranupakorn

Area

Chiang Mai 2

 • City Municipality 40.216 km2 (15.527 sq mi)

 • Metro 2,905 km2 (1,122 sq mi)

Elevation 310 m (1,020 ft)

Population (2008)

 • City Municipality 148,477

 • Density 3,687/km2 (9,550/sq mi)

 • Metro 960,906

 • Metro density 315.42/km2 (816.9/sq mi)

Time zone Thailand (UTC+7)

Airport IATA: CNX – ICAO: VTCC

Website Official website [2]

Chiang Mai (/ˈtʃjɑːŋˈmaɪ/, from Thai: เชียงใหม่  [tɕʰiəŋ màj] ( ), Northern Thai: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ [t͡ɕīaŋ.màj] ( ))sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai", is the largest and most culturally significant city in northernThailand. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, a former capital of the Kingdom of Lanna (1296–1768) and wasthe tributary Kingdom of Chiang Mai from 1774 until 1939. It is located 700 km (435 mi) north of Bangkok,among the highest mountains in the country. The city is along the Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao PhrayaRiver. Chiang Mai means "new city" and was so-named because it was the new capital, founded in 1296, succeedingChiang Rai (founded 1262) in the capital of the Lanna kingdom.In recent years, Chiang Mai has become an increasingly modern city and has been attracting over 5 million visitorseach year, of which between 1.4 million and 2 million are foreign tourists (depending on theyear).Wikipedia:Citation neededChiang Mai gained prominence in the political sphere in May 2006, when the Chiang Mai Initiative was concludedhere between the ASEAN nations and the "+3" countries (China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai was one ofthree Thai cities contending for Thailand's bid to host the World Expo 2020 (the others were Chon Buri andAyutthaya). However, Ayutthaya was the city chosen by the Thai Parliament to register for the internationalcompetition.[3]

It has also recently positioned itself to become a Creative City, and is considering applying for Creative City Statuswith UNESCO.[4] Chiang Mai is one of two tourist destinations in Thailand on TripAdvisor's list of "25 BestDestinations in the World", where it stands in place 24.Chiang Mai's historic importance is derived from its close proximity to the Ping River and major trading routes.While officially the city (thesaban nakhon) of Chiang Mai only covers most parts of the Mueang Chiang Mai districtwith a population of 160,000, the urban sprawl of the city now extends into several neighboring districts. ThisChiang Mai Metropolitan Area has a population of nearly one million people, more than half the total of Chiang MaiProvince.The city is subdivided into four wards (khwaeng): Nakhon Ping, Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila. The first three areon the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawila is located on the east bank. Nakhon Ping district comprises the northside of the city. Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila consist of the west, south, and east respectively. The citycenter—within the city walls—is mostly within Srivijaya ward.

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History

View of Chiang Mai from Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep

Wat Chiang Man, the oldest Buddhist temple inthe city

The north-western corner of the city wall

King Mengrai founded the city of Chiang Mai(meaning "new city") in 1296 on the location of anolder city of the Lawa people called WiangNopburi.[5] Chiang Mai succeeded Chiang Rai as thecapital of the Lanna kingdom. The ruler was knownas the Chao. The city was surrounded by a moat anda defensive wall, since nearby Burma was a constantthreat as well as the armies of the Mongol Empirewhich only decades earlier had conquered most ofYunnan, China, and in 1292 overran the borderingThai Lü kingdom of Chiang Hung. With the declineof the Lanna Kingdom, the city lost importance andwas occupied by the Burmese in 1556. Chiang Maiformally became part of Siam in 1775 by anagreement with Chao Kavila, after the Thai KingTaksin helped drive out the Burmese. Because of theBurmese counterattacks, Chiang Mai was abandonedbetween 1776 and 1791. Lampang then served as thecapital of what remained of Lanna. Chiang Mai thenslowly grew in cultural, trading and economicimportance to its current status as the unofficialcapital of northern Thailand, second in importanceonly to Bangkok.

The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district(sukhaphiban) that was created in 1915. This wasupgraded to a municipality (thesaban) on March 29,1935, as published in the Royal Gazette, Book No. 52section 80. First covering just 17.5 km2 (7 sq mi), thecity was enlarged to 40.216 km2 (16 sq mi) on April5, 1983.

Climate

Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate(Köppen Aw), tempered by the low latitude andmoderate elevation, with warm to hot weather

year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and are much lower than daytime highs.The maximum temperature ever recorded is 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in May 2005.

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Climate data for Chiang Mai (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high°C (°F)

35.5(95.9)

38.2(100.8)

40.8(105.4)

41.6(106.9)

42.4(108.3)

40.5(104.9)

39.3(102.7)

38.0(100.4)

41.2(106.2)

37.1(98.8)

36.5(97.7)

35.0(95)

42.4(108.3)

Average high°C (°F)

29.8(85.6)

32.6(90.7)

35.2(95.4)

36.5(97.7)

34.2(93.6)

32.7(90.9)

31.8(89.2)

31.5(88.7)

31.7(89.1)

31.4(88.5)

30.1(86.2)

28.6(83.5)

32.18(89.93)

Average low°C (°F)

14.9(58.8)

16.2(61.2)

19.5(67.1)

22.9(73.2)

23.8(74.8)

24.0(75.2)

23.9(75)

23.7(74.7)

23.2(73.8)

22.2(72)

19.2(66.6)

15.7(60.3)

20.1(68.2)

Record low °C(°F)

0.5(32.9)

3.3(37.9)

7.8(46)

14.4(57.9)

17.2(63)

20.6(69.1)

20.0(68)

20.2(68.4)

19.7(67.5)

16.3(61.3)

11.1(52)

4.8(40.6)

0.5(32.9)

Rainfall mm(inches)

4.2(0.165)

8.9(0.35)

17.8(0.701)

57.3(2.256)

162.0(6.378)

124.5(4.902)

140.2(5.52)

216.9(8.539)

211.4(8.323)

117.6(4.63)

53.9(2.122)

15.9(0.626)

1,130.6(44.512)

Avg. rainydays (≥ 1 mm)

1 2 2 6 14 14 16 18 20 14 5 1 113

% humidity 68 58 52 57 71 77 79 81 81 79 75 73 70.9

Mean monthlysunshine

hours

272.8 251.4 269.7 258.0 217.0 177.0 170.5 161.2 156.0 198.4 234.0 263.5 2,629.5

Source #1: Thai Meteorological Department [6] (Normal 1981-2010), (Avg. rainy days 1961-1990)

Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory [7] (sunshine)

A panoramic view of the city of Chiang Mai during the rainy season, August 2014

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EmblemThe city emblem depicts the chedi at Wat Doi Suthep in its center. Below it are clouds, representing the moderateclimate in the mountains of northern Thailand. There is a naga, the mythical snake said to be the source of the PingRiver, and rice stalks, which refer to the fertility of the land.

Religious sites

Fireworks over Wat Phantao during the extendedLoi Krathong festivities in Chiang Mai

The chedi at Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep

Wat Chedi Luang.

Chiang Mai has over 300 Buddhist temples (called "wat" in Thai).[8]

These include:

• Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, the city's most famous temple, stands onDoi Suthep, a hill to the northwest of the city. This temple datesfrom 1383.

• Wat Chiang Man, the oldest temple in Chiang Mai, dates from the13th century. King Mengrai lived here during the construction ofthe city. This temple houses two important and venerated Buddhafigures, the marble Phra Sila and the crystal Phra Satang Man.

• Wat Phra Singh is located within the city walls, dates from 1345and offers an example of classic northern Thai style architecture. Ithouses the Phra Singh Buddha, a highly venerated figure broughthere many years ago from Chiang Rai.[9]

• Wat Chedi Luang was founded in 1401 and is dominated by a largeLanna style chedi which took many years to finish. An earthquakedamaged the chedi in the 16th century and only two-thirds of itremains.[10]

• Wat Ku Tao in the city's Chang Phuak District dates from (at least)the 13th century and is distinguished by an unusual almsbowl-shaped stupa thought to contain the ashes of KingNawrathaminsaw, Chiang Mai's first Burmese ruler.[11]

• Wat Chet Yot is located on the outskirts of the city. Built in 1455,the temple hosted the Eighth World Buddhist Council in 1977.

• Wiang Kum Kam is at the site of an old city on the southernoutskirts of Chiang Mai. King Mengrai lived there for ten yearsbefore the founding of Chiang Mai. The site includes many ruinedtemples.

• Wat Umong is a forest and cave wat in the foothills in the west ofthe city, near Chiang Mai University. Wat U-Mong is known for itsfasting Buddha, representing the Buddha at the end of his long andfruitless fasting period before he gained enlightenment.

• Wat RamPoeng (Tapotaram), near Wat U-Mong, is known for itsmeditation center (Northern Insight Meditation Center). The templeteaches the traditional vipassana technique and students stay from10 days to more than a month as they try to meditate at least 10hours a day. Wat RamPoeng houses the largest collection ofTipitaka, the complete Theravada canon, in several Northerndialects.[12]

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The Baan Haw Mosque.

• Wat Suan Dok is a 14th-century temple located just west of the oldcity-wall. It was built by the king for a revered monk visiting fromSukhothai for the rains retreat. The temple is also the site ofMahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya Buddhist University, wheremonks pursue their studies.[13]

• "First Church", Chiang Mai, was founded in 1868 by the LaosMission of the Rev. Daniel and Mrs. Sophia McGilvary. ChiangMai has about 20 Christian churches Chiang Mai is the seat of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Mai.

• Muslim traders have been travelling to north Thailand for many centuries, and a small settled presence has existedin Chiang Mai from at least the middle of the 19th century.[14] The city has mosques identified with Chinese orChin Haw Muslims as well as Muslims of Bengali, Pathan and Malay descent. In 2011, there were 16 mosques inthe city.

• Two gurdwaras (Sikh Temples) serve the city's Sikh community, Siri Guru Singh Sabha and Namdhari SikhTemples.

• Hindu temple Devi Mandir serves the Hindu community.

Culture

Festivals

Thousands of Khom Fai in Mae Jo during LoiKratong

A truckload of people after getting hit by waterduring Songkran in Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai hosts many Thai festivals, including:• Loi Krathong (known locally as Yi Peng): Held on the full moon of

the 12th month in the traditional Thai lunar calendar, being the fullmoon of the 2nd month of the old Lanna calendar. In the westerncalendar this usually falls in November. Every year thousands ofpeople assemble floating banana-leaf containers (krathong)decorated with flowers and candles onto the waterways of the cityto worship the Goddess of Water. Lanna-style sky lanterns (khomfai or kom loi), which are hot-air balloons made of paper, arelaunched into the air. The sky lanterns are believed to help rid thelocals of troubles and are also taken to decorate houses and streets.

• Songkran: Held in mid-April to celebrate the traditional Thai newyear. Chiang Mai has become one of the most popular locations tovisit for this festival. A variety of religious and fun-related activities(notably the good-natured city-wide water-fight) take place eachyear, along with parades and a Miss Songkran beauty competition.

• Chiang Mai Flower Festival: A three-day festival held during thefirst weekend in February each year, this event occurs when ChiangMai's temperate and tropical flowers are in full bloom.

• Tam Bun Khan Dok, the Inthakin (City Pillar) Festival, starts on theday of the waning moon of the six lunar month and lasts 6–8 days.

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A street in Chiang Mai

Language

The inhabitants speak Kham Muang (also known as Northern Thai orLanna) among themselves, though Central Thai is used in educationand is understood by almost everyone. English is used in hotels andtravel-related businesses and many educated people speak English. TheKham Muang alphabet is now studied only by scholars, and NorthernThai is commonly written with the standard Thai alphabet.[15]

Museums•• Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Center.• Chiang Mai National Museum highlights the history of the region and the Kingdom of Lanna.• Tribal Museum showcases the history of the local mountain tribes.•• Mint Bureau of Chiangmai or Sala Thanarak, Treasury Department, Ministry of Finance, Rajdamnern Road (one

block from AUA) has an old coin museum open to the public during business hours. The Lanna Kingdom usedleaf (or line) money made of brass and silver bubbles, also called "pig-mouth" money. Nobody has been able toduplicate the technique of making pig-mouth money, and because the silver is very thin and breakable, goodpieces are now very rare.

DiningKhantoke dinner is an old Lanna Thai tradition in Chiang Mai. It is an elaborate dinner or lunch which is offered bya host to guests at various ceremonies or parties, e.g., at weddings, housewarmings, celebrations, novice ordinations,or funerals. It can also be held for temple celebrations such as celebrations for specific buildings in a Thai templeand at Buddhist festivals such as Khao Pansa, Og Pansa, Loi Krathong, and Thai New Year (Songkran).

EducationChiang Mai has several universities, including Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai Rajabhat University, RajamangalaUniversity of Technology Lanna, Payap University, Far Eastern University, and Maejo University—as well asnumerous technical and teacher colleges. Chiang Mai University was the first government university establishedoutside of Bangkok. Payap University is the first private institution in Thailand that was granted university status.

Nature

Nam Tok Huai Kaeo (lit. "Crystal CreekWaterfall") lies at the foot of Doi Suthep on the

western edge of the city

• The nearby national parks include Doi Inthanon National Park,which includes Doi Inthanon, the highest mountain in Thailand; DoiPui Suthep; and Obkhan.

• Doi Pui Suthep National Park is just outside town. From all overChiang Mai you can see the Wat Doi Suthep Buddhist templelooking down on the town from Doi Suthep mountain.

• Elephant Nature Park: Approximately 60 km (37 mi) north of thecity or about one hour drive, the Elephant Nature Park is home toapproximately 30 rescued elephants.

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• Hill-tribe tourism and trekking: A large number of tour companies offer organized treks among the local hills andforests on foot and on elephant back. Most also involve visits to the various local hill tribes. These includerepresentatives from the Akha, Hmong, Karen, and Lisu tribes.[16]

Recreation

Nightlife

Night Market on Wua Lai Road, south of the center

Nightlife in Chiang Mai consists of numerous bars,several discotheques and live music venues. Thediscotheques play a variety of music, ranging fromelectronic dance music to reggae, while live musicvenues, like the Maya Cafe, feature solo artists as partof the roster. Also, Loi Kroh Road, in the center of thecity, is well known for the hostess bars that are locatedalong the length of most of the street—the street alsofeatures a walk-in arcade, with a Muay Thai boxingring, near the Imperial Mae Ping Hotel.

Bars and late-night restaurants are located throughoutthe city, but many can be found on either side of themoat's eastern flank (in the Thaphe Gate area). Live music venues are located in several areas: along the Ping Rivernear Nawarat Bridge; along Immanent road in the western part of the city; or in the vicinity of the night bazaar. ThePlayhouse Theatre, on Chang Puak road in the old city, offers nightly shows and entertainment, performed by Thainational performers, featuring contemporary jazz, ballet and tap dance performances; the 350-seat venue also offers aunique Lanna dining experience, surrounded by mountains and waterfalls.

Karaoke lounges can be found throughout the city, with many found on Chiang Mai Land Road; some very largeestablishments exist along the length of Chang Klan Road, extending south from the night bazaar. Go-go bars can befound in Chiang Mai, but they are less significant in comparison to karaoke venues—Foxy Lady Night Bazaar, offThaphe Rd, is one such bar.

Activities• The Chiang Mai Zoo is the oldest zoo of northern Thailand, and sprawls over an enormous tract of land.• Shopping: Chiang Mai has a large and famous night bazaar for local arts and handicrafts. The night bazaar

sprawls across several city blocks along footpaths, inside buildings and temple grounds, and in open squares. Ahandicraft and food market opens every Sunday afternoon till late on Rachadamnoen Road, the main street in thehistorical centre, which is then closed to motorised traffic. Every Saturday evening a handicraft market is heldalong Wua Lai road, Chiang Mai's silver street[17] on the south-side of the city beyond Chiang Mai gate, which isthen also closed to motorized traffic.

• Thai massage: The back streets and main thoroughfares of Chiang Mai have an abundance and variety of massageparlours which offer anything from quick, simple, face and foot massages, to month-long courses in the art ofThai massage.

• Thai cookery: A number of Thai cooking schools have their home in Chiang Mai (see also Thai food).• For IT shopping, there's Pantip Plaza just south of Night Bazaar, as well as Computer Plaza, Computer City, and

Icon Square near the northern moat and IT City department store in Kad Suan Kaew mall.• Horse racing: Every Saturday starting at 12:30 are the races at "Kawila Race Track" and betting on the horses is

legal.

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Transportation

Songthaew on Wualai Road in Chiang Mai

Tuk-tuks waiting for passengers near Tapae Gatein Chiang Mai

Bus, train and air connections serve Chiang Mai well. A number of busstations link the city to central and northern Thailand. The CentralChang Pheuak terminal (north of Chiang Puak Gate) provides localservices within Chiang Mai Province and the Chiang Mai Arcade busterminal northeast of the city (requires songthaew or tuk-tuk ride, seebelow) provides services to over 20 other destinations in Thailandincluding Bangkok, Ayutthaya, and Phitsanulok. There are severalservices a day from Chiang Mai Arcade terminal to Bangkok (a 10–12hour journey).

The state railway operates 14 trains a day to Chiang Mai Station fromBangkok. Most journeys run overnight and take approximately 12–15hours. Most trains offer first-class (private cabins) and a second-class(seats fold out to make sleeping berths) service..

To get to cities such as Mae Hong Son or Chiang Rai a plane or busmust be used. No trains are available to cities north of Chiang Mai.

International departure hall at Chiang Mai Airport

Chiang Mai International Airport receives up to 28flights a day from Bangkok (flight time about 1 hour 10minutes) and also serves as a local hub for services toother northern cities such as Chiang Rai, Phrae andMae Hong Son. International services also connectChiang Mai with other regional centers, including citiesin other Asian countries.

The local preferred form of transport is personalmotorbike and, increasingly, private car.Local public transport is provided in four forms:tuktuks, songthaews, less frequently rickshaws and therecently re-launched, though infrequent, Chiang Maibus service. Local songthaew fare is usually 20–50

Thai baht per person for trips in and around the city. If the group of people is larger, the fare per person will be less.Tuk-tuk fare is usually at least 20 baht per trip (comfortable for two, but some can squeeze in four passengers); fareincreases with distance. Chiang Mai's local bus service was relaunched in 2006. It serves routes in and around thecity, although the service itself lacks the frequency and network available in other major cities.

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Tourism

Courtyard of Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep

The Tourism Authority of Thailand's (TAT) websitepromotes the city as "a place where both backpackersand luxury tourists can enjoy the ultimate Thailandholiday", as the city is "one of the few places inThailand where it is possible to experience bothhistorical and modern Thai culture coexisting side byside: the city features centuries-old chedis and templesnext to modern convenience stores and boutiquehotels."The Tourism Authority of Thailand's Chiang Mai officeexpects the number of tourists from China to increaseby at least 20 per cent this year from 2012, driven bythe success of the Chinese film "Lost in Thailand".More than 80 per cent of the film was shot in thenorthern province.Chiang Mai has more than 33,000 hotel rooms and Chiang Mai International Airport is Thailand’s third largest, afterSuvarnabhumi and Don Mueang in Bangkok.

The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) is aiming to market Chiang Mai as a global MICE(Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions) city as part of a five-year MICE plan. In 2012, the total value ofthe Chiang Mai MICE industry reached 3.9 billion baht, of which 3.8 billion baht was contributed by 46,826 foreignMICE travellers.However, the influx of tourists has put a strain on the city’s natural resources. Faced with rampant unplanneddevelopment, air and water pollution, waste management problems and traffic congestion, the city has launched anon-motorised transport (NMT) system. The initiative, developed by a partnership of experts and with support fromthe Climate & Development Knowledge Network, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create employmentopportunities for the urban poor. The climate compatible development strategy has gained support frompolicy-makers and citizens alike as a result of its many benefits.[18]

Air pollutionSee also: Environmental issues in ThailandA continuing environmental problem facing Chiang Mai is the incidence of air pollution which primarily occurs inFebruary and March. This issue has been acknowledged for some time. Back in 1996, speaking at the FourthInternational Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement conference, which was held in Chiang Maiin that year, the then governor of Chiang Mai, Virachai Naewboonien invited guest speaker Dr. JakapanWongburanawatt, the Dean of the Social Science Faculty of Chiang Mai University at that time, to discuss the stateof Chiang Mai air pollution efforts. Dr. Wongburanawatt stated that back in 1994, there were already increasingnumbers of city residents coming to hospitals suffering from respiratory problems associated with city airpollution.[19] The Thailand Pollution Control Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment isactively engaged in finding solutions with public awareness campaigns and other initiatives. During this period,unlike the majority of the year, air quality in Chiang Mai often remains below recommended standards withfine-particle dust levels reaching twice the standard.The northern centre of the Meteorological Department has reported that low-pressure areas from China trap forest-fire smoke in the mountains along the Thai-Myanmar border. In a research conducted between 2005 and 2009, average PM10 rates in Chiang Mai during February and March were found to be well above the country's safety

Chiang Mai 11

level of 120 μg/m3, peaking at 383 μg/m3 on 14 March 2007.[20] The World Health Organization acceptable level is50 μg/m3.To address the increasing greenhouse gas emissions from transport in Chiang Mai, the city government hasadvocated the use of non-motorised transport (NMT). In addition to its potential to reduce greenhouse emissions, theNMT initiative addresses other issues such as traffic congestion, air quality, income generation for the poor and thelong-term viability of the tourism industry.

Twin towns – Sister citiesChiang Mai has agreements with four sister cities:[21]

• Uozu, Japan (8 August 1989)• Saitama prefecture, Japan (9 November 1992)• Kunming, Yunnan, China (7 June 1999)• Harbin, China (29 April 2008)

Gallery

Inthakhin—city pillar building,Wat Chedi Luang.

Street food atthe Sunday

Evening Market.

Sellingumbrellas at theSunday Evening

Market.

A soi northeastof the city center

A police tuktuk at Tapae Gate. A street scene in Chiang Mai,showing (center right), a gate of

the old city wall.

Looking south along the easternmoat of the historical city centerof Chiang Mai. The road on the

right is Moon Muang, on the left,Chaiya Poom.

The Ho Trai(library) of Wat

Phra Singh

The Sunday Evening Market isone of the main attractions of

Chiang Mai

Huai Tueng Thao lake, onthe northwestern outskirt

of Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai 12

References[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Chiang_Mai&

params=18_47_43_N_98_59_55_E_type:city(148477)_region:TH[2] http:/ / www. cmcity. go. th/ index. php/ en/[3][3] Expo 2020[4] Chiang Mai Citylife: Chiang Mai a Creativity City by James Austin Farrell (http:/ / www. chiangmainews. com/ ecmn/ viewfa. php?id=3065).

Chiangmainews.com (2011-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-14.[5] See also the Burmese chronicle of Chiang Mai, 'The Zinme Yazawin', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume

4. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE[6] http:/ / www. tmd. go. th[7] http:/ / www. hko. gov. hk/ wxinfo/ climat/ world/ eng/ asia/ se_asia/ chiang_mai_e. htm[8] 'Lan Na rebirth: recently re-established temples', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai

,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW[9] 'Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books,

2012. ASIN: B006J541LE[10] ^ 'Wat Chedi Luang: Temple of the Great Stupa', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai

,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE[11] 'Wat Ku Tao: Chang Phuak's Matermelon Temple', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1. Chiang Mai ,

Cognoscenti Books, 2012.[12] 'Wat Rampoeng Tapotharam' in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books,

2012.[13] 'Wat Suan Dok, the Flower Garden temple', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai

,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW[14] 'The Muslim Community Past and Present', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai

,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW[15] See: Forbes, Andrew, 'The Peoples of Chiang Mai', in: Penth, Hans, and Forbes, Andrew, A Brief History of Lan Na (Chiang Mai City Arts

and Cultural Centre, Chiang Mai, 2004), pp. 221-256.[16] 'Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples' in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books, 2012.[17] 'Shan Silversmiths of Wua Lai', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books,

2012. ASIN: B006J541LE[18] Catalysing sustainable tourism: The case of Chiang Mai, Thailand (http:/ / cdkn. org/ resource/ sustainable-tourism-thailand/ ), Kyoko

Kusakabe, Pujan Shrestha, S. Kumar and Trinnawat Suwanprik, the Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 2014[19][19] Chiang Mai's Environmental Challenges, Fourth International Conference of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement[20] http:/ / cdn. intechopen. com/ pdfs/ 30054. pdf[21][21] (page 21)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiang Mai.

• City of Chiang Mai (http:/ / www. cmcity. go. th/ english/ history. php) (English)

• City of Chiang Mai (http:/ / www. cmcity. go. th) (Thai)

• Chiang Mai travel guide from Wikivoyage

Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsChiang Mai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620869790  Contributors: 40fifw0, 499siriporn8, 97198, ASDFGH, Aaron Gibbons, Abstinent, Adam Carr, Adamc92, Adbar,Adisorn1234, Agdech, Ahoerstemeier, Alarichus, Alifshinobi, Alradhi, Anan, Anaxial, Astanhope, Atomicboy, AxelBoldt, Aydin1884, Aymankamelwiki, BHenry1969, Benben91,Bennettbwarren, Bennor, Binary TSO, Blorg, Boing! said Zebedee, Br'er Rabbit, Broadcaster101, BrokenSphere, Bình Giang, Callidior, Caraddict, Cflm001, Champsdfw, Cheap-stock-photos,ChrisKC, CommonsDelinker, Comte De Boigne, CrazyflowerLi2, Cymru.lass, Dantilley, Davidlawrence, DawnOfTheBlood, Delhiwallah, Derek R Bullamore, Dewritech, Diliff, Discospinster,DocWatson42, Dr. Blofeld, Durova, Eeekster, Ekavuth Kawila, Endangl1, Enric Naval, Ermanon, Evanh2008, Everyone Dies In the End, Farmanesh, Felixboy, Fixer88, Flewis, Global trips,GraemeL, Graham87, Green Giant, Greenshed, Gryffindor, Harryschnauting, Hbijlmakers, Hdamm, Henry Flower, Heroeswithmetaphors, Hickman0, Hintha, Hmains, Hu12, Iamuart, Iceway12,Ida74625, Idwood, Infrogmation, Isewell, Ivirivi00, Jack Merridew, Jamiesensei, Jarcje, Jaxartes, Jbishop6660, Jeffmcneill, Jhendin, Jimaltieri, Jlingz, JoJo, Joao Xavier, Johncline, Jonathan.yap,Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpatokal, JungleJoe, Jwoodward48wiki, KFP, Karl-Henner, KayEss, Kelisi, Kelly Martin, Kengkat, Khazar, Khazar2, Khemkhaeng, Khoikhoi, Koavf, KungDekZa,Kwamikagami, LeaveSleaves, Legotech, Lerdsuwa, LibStar, LigerThai, Lisu, MJCdetroit, Magioladitis, Mahmudmasri, Manop, MarcoAurelio, Marek69, Martin451, Martincvs, Martpol,Marut28, Materialscientist, Michael Frind, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miquonranger03, Mmxx, Mr RD, Mr.BuriramCN, Mradtke, NHSavage, Naniwako, Nappyrootslistener, NeilN, Neuroticoblivion,Nhrenton, Nick Number, Nontk, Noongsaao, North Madison, Oda Mari, Ohnoitsjamie, Olivier, Orphan Wiki, PaePae, Panyavut Janta, Paphot, Pawyilee, Peatoneil, Pedant17, PhnomPencil,Pinkadelica, Ploymyanmar, Ponpan, Pratyeka, PumpkinSky, RL0919, Rak-Tai, Ramendra, Raven4x4x, RazorICE, Rbatz, RedWolf, Redrose64, Rich Farmbrough, Righteousskills, Rintojiang,Rlevse, Rosiestep, Rukterna, SFC9394, Sabrinaja2, Samgreen87, Sbewers, Sbharris, Scythian1, Seligne, Sendthistopeej, SeoMac, Setsunakami, Sim100, Skookum1, Smsarmad, Soulparadox,Stephen kran, Supasun, Svict4, Swikid, Takeaway, TastyPoutine, Tbone, Tea and crumpets, Teamjenn, Tentinator, Tesscass, Tetty2, ThaiFutsal, Thaimoss, The Ingle Group, The SpiritFoundation, TheNeon, ThoraninC, Thricecube, Timpatco, Tonyhayes, Torasap, Tryptamine dreamer, Ulric1313, VAIO HK, Van helsing, Waerth, Warriorthai, Wasbeer, Wavelength,WhisperToMe, Wikky Horse, Wizardman, Woohookitty, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, Xligon, Yarikata, YechezkelZilber, YellowMonkey, Yves LC, Ywamer, 374 ,ال رضي anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Chiang Mai City.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiang_Mai_City.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: This image wascreated by KhemkhaengFile:Amphoe_5001.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amphoe_5001.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic  Contributors:Ahoerstemeier, TakeawayFile:Thailand location map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thailand_location_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: NordNordWestFile:Flag of Thailand.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Jianhui67, Mobius, Tehdog, 3anonymous editsFile:Chiang Mai from Doi Suthep.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiang_Mai_from_Doi_Suthep.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: garycycles2File:Wat Chiang Man.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wat_Chiang_Man.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Bact,Duesentrieb, Hdamm, Mattis, Olivier, TakeawayFile:Chiang mai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiang_mai.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Martin-Manuel BeaulneFile:Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_(2014-08-08).jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiang_Mai_Panorama_from_Doi_Suthep_Lookout_(2014-08-08).jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:PratyekaFile:Magnify-clip.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Erasoft24File:2010 1128 Wat Phantao.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2010_1128_Wat_Phantao.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:TakeawayFile:Doi Suthep chedi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Doi_Suthep_chedi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic  Contributors:User:AhoerstemeierFile:Wat Chadi Luang, Chiang Mai.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wat_Chadi_Luang,_Chiang_Mai.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Yves LCFile:Baan Haw Mosque 4-6-09.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Baan_Haw_Mosque_4-6-09.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Iceway12 at en.wikipediaFile:Yi peng sky lantern festival San Sai Thailand.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yi_peng_sky_lantern_festival_San_Sai_Thailand.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: TakeawayFile:Songkran 002aa.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Songkran_002aa.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: TakeawayFile:A street in Chiang Mai City.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_street_in_Chiang_Mai_City.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bình GiangFile:Nam tok huai kaeo 04 lower reaches rainy season.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nam_tok_huai_kaeo_04_lower_reaches_rainy_season.JPG  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: TakeawayFile:Night Market Chiang Mai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Night_Market_Chiang_Mai.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:AdbarFile:songthaewChiangMai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SongthaewChiangMai.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Kenneth RobertFile:Chiangmai Tuktuk.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiangmai_Tuktuk.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rinto JiangFile:ChiangmaiAirport-2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ChiangmaiAirport-2.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Danrok, QuadellFile:WatDoiSuthep Courtyard.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WatDoiSuthep_Courtyard.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: -File:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Chiangmai inthakhin2 04.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiangmai_inthakhin2_04.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Fotograf /Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org)File:Chiangmai-market2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiangmai-market2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Calliopejen1,FlickrLickr, Hdamm, Siebrand, TakeawayFile:Chiangmai-market.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiangmai-market.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Bohème, Calliopejen1,FlickrLickr, Frank C. Müller, Love Krittaya, TakeawayFile:Soi in Chiang Mai.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Soi_in_Chiang_Mai.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:AdbarFile:Thailand chiangmai tuk tuk police.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thailand_chiangmai_tuk_tuk_police.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: TakeawayFile:Ac.chiangmai1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ac.chiangmai1.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Adam Carr at en.wikipediaFile:ChiangMaiMoat.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ChiangMaiMoat.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: en:User:SendthistopeejFile:Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chmwphrasingh0506b.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Fotograf /Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org)

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 14

File:Chiang Mai sunday evening walking street.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiang_Mai_sunday_evening_walking_street.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike  Contributors: TakeawayFile:Huai Tueng Thao Chiang Mai lake.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Huai_Tueng_Thao_Chiang_Mai_lake.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:TakeawayImage:Commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: Anomiefile:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:AleXXw

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/