1

I 1

46

(Iron)(Nickel)

6400 10-30 2900 2900-4600 4600-6400

( 5000C)

(Lithosphere) 80 700 (Asthenosphere)(1000C )(Convection)()

2

()

(/)

(1010)

(C)

10-30 2.9 0.1 10

220 400

3.4 3.7

0.7 1.3

1340 1640

670 1200 2880

4.4 4.7 5.6

2.4 4.8

13.6

2100 2250 2660

2890 3800

9.9 11.1

13.6 22.8

2890 3380

5150 6370

12.8 13.1

32.9 36.4

3920 4020

2

2.1

()() 1912 (Wenger)20 50

3

5 ( 2150 2000 ) [ (IUGG)/

(IOC)]

(1)()(2)(3)()(4)(5)(6)(7)()

4

(Interplate Earthquakes)(Ring of Fire)

600

(Fault)(Intraplate Earthquakes)

()

(1996)

2.2

(Induced Earthquakes)

5

6.2 (1962 ) 6.5 (1967 ) 6.1 (1963 )( 180 )

(Surface Waves)

3

(Body Waves)(Surface Waves)

3.1

(a)

(i) ( P Compression Waves):()

(ii) ( S Shear Waves):()

(b) (Rayleigh Waves)(Love Waves) []()

6

P S

3.2

P (5-7 /) S (3-4 /)(2-3 /) P S P S ()(S-P)

(Seismic Phases)

7

(a) (

8

(c) (>300 ) sPsSpS ps

P S[ P S ] ()

(d) ( 11,000-16,000 )PKPPKIKPSKSPKJKP

()K I P J S PKIKP P P SKS S P S

9

S

P S (Shadow Zone)[]

P S

(Attenuate)P S(r)(Decays as r-1)(Decays as r-1/2) S P 4

4.1

(magnitude)

(Richter Scale) 1935 (Charles Francis Richter)(Beno Gutenberg)

(Wood-Anderson seismometer) 0 100 1 ( 103

10

3 ) 10 32 (TNT)*

TNT ()

1.0 0.4810-3 2.0 0.1510-1 3.0 0.48100 4.0 0.15102 5.0 0.48103 6.0 0. 15105 -- 7.0 0.48106 8.0 0. 15108 -- 9.0 0.48109 2004

*TNTTrinitrotoluene

4.2

11

16

(Modified Mercalli Scale) 12 I () XII () V VII 1918 7.3 (Isoseismals) VI VII

1918 7.3 ( Lau, 1977)

5

(Origin Time)(Epicentre) (Focal Depth)(Magnitude)(Seismic Moment)(Fault Plane)

1

12

5.1 (Circle Method) (Residual Method) (Single Station Determination)

P S t1t2 t3:

sp

sp

VVtVV

1

sp

sp

VVtVV

2

sp

sp

VVtVV

3

VpP VsS

()

P S

13

5.2

( ) ( ) ChFTAM ++= ,log A T F[(h)()] C

ML(LLocal)MbMs Mw

14

ML/1935Wood-Anderson 600 1945 Mb () Ms()(Mb>6.0-6.5 Ms>8.0-8.5)(Saturation effect)1979 Hiroo Kanamori (Mw) Mw

06.6log 032 = MM w M0()

AdM =0 (Shear modulus or rigidity) A d

()

(mb)

(MS)

(km2)

(m) (N.m)

(MW) 1966

(Truckee) 5.4 5.9 1010 0.3 8.31017 5.9

1971 (San

Fernando)

6.2 6.6 2014 1.4 1.21019 6.7

1989 (Loma Prieta)

6.2 7.1 4015 1.7 3.01019 6.9

1906 (San

Francisco)

- 7.8 45010 4 5.41020 7.8

1964 (Alaska)

6.2 8.4 500300 7 5.21022 9.1

1960 (Chile)

- 8.3 800200 21 2.41023 9.5

Geller (1976), Wallace et al. (1991), and Wald et al. (1993)

15

5.3

1921 ( 15 )1979

3 1997

8 () 0.03 1 1

6

5

5

16

6.1

()

(1970 1 1997 4 ) (1998)

17

(1998) 6.2

(Earthquake precursor)

6.2.1

(Crustal deformation)

1966 10 110

18

(Global Positioning System, GPS) GPS 1 GPS

GPS

GPS (Synthetic Aperture

Radar Interferometry, InSAR)

()

() GPS (Vegetation growth)

InSAR (2002)

19

6.2.2

(Water Radon) (CaSO4) 1975

6.2.3

(Magnetic declination)(Magnetic inclination)(Magnetic intensity)

(Earth electricity)(Earth resistivity)(Earth potential) (Earth current)

6.2.4

(Gravity) (Earth stress)

20

II 1

Tsunami 1963

( )

21

22

90

1901 2000 1000 140

1960 9.5

2

6 6 870 20 50 1960 ()

23

1960

1

24

3

(Run-up)()

(Inundation)

25

4

80 7.7

(Ocean-mounted bottom sea-level sensor)(1 )

(1)(2)

(non-linear processes)

26

5

(Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, PTWC)

1950 4

Mb Ms Mw

#

5/11/1952 -- 8.2 9.0 0.15 23/5/1960 -- 8.6 9.5 0.3 4/3/1985 6.7 7.8 7.9 24/6/1988 5.4 -- -- 0.3 #

27

III

1

1.1 1918 1918 2 13 7.3

() 23 X

(VI-VII )

(1996) 1.2 1975

1975 2 4 7.3

7

1

28

1.3 1976 1976 7 28 3 42 7.8

22 () 24

1975 7.3 ()

1.4 1995 1995 1 17 7.2 5000

1923 7.2 10 ()

200

2

2.1 1946 1946 4 1 7.8

35 5 5 (165 ) 1948

29

2.2 1952 1952 11 4 8.2

13 4.5 1 ( 0.15 ) 2.3 1960

1960 20 (9.5 )

2,300 20 1952 ( 0.3 ) 2.4 1883 2004 12 26 1883 8 26-27 (Krakatau)

1883 8 26-27 17:00 (8 26 )05:2806:3609:58 (8 27 ) 25 (Sunda Strait) 1-2 500 Danan 9109 4800 (Shock Wave) 2 Merak 42 5 36,000

30

2.5 2004 1883 121

2004 12 26 9.0 30 1000 1200 ()100 () 15 6 ( 30 )1-2 ( 5-6 )( 10 )2-3 ( 2-3 ) 7-9 ( 0.5 )

28 30

3

19181940 19542004 74 128 II ()

1918-1940 1954-2004

31

1940 19611970 10 40 24 60 II IV 19711980 18 12 12 730 III IV

1979 1982

8 30 17 1.5 III IV 1981-1990 17 1991-2000 27 1994 9 16 6.5 V VI 1918

21 2001-2004

5 V 500

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 ()

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

1918-1940 1954-2004

32

IV

1

i ii iii

iv v

vi vii

i ii

iii iv

2

33

i

ii

iii iv v #

#1960

1. Geller, R.J., 1976, Scaling relations for earthquake source parameters

and magnitudes, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 66, 1501-23. 2. Gusiakov V.K., 2001, Basic Pacific tsunami catalog and database, 47

BC 2000 AD, Results of the first stage of the project, ITS 2001 Proceedings, Session 1, Number 1-2, 263-272 [database available at http://tsun.sscc.ru/htdbpac].

3. Lau, R., Seismicity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Observatory Technical Note 33, 1977.

4. Wald, D.J., H. Kanamori, D.V. Helmbeger, and T.H. Heaton, 1993, Source study of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 83, 981-1019.

5. Wallace, T.C., A. Velasco, J. Zhang, and T. Lay, 1991, Broadband seismological investigation of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 81, 1622-46.

6. ,,. , 1998, 18, (1) 56-63.

7. ,, 1998, 18, (1) 40-49.

8. , , , 1996, 65 .

9. , , , 21 , 2002, 471-478.

34

I II III

IV

V

VI

D

()

VII D

C

35

VIII C

B A

IX D C B ()

X

XI

XII

ABCD

( ABC )

A

B

C

D