crawford tankfireandovervill[1]

8/3/2019 Crawford TankFireandOvervill[1]

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K. C. Crawford Sept 2006

API Storage Tank Conference September 2006

1

Kendall C. Crawford, PE, CSPKendall C. Crawford, PE, CSPCrawford Consulting Associates

8601 Lupton Lane

Houston, Texas 77055USA

Tank Fire SuppressionTank Fire Suppression

Tank Overfill ProtectionTank Overfill Protection

API Storage Tank ConferenceAPI Storage Tank ConferenceSeptember 2006September 2006

Ken Crawford 8-4-2006

[email protected]

Kendall C. Crawford, PE, CSPKendall C. Crawford, PE, CSPCrawford Consulting Associates

Our Motto & Belief isOur Motto & Belief is ----

Everything has a ReasonEverything has a Reason

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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2

Warning

This presentation moves through

slides very rapidly

Taking detailed notes may result inTaking detailed notes may result in

unexpected ergonometric stressunexpected ergonometric stress

Electronic Handouts Coming LaterElectronic Handouts Coming Later


API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006

LEST WE FORGETLEST WE FORGET

National Fire Prevention WeekNational Fire Prevention WeekOctober 8October 8--14, 200614, 2006

Established to commemorate:

Great Chicago FireGreat Chicago Fire

Oct 8Oct 8--9, 18719, 1871



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Great Chicago Fire of Oct 8Great Chicago Fire of Oct 8--9, 18719, 1871

Killed over 250 people, left 100,000 homeless,destroyed more than 17,400 structures and

burned more than 2,000 acres

National Fire Prevention WeekNational Fire Prevention Week

ALSO REMEMBERSALSO REMEMBERS( but most of( but most ofususDONDONT )T )

The Great Peshtigo FireThe Great Peshtigo Fire

Oct 8, 1871Oct 8, 1871

Same day as Chicago fireSame day as Chicago fire



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4

October 8, 1871

The same day as the Great Chicago Fire the

Great Peshtigo Fire roared through NE Wisc.16 towns burned down, 1,152 people died and

1.2 million acres of forest burned (3.5% of1.2 million acres of forest burned (3.5% ofWiscWisc.).)This forest fire started near Peshtigo, Wisc., whichdisappeared in an hour. The newspapers originated the

word firestorm.This was an industrial fire started by railway workers clearing brush for new tracks.

Great Peshtigo Fire Oct 8, 1871Great Peshtigo Fire Oct 8, 1871

TodayTodays Scopes Scope



Tank Fire SuppressionTank Fire Suppression

Basic Tank Fire FactsBasic Tank Fire Facts

Norco & BuncefieldNorco & Buncefield

Buncefield InvestigationBuncefield Investigation

Tank OverfillTank Overfill ProtectionProtectionAPI RP 2350API RP 2350

(API Std 2610)(API Std 2610)


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Presentation OrderPresentation Order

Tank FireTank Fire SupppressionSupppression

Tank Fire Facts & ConclusionsTank Fire Facts & Conclusions

Explanation & examplesExplanation & examples

2 Classic Tank Fire Incidents2 Classic Tank Fire Incidents

OverfillOverfill ProtectionProtectionAPI 2350API 2350



Orion Norco

June 8, 2001Buncefield UK

Dec 11-15, 2005

270 ft diameter tank

Tropical Storm Flooding

21 Tanks & Pool Fires

Extensive Area Damage


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Tank Fire FactTank Fire FactEmergency Response People areEmergency Response People are

VERY SPECIALVERY SPECIAL

They runThey run TOWARDTOWARDFiresFires

Instead ofInstead ofAWAYAWAY

Emergency Responders at bothEmergency Responders at both

Orion and Buncefield wereOrion and Buncefield wereOutstandingOutstanding



Tank Fire FactsTank Fire Facts

Most tank fires are seal firesMost tank fires are seal fires

---- many attributed to lightningmany attributed to lightning

SEAL FIRES donSEAL FIRES dont become fullt become full

surface fires without help!surface fires without help!

SoSo --DonDont Sink the roof !t Sink the roof !


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Seal FireSeal FireJuly 23, 2000July 23, 2000 ---- Sealy, TexasSealy, Texas

Crude OilCrude Oil

RimRim

SealSeal

FireFire

OptionsOptions

API RPAPI RP

20212021


Wind GirderWind Girder

WithWith HandrailerHandrailer

Foam DamFoam Dam

With PourersWith PourersDaspitDaspit ToolTool

Aerial withAerial with

PlatformPlatform

Wind Girder TrainingWind Girder Training


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Crude Oil Seal Fire Sealy, TexasCrude Oil Seal Fire Sealy, Texas

Many Hours burn PreMany Hours burn Pre--foamfoam

ConfirmsConfirmsSeal firesSeal fires burn foreverburn foreverwithout becoming full surfacewithout becoming full surfaceunless sunk!unless sunk!

(Best way to sink a roof(Best way to sink a rooflots of water!)lots of water!)


This puts out seal fires

Some folks suggest putting a dry riser & foam chamber at stairway platform

which can be connected to foam truck to protect personnel on platform



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9

Ken Crawford 8Ken Crawford 8--2525--20062006

DaspitDaspit Tool in ActionTool in ActionSealy Texas Crude Oil Seal FireSealy Texas Crude Oil Seal Fire

Flow Capability: 250 to 2000 USG/minFlow Capability: 250 to 2000 USG/min


SealSeal ExplosionExplosionLightningLightningImmediate 360 Degree Seal FireImmediate 360 Degree Seal Fire

GaryGary SeloverSelover -- ChevronTexacoChevronTexaco PascagoulaPascagoula

Extinguished withExtinguished with DaspitDaspit ToolTool


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Tank Fire FactsTank Fire Facts

Full surface fires in largeFull surface fires in large

tanks over 150 ft (45 m)tanks over 150 ft (45 m) diadia

need large monitors forneed large monitors for

suppressionsuppression



Big Foot can rapidly turn seal

fires into fully involved tank fires

but GREAT for full surface fires


Up to 14,000 USGPM (53,000 lpm)


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Municipal Focus DifferentMunicipal Focus DifferentUnless specially trained,Unless specially trained,

Municipal Fire Departments areMunicipal Fire Departments are

not equipped mentally ornot equipped mentally or

physically to put out tank firesphysically to put out tank fires

They do buildings andThey do buildings and wildlandwildlandNOTNOThydrocarbonshydrocarbons

Volunteer Fire departmentsVolunteer Fire departments maymay

be betterbe betterIFIFthey havethey haveIndustrial volunteer membersIndustrial volunteer members



When Industry trains their ERWhen Industry trains their ER

folks on hydrocarbon firesfolks on hydrocarbon fires

invite the Municipal Departmentinvite the Municipal Department

to participateto participate

ORORpay the cost of Municipalpay the cost of Municipal

representative attendance at arepresentative attendance at a

GOODGOODHC Fire SchoolHC Fire SchoolEspecially Fire Chief and Training OfficerEspecially Fire Chief and Training Officer

Include volunteer departments if they will respondInclude volunteer departments if they will respond

Prepare Municipal, TooPrepare Municipal, Too



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Only very large IndustrialOnly very large Industrial

facilities have enough equipmentfacilities have enough equipment

for fires in very large tanksfor fires in very large tanks

Typically Mutual Aid help isTypically Mutual Aid help is

needed for any big tank fireneeded for any big tank fire

Foam, monitors, pumps, hose, people, knowledgeFoam, monitors, pumps, hose, people, knowledge

ANDANDMutual Aid Saves TIMEMutual Aid Saves TIME

Full Surface Tank Fires =Full Surface Tank Fires =

Help NeededHelp Needed


Despite tank fire differencesDespite tank fire differences

one key challenge is the sameone key challenge is the same

LOGISTICSLOGISTICS

WhoWho yaya gonnagonna call??call??




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Planning Part 2 4-1-2003

LOGISTICS

Easy Questions Hard Answers?


What will be needed to put out fire?What will be needed to put out fire?

Where will you get resources?Where will you get resources?

How fast can you get them?How fast can you get them?

Can you get them to the site?Can you get them to the site?

Can you apply agent to the fire?Can you apply agent to the fire?

Can you extinguish the fire?Can you extinguish the fire?

Can you preventCan you prevent reignitionreignition??



LOGISTICS

Sample Resources needed:Sample Resources needed:

ExpertiseExpertise

FirewaterFirewater[quantity & pressure at site]

Foam concentrateFoam concentrate [right type at site]

Foam application equipmentFoam application equipment

PeoplePeople

Obvious ChoiceObvious Choice ---- MUTUAL AIDMUTUAL AID




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You canYou cant join a Mutual Aidt join a Mutual Aid

organization if you have noorganization if you have no

resources to shareresources to share

Its like going empty handed to a pot luck dinner

So Get Something to Share!So Get Something to Share!Foam stock, Command Post, LD hose, pumps, fire truck etc

MutualMutualAid MeansAid Means SharingSharing



FoamFoam ConcentrateConcentrate is:is:

the stuff you buythe stuff you buy

FoamFoam SolutionSolution is:is:

% of Foam% of Foam ConcentrateConcentrate

mixed with watermixed with water(6% or 3% or 1%)(6% or 3% or 1%)How much foam do we need?How much foam do we need? == ConcentrateConcentrate

Putting foam on the firePutting foam on the fire == Foam SolutionFoam Solution

Tank FireTank Fire FoamFoam BasicsBasics



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Water flow required is the same regardless ofWater flow required is the same regardless of

concentrate percentageconcentrate percentage

Water and concentrate flow both go up asWater and concentrate flow both go up as

application rate goes upapplication rate goes up [but time may go down]

Total water and foam usage goes down asTotal water and foam usage goes down as

extinguishing time goes downextinguishing time goes down

Total foam concentrate required goes down asTotal foam concentrate required goes down as

percent in solution goes downpercent in solution goes down

Logistics improve with lower % concentratesLogistics improve with lower % concentrates

Significance of foam concentrate

percentage and application rate




1% foam works1% foam worksandand

provides great logistics reliefprovides great logistics relief

Once in solution the active ingredientOnce in solution the active ingredient

concentration is the same w 6%, 3%, 1%concentration is the same w 6%, 3%, 1%

Use bulk foam transportUse bulk foam transport ----

totes or tank truckstotes or tank trucks ----

no buckets or pailsno buckets or pails

(drums may do(drums may dobut are labor intensive)but are labor intensive)

Tank Fire Basic FactsTank Fire Basic Facts



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Water-Foam Solution Flow Requirement, GPM

at Varied Application Rates (in GPM/sq ft)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

15,000

16,000

17,00018,000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Tank Diameter, Feet

Water-Foam

SolutionFlowRate,GPM

0.24 GPM/sq ft

0.20 GPM/sq ft

0.16 GPM/sq ft

0.10 GPM/sq ft

Application Rates


Tank DiameterTank Diameter

ApplicationApplication

GPM/ft2Flow,Flow,

GPM

Big Tank RangeBig Tank Range

270 ft270 ft diadia = Orion= Orion

USG of Foam Concentrate Required for65 Minutes at 0.16 g/ft65 Minutes at 0.16 g/ft22

30 ft dia tank

6% =6% = 440440 3% =3% = 220220 1% = 751% = 7560 ft dia tank

6% =6% = 17601760 3% =3% = 880880 1% = 2951% = 295150 ft dia tank

6% =6% = 11,02511,025 3% =3% = 5,5105,510 1% = 1,8351% = 1,835

270 ft dia tank

6% =6% = 35,73035,730 3% =3% = 17,86517,865 1% = 5,9551% = 5,955Note: time and application rate based on NFPA 11 MINIMUMMINIMUM

Additional foam needed to secure site after extinguishmentAdditional foam needed to secure site after extinguishment

Logistics Total Foam Concentrate Required

Effect ofFoam Concentrate Percentage




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Tank Fire Basic FactTank Fire Basic FactFull Surface Fires NeedFull Surface Fires Need

Lots of FoamLots of Foam

150 ft dia tank 1% foam needs

at 0.16 usgpm/ft2

300 Gallons per 10 minutes

~ 60 Pails, 5 drums, 1 tote

Gallons of Foam Concentrate Needed for Each Ten Minutes

of Foam Application at 1%, 3% and 6% Concentrations

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000

Water-Foam Solution Flow, GPM

Foam

Concentrate,

Gal/Ten

Minutes

6% Concentrate

3% Concentrate

1% Concentrate


270 ft270 ft diadia = Orion= Orion


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Ancient Adage


There are no embarrassing questionsThere are no embarrassing questions

Ancient Adage


There are no embarrassing questionsThere are no embarrassing questions

Only embarrassing answersOnly embarrassing answers


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Like the answer to:Like the answer to:

Where did you park your 737?Where did you park your 737?SWA Stopped at Burbank Chevron StationSWA Stopped at Burbank Chevron Station

Ken Crawford 5-52005

Like the answer to:Like the answer to:

Where did you park your Pickup?Where did you park your Pickup?


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I get my foam in bucketsI get my foam in buckets

is an Embarrassing Answeris an Embarrassing Answer

Honolulu 1980Honolulu 1980


Bulk Tanker Transport Works

Shell Deer Park have two 4,000 gallon tankers with120 GPM EdwardShell Deer Park have two 4,000 gallon tankers with120 GPM Edwardss

foam pumps. Internals lined with epoxy coating before adding fofoam pumps. Internals lined with epoxy coating before adding foamam

Shell Deer Park Bobtail Conversion Foam TenderShell Deer Park Bobtail Conversion Foam Tender



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Ten 265 USG (1,000 liter) Totes 1x3Ten 265 USG (1,000 liter) Totes 1x3

Flatbed Totes Work

Patoka Illinois Spring 20052650 USG Concentrate =2650 USG Concentrate =

265,000 1% USG Solution265,000 1% USG Solution

150 ft tank ~ 94 min at 0.16150 ft tank ~ 94 min at 0.16





We Know This Wont Work!Honolulu Pails


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Norco LouisianaNorco LouisianaOrionOrion -- June 8, 2001June 8, 2001 -- Largest Tank Fire Ever ExtinguishedLargest Tank Fire Ever Extinguished

270 ft (82 m)270 ft (82 m) diadia by Williams Fire & Hazard Controlby Williams Fire & Hazard Control

Remnants of TS AllisonRemnants of TS Allison

~ 15 inches of rain~ 15 inches of rain

Lightning protection isLightning protection is

difficultdifficult ---- AFTERAFTER

the roof sinks.the roof sinks.

65 min suppression65 min suppression

out 13 hrs from ignitionout 13 hrs from ignition

API Storage Tank ConferencePI Storage Tank Conference - September 2006eptember 2006

270 ft (80 m)270 ft (80 m) diadia

is 82% moreis 82% more

surface area thansurface area than

200 ft (60m) tank200 ft (60m) tank

Ken Crawford 8Ken Crawford 8--2424--20062006


Largest Tank EVER ExtinguishedLargest Tank EVER ExtinguishedOrion Norco June 8, 2001Orion Norco June 8, 2001

June 8, 2001 270June 8, 2001 270--foot diameter gasoline storage tank 32foot diameter gasoline storage tank 32--footfoot--tall storage tank at 28 ft of its fulltall storage tank at 28 ft of its full

325,000 barrel capacity; 160,000 barrels of gasoline remained in325,000 barrel capacity; 160,000 barrels of gasoline remained in the tank after extinguishmentthe tank after extinguishment


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NFPA 11 says --5.2.4 Design Criteria for Foam

Monitors and Handlines.

5.2.4.1 LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS.

5.2.4.1.1 Monitor nozzles shall notMonitor nozzles shall notbe considered as the primarybe considered as the primary

means of protection for fixedmeans of protection for fixed--roofroof

tanks over 18 m (60 ft) in diametertanks over 18 m (60 ft) in diameter..


8,000 GPM8,000 GPM 4,000 GPM4,000 GPM

270270 Gasoline Storage TankGasoline Storage Tank Over the TopOver the Top

Suppression Using two Big Gun monitorsSuppression Using two Big Gun monitors flowingflowing50% more water than total available at Buncefield50% more water than total available at Buncefield


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NFPA 11NFPA 11 vsvs REAL WORLDREAL WORLD Fixed Protection sometimes works

on small tanks especially seals

Fixed protection sized for seals,

not full surface fires

Monitors are the only option forMonitors are the only option for

large, full surface tank fireslarge, full surface tank fires



Lesson LearnedLesson Learned fromNorco Orion?

(Really a lesson reconfirmed)

Large fullLarge full--surface Tank Firessurface Tank Fires

need Large Monitorsneed Large Monitors

to extinguishto extinguish

You canYou cant put out onet put out one--half ofhalf of

a full surface fire!a full surface fire!


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8,000 GPM,000 GPMBigfootigfoot

4,000 GPM,000 GPM2x6x6

Flame CollapseFlame Collapse12 Minutes12 Minutes

270270 GasolineGasoline

Storage TankStorage Tank

Orion Extinguishment Time: 65 Min.Orion Extinguishment Time: 65 Min.

Product Saved: 6,800,000 USG = 56%Product Saved: 6,800,000 USG = 56%

Foam Concentrate Used = 28,000 USG ATC @ 3%Foam Concentrate Used = 28,000 USG ATC @ 3%


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BuncefieldBuncefield

TerminalTerminal

FireFire

SundaySunday

Dec 11, 2005Dec 11, 2005

Aerial ViewAerial View

of aof a

World ClassWorld Class

EventEvent

Note small (vent or seal?) firesNote small (vent or seal?) fires

Buncefield Terminal Fire December 11, 2005



Largest UK MultiLargest UK Multi--Tank (21) FireTank (21) FireBuncefield Dec 11Buncefield Dec 11--15, 200515, 2005


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Q. How do you Eat an Elephant?



A. One Bite at a Time

Thanks to my mentor Hubie MillerR.I.P.



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No Water = No FoamNo Water = No Foam

If it isnIf it isnt on site determinet on site determine

how you will get it.how you will get it.

150 ft150 ftdiadia tank fire needstank fire needs

4,000+ USG/min water4,000+ USG/min water

(hoses & hi(hoses & hi--volume portable pumps arevolume portable pumps are

scarce & labor intensive)scarce & labor intensive)

Tank Fire Basic FactTank Fire Basic Fact

Bruncefield Incident Dec 11 15, 2005

First Interim Report Feb 21, 2006

Incident & Emergency ResponseIncident & Emergency Response

Second Interim Report April 11, 2006

Environmental aspectsEnvironmental aspects

Third Interim Report May 9, 2006

Cause AnalysisCause Analysis -- OverfillOverfill4th Report called Initial Report 7-13-06

Initial Conclusions & work ongoingInitial Conclusions & work ongoing

Source: www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk


http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/


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How the Buncefield fire was foughtHow the Buncefield fire was fought

1) Water pumped from lake to artificial pool used to produce foam

2) Fire engines, foam cannon and fixed fire-fighting units apply foam

3) Huge clouds of smoke produced

4) Water curtain protects intact tanks on eastern part of site.

5) Bunds fail to contain firewater contaminated with HC fuel.6) Investigations find "large amounts" of run-off escaped from the

site, contaminating ground and surface water.


Six primary pumps each with two 6 hoses plus three booster pumps; four

hydrosubs; 30 km (18 miles) of 6 hose; operated 24 hrs/day for five days at

average 25,000 lpm (ca 7,000 GPM) with peak of 42,000 lpm (8500 gpm)

Twelve 150

mm (6 in) Fire

Hose lays toBuncefield

Fire site one

plus mile from

lake source



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Water relay for fire at BuncefieldWater relay for fire at Buncefield

Twelve 150 mm (6 in) Fire Hose lays to Fire siteTwelve 150 mm (6 in) Fire Hose lays to Fire site1+ mile from water source. 18 miles of hose1+ mile from water source. 18 miles of hose

to flow 32,000 liters/min (8,500 USG/min) usingto flow 32,000 liters/min (8,500 USG/min) using

UKUK New DimensionsNew Dimensions initiative pumps & hoseinitiative pumps & hose


(Day 2 Monday lunchtime, 12 Dec 2005)

26 Hertfordshire26 Hertfordshire pumperpumpertruckstrucks+ Industrial foam fire trucks &+ Industrial foam fire trucks & big gunbig gun monitorsmonitors

180 firefighters180 firefighters

250,000250,000 litreslitres ((66,000 USG66,000 USG)) foam concentratefoam concentrate

25 million25 million litreslitres (7 MM USG) water(7 MM USG) water

30 km (98,000 ft) high30 km (98,000 ft) high--volume hosevolume hoseOther reports: up to 600 firefightersup to 600 firefighters (probably due to shift relief) ; more

foam and more water

Buncefield Peak ResourcesBuncefield Peak Resources(Massive!)(Massive!)

Advisors included KelvinAdvisors included Kelvin HardinghamHardingham of Williams and Dr. Niallof Williams and Dr. Niall

RamsdenRamsden from RPI. Much tank foam equipment, and experienced HCfrom RPI. Much tank foam equipment, and experienced HC

fire personnel provided by UK industryfire personnel provided by UK industry


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Buncefield Fire SuppressionBuncefield Fire SuppressionMany Techniques Used:

Handheld hoses

Truck mounted monitors (on foam trucks)

Portable Big Guns & Foam Cannons

Dual Agent (foam + dry chem) on Pressure Fires

Med-Expansion Bund Pourers on pool fires

Putting Foam on TankPutting Foam on Tank

While Surrounded by FireWhile Surrounded by Fire


Heroic work surrounded by firesHeroic work surrounded by fires


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API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006Foam for Buncefield Supplied in BulkFoam for Buncefield Supplied in BulkRefilling fire truck w foam concentrate from tankerRefilling fire truck w foam concentrate from tanker


BuncefieldBuncefieldSmall BitesSmall Bites ----

One tank at a timeOne tank at a time


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API Storage Tank ConferencePI Storage Tank Conference - September 2006eptember 2006BuncefieldBuncefield

Small BitesSmall Bites ----One tank at a timeOne tank at a time

API Storage Tank ConferencePI Storage Tank Conference - September 2006eptember 2006BuncefieldBuncefield

Small BitesSmall Bites ----

One tank at a timeOne tank at a time


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Buncefield - some

Bigger Bites --

Using big guns on

larger tank fires

Flow capacity

2,000 to 6,000

USG/min (7500

to 22,000 l/min)Yellow is Water & gray is foam concentrate

API Storage Tank ConferencePI Storage Tank Conference - September 2006eptember 2006One method Used to Address Extensive Pool Fires in Berm Areas Around Tanks

Medium Expansion Bund Pourers 25 to 35:1 expansion ratio low p 1.5 3 bar

Bund PourerBund Pourer


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Buncefield Extinguishment: ~ 4 daysBuncefield Extinguishment: ~ 4 days

Product & Facility Losses: MajorProduct & Facility Losses: MajorSocial & Political Impact: ContinuingSocial & Political Impact: Continuing




How does oneHow does one

PREPAREPREPARE

for afor a

BIG tank fire?BIG tank fire?


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PREPARATIONPREPARATIONPLANNINGPLANNING

IS CALLEDIS CALLED

PLANNINGPLANNING

PREPRE--Planning isPlanning is ----

Something you doSomething you do

BEFOREBEFOREyou Planyou Planlike -- get folks together with a beverage of

their choice and say

LETS BRAINSTORM!And thenAnd then ----PLAN!PLAN!



Preparation for Tank Fires?Preparation for Tank Fires?API RP 2021 helps PlanningAPI RP 2021 helps Planning

Management ofManagement of

AtmosphericAtmospheric

Storage Tank FiresStorage Tank Fires(2001 reaffirmed 2006)(2001 reaffirmed 2006)


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Train & Test

System Effectiveness

Ensure Availability

of EOC & Field

Resources

Specifically

what is needed

for Each Tank?

How will we notifyand get the help

needed on site

at the incident?

Train on Plan

Specific to Each Tank

or Set of Tanks

Establish Logistics Communications People Supplies

Detail Needs

of Tank-Specific Plans

Prepare

Incident ManagementResources

Preparing for Storage Tank Fires


Develop Tank-Specific

Tank Fire PlansDoes this fire need to be put out?


Develop Plan

Specific to Each Tankor Set of Tanks

Develop Suppression Agent

Plans

Establish Type,Quantity & Delivery

e.g. Water, Foam

Develop Firefighting

Philosophy for the

Storage Tank Facility

Develop Fire Protection &

Firefighting Philosophy

PlanningStorage Tank Fire Management Part 2



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Knowledge andKnowledge andExperienceExperience

HelpHelp

PLANNINGPLANNING

andand

PREPARATIONPREPARATION


API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006One Knowledge Source: Buncefield InvestigationOne Knowledge Source: Buncefield Investigation

Dec 11, 2005 -- Incident

Feb 21, 2006 -- 1st Progress Report -- plus --

HSE Advisory for SelfHSE Advisory for Self--Audits w InspectionsAudits w Inspections

Apr 11, 2006 2nd Progress Report

May 9, 2006 3rd Progress Report

July 4, 2006July 4, 2006HSE TAV Switch AlertHSE TAV Switch Alert

July 13, 2006 Initial Report

Aug 22, 2006 Release Site for work

Sept 13, 2006 BP Start HC Removal

www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.ukwww.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk
http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/


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DamagedDamaged

OfficeOffice

BuildingBuilding

Tank 12Tank 12

Tank 912Tank 912

1st Interim ReportFeb 21, 2006

Incident DescriptionIncident Description

andand

Emergency ResponseEmergency Response

Source:

www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk




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The Buncefield InvestigationThe Buncefield InvestigationSecond progress reportSecond progress report

11 April, 200611 April, 2006

2nd Interim ReportApril 11, 2006

Major emphasisMajor emphasis

environmentalenvironmental

includingincluding

especially bundespecially bund

integrity andintegrity and

failure to containfailure to contain

Source:

www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk




Bund/Firewall DamageBund/Firewall Damage -- BuncefieldBuncefield



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Bund/Firewall DamageBund/Firewall Damage -- BuncefieldBuncefieldBuncefield Terminal Fire December 11, 2005


Buncefield AftermathBuncefield AftermathNote foam & water in BundsNote foam & water in Bunds

Which became a major issueWhich became a major issue



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May 9, 2006May 9, 2006

Third Interim Report

May 9, 2006

Cause Analysis:Cause Analysis:

Describes overfillDescribes overfill

release scenariorelease scenario

of Tank 912 andof Tank 912 and

subsequentsubsequent

consequencesconsequences

resulting fromresulting from

unexplainedunexplained

overpressureoverpressureSource: www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk Ken Crawford 5-10-2006


Bruncefield Third Interim Report May 9, 2006

Overpressure magnitudeOverpressure magnitude

Current best estimates of the overpressureare in the order of700 to 1000700 to 1000 millibarsmillibars in thecar parks (10 to 15 psi). pp 54The magnitude of the overpressuremagnitude of the overpressure generated inthe open areas is not consistent with currentis not consistent with current

understanding ofunderstanding ofvapourvapourcloud explosionscloud explosions.. Acurrent method would predict overpressure of 20 to 50

millibar (0.3 to 0.5 psi)pp 55

Estimated actual ca 20 to 30 times predictedEstimated actual ca 20 to 30 times predicted (kcc)(kcc)



http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/


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July 13, 2006 Initial Report

Although prior reports wereAlthough prior reports were

interim,interim, detail isdetail is not repeatednot repeated

in thisin this Initial ReportInitial Report

The Investigation ContinuesThe Investigation Continues


Initial ReportInitial Report July 13, 2005July 13, 2005is actually the 4is actually the 4thth Report IssuedReport Issued----

after 3 Interim Progress Reportsafter 3 Interim Progress Reports


Still dont Understand WhySuch Severe Overpressure

Cause: Tank OverfillTank Overfill attributed to

equipment malfunction

Groundwater Contamination led

to Declaring Major Accident to

the Environment (MATTE)

Resulting in COMAH Notification

Unexplained

Omission?

No Mention of

Operators


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EventEvent massive vapor cloud & high

overpressure explosion

CauseCause TANK OVERFILL attributed

to equipment malfunction (and???)

AftermathAftermath Extensive Community

damage & loss of containment

Closure of terminalClosure of terminalfor ?? (9 months

prohibited access released for Work Aug 22, 2006)

Environmental ConcernsEnvironmental Concerns leading to

COMAH report to EU



Much uncertainty remains aboutMuch uncertainty remains about

why the explosion was so violent,why the explosion was so violent,

generating overpressures agenerating overpressures a

magnitude greatermagnitude greater(700(700--10001000millibarmillibar))

than current understanding ofthan current understanding of

vapourvapourcloud explosions wouldcloud explosions wouldpredictpredict(20(20--5050millibarmillibar))


Buncefield Investigation reportBuncefield Investigation report


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45


Ken Crawford 4-5-2006Why and how did car get to this location in this condition?Why and how did car get to this location in this condition?

One of Many Automobiles Damaged in Buncefield Incident


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46

Incident Dec 11, 2005Incident Dec 11, 2005

Report July 13, 2006Report July 13, 2006

The paramount

need is to ensure

the integrity of the

primary means of

containment, i.e. to

make sure that fuel

does not escape

from the vessels in

which it is normally

contained.

Buncefield InvestigationBuncefield Investigation Initial ReportInitial Report


(Keep the HC in the Tanks)(Keep the HC in the Tanks)


Buncefield Investigation Initial reportBuncefield Investigation Initial report

3:00 a.m. Level gauge stopped showing increaseLevel gauge stopped showing increase

But flow ex P/L still 550 mBut flow ex P/L still 550 m33/hr (3,500 bbl/hr, 2,400/hr (3,500 bbl/hr, 2,400USgpmUSgpm))

5:20 a.m. Calculated overflow beginsCalculated overflow begins

5:50-6:00 Flow rate increasesFlow rate increases to 890 mto 890 m33/hr/hr

6:01 First Explosion of severalFirst Explosion of several ---- then tank firesthen tank fires

Evidence suggests that the protection systemEvidence suggests that the protection system

which should have shut off the supply ofwhich should have shut off the supply ofpetrol to the tank to prevent overfillingpetrol to the tank to prevent overfilling ----

did not operate.did not operate.



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47

Incident Dec 11, 2005Incident Dec 11, 2005

Report July 13, 2006Report July 13, 2006

This does not however

lessen the need forneed for

effectiveeffective secondary andsecondary and

tertiary containmenttertiary containment

(bunds and drains, mainly)

that prevent pollutants

from escaping the site and

contaminating the

environment should

primary containment be

lost.

Buncefield Investigation Initial reportBuncefield Investigation Initial report



API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006HSE PostHSE Post--Buncefield ActionBuncefield Action

(HSE ~ USA OSHA)(HSE ~ USA OSHA)

Dec 11, 2005 Incident

Feb 21, 2006Feb 21, 2006 ---- HSE issuesHSE issues precautionaryprecautionary

adviceadvice to fuel depot operatorsto fuel depot operatorsselfself--audit withaudit with

HSE followHSE follow--up. 4up. 4--1616--06 due date.06 due date.

June 13 HSE Publishes initial audit feedback

July 4, 2006July 4, 2006HSE TAV Switch AlertHSE TAV Switch Alert

July 26, 2006 CSB Courtesy Alert (at HSE request?)

Aug 22, 2006Aug 22, 2006HSE Release Site for workHSE Release Site for work

Sept 13, 2006 BP Start HC Removal by Truck


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48



Stated Issues of concern arisingfrom Investigation to dateBuncefield InvestigationBuncefield Investigation

Design & Operation of Storage sites

Containment [of release and overfills]

Emergency ResponseJudged Good [with room for improvement]

Advice to Planning AuthoritiesWhere/what OK to build near oil terminals


API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006Buncefield InvestigationBuncefield Investigation

The Investigation Continues

Note: the joint UK HSE & EA investigation isNote: the joint UK HSE & EA investigation isstructured as astructured as a CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONCRIMINAL INVESTIGATION


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49

BuncefieldBuncefield --What HappenedWhat Happened For SureFor Sure ??

Major Vapor Cloud Explosion with massive overpressure

21 Tanks burned

Community Injuries & Damage

Valiant fire suppression strong industry support + pumps

Al-Qaeda threat reported; Police discounted

What we DONT KNOW? (or hasn(or hasnt been fully reported.)t been fully reported.)

Event initiating product release (WHYWHY not what)

Specific location of initial release (appears to be Tank 912)

Amount of material released (estimated 80,000 USG)

Who was on-site (or had been on site prior to incident)

Why power went out before explosion

Source of Ignition

How severely damaged cars ended up so far away

Why overpressures were so highWhy overpressures were so high (20 to 30 times expected)(20 to 30 times expected)




API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006UK Environmental Agency (EA)Latest Update -- 23 August 2006

26 Million Liters of Stored26 Million Liters of Stored FirewatersFirewaters

The oil companies have assured us that

they are working on this issue but that the

clean up of the firewater is a complex

process.

We find this continued delay unacceptable

and still await formal proposals from them

and a date for clean up work to start.

(Note: proposal received September 12, 2006 and(Note: proposal received September 12, 2006 and under reviewunder review by UK EA)by UK EA)

Concerns include PFOS at ppb levelsConcerns include PFOS at ppb levels


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50



How does oneHow does oneKeep PotentialKeep Potential

Tank FireTank Fire

EffluentsEffluents

Contained?Contained?



API Std 2610


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51



API Std 2610 9.2.9 Piping

Piping or conduit passing through dike walls shall be

designed to prevent build-up of excessive stresses on

pipe or conduit as a result of settlement.

Penetration of dikes (except drains)

shall be kept to a minimum to

eliminate leakage paths through the

dike. The area surrounding the

penetration shall be sealed with a

high-temperature fire resistant

material to prevent migration of

liquids through the dike.



How does one ReduceHow does one Reduce

Potential forPotential for

Tank Fires?Tank Fires?

Keep HC in TanksKeep HC in Tanks


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52



3rd Edition Jan 2005

API RP 2350



OVERFILL PROTECTION FOROVERFILL PROTECTION FOR

STORAGE TANKSSTORAGE TANKS

IN PETROLEUM FACILITIESIN PETROLEUM FACILITIES

API 2350 3API 2350 3rdrd Edition, January 2005Edition, January 2005

Only tank Overfill Protection

Standard in the USA (World?)


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53


API RP 2350API RP 2350

Some basic principles (Section 1.4):Protection against overfills best

achieved by:

Awareness of capacity & inventory

Careful monitoring and control of

product movement

High level detectors and/or automatic

shutdown/diversion systems shall not be used for control of

routine filling operations.



SCOPE: API RP 2350 2nd Ed2nd Ed -- 19961996SCOPE OF 1996 2ndEDITION

The scope of this recommended practice is specificallyspecifically

limitedlimitedto petroleum facilities with abovegroundto petroleum facilities with aboveground

storage tanks that receive Class I liquids fromstorage tanks that receive Class I liquids from

mainline pipelines or marine vessels.mainline pipelines or marine vessels. API 2350 is CONSISTENT WITH NFPA 30

EXCLUSIONSEXCLUSIONSThis recommended practice does not apply to the following:

Aboveground storage tanks with less than 600 gallons capacity600 gallons capacity.

Aboveground storage tanks with over 600 gallons capacity that

receive or contain Class IIClass IIor Class III liquids.

Aboveground storage tanks that contain noncombustible liquids

and other non-petroleum products.

Aboveground storage tanks that contain Class I liquids receivedfrom other than mainline pipelines or marine transfer (such as

receipts from tank trucks, railroad tank cars, transfers fromtransfers from

other tanks, facility process units, private pipelines,other tanks, facility process units, private pipelines,and crude

oil production facilities).

Undergroundstorage tanks.



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54


SCOPE: API RP 2350 33rdrd Ed 2005Ed 2005

Expanded coverageExpanded coverage to include Class IIas well as Class I starting with tanks

above 1320 USG

ExcludesExcludes Process tanks, service

station tanks whether above or below

ground, underground & loading or

delivery from wheeled vehicles (tanktrucks, tank cars).



SCOPE API RP 2350 3rd Ed Jan 20051.2.1 APPLICABILITYSpecifically limited to tanks associated with marketing,

refining, pipeline and similar facilities containing Class Ioror

Class IIClass IIpetroleum liquids.

RP 2350 does notnotapply to:Underground storage tanks

Above ground tanks of 1320 US gallons (5000 liters) or lessAbove ground tanks of 1320 US gallons (5000 liters) or lessTanks that are integral to a processTanks containing Class III liquidsTanks containing non-combustible liquids

Service StationsService Stations (whether above or below ground)(whether above or below ground)Loading or delivery from wheeled vehicles (such as tanktrucks or railroad tank cars)

1.2.2 CONSISTENT WITH NFPA 30



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55


API RP 23503rd Edition Jan 2005

4th Edition (end 2007??)(end 2007??)



What aboutWhat about

the 4the 4thth EditionEdition

of RP 2350?of RP 2350?

(And why a 4(And why a 4thth

Edition so soon?)Edition so soon?)


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56


API RP 2350 4th Edition 200xAPI RP 2350 4th Edition 200x (2007?)(2007?) Same Scope as 3rd Edition

Improved guidance (friendlier?)

Classify Tank OperationsClassify Tank Operations (risk base?)

Revised Definitions?? (probably)

Incorporate Human Factors??

Levels of ProtectionLevels of Protection Concepts[Conceptual Alignment with IEC 61508, IEC 61511 & New S84.01]

ANSI Status??


Process Design

TraditionalTraditionalIPL Concepts:

Independent Protection Layers (IPLs)


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57

AlternateAlternate IPL DepictionIPL Depiction


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58

StreetStreet--SmartSmartL.O.P.L.O.P.Protect OccupantsProtect OccupantsKeep BulletsKeep Bullets OUTOUT

API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006Hydrocarbon Layers of ProtectionHydrocarbon Layers of Protection

IsIs Really from the Inside OutReally from the Inside Out

Protect by Keeping HazardsProtect by Keeping Hazards ININ

Goal:Goal: Prevent Escape of Whatever isPrevent Escape of Whatever is In the TankIn the Tank

(Thanks to Mike Schmidt) of Emerson)(Thanks to Mike Schmidt) of Emerson)


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59

Key Element =Key Element = IndependentIndependent



API 2350 Workgroup Resource ReferencesAPI 2350 Workgroup Resource References

Safety Instrumented Systems StandardsSafety Instrumented Systems Standards

IEC 61508IEC 61508 Generic for All IndustriesGeneric for All Industries

IEC 61511IEC 61511 Specific to Process IndustriesSpecific to Process Industries

NewNewISA S84.01ISA S84.01 Same as 61511Same as 61511 (almost)(almost)


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60


Tank 12Tank 12

DamagedDamagedOfficeOffice

BuildingBuilding

Tank 912Tank 912

May 9, 2006 interim report says Tank 912 OVERFILL was release source


HSE safety alert July 4, 2006 re TAV Switches

Based on Bruncefield Investigation Before Initial Formal Report

Certain aspects of installation and testing the high level safety

system to prevent tank overfill are critical in ensuring that itworks properly

Operators of establishments similar to Bruncefield are advised to carry

out immediate checks where TAV level switches are fittedimmediate checks where TAV level switches are fitted to their

storage tanks. Operators should check TAV level switches fitted with

change over (double throw) reed switches .

TheThe switches are tested by using a lever or plateswitches are tested by using a lever or plate fitted to the head

of the switch, which can bewhich can be raised to simulate a high level ofraised to simulate a high level of

liquid in the tankliquid in the tank.. If the switch is working, then alarms and tripsconnected to the switch should operate.

It is critical that after this test the lever or plate is returnIt is critical that after this test the lever or plate is returned toed tothe correct position and locked into placethe correct position and locked into place, using a special padlocksupplied by the manufacturer, and in accordance with the

manufacturers instructions. Failure to do this can lead to theFailure to do this can lead to the

switch being inoperative in normal operating mode even thoughswitch being inoperative in normal operating mode even though

it gives the appearance of functioning normally when tested.it gives the appearance of functioning normally when tested.


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61

E071:06 4 July 2006

HSE Safety AlertHSE Safety Alert to Fuel Depot Operators reTAV Level Switch

HSE Disclaimer

The relevance of the installation andThe relevance of the installation and

performance of theseperformance of these (TAV)(TAV) switches inswitches in

respect of the Buncefield incident is onlyrespect of the Buncefield incident is only

one of a number of lines of enquiry. It isone of a number of lines of enquiry. It is

thereforetherefore inappropriate to comment oninappropriate to comment on

its relevanceits relevance in the particularin the particular

circumstances ofcircumstances ofBuncefieldBuncefield..

It is also too early to say when theIt is also too early to say when the

Buncefield investigation will conclude, orBuncefield investigation will conclude, orwhat it might say regarding thesewhat it might say regarding these

switches.switches.

Significance for Storage Tank OperatorsSignificance for Storage Tank Operators

Ensure tank overfill protection isEnsure tank overfill protection is robustrobust

Suggestion review API RP 2350 Overfill Protection

for Storage Tanks In Petroleum Facilities 3rd Ed

Check for TAV Switches & follow HSE advice

Review training & proficiencyReview training & proficiency

Review emergency response plansReview emergency response plansWho ya gonna call?(apologies to Ghostbusters)

CHALLENGES: PERSONNEL, LOGISTICS, KNOWLEDGE

911 not prepared for terminal fires

Consider & participate in mutual aid organizations

(no free lunch participation must be substantive)Or consider specialist fire suppression organizations

Examine Security System EffectivenessExamine Security System Effectiveness

Expect U.S. OSHA/EPA/DOTExpect U.S. OSHA/EPA/DOT (Homeland Security?)



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62


Keeping Product in Tanks isnt brain surgery -- but it does require:planning, procedures, qualified personnel, the right equipment and

resources --- and PROPER EXECUTION


RegulationRegulation forforOperatingOperatingBulk PlantsBulk PlantsFlammable and Combustible LiquidsFlammable and Combustible Liquids

OSHA 1910.106 fromOSHA 1910.106 from www.osha.govwww.osha.gov

ForForGood PracticeGood Practice Use:Use:

API Standards for Tank ConstructionAPI Standards for Tank Construction

NFPA 30 for Facility LayoutNFPA 30 for Facility Layout

API 2350 for Overfill PreventionAPI 2350 for Overfill Prevention

API 2021 for Tank Fire ManagementAPI 2021 for Tank Fire Management

API & NFPA for OperationAPI & NFPA for Operation

Recognize Good Practice PriorityRecognize Good Practice Priority

http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/http://www.osha.gov/


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63


NFPA 30NFPA 30 20072007 ---- BIG CHANGESBIG CHANGES (high probability)(high probability)

Flammable and Combustible Liquids CodeFlammable and Combustible Liquids Code

All Aboveground Storage Tanks to be tested,All Aboveground Storage Tanks to be tested,

inspected, repaired and maintained ininspected, repaired and maintained in

accordance with API Std 653 & API RP 12R1.accordance with API Std 653 & API RP 12R1.(did not previously reference API standards).(did not previously reference API standards).

Requires ALL tanks storing Class I and Class IIRequires ALL tanks storing Class I and Class II

liquids to have overfill protection in accordliquids to have overfill protection in accord

with API RP 2350.with API RP 2350. ((previously required only Class I tanks receivingpreviously required only Class I tanks receivingflammable liquids by mainline pipeline or marine to have overfiflammable liquids by mainline pipeline or marine to have overfill prevention).ll prevention).

(Also Requires all terminals to establish procedures to checkand remove water bottoms in accordance with API 1501, 1621

and 2610 or STI Bulletin "Keeping water out of your tanks" )



NFPA 30NFPA 30 -- 20072007 Newly Referenced Safety DocumentsNewly Referenced Safety Documents

API Std 653API Std 653Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, andTank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and

ReconstructionReconstruction (inspection of tanks constructed in accordance with API 650 orAPI 620 and other large field-erected tanks)

API 12R1API 12R1 -- Setting, Maintenance, Inspection, Operation andSetting, Maintenance, Inspection, Operation and

Repair of Tanks in Production ServiceRepair of Tanks in Production Service

STI SP001STI SP001 -- Standard for Inspection of AbovegroundStandard for Inspection of Aboveground

Storage TanksStorage Tanks 3rd Ed. July 2005

API RP 2350API RP 2350 -- Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks inOverfill Protection for Storage Tanks in

Petroleum FacilitiesPetroleum Facilities, 3rd Ed. Jan 2005

The IFC meets in September 2006 for hearings on code changes. Since the IFC

references many NFPA 30 requirements, expect these to apply there also



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64

How to Get API StandardsHow to Get API Standards

Order API Standards from API's primary distributorGlobal Engineering Documents

www.global.ihs.com

At the Global Web site enter API xxxx

in the Document Number box for a Search

Click on See Details -- Look for the current Edition

Note -- if it says that a document has been cancelled -- click on

the box Superceding Document and follow the trail.

By Phone: 1-800-854-7179 (Toll-free in U.S.A. & Canada)

API Members Should Receive 50% Discount

A catalog of API Standards is viewable at

www.api.org/cat


End of Formal PresentationEnd of Formal Presentation

QuestionsQuestions ororCommentsComments??

Ken Crawford 4-13-2004 Ken Crawford 5-3-2005

http://www.global.ihs.com/http://www.api.org/cathttp://www.api.org/cathttp://www.global.ihs.com/


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65


GodGod

BlessBless

AmericaAmerica


And God BlessAnd God Bless

Our British AlliesOur British Allies


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66




Event massive vapor cloud & high

overpressure explosion

Cause Tank Overfill attributed to

equipment malfunction (300 Tonnes ~ 100,000 USG)

Aftermath Extensive Community

damage & loss of containment

Closure of terminal for ?? (9 months prohibitedaccess Aug 22, 2006 released for Cleanup Work 9-13-06 BP began

trucking fuel site not released for normal operations)

Environmental Concerns leading to

COMAH report to EU




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67


Tank Examples - Layers of ProtectionTank Fill & Drain Valves (chain & lock)

Firewall (bund)

Firewall drain valve (chain & lock)

Grading away from tank

Metering in & out charts & computer

Operating staff (onOperating staff (on--site & offsite & off--site)site)

Gauging equipment (redundant on separate power)

Automatic shutdowns

Procedures & Training?

Tank InspectionSite security (physical & cyber/electronic)


Tank Fire Suppression ProcessTank Fire Suppression Process

Get close enough to fight fire

Get equipment, foam & water to fire

Apply foam properly flow rate,

position & duration

Monitor, understand and address

progress & problemsMaintain post-suppression monitoring

Clean up and go home



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68

DO: Evaluate Conditions Directly in Real TimeEvaluate Conditions Directly in Real TimeHose stream or Dwight Williamss Wet Glove Test [or IR?]

DO: Understand if fire is time sensitive (Crude?)Understand if fire is time sensitive (Crude?)

DO: Consider Metal Shields for personnel heat protectionConsider Metal Shields for personnel heat protection

DO: Use check valves if needed to prevent HC backflowUse check valves if needed to prevent HC backflow

DO: Shut off pressure fires at source before extinguishmentShut off pressure fires at source before extinguishment

DO: Exploit available resourcesExploit available resources

Police (or other) helicopters ask Jerry Craft

Recycle water (remember, most muni trucks draft)

Use optical or radar distance measuring devices

Use infrared temp measurement (tank & exposures)Use news raw footage

DO: Use tote tanks or bulk trucks for foam supplyUse tote tanks or bulk trucks for foam supply

DO: Understand monitor reach capability as function of angleUnderstand monitor reach capability as function of angle

DO: Train facility management in ICSTrain facility management in ICS (before they take command)

Tank Fire Suppression Dos


13th Annual Les Williams Advanced Flammable Liquid Firefighting Foam Technology Workshop - May 2006

DONDONT PUT PEOPLE AT RISK TO SAVE PROPERTYT PUT PEOPLE AT RISK TO SAVE PROPERTY

DONT put people on roof use hose or Daspit tool

DONT fight seal fire from wind girder without railing

DONT allow sightseers in fire working areas

DONDONT SINK A FLOATING ROOFT SINK A FLOATING ROOF

DONT start foam application until enough on hand

DONT fight a major fire from 5-gallon buckets

DONDONT BURN UP YOUR FIRE TRUCKT BURN UP YOUR FIRE TRUCK

Tank Fire Suppression Donts


13th Annual Les Williams Advanced Flammable Liquid Firefighting Foam Technology Workshop - May 2006


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69

API Storage Tank Conference - September 2006Tank Fire Lessons Learned

1% foam (synthetic not protein)

Large tanks need big monitors (despite NFPA 11)

Large diameter hose (5 inch or larger)

No Water = No Foam

Fixed systems (OK for seals, often disabled & not sized for full surface fires)

Greatest need for Logistics not Suppression (think orchestra w conductor and

section leads)

Seal fires dont become fully involved unless roof sinks

Crude boilover remains a concern

Mutual Aid will bring old foam stock (and expect new technology replacement)

Largest single tank ever extinguished is 270 ft dia w

Largest single monitor = 14,000 USG/min

Largest demo flow = 31,000 USG/min

Application rate (GPM/sq ft) increases as tank size increases

Max foam run ca 100 ft

In UK HSE & EA investigation structured as a CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Firewater stored for 8 months (and counting) causing EA ire


Like Emergency Response Plans & Revised Standards


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70


Facility-Specific Planning

Leaders & helpers & equipment?

Where will you get enough foam

concentrate & water & move to site?

Where will you stage equipment andset up for suppression?

How will you protect exposures?

Where will run-off go?

Time Time -- Time

Netherlands Antilles

Eight 625,000 BBL (100,000 M3)

Floating Roof Crude Oil ca 275 ft dia

Introduction to Safety Around Tanks Workshop - June 2006


Facility-Specific Planning

Access!!

Leaders & helpers & equipment?

Where to get foam concentrate &water & move to site?

Where to stage equipment andset up for suppression?

How to protect exposures?

Where will run-off go?

Time Time -- Time

Richmond California

Dutch engineers first used this layout so crude could gravity feed

through the process areas. If there is a boilover IT WILL!



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71

Bruncefield Incident Dec 11 14, 2005

Third Interim Report May 9, 2006

Cause AnalysisCause Analysis -- OverfillOverfill

Initial Report July 13, 2006Much uncertainty remains about why the explosion was so violent, generatingoverpressures of a magnitude much greater than current understanding ofvapour cloud explosions would predict. For example, a method in current usewould predict overpressures of 20-50 millibar (mbar) in the open areas of theNorthgate and Fuji car parks. The current best estimates of the overpressuresthat actually occurred in these areas are of 700-1000 mbar, leading toextensive damage to adjacent buildings. Annex 6 describes the mechanics offire and explosion hazards from fuels such as petrol, as currently understood.Further work is needed to research the actual mechanism for generating theunexpectedly high explosion overpressures seen at Buncefield. This is a

matter of keen international interest,

Still dont Understand Why Severity ofOverpressure



December 12, 2005-- Police have said they had found

nothing malicious"in the incident, which happened

in Hemel Hempstead on 11 December, 2005.Shortly after incident UK Fire Expert To me, whats

interesting is how this fire and cloud could initially

have made such a big bang. In an open space you

would expect a flash of fire which would have burned

out quickly, not a big explosion


May 9, 2006 Interim Report pp 55

The investigation has, so far, been unable to

establish why the ignition of the vapour cloud

and the explosion propagation in the relatively

uncongested environment of the adjacent car

parks caused significant overpressures


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On Wednesday, December 7 (4 days before the incident) a

videotape by al-Qaeda's deputy leader, Ayman al-Zawahri,was shown on the Internet calling for attacks against Gulf oil

facilities. The video had first been released on Sept. 19 and

shown on Al-Jazeera TV.

"I call on the holy warriors to concentrate their campaigns on

the stolen oil of the Muslims, most of the revenues of which

go to the enemies of Islam," said al-Zawahri, the Egyptian

deputy of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.

"The enemies of Islam are exploiting such vital resources

with incomparable greed, and we have to stop that theft with

all we can and save this fortune for the nation of Islam.

The cause of yesterday's disaster was not immediately

known, said Total SA, the French oil company that operates

Buncefield in a joint venture with Texaco.

Source Newspaper/TV reports

