distributed gen2015

Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015


FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala

Dr. KUMARAVEL SUNDARAMOORTHYPresented by


• Energy

Introduction


Conductor


Insulator


Semiconductor


Sub-orbits in Atom


Sub-orbit Series


Energy of Electron in nth Orbit


1 kg = 900 g + 100 g


1kg 1 kg 1kg


Wood

Petrol

Atomic

Time

Power

State of Energy


Forms of Energy

• The five main forms of energy are:– Heat– Chemical– Electromagnetic– Nuclear– Mechanical


Fourth Basic Need of Human



Energy Conversion and Electrical Energy

• Instant energy conversion• Convert in to more forms• High conversion efficiency • Energy storage• Easy and safe to transport• Regeneration• Smooth Control


History of Electricity

• Starting With Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 - April 17, 1790)

Kite-flying experiments in 1752


History of Electricity• Michael Faraday(22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867)

An English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include those of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.


History of Electricity

• Alessandro Volta

In 1800, Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist, made a great discovery. He soaked paper in salt water, placed zinc and copper on opposite sides of the paper, and watched the chemical reaction produce an electric current. Volta had created the first electric cell


History of Electricity• André-Marie Ampère(20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)

In September 1820, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions, respectively - this laid the foundation of electrodynamics.


World First Generating Station

September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl

Street generating station's electrical power distribution

system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to an

initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl

Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164

lamps. The station was built by the Edison Electric

Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas

Edison.


The World's First Hydroelectric Power Plant Began Operation September 30, 1882

The dam across Fox River in Appleton (USA) the site of the first hydroelectric power plant in the world.


First Power Plant in India

The first plant consisted of two 65 kW Crompton-Brunton single-phase, 2300 volts and 83.3 hertz alternators coupled with two Gunther's Turbines. India's first Hydro-Electric Power Station with 2 x 65 kW capacity was commissioned on 10 November 1897 by C. C. Stevens, the then Acting Lieutenant Governor of Bengal.

Sidrapong Hydel Power Station


Energy Conversion


Electricity Generation Techniques


Problems of Fossil Fuel

• Limited in Nature• Million – trillion years to form• Site specific• Energy and Economic security• Global warming


Only Solution………..


Potential of Green Energy in India

Source: NCE Projects in India

Renewable sources

Installed Capacity Estimated Potential

Wind 2483 MW 45000 MW

Biomass Power/ Cogeneration

613 MW 19500 MW

Biomass Gasifier 58 MW ---

Small Hydro 1603 MW 15000 MW

Waste to Energy 41 MW 1700 MW

Solar PV 151 MW 20 MW/sq.km


Summary 1


Electrical Energy


Electric Potential Energy

• In order to bring two like charges near each other work must be done.


How Electrical Energy is Conducted?


Electricity-the Flow of Free Electrons

Bound electron Free electron

Valance electron

Negative source

Positive source


Why power is voltage x current?


DCAC

EdisonTesla

Westinghouse

vs.


AC

DC= “Direct Current” AC= “Alternating Current”

DC

Click


How Ohm’s Law was derived?


Fourier Heat Conduction equation

• It is the transfer of thermal energy neighboring molecules in a substance due to a temperature gradient.

• It is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice the energy transport by free.


Fourier’s Heat Transfer Equation

Ohm’s Law


V in Volt

I in

Ampe

re

When Temperature Remaining Constant


Inductance• Faradays law• 3 view point

Circuit Dimension Energy

Capacitance• Coulombs law• 3 view point

Circuit Dimension Energy



Passive element in Three Point of View


Passive and Active Element

AC Circuit Fundaments• Representation of AC quantity• Instantaneous, Average and RMS value• Polar and Rectangular co-ordinates• Phasor Diagram• Real, Reactive power• Power Factor



00 9 0

9 0

1 801 80 3 60

The sine wave can be represented as the projection of a vector rotating at a constant rate. This rotating vector is called a phasor.

Why A.C is represented as Phasor?


Phasor Diagram

• The instantaneous value is the actual value you would measure at time t. This value is never greater than ε0.

• The instantaneous value can be represented as the projection of the phasor vector onto the horizontal axis of the circle.


Why AC values are represented in RMS?


Real power and Reactive power


Response of ‘R’ to sinusoidal voltage


Response of ‘L’ to sinusoidal voltage


Response of ‘C’ to sinusoidal voltage


AC Circuits

• Transient solution• Steady state solution


Reactive Power Management

A Typical Inductive Load The effect of a capacitor on an Inductive Load


Concept of Reactive Power


Source Current

Source Voltage

Instantaneous Power


Across the resistor


Across the inductor


Algebraic sum of the voltages


With Compensation


Source

click


Power factor

• Effect of power factor• Power factor improvement• Why series compensation is not preferred?


Alternator – 3 phase AC Generator


Structure of Present Power System


Structure of Power System

Centralized Generation

Distributed Loads

P+jQ

V,f


Problems in the Present Utility Grid

• Brownout• Blackout• Reliability• Synchronization issues• Focus on renewable energy sources• Load dispatching• Maximum energy utilization• Power quality - Harmonics


In 2013In India


Structure of Microgrid

Play


Smart Grid/Modern Grid

Play


Distributed Generation

Distributed Generation• Distribution generation (DG) is the generation of electricity by facilities

sufficiently smaller than central generating plants and is integrated within distribution systems at nearby to the point of use. This on-site generation is often called “Distributed Generation” [3].

• “Any electric power production technology that is integrated within distribution systems fits under the distributed generation umbrella. The designations “distributed” and “dispersed” are used interchangeably [1].

• Distributed generators are connected to the medium or low voltage grid. They are not centrally planned and they are typically smaller than 30 MW (DTI 2001). [4]

• These distributed generation systems, capable of operating on a broad range, offer clean, efficient, reliable, and flexible on-site power alternatives.



Generation and Storage Technology for DG Solar PV Generation System Wind Energy Conversion Systems Micro-turbines based hydel system Biomass Generation systems Fuel Cells Storage/Generation System Chemical Energy Storage (Battery) Electrochemical Capacitors Storage Mechanical Storage

Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Fly wheel Storage

Thermal Storage Electromagnetic Storage


For What he won the Nobel Prize?


Einstein’s Invention• solar energy directly into electricity by Einstein

himself in 1905. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for this original proposal.

• The theory proposed that if sunlight is shine on the metal with a specific frequency corresponding to that metal, current is produced. Since current is the flow of electron, electricity is produced.

• In 1954, the first photovoltaic technology is developed the silicon photovoltaic cell at Bell Labs.


Starter

Lamp

Ballast

Light switch

Glow cathode Glow cathode


Glow discharge


pre-heating


Ignition operation


Power And Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems

• Average power


Example 1

Ans: Pav = 0.32


Root-mean-square (RMS) value of awaveform, in terms of Fourier series

• Similar expression for current• Harmonics always increase rms value• Harmonics do not necessarily increase average

power• Increased rms values mean increased losses


Power factor

• Power factor is a figure of merit that measures how efficiently energy is transmitted.


Power Factor Cotd…


THD-Total Harmonic Distortion

IN, VN – Individual Harmonics of order N

(%).....(

THD(I)

(%).....(

THD(V)

IIII

VVVV

n

n

1

22

3

2

2

1

22

3

2

2

)100

)100


Distortion factor vs. THD


Energy Conservation

Ten ‘S’ for Energy Conservation

S S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S S


First Step - Sense Waste of Energy around you.


Second Step - Stop Do you switch off energy appliances on

proper time?


Third Step - Search Search for energy efficient

options/alternatives


Fourth Step - Select Do you prefer energy saving means over

other alternatives?


Fifth Step - Shift Would you like to shift your present living

style to energy saving ways? Load Shifting


Six Step - Service Do you service energy consuming units

regularly for regaining efficiency?


Seventh Step - Scrap Are you ready to discard energy inefficient

devices?


Eighth Step - Schedule Do you plan to carry out multiple activities

at a time to save energy?


Ninth Step - Sacrifice Are you ready to compromise with your

comforts & status for energy conservation?


Tenth Step - Spread Are you ready to spreading your energy

conservation knowledge to others?


Reuse and recycle


The Population of the World

Middle East3%

Africa14%

Asia/Pacific55%

North America

6%

South and Central America

9%

Europe13%

Global Population Profile 2002, U.S. Census Bureau



THE DAYS ARE NOT FAR?


Future Hybrid


Use public Transport Like This ……


Not Like This


If we live closer to work we can avoid this


And This


Best Six Doctors for Good HealthSunshine Water Rest

Air Exercise Diet

By

Dr. Kumaravel S.

[email protected]

You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop

to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you can not - Eleanor Roosevelt

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