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GjsteiaV c } i x I . L M c i a v m X h k c e h c H c e v c t D i { a j t H j a a c o c j n F c e v k x v t { F i a a i x ! V c } i
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Vmc Di{ajt Fcevia Gjsteiakx psdakxmcf d{ vmc Jnnkhc jn Hjllsekhivkjex . Kexvkvsvkjeia If~iehclcev2
Vc}ix I.L Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{2 8804 Oixvje I~cesc2 Fiaaix! Vc}ix ?346
496%=4=%=496% Vmkx kxxsc wix ptkevcf Xcpvcldct 400;% Ptjfshvkje jn vmc Di{ajt Fcevia Gjsteiakx xspp
d{ i otiev vj MXH,DHF ntjl vmc Di{ajt Jtia Mciavm Njsefivkje% Nkeiehkia xsppjtv vj fcnti{ ptkevkeo i
likakeo c}pcexcx kx ptj~kfcf d{ vmc Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ Iaslek Ixxjhkivkje% MXH,DHF xct~cx p
jn iaa iocx tcoitfacxx jn xjhkjchjejlkh ac~ca! tihc! hjajt! xc}! tcakokje! fkxidkakv{ jt eivkjeia jtko ke%
Fcxvke{7 Fcevia Fcie
Vmtcc Vc}ix I.L Mciavm Xhkcehc
Hcevct Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{
iaslek mi~c njaajwcf fknnctcev
pivmx vj vmc xilc pkeeihac ke fcevia
cfshivkje iflkekxvtivkje%
Hmkafx Pai{
Ljtc vmie xvjt{ vklc ief libc,
dcakc~c! i vmctip{ hiaacf hmkaf aknc
kx dckeo c}pajtcf ix i ej~ca vjja
ke fcevkxvt{ vj mcap hial ie}kjsx
pcfkivtkh pivkcevx%
D I [ A J T F C E V I A
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je vmc hj~ct
D{ ptihvkhkeo pai{keo fcevkxv fstkeo hmkaf akn c vmctip{! hmkaftce oikebejwacfoc ief hjpkeo xbkaax ke ptcpitivkje njt sphjlkeo fcevia vtcivlcev%
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4% Lcxxioc Ntjl vmc Fcie
8% Hilpsx Hjeechvkje
90% Ecwxlibctx
86% Ke Vjshm _kvm Iaslek
60% Haixx Ejvcx
64% Ok~keo
6=% Klptcxxkjex
Cfkvjt Hitja{e Hj}
Acif Fcxkoect Lkact Mseo! Pcvctxje Ti{ . Hjlpie{
Otipmkh Fcxkoect Akefi Jtxk! Vc}ix I.L Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct Litbcvkeo ief Hjllsekhivkjex
Hjevtkdsvjtx Ft% Hmitacx Ithjtki! Aisti Dcka! AiFiwe Dtjhb! Ajtk Fccx! Bivmt{e Gjecx! Giecv Bakeo!
Akefi Pkpct! Dtkokvvc Xklx! Ildct B% Vmjlix! Itv Spvje! Xiti _itvcx! Gieci _jjxac{
Pmjvjotipmctx AiFiwe Dtjhb! Ti{ Dt{iev! Dtshc Hjjb! Fi~c Otcxmil! Pmka Gjecx! Aioekippc Xvsfkj!
Tkhb LhFiekca! Ft% Tiomseivm Psvvikim! Pmkakp Xhmct v! Gsxvke Vct~cce! Ildct Vmjlix! Gjie [jbjl
C}chsvk~c Fktchvjt! Hjllsekhivkjex . Kexvkvsvkjeia If~iehclcev Xsxie Lkvhmcaa Gihbxje
XMITC [JST VMJSOMVX
Vmc Di{ajt Fcevia Gjsteiawcahjlcx {jst nccfdihb
ief xsoocxvkjex% Xcef hjllcevx d{ c,lika vj hhj}@
dhf%vilmxh%cfs jt ni} vj 496%=?6%634;% [js hie lika
hjttcxpjefcehc vj Hitja{e Hj}! Cfkvjt2 Di{ajt Hjaacoc
jn Fcevkxvt{2 Jnnkhc jn Hjllsekhivkjex . Kexvkvsvkjeia
If~iehclcev2 8804 Oixvje I~c%2 Fiaaix! V] ?346>%
Vmc _kefx jn Hmieoc
Invct i 93,{cit yscxv! i Vc}ix I.L
Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct Di{ajt
Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ nihsav{ lcldct
kx i hivia{xv ke cxvidakxmkeo fcevia
kenchvkje hjevtja xviefitfx ke mkx
mjlcaief ?!000 lkacx iwi{%
fcpitvlce
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4 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; 4 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
LCXXIOC NTJL VMC FCIE
Vmkx tcxcithm otjwvm xpstv dcoie ke 4006 wmce MXH,DHFtchck~cf nsefkeo njt kvx S46 Tcxcithm Kentixvtshvstc Cemiehclcev
Ptjotil! acf d{ Ft% Fi~kf Hitaxje! ejw MXH ~khc ptcxkfcev njt
tcxcithm ief otifsivc xvsfkcx% Vmkx otiev ceidacf vmc hjaacoc vj
tchtskv xcekjt lioecv ke~cxvkoivjt ief dkjlcfkhia xhkcehcx hmikt Ft%
Tcei FXjsi! wmj ke vste mix mktcf i htkvkhia lixx jn jsvxviefkeo
tcxcithmct,cfshivjtx%
Vmc ptjlkxc jn otjwvm ke hakekhia tcxcithm iaxj mix dcce
cemiehcf d{ vmc hjaacocx pitvectxmkp ke i hjexjtvksl jn Ejtvm Vc}ix
kexvkvsvkjex vmiv tchck~cf i &86 lkaakje Eivkjeia Kexvkvsvcx jn Mciavm
Hakekhia ief Vtiexaivkjeia Xhkcehc Iwitf% Nsefcf ke Xcpvcldct
400?! vmc otiev cxvidakxmcf vmc Ejtvm ief Hcevtia Vc}ix Hakekhia
ief Vtiexaivkjeia Xhkcehc Kekvkivk~c! acf d{ Ft% Lkavje Pihbct iv SV
Xjsvmwcxvcte Lcfkhia Hcevct ief fktchvcf iv MXH,DHF d{ Ft% Pisa
Fchmjw% Vmc savklivc ojia jn vmkx wkfc,tieokeo kekvkivk~c kx vj xpccf
vmc vtiexnct jn aidjtivjt{ fkxhj~ctkcx vj ecw vmctipkcx vmiv klptj~c
mslie mciavm% Vmc ptjgchv mix htcivcf i ~itkcv{ jn hakekhia tcxcithm
vtikekeo ief hjaaidjtivkje jppjtvsekvkcx njt jst nihsav{%
Hjlpaclcevkeo vmcxc tcxcithm cnnjtvx kx vmc hjaacocx Jnnkhc jn
Vchmejajo{ Fc~cajplcev! wmkhm wix cxvidakxmcf ke 400>% Mjsxcf kevmc Jnnkhc jn vmc Ixxjhkivc Fcie njt Tcxcithm ief Otifsivc Xvsfkcx!
Ft% Aitt{ Dcaakeoct! vmc Jnnkhc jn Vchmejajo{ Fc~cajplcevx ojiax
itc vj kehtcixc vtiexaivkjeia tcxcithm jppjtvsekvkcx wkvmke vmc
hjaacoc ief kehtcixc hjaaidjtivk~c tcxcithm wkvm kefsxvt{% Acf d{ Ft%
A{eec Jppctlie! vmkx jnnkhc cehjstiocx keej~ivk~c vmkebctx je vmc
nihsav{ vj kfcevkn{ vtiexaivkjeia vchmejajokcx% Vmc hjaacoc iaxj mix
xcce xshhcxx ke otiev nsefkeo njt vchmejajo{ fc~cajplcev! mcapkeo
xchstc ljtc vmie &9 lkaakje ke vmc jnnkhcx xmjtv akncxpie%
I wkfc ~itkcv{ jn tcxcithm vjpkhx c}kxvx iljeo vmc ljtc vmie ?0tcxcithm ptjgchvx hsttceva{ ke ptjotcxx iv vmc hjaacoc! tieokeo ntjl
dcmi~kjtia vj mkoma{ vchmekhia% Ke vmkxGjsteia{jsaa tcif idjsv vwj
ixxkxviev ptjncxxjtx ke pcfkivtkh fcevkxvt{ wmj tchck~cf i otiev vj
c}pajtc wmcvmct i dcmi~kjt lieioclcev vchmekysc hiaacf hmkaf
aknc hjsaf mcap ptc~kjsxa{ sehjjpctivk~c pcfkivtkh fcevia pivkcevx%
Xvsfcev tcxcithm tclikex i mkom ptkjtkv{ iv MXH,DHF ief kx
xsppjtvcf d{ 40 vj 43 nihsav{ lcevjtx wjtbkeo wkvm ljtc vmie 83
xvsfcevx je otievx ntjl vmc Di{ajt Jtia Mciavm Njsefivkje%
Ke iffkvkje! MXH,DHF wix jec jn 40 S%X% fcevia xhmjjax vj
tchck~c ie EKM V84 otiev vj ptj~kfc xsppjtv njt vtikekeo fcevia
xvsfcev tcxcithm xhmjaitx ief ptcpitkeo pitvkhkpievx vj dchjlc
vmc ec}v ocectivkje jn fcevia ihifclkh tcxcithm nihsav{% Vmc &9%>
lkaakje otiev kx vmc aitocxv V84 iwitf ke MXH mkxvjt{% Ie T43
otiev ntjl EKM ieejsehcf ke Iptka 400= kx ptj~kfkeo ljtc vmie
&>00!000 vj nsef i xctkcx jn hsttkhsait hmieocx vmiv wkaa ptj~kfc
xvsfcevx wkvm xbkaax vj klptj~c vmckt fchkxkje libkeo ief mcap vmcl
htkvkhiaa{ c~iasivc ecw kenjtlivkje%
MXH,DHF mix i ajeo mkxvjt{ jn xjakf xhkcevknkh keyskt{! ai{keo
vmc njsefivkje njt vmc otjwvm wctc c}pctkcehkeo vjfi{% Xkehc vmc9;?0x! tcxcithm mix dcce ok~ce i ptkjtkv{ ke jst xvtivcokh paieekeo!
ief i xsdxvievkia iljsev jn xpihc mix dcce iaajhivcf vj aidjtivjtkcx
ief jnnkhcx njt tcxcithmctx! kehasfkeo vmc Xhkcehcx Dskafkeo!
hjlpacvcf ke 4003%
Otjwvm ke tcxcithm ptj~kfcx c}hkvkeo ecw jppjtvsekvkcx njt
vmc hjaacoc ief mcapx if~iehc vmc lkxxkje jn vmc Mciavm Xhkcehc
Hcevct% _c ajjb njtwitf vj hjevkesjsx otjwvm imcif ke iaa jst
tcxcithm cefci~jtx%
Ix {js hie xcc ntjl itvkhacx caxcwmctc ke vmkx kxxsc
jn vmc Di{ajt Fcevia Gjsteia! MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn
Fcevkxvt{ mix dcce libkeo xkoeknkhiev ptjotcxx kevmc esldct ief ysiakv{ jn tcxcithm ptjgchvx hjefshvcf iv
vmc hjaacoc% Ke 400=! MXH,DHF tchck~cf ljtc vmie &= lkaakje
ke otievx njt tcxcithm ief vtikekeo! ief vmc hjaacoc mix
fjsdacf kvx tcxcithm c}pcefkvstcx ke vmc aixv xk} {citx%Ft% Gilcx X% Hjac
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
H I L P S X H J E E C H V K J E
EKM otiev vtikex nsvstc
tcxcithmctx
Ihctvike kefkhivkje jntcxcithm otjwvmiv MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ kx i
hjlptcmcexk~c vtikekeo ptjotil nsefcf keGsa{ 400= d{ i &9%> lkaakje Eivkjeia TcxcithmXct~khc Iwitf Kexvkvsvkjeia Tcxcithm Vtikekeo-V84+ Otiev ntjl vmc Eivkjeia Kexvkvsvc njtFcevia ief Htiekjnihkia Tcxcithm%
Vmkx njst,{cit ptjgchv! vmc aitocxv V84otiev iwitfcf ke vmc mkxvjt{ jn vmc Vc}ix I.LMciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct! wkaa ptj~kfc tcxcithmvtikekeo ief hitcct fc~cajplcev njt fcevkxv,xhkcevkxvx% Vmc ptklit{ ojia jn vmc ptjotil!
eilcf D,XVITX7 Di{ajtx Xhkcevknkh VtikekeoPtjotil njt Fcevia Ihifclkh TcxcithmXhmjaitx! kx vj vtike fcevia xhkcevkxvx vj hjefshvhakekhiaa{ tcac~iev jtia mciavm tcxcithm% Ke vste!vmjxc tcxcithmctx hie dtkeo vmckt xhkcevknkhbejwacfoc kevj vmc hakekhia xcvvkeo%
Vmc ptjotil kx fktchvcf d{ Ft% TceiFXjsi! ptjncxxjt ief hmikt jn dkjlcfkhiaxhkcehcx iv MXH,DHF! wkvm hj,fktchvjtx Ft%Pisa Fchmjw! ptjncxxjt ief fktchvjt jn vmcotifsivc ptjotil ke dkjlcfkhia xhkcehcx ivMXH,DHF! ief Ft% Pcttkc Ifilx! ixxjhkivc
fcie njt tcxcithm iv SV XjsvmwcxvcteLcfkhia Hcevct iv Fiaaix% I ptjotil if~kxjt{hjllkvvcc ief i xvcctkeo vcil jnnct oskfiehc%
D,XVITX jnnctx ecw ief cemiehcf vtikekeovj ptcfjhvjtia ief pjxvfjhvjtia xvsfcevxke i sekysc ief tkojtjsx lsavkfkxhkpakeit{ce~ktjelcev% Kv jnnctx vmtcc vtihbx7 i
fsia fcotcc ptjotil -F%F%X%*Pm%F%+ njtptcfjhvjtia xvsfcevx! i Pm%F% ptjotilnjt xvsfcevx mjafkeo i F%F%X% fcotcc! iefi ncaajwxmkp njt pjxvfjhvjtia xvsfcevx%Pitvkhkpievx itc lcevjtcf d{ nihsav{ ntjlMXH,DHF! MXH,Kexvkvsvc jn Dkjxhkcehcxief Vchmejajo{ ke Mjsxvje! SV Xjsvmwcxvcteief Tkhc Sek~ctxkv{ ke Mjsxvje%
Vmc hjlptcmcexk~c V84 vtikekeo otievxiwitfcf d{ EKFHT itc fknnkhsav vj ocv dchisxcjn vmc tcysktclcevx njt mkom,ac~ca tcxcithm iefvtikekeo jppjtvsekvkcx! xi{x Ft% Fi~kf Hitaxje!~khc ptcxkfcev njt tcxcithm ief otifsivcxvsfkcx iv vmc MXH% Ix i tcxsav! vmc V84 iwitfxihvsiaa{ vcef vj fcnkec vmjxc fcevia xhmjjax vmivitc vmc ljxv mkoma{ tcoitfcf ix ke~cxvlcevx d{
vmc EKFHT%Pitvkhkpievx hie xvsf{ ntjl vmc itcixjn ocecx ief fc~cajplcev! livtk} dkjajo{ief vkxxsc ceokecctkeo! ecstjxhkcehcx iefljachsait pivmjajo{! ief hakekhia tcxcithm%Ihifclkh fcotccx wkaa dc iwitfcf ptklitka{ d{MXH,Otifsivc Xhmjja jn Dkjlcfkhia Xhkcehcx%
Vmc iwitfkeo jn vmc V84 otiev dtkeox iecw fklcexkje vj vmc cfshivkje ief vtikekeojn xvsfcevx iv MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{
d{ jnnctkeo vmcl kevctfkxhkpakeit{ vtikekeojppjtvsekvkcx vmiv wkaa jpce sp i~cescx acifkeo
vj hitcctx ke ~itkjsx ixpchvx jn htiekjnihkiatcxcithm ief ke ihifclkh fcevkxvt{! xi{x Ft%
Gilcx X% Hjac ?3! MXH,DHF fcie%FXjsi xi{x! _c hie ejw htcivc ie ihvk~c
pkpcakec jn wcaa,vtikecf hiefkfivcx wmj wkaa dclcevjtcf d{ jsvxviefkeo fcevia tcxcithmctx njtxshhcxxnsa hitcctx ke jtia mciavm tcxcithm%
Vmc D,XVITX V84 otiev fktchvjtxief acifctxmkp vcil7 Ntjevtjw7 Ft% Pcttkc Ifilx jn SVXjsvmwcxvcte! Ftx% Tcei
FXjsi ief Pisa Fchmjw jnMXH,DHF! ief Ft% Eieh{ Xvtccvjn SV Xjsvmwcxvcte% Dihb tjw7Gcieec Xievi Hts! Ftx% A{eecJppctlie! Tjdctv Xpcitx! Bivm{X~jdjfi! ief Aitt{ Dcaakeoctjn MXH,DHF% Ejv pkhvstcf7 Ftx%Hmitacx Dctt{! Iee LhHieeief Ditditi Lkaact jn MXH,DHF! Ft% Lkavje Pihbct jn SVXjsvmwcxvcte! Ft% Ievmje{ Lkbjxjn Tkhc Sek~ctxkv{ ief Ft% DtifIlcefv jn MXHx Kexvkvsvc jnDkjxhkcehcx ief Vchmejajo{%
Lcttkvv achvstc mkomakomvx vm
ljsvm,djf{ hjeechvkje
LJTC VMIE 9?3
xvsfcevx ief
nihsav{ lcldctx
ivvcefcf vmc
400= Itvmst M%
Lcttkvv Lcljtkia
Achvstcxmkp je
Iso% 9 vj c}pajtc
vmc hjeechvkjex
dcvwcce jtia
mciavm ief j~ctiaa wcaa,dckeo%
Vmc bc{ejvc xpcibct njt vmc 8?vm iee
Lcttkvv Achvstc wix Ft% Dtkie A% Lciac{! i
ptjncxxjt jn pctkjfjevkhx iv vmc Sek~ctxkv
jn Vc}ix Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct iv Xie
Ievjekj% Lciac{ ptcxcevcf Vmc Hjeechvk
Dcvwcce Pctkjfjevkhx Mciavm ief X{xvcl
_caa,Dckeo% Mkx achvstc ifftcxxcf mjw
pivkcevx jtia mciavm hie dc innchvcf d{
hjefkvkjex xshm ix fkidcvcx! ptcoeieh{!
jxvcjpjtjxkx! hitfkj~ixhsait fkxcixc ief
fchtcixcf kllsekv{%
Lciac{ mix xct~cf ke lie{ tjacx
iv vmc SV Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct Fcevia
Xhmjja! kehasfkeo hmikt jn vmc pctkjfjevkhxfcpitvlcev% Mc iaxj mix xct~cf ix fktchv
jn vmc pctkjfjevkhx tcxkfceh{ njt vmc S%X%
Njthc ief kx ie ifgsehv ixxjhkivc ptjncxx
iv MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{% Lciac
mix psdakxmcf ljtc vmie =0 itvkhacx ief
vc}vdjjb hjevtkdsvkjex idjsv jtia mciavm
tcaivkjexmkp vj j~ctiaa mciavm%
Vmc Lcttkvv Achvstc wix htcivcf ke
9;?9 ke mjejt jn Ft% Itvmst M% Lcttkvv! ie
cita{ pkjecct ke pctkjfjevkhx% Lcttkvv
wix i njsefct ief pixv ptcxkfcev jn vmc
Ilctkhie Ihifcl{ jn Pctkjfjevjajo{%Iavmjsom i nihsav{ lcldct iv Ecw [jtb
Sek~ctxkv{ Xhmjja jn Fcevkxvt{! Lcttkvv
~kxkvcf MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{
ieesiaa{ ief wix i xvtjeo xsppjtvct jn
vmc hjaacoc%
Ft% Dtkie Lciac{
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6 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
^cecscaie pivkcev tchck~cx
nihkia ptjxvmcxkx iv MXH,DHF
O
ajtki Oscttctj! i 89,{cit,jaf hiehctxst~k~jt ntjl ^cecscai! ittk~cf iv MXH,
Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ ke Fiaaix ke Lithm400= njt vmc nkeia ptjhcfstc vmiv wjsaf ok~cmct i ecw ajjb%
Oscttctj! wmj fc~cajpcf i tcvkeia daixvjliiv ioc ?! ajxv mct acnv c{c% Vmc mkom fjxcx jntifkivkje xmc tchck~cf vj nkomv vmc hiehct vmcehisxcf vmc djec xvtshvstc je vmc acnv xkfc jnmct nihc vj nika vj fc~cajp%
Ft% Litkiecaai Ojeiacx! ixxkxviev ptjncxxjtke jtia ief li}kaajnihkia xstoct{ iv MXH,DHF!lcv Oscttctj wmkac wjtbkeo iv vmc XieviTjxi Li}kaajnihkia Xstoct{ Hcevct ke Hitihix!^cecscai% Xmc pctnjtlcf xstoct{ vj hjttchvvmc x{llcvt{ jn Oscttctjx nihc%
Mjwc~ct! dchisxc vmiv hjsevt{ mix ejieipaixvjajokxvx vj tcxvjtc idxcev pitvx jn vmcmslie djf{ vmtjsom ptjxvmcxcx! Oscttctj wixxvkaa lkxxkeo ie c{c! kvx akf ief vmc xsttjsefkeo
djec xvtshvstc%Oajtki hjlcx ntjl i ~ct{ pjjt nilka{ ief
mif ej wi{ vj pi{ njt vmkx v{pc jn ptjhcfstc!
Ojeiacx xi{x% Xmc kx xshm ie kevcaakocev iefljvk~ivcf pctxje! ief K ncav xmc hjsaf oj nitDsv! ejv mi~keo wmiv wc hjexkfct i ejtliaajjbkeo nihc! xmc mif dcce xjlcwmiv intikf lj~c njtwitf%
_mce Ojeiacx gjkecf vmc MXH,DHF
nihsav{ ke Iptka 400?! xmc lcv Xsieec ^ctlieipaixvjajokxv iv vmc fcevia xhmjjax HcevctLi}kaajnihkia Ptjxvmjfjevkhx% Vmc vwj viabcfidjsv Oscttctjx hixc%
Ojeiacx sxcf mct pctxjeia nsefx vj tcvsvj Hitihix ief xstokhiaa{ paihc vkviekslklpaievx ke vmc djec vj xsppjtv ie jtdkviaptjxvmcxkx% Xmc vmce pikf njt Oscttctjx vti~vj vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx ke jtfct vj hjlpacvcmct hitc%
Vmc nkeia fcak~ct{ jn mct jtdkvia ptjxvmcwix ie cljvkjeia fi{ njt c~ct{jec ke vmctjjl! ^ctli xi{x% Kv wix vmc nktxv vklc xkehxmc wix ? {citx jaf vmiv xmc hjsaf ajjb ke vmlkttjt ief xcc djvm c{cx%
Xmc hie ejw oj jsv ke psdakh ief ojidjsv aknc wkvmjsv ftiwkeo ivvcevkje vj mctfcnchv! ctli hjevkescx% Kv kx jea{ vmtjsomi vcil ipptjihm vmiv wc hie ihhjlpakxm vmctcmidkakvivkje jn djvm djf{ ief xpktkv%
Kevctex ptc~kcw otifsivc
xhmjja aknc iv MXH,DHF
LJTC VMIE >0 AJHIA hjaacoc xvsfcevx
~kxkvcf vmc MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{
hilpsx Gsa{ 9>! 400=! njt vmc 90vm ieesiaPtjncxxkjeia ief Otifsivc Xhmjja Xclkeit njt
vmc Ft% Cllcvv G% Hjetif Acifctxmkp Ptjotil%
Ft% Haisfc _kaakilx! hjllsekv{ jsvtcihm
fktchvjt! mjxvcf vmc c~cev! wmkhm c}hccfcf iaa
ptc~kjsx ivvcefiehc tchjtfx%
Vmc xclkeit mcapcf sefctotifsivc
xvsfcevx ptc~kcw otifsivc ief ptjncxxkjeia
xhmjjax% MXH,DHFx Ft% Ctekc Aih{ ;6! ;>!
fktchvjt jn xvsfcev fc~cajplcev! ptcxcevcf
kenjtlivkje idjsv iflkxxkje tcysktclcevx
ief xvsfcev aknc iv vmc fcevia xhmjja%
Xvsfcevx iaxj mcitf ntjl jvmct oscxv
xpcibctx tcptcxcevkeo itci otifsivc ief
ptjncxxkjeia xhmjjax! kehasfkeo vmc Sek~ctxkv{
jn Ejtvm Vc}ix! Xjsvmcte Lcvmjfkxv Sek~ctxkv{
Fcflie Xhmjja jn Aiw ief vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn
Vc}ix Xjsvmwcxvcte Lcfkhia Hcevct% Iffkvkje,
iaa{! njtlct Hjetif kevctex wmj jdvikecf
otifsivc jt ptjncxxkjeia fcotccx xmitcf vmckt
pctxjeia c}pctkcehcx wkvm vmc otjsp%
K ncca vmiv ihvk~kvkcx xshm ix vmkx wkaa oj
i ajeo wi{ ke hclcevkeo jst tcaivkjexmkp
wkvm vmc ptjncxxkjeia ief cfshivkjeia
hjllsekvkcx vmiv wctc tcptcxcevcf vmiv
c~cekeo! _kaakilx xi{x%
Vmc Hjetif ptjotil kx eilcf ke mjejt jn
fkxvkeoskxmcf Fiaaix pm{xkhkie ief cfshivkje
if~jhivc Ft% Cllcvv G% Hjetif! wmj wix vmc
txv Intkhie,Ilctkhie lcldct jn vmc Fiaaix
Kefcpcefcev Xhmjja Fkxvtkhv djitf jn vtsxvccx%
Vmc ptjotil! htcivcf ke 9;;8 d{ xvivc Xce%
Tj{hc _cxv jn Fkxvtkhv 48! paihcx Fiaaix
sefctotifsivc xvsfcevx kevj pikf xsllct
kevctexmkp pjxkvkjex% Vmc ptjotil ptj~kfcx
xvsfcevx vmc ptjncxxkjeia c}pctkcehceccfcf vj gslp,xvitv vmckt hitcct wmkac iaxj
ptj~kfkeo vmcl i xiait{ vj mcap jnnxcv vmckt
cfshivkjeia hjxvx%
Xkehc kvx kehcpvkje! vmc ptjotil mix otjwe
ntjl 4? vj 948 xvsfcevx pct {cit% Vmktv{ mi~c
kevctecf iv MXH,DHF ief iv acixv 90 njtlct
Hjetif kevctex mi~c ivvcefcf MXH,DHF njt
fcevia xhmjja%Ft% Litkiecaai Ojeiacx ief Xsieec ^ctli xmitc Oajtki Oscttctjx c}hkvclcev je vmc fi{ mct nkeia jtdkviaptjxvmcxkx kx fcak~ctcf%
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
H I L P S X H J E E C H V K
Xvsfcev xst~c{ xmjwx
vchmejajo{ ipvkvsfc! fcxktc
vj bccp mslie vjshm
Xst~c{ tcxsavx xmjw vmiv MXH,Di{ajtHjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ xvsfcevx ptcnct vj sxccachvtjekh vchmejajo{ vj xsppaclcev! dsv ejvhjlpacvca{ tcpaihc! vmckt vtifkvkjeia haixxtjjlcfshivkje%
Vmc tcxsavx jn vmc 400= Xvsfcev Ptcnctcehcxnjt Acitekeo _kvm Fkokvia Vchmejajo{ Xst~c{wctc tcacixcf aixv Xcpvcldct%
Vmc xst~c{ wix hjefshvcf d{ vmc hjaacocxpaieekeo ief ixxcxxlcev hjllkvvcc vj mcaplccv c,vchmejajo{ kekvkivk~cx ke vmc hjaacocxxvtivcokh paie% Kv xvitvcf wkvm i njhsx otjsp jn
njst fcevia xvsfcevx cachvcf d{ vmckt haixxcx%Vmc otjsp kfcevknkcf htkvkhia kxxscx ke sxkeocachvtjekh vchmejajo{ njt kexvtshvkje iefhjllsekhivkje iv vmc hjaacoc%
Dixcf je vmc tcxsavx jn vmiv njhsx otjsp iefeslctjsx nihsav{ fkxhsxxkjex! i xst~c{ wixhjexvtshvcf vmiv tcyscxvcf kenjtlivkje idjsvxvsfcevx c}pctkcehc ac~ca wkvm hjlpsvctx!fkokvia cyskplcev sxcf! ntcysceh{ svkakkeo iefcnnchvk~cecxx jn hjaacoc tcxjsthcx! ptcnctcehcxnjt acitekeo ke ~itkjsx ce~ktjelcevx! vmc eccfnjt xviefitfkivkje jn c,hjstxc livctkiax ief
ptcncttcf ljfcx jn hjllsekhivkje% Vmc xst~c{wix iflkekxvctcf jeakec ke Li{ vj iaa fceviaxvsfcevx ief fcevia m{okcec xvsfcevx%
Ljtc vmie ;0 pcthcev jn xvsfcevx xikfvmc{ wctc i~ctioc jt c}pctkcehcf sxctx jnhjlpsvctx% Ecita{ i ysitvct jn xvsfcevx jwecfdjvm i aipvjp ief fcxbvjp hjlpsvct% Ljtc vmie
;0 pcthcev jn xvsfcevx iaxj xikf vmc{ mif mkomxpccf Kevctecv ihhcxx ief jwecf LP8 pai{ctx%
Tcoitfkeo xpchknkh c,acitekeo tcxjsthcx!idjsv vwj,vmktfx jn xvsfcevx njsef vmclcnnchvk~c njt acitekeo% Vmc{ hkvcf ~ktvsialkhtjxhjp{! fkokvia xbsaa ivaix ief fkokvia vjjvm
ivaix ix vmc ljxv cnnchvk~c tcxjsthcx%I hacit vmclc jn vmc xst~c{ tcxsavx wix vmiv
fkokvia tcxjsthcx xmjsaf ejv tcpaihc vmc mslievjshm! xi{x Ft% Iee LhHiee! fktchvjt jnpaieekeo ief ixxcxxlcev ief jec jn vmc tcpjtvxisvmjtx% Lie{ xvsfcevx c}ptcxxcf vmiv nihc,vj,nihc kevctihvkje kx xvkaa vmckt ni~jtkvc njtl jnhjllsekhivkje%
Ke nihv! ?6 pcthcev jn xvsfcevx wievcfjeakec livctkiax vj xsppaclcev dsv ejv tcpaihcachvstcx% Ljtc vmie >0 pcthcev ptcncttcfptkevcf vc}vdjjbx j~ct fkokvia vc}vx%
LhHiee xi{x vmc xst~c{ tcxsavx itc dckeohajxca{ c}ilkecf d{ hjaacoc iflkekxvtivjtx%Xmc xi{x vmc tcxsavx wkaa ejv jea{ mcapiflkekxvtivjtx iaajhivc vmc hjaacocx tcxjsthcx2vmc{ iaxj xmjw vmiv xjlc jn vmc hjaacocxxvtivcokh kekvkivk~cx njt c,acitekeo xmjsaf lj~cnixvct! pitvkhsaita{ vmc eccf vj hcevtiakcc,tcxjsthcx%
Hsttceva{ c,tcxjsthcx itc i~ikaidac ivxc~ctia cachvtjekh ajhivkjex! xshm ix vmchjaacocx kevtiecv! vmc hjaacocx psdakh xmitc
ftk~c ief je Daihbdjitf jt _cdHV% Ecita{iaa xvsfcevx ;= pcthcev xikf vmc eccf njti hcevtia ajhivkje njt fkokvia hjstxc livctkiaxwix klpjtviev%
Xvsfcevx wiev jec paihc wmctc c~ct{vmkeokx! jec wi{ vj xsdlkv ief jdvike kenjtlivkje!LhHiee xi{x%
Dj{ Xhjsvx acite idjsv
fcevkxvt{ je hilpsx
XC^CTIA LCLDCTX JNDj{ Xhjsv Vtjjp8=0 ke Paiej hilc vj MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc
jn Fcevkxvt{ ke Isosxv 400= vj wjtb jevmckt fcevkxvt{ lctkv difoc% I mkomakomv nj
vmc Xhjsvx wix hixvkeo pcfkivtkh ljafx
ief vibkeo vmcl mjlc vj bccp%
Ft% Ajsajs Ljjtc ;8! ;6! ixxjhkivc
ptjncxxjt ke tcx vjtivk~c xhkcehcx! ief
vwj fcevia xvsfcevx Tjd Hakec ief Xil
Caaxwjtvm -i njtlct Xhjsv mklxcan+
hjefshvcf vmc miefx,je ihvk~kvkcx ief vj
jn vmc hjaacoc%
Lie{ xvsfcevx c}ptcxxcf vmivnihc,vj,nihc kevctihvkje kx xvkaa vmckt
ni~jtkvc njtl jn hjllsekhivkje%Ft% Iee LhhIee
Xvsfcev Xil Caaxwjtvm c}pi fcvika fstkeo ie cfshivkjxcxxkje%
Ft% Ajsajs Ljjtcixxkxvx i Xhjsv kemiefx,je aidjtivihvk~kv{%
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> q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
Xvsfcevx ~kxkv estxkeo
mjlcx je ecw tjvivkje
F
cevia ief fcevia m{okcec xvsfcevx itcvcilkeo sp vj ptj~kfc hitc vj pivkcevx ke
ajhia estxkeo mjlcx vwj invctejjex pct wccb%Njt cihm tjvivkje! vwj njstvm,{cit fcevia
xvsfcevx ief vwj fcevia m{okcec xvsfcevx
Jtia mciavm kexvtshvkje kx jnvce i pitv jn vmc estxkemjlc ~kxkvx%
ihhjlpie{ Ft% Pivtkhki Xbst! ixxkxviev ptjncxxjtke psdakh mciavm xhkcehcx! vj jec jn 98 ajhiaestxkeo mjlcx%
Vmc estxkeo mjlc tjvivkje dcoie ix iejpvkje njt fcevia xvsfcevx ke vmc xptkeo 400?xclcxvct% Vmc kfci hilc ntjl Xbst! wmj
ptj~kfcx hitc mctxcan iv vmc mjlcx% Xmc wjtbcfwkvm Ft% Fie Gjecx =;! ptjncxxjt ief hmikt jnpsdakh mciavm xhkcehcx! vj cxvidakxm i xvsfcevtjvivkje%
Lie{ jn vmc xvsfcevx wmj pitvkhkpivcf vmivxptkeo cegj{cf vmckt c}pctkcehc! xj wc fchkfcfvj kehjtpjtivc kv kevj jst tjvivkje xhmcfsac kevmc niaa 400? xclcxvct! Xbst xi{x%
Ecit vmc hjlpacvkje jn vmc tjvivkjex nktxv{cit! acifctx ntjl vmc fcevia m{okcec ptjotilc}ptcxxcf kevctcxv ke gjkekeo vmc cnnjtv% GjIeeXhjnkcaf 09! fcevia m{okcec ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjtief hakekh hjjtfkeivjt! jtoiekcx vmc fceviam{okcec xvsfcevx pitvkhkpivkje%
_c oi~c vmc xvsfcevx vmc tcxpjexkdkakv{ vjfcvctlkec wmkhm xct~khcx vmc{ hjsaf ptj~kfcvmiv wjsaf mcap vmc pivkcevx! Xhjnkcaf xi{x%Vmkx kehasfcx dtsxmkeo vmckt vccvm! haciekeovmckt tclj~idac ippakiehcx! pctnjtlkeo jtiamciavm cfshivkje jt gsxv ptj~kfkeo i xlkac ief i
Estxkeo mjlc tcxkfcevx tchck~c kefk~kfsiakcfivvcevkje ntjl fcevia m{okcec xvsfcevx! wmj gjke wkvmfcevia xvsfcevx ke vmkx hjllsekv{ fcevkxvt{ tjvivkje%
Achvstc ifftcxxcx ihhcxx
vj fcevia mciavm hitc
VMC 400= DTISLIE,DCAA Iapmi Jlcoi
Achvstcxmkp iv MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{
ifftcxxcf wi{x vj klptj~c hjllsekvkcx
ihhcxx vj fcevia mciavm hitc%
Vmc fkxvkeoskxmcf achvstct njt vmc Xcpv% 9>
c~cev wix Ft% Tjdctv L% Dtiefgjtf! ie jtia ief
li}kaajnihkia xstocje ke Lkeecipjakx% I pixv
ptcxkfcev jn vmc Ilctkhie Fcevia I xxjhkivkje!Dtiefgjtf kx ie if~jhivc njt fcevia mciavm hitc
ihhcxx djvm eivkjeiaa{ ief ke Lkeecxjvi! wmctc
mc mix xct~cf ix hmikt jn vmc vixb njthc je
sek~ctxia mciavm hitc njt vmc Lkeecxjvi Fcevia
Ixxjhkivkje%
Ke mkx achvstc vkvacf Vmc Hjllsekv{ Fcevia
Mciavm Hjjtfkeivjt vj Klptj~c Ihhcxx vj Fcevia
Hitc! Dtiefgjtf ifftcxxcf vmc IFIx ptjpjxia
vj kehtcixc
ihhcxx d{
clpmixkkeo
vmkx ecw tjac
ke vmc fcevia
wjtbnjthc%
Fcevia mciavm
hjjtfkeivjtx
itc ptjpjxcf vj
mcap dtkfoc vmc
oip dcvwcce fkxvkehv hsavstia hjllsekvkcx ief
fcevia mciavm hitc x{xvclx%Vmc ipptj}klivca{ =0 xvsfcevx! nihsav{
lcldctx ief ajhia fcevkxvx wmj ivvcefcf
vmc achvstc iaxj mcitf Dtiefgjtf fcxhtkdc
hjjtfkeivjt vtikekeo ke fc~cajplcev ke vmtcc
ajhivkjex7 Lkhmkoie! Jbaimjli ief Hiaknjteki%
Vmc ieesia Dtislie,Dcaa Iapmi Jlcoi
Achvstcxmkp kx eilcf njt fkxvkeoskxmcf MXH,
DHF iaslek Ftx% Iantcf _% Dtislie 8= ief
_cafce C% Dcaa 86% Kv kx jtoiekcf vmtjsom vmc
hjaacocx n ihsav{ fc~cajplcev hjllkvvcc!
vmc Jnhc jn Hjllsekhivkjex . Kexvkvsvkjeia
If~iehclcev ief vmc Fiaaix iaslek hmipvct jn
Iapmi Jlcoi Kevcteivkjeia Ntivctekv{%
Dcaa wix i nihsav{ lcldct ke jtia ief
li}kaajnihkia xstoct{ ief i hjevkeskeo
cfshivkje achvstct sevka mkx fcivm ke 9;;0%
Mc iaxj wix i ~kxkvkeo ach vstct vj 46 fcevia
xhmjjax vmtjsomjsv vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx ief
Hieifi ief vmc isvmjt jn ekec vc}vdjjbx je
jtjnihkia pike ief VLG fkxjtfctx% Dt isliewix kexvtslcevia ke cxvidakxmkeo vmc Fiaaix
Hmipvct jn Iapmi Jlcoi nt ivctekv{ wmkac ke
fcevia xhmjja% I ptihvkhkeo fcevkxv ke Fiaaix
njt ljtc vmie 30 {citx ief i hjllcthkia
tcia cxvivc fc~cajpct! mc wix ie ihvk~c
hjllsekv{ ~jasevcct ief pmkaievmtjpkxv
sevka mkx fcivm ke 9;;>% Dcaa ief Dtislie
likevikecf i ntkcefxmkp njt 34 {citx%
Ft% Tjdctv Dtiefgjtf
akvvac hjlpie{% Vmc xvsfcevx vjjb vmc kekvkivkvj ~kxkv cihm tjjl vj xcc wmiv vmc{ hjsaf fj
Vmc estxkeo mjlc tjvivkje mix dcce xshojjf c}pctkcehc! xi{x Xhjnkcaf%
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
H I L P S X H J E E C H V K
Xvsfcevx htcivc nseftikxct
njt jtia hiehct iwitcecxx
J
ec jn MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{xxvsfcev jtoiekivkjex kekvkivcf ie
ildkvkjsx ptjgchv ke Iptka 400=! ie JtiaHiehct _iab vj tikxc nsefx ief iwitcecxx iefsavklivca{ mcap pivkcevx fcvchv jtia hiehct%
Vmc Xvsfcev Eivkjeia Fcevia Ixxjhkivkjehmjxc vj njhsx vmckt cnnjtvx je jtia hiehctdchisxc jn vmc fkxcixcx hjeechvkje vj fcevkxvxief vmc Intkhie,Ilctkhie hjllsekv{%
Xkehc fcevkxvx itc vmc ptklit{ mciavm hitcptj~kfctx wmj fcvchv jtia hiehct! kv kx ~kvia vmivvmc ocectia pjpsaivkje mcitx ntjl vmc fceviaxhmjja idjsv wmiv vmc tkxb nihvjtx itc! iefvmc klpjtviehc jn xhtccekeox! xi{x Ft% XijxivJaivsedjxse 0=! njtlct XEFI nseftikxkeo hmikt%
Jtia hiehct kx vmc xk}vm ljxv hjlljehiehct ke lce ke vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx% Kvfkxptjpjtvkjeivca{ innchvx Intkhie,Ilctkhiex!wmj itc fkioejxcf wkvm jtia hiehct vwkhc ixjnvce ix wmkvc pivkcevx% Ipptj}klivca{ 69pcthcev jn jtia hiehct pivkcevx fkc wkvmke nk~c{citx jn fkioejxkx% Njt Intkhie,Ilctkhiex! >>pcthcev jn pivkcevx fkc wkvmke vmiv xilc vklc%
Mjwc~ct! XEFI lcldctx iaxj pjkev jsvvmiv cita{ fcvchvkje xkoeknkhieva{ tcfshcx vmc
tkxb jn fcivm ief dcakc~c vmckt 3B wiab hiemcap ke vwj wi{x7 tikxkeo iwitcecxx idjsv jtiahiehct wkvmke vmc hjllsekv{ ief mcapkeo nsefpivkcevx wmj eccf jtia dkjpxkcx%
Iv vmc c~cev! pitvkhkpievx mcitf nktxvmiefwm{ vmckt mcap kx xj klpjtviev% Fie Xvihb!
vmc Fiaaix hjjtfkeivjt jn i ejeptjnkv otjsp!Xsppjtv njt Pcjpac wkvm Jtia ief Mcif iefEchb Hiehct! kexpktcf vmc htjwf wkvm mkxjwe xst~k~ia xvjt{ jn j~cthjlkeo jtia hiehct%Ifsavx tchck~cf ntcc jtia hiehct xhtccekeox! iefhmkaftce tchck~cf ntcc fcevia xhtccekeox%
Ke iffkvkje vj vmc hjaacocx XEFI lcldctx!xc~ctia jvmctx ke vmc hjllsekv{ gjkecf vmcc~cev% Xvinn lcldctx ntjl vmc Litvke AsvmctBkeo Gt% Hjllsekv{ Hcevct ke Fiaaix wiabcf!ief xvsfcevx ntjl Xjsvmcte LcvmjfkxvSek~ctxkv{ ief vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Ejtvm Vc}ix~jasevcctcf ix wcaa%
_kvm vmc nktxv wiab sefct vmckt dcav! XEFIxvsfcevx mjpc vj klptj~c ief c}pief vmcc~cev xj vmiv kv c~cevsiaa{ dchjlcx ie ieesiahjllsekv{ ihvk~kv{%
_ctc vt{keo vj tcihm jsv vj vmchjllsekv{! xi{x vmktf,{cit fcevia xvsfcevMitjaf Biliti! 400=,400; XEFI ptcxkfcev%Vmc Jtia Hiehct _iab wkaa xcef vmchtkvkhiaa{ klpjtviev lcxxioc jn cita{ fcvchvkjeief ptc~cevkje%
Pitvkhkpievx ke vmc nktxv Jtia Hiehct _iab acef vmckt cnnjtvx vj ptjljvkeo iwitcecxx ief cita{ fcvchvkje%
ICOF xvsfcevx
pitvkhkpivc ke c,achvstc
XVSFCEVXNTJL VMC IF ^IEHCF CFSHIVK
KE OCECTIA FCEVKXVT[ ptjotil iv MXH,
Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ tchck~cf iec}hasxk~c oscxv achvstc ntjl ;30 lkacx
iwi{ ke Vshxje! Itk%
Ft% Bce Tccf! i pctkjfjevkxv wmj ejw
ptihvkhcx fcevia iecxvmcxki ief kx wkfca
bejwe ix ie c}pctv ke vmc caf! ptj~kfcf
vmc ICOF tcxkfcevx ke,fcpvm c}pjxstc vj
wmiv mc fcxhtkdcx ix ie jnvce j~ctajjbc
vjpkh% Mc fkxhsxxcf if~iehcf vchmekysc
jn ajhia iecxvmcxki iflkekxvtivkje!
pmitlihjajo{! eccfac hmjkhcx ief jvmct
vjpkhx! jnnctkeo mkx c}pctvkxc ntcc jn hmito
Vmc Gsa{ 400=c,achvstc wix jec jn
vmc txv tchck~cf d{ xvsfcevx je vmc
MXH,DHF hilpsx sxkeo wcd hjenctcehke
vchmejajo{ hiaacf _cdC}! iavmjsom
MXH,DHF nihsav{ lcldctx mi~c fcak~ctc
fkxviehc cfshivkje vj jvmct xhmjjax%
^kfcjhjenctcehkeo vchmejajo{ kx sxc
tjsvkeca{ je hilpsx d{ xvinn ief n ihsav{
njt lccvkeox ke~ja~keo lsavkpac hilpsxc
jn vmc Vc}ix I.L Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct%
_kvm vmc Kevctecv! pctxpchvk~cx
ntjl iaa j~ct vmc wjtaf itc ejw i~ikaidac
ke tcia vklc njt jst tcxkfcevx! wmkhm
ftixvkhiaa{ dtjifcex vmckt mjtkjex!
xi{x Ft% Hmitacx _ibccaf! ICOF ptjotil
fktchvjt% Vmc hjaacoc mix vmc echcxxit{
vchmejajo{ vj ptj~kfc vmkx c}pctkcehc! xj
kv wix jea{ eivstia vmiv wc fj jst dcxv vj
libc vmc c~cev mippce njt vmcxc ns vstc
ptihvkvkjectx%
Ft% Htiko Dittkeovje! ifgsehv ixxkxvie
ptjncxxjt ke ICOF! acf vmc cnnjt vx vj
ittieoc vmc c,achvstc%
_kvm i dsfocv ke paihc -vj pi{xshm vmkeox ix oscxv achvstct xvkpcefx+!
vmkx hie dc i tcosait! chjejlkhia
ief c}hcpvkjeiaa{ ~iasidac xjsthc jn
kenjtlivkje ief hiakdtivkje njt tcxkfcevx
ief vcihmkeo kexvkvsvkjex iaa j~ct vmc
wjtaf! _ibccaf xi{x%
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H I L P S X H J E E C H V K
4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
EKM otiev vitocvx hakekhia
fchkxkje,libkeo
I
e Jtia Mciavm Tcxcithm Cfshivkje otievjn &>88!868 ntjl vmc Eivkjeia Kexvkvsvc
jn Fcevia ief Htiekjnihkia Tcxcithm mix dccetchck~cf d{ MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{%
Vmc otiev wkaa mcap vmc hjaacoc klpaclcevi xctkcx jn hsttkhsasl kekvkivk~cx vj kexvtshvxvsfcevx mjw vj kehjtpjtivc c~kfcehc hakekhiatcxcithm jsvhjlcx kevj vmckt pivkcev,tcaivcffchkxkje,libkeo% Nsefkeo dcoie ke Iptka 400=ief wkaa dc fkxvtkdsvcf j~ct njst {citx%
Vmkx T43 otiev wkaa dc ie c}hcaacev vjjanjt cemiehkeo jst hakekhia tcxcithm hipidkakv{ke xc~ctia nsefilcevia wi{x! xi{x Ft% GilcxX% Hjac ?3! MXH,DHF fcie% Ke iffkvkje! jstxvsfcevx wkaa dc clpjwctcf vmtjsomjsv vmcktptjncxxkjeia hitcctx d{ c}pjxstc vj ecw htkvkhiavmkebkeo ief xhkcevknkh keyskt{ xbkaax% K c}pchvvmc dcecnkvx jn vmkx kekvkivk~c vj otciva{ klpihvDHFx j~ctiaa cnnchvk~cecxx%
Vmc hsttkhsait hmieocx itc hjaachvk~ca{fcxkoeivcf ix HSXPKF7 Hakekhkiex SxkeoXhkcehc vj Ptjfshc Kexpktcf Fcevkxvx%
HSXPKF ptjpjxcx lsavkptjeocf xvtivcokcx njtklptkevkeo hakekhkiex,ke,vtikekeo wkvm vmcbc{ xbkaax tcysktcf njt nkavctkeo! ipptikxkeoief x{evmcxkkeo kenjtlivkje eccfcf njthakekhia fchkxkjex%
HSXPKF njhsxcx je vmc ptkehkpacx ief xbkaax
jn xhkcevknkh keyskt{ echcxxit{ njt fcevkxvxvj htkvkhiaa{ c~iasivc ecw kenjtlivkje iefif~iehcx ke vtcivlcev ief vj pitvkhkpivcke fcevia ptihvkhc tcxcithm ecvwjtbx% Vmcptjotil xsppjtvx cetkhmlcev ihvk~kvkcxvmtjsom i Fcevia Xhmjaitx Ptjotil! wmkhmwkaa ptj~kfc i xsdxcv jn fcevia xvsfcevx wkvmiffkvkjeia hsttkhsait c}pctkcehcx ke hakekhiaief vtiexaivkjeia -aid dcehm vj hmiktxkfc+tcxcithm% I nihsav{ fc~cajplcev ptjotil wkaacemiehc vmc idkakv{ jn iaa nihsav{ lcldctx vjvcihm xvsfcevx xjsef xhkcevknkh tivkjeiac njtvmc kehjtpjtivkje jn ecw kenjtlivkje iefvchmejajokcx kevj jtia mciavm hitc%
Vmc ptjotil kx gjkeva{ iflkekxvctcfd{ i vcil jn vmtcc ptkehkpia ke~cxvkoivjtx!cihm wkvm i sekysc xbkaa xcv ief ihifclkhptjnkac% Ft% Tjdctv Mkevje! ptjncxxjt ke
dkjlcfkhia xhkcehcx! xct~cx ix hjevihv ptkehkpiake~cxvkoivjt% Ft% Fie Gjecx =;! ptjncxxjt ief
hmikt jn psdakh mciavm xhkcehcx! ief Ft% HmitDctt{ ?8! ixxjhkivc fcie njt ihifclkh inniktxct~c ix hj,ptkehkpia ke~cxvkoivjtx%
I xklkaita{ dtjif,dixcf xvcctkeo hjllkvwkaa fktchv vmc klpaclcevivkje jn HSXPKFxjdgchvk~cx% Hjllkvvcc lcldctx kehasfc7
Ft% Tcei FXjsi! ptjncxxjt ief hmikt jndkjlcfkhia xhkcehcx2 Ft% Pisa Fchmjw!ptjncxxjt ke dkjlcfkhia xhkcehcx2 Ft% PcvctDsxhmieo! ptjncxxjt ke jtvmjfjevkhx2 Ft% IlLkaact ?8! fktchvjt jn hsttkhsasl2 Ft% AittDcaakeoct! ixxjhkivc fcie njt tcxcithm iefotifsivc xvsfkcx2 Ft% Ai~cte Mja{nkcaf ??!fktchvjt jn nihsav{ fc~cajplcev2 ief Ft% IeLhHiee! fktchvjt jn ixxcxxlcev%
Vmc ptklit{ vmtsxv jn jst cnnjtv keHSXPKF kx vj klptj~c jst xvsfcevx htkvkhiavmkebkeo xbkaax njt vmc ippakhivkje vj c~kfcehc
dixcf ptihvkhc! xi{x Mkevje% Ke iffkvkje! vmT43 otiev ptj~kfcx sx i sekysc jppjtvsekv{ cemiehc vmc hsavstc jn c~kfcehc,dixcf keyskiv vmc hjaacoc d{ cxvidakxmkeo ~cescx njt nihsfc~cajplcev ief pctmipx ejstkxmkeo vmcixpktivkjex jn i xliaa xsdxcv jn jst xvsfcevx
dchjlc fcevia ihifclkhkiex%
Vmc EKM Jtia Mciavm Tcxcithm Cfshivkje otiev acifctxmkp ief xvcctkeo hjllkvvcc kehasfcx! ntjl acnv7 Ftx% Pisa Fchmjw! Tcei FXjsi! Hmitacx Dctt{! Iee LhHiee! TjdctvMkevje! Ai~cte Mja{nkcaf! Fie Gjecx! Pcvct Dsxhmieo ief Aitt{ Dcaakeoct% Ejv pkhvstcf kx Ft% Ilp Lkaact%
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90 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
MXH,DHF mjejtx acoih{ jn
dcaj~cf nihsav{ lcldct
Lcldctx jn vmc MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jnFcevkxvt{ nilka{ ljste vmc ajxx jn Ft%Pisa P% Vi{ajt 66! ptjncxxjt clctkvsx! njsefctjn vmc hjaacocx pcfkivtkh fcevkxvt{ otifsivcptjotil ief hmikt jn pcfkivtkh fcevkxvt{ njtljtc vmie 40 {citx%
Vi{ajt pixxcf iwi{ Xcpv% 9?! 400=! iv ioc=? invct hjlpakhivkjex ntjl i xvtjbc% Mckx tclcldctcf ix i hjlpixxkjeivc fcevkxv!fcfkhivcf vcihmct! dcaj~cf lcevjt ief
ojjf ntkcef%Ft% Vi{ajt mif ie cejtljsx klpihv je
Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{! xi{x Ft% GilcxX% Hjac ?3! MXH,DHF fcie% K tclcldct mkxtclitbidac fc~jvkje ntjl l{ fi{x ix i xvsfcev!wmkhm hjevkescf invct mkx tcvktclcev ix hmiktjn pcfkivtkh fcevkxvt{% C~ce wmce mc wix ke mkx?0x ief =0x mc wjsaf xvkaa xmjw sp cita{ jei hjaf Xivstfi{ ljtekeo njt i xvsfcev Civ .Acite ptjotil vj xmitc mkx wkxfjl ief xmjw
Ft% Vi{ajt
wix i pkjecct
ke pcfkivtkh
fcevkxvt{ ief
i acocef%Ft% Xswk XcIac
mkx xsppjtv%Kv kx i vtkdsvc vj mkl ief i otciv dcecnkv vj
sx vmiv mc xvi{cf ke~ja~cf wkvm vmc hjaacoc sevkavmc ~ct{ cef! Hjac xi{x%
Vi{ajt wix jea{ vmc xchjef fcevkxv keVc}ix vj mi~c njtlia otifsivc vtikekeoke pcfkivtkh fcevkxvt{% Mc wix vmc vmktffcevkxv c~ct vj dchjlc i fkpajlivc jn vmcIlctkhie Djitf jn Pcfkivtkh Fcevkxvt{% Mcaivct xct~cf ix hmiktlie jn vmiv jtoiekivkje%Mc wix hmiktlie ief ~khc hmiktlie jn vmcPcfkivtkh Fcevkxvx Xchvkje jn vmc IlctkhieFcevia Ixxjhkivkje ief tchck~cf i AkncvklcIhmkc~clcev Iwitf ke 4004 ntjl vmc Fiaaix
Hjsev{ Fcevia Xjhkcv{%Njt 44 {citx invct mkx njtlia tcvktclcev
ke 9;=>! Vi{ajt hjevkescf vcihmkeo pcfkivtkhfcevkxvt{ otifsivc xvsfcevx cihm wccb% Mc wixkefshvcf kevj vmc MXH,DHF Miaa jn Nilc ke9;;; ief tchck~cf vmc Fkxvkeoskxmcf IaslesxIwitf ke 400?%
Ft% Vi{ajt wix i pkjecct ke pcfkivtkhfcevkxvt{ ief i acocef! xi{x Ft% Xsk Xciac!Tcocevx ptjncxxjt ief njtlct hmikt jn pcfkivtkh
fcevkxvt{% Mkx kenascehc mix dcce nit,tcihmkeief vjshmcf lie{% K wjsafev dc wmctc K il
vjfi{! fjkeo wmiv K aj~c vj fj! kn kv wctcev nmkl! mkx lcevjtkeo ief mkx kenascehc ke l{ akn
Invct otifsivkeo ntjl MXH,DHF! Vi{ajthjlpacvcf i otifsivc fcotcc ke pcfkivtkhfcevkxvt{ iv vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Lkhmkoie fcevxhmjja% Mc xct~cf ix i hipvike ke vmc S%X% Itfstkeo vmc Bjtcie _it% Ke 9;38! mc tcvstecFiaaix ief cevctcf ptk~ivc ptihvkhc% Mc xct~njt lie{ {citx ix vmc fktchvjt jn vmc fceviavtikekeo ptjotilx iv djvm Vc}ix Xhjvvkxm TkvcMjxpkvia njt Hmkaftce ief Hmkaftcex LcfkhiHcevct jn Fiaaix! wmctc ie cefjwlcev mix
dcce cxvidakxmcf ke mkx eilc%Vj hjevkesc Vi{ajtx acoih{! lcljtkia
fjeivkjex hie dc lifc vj vmc njaajwkeojtoiekivkjex7 vmc fcevia xct~khc iv Vc}ixXhjvvkxm Tkvc Mjxpkvia njt Hmkaftce! vmcPisa P% Vi{ajt Pcfkivtkh Fcevkxvt{ IxxjhkivkjCefjwlcev Nsef iv vmc HmkaftcexLcfkhia Hcevct Njsefivkje jt vmc DHFPcfkivtkh Fcevkxvt{ Xsppjtv Nsef iv vmcDi{ajt Jtia Mciavm Njsefivkje%
Ft% Pisa Vi{ajt
E C _ X L I B C T X
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
_tkomv ixxslcx ptcxkfceh{
jn kevcteivkjeia ixxjhkivkje
FT% GJME
_TKOMV! Tcocevx
ptjncxxjt iefhmikt jn fkioejxvkh
xhkcehcx! wix
njtliaa{ kexviaacf
ke Gsec 400= ix
ptcxkfcev jn vmc
Kevcteivkjeia
Ixxjhkivkje jn
Jtia Pivmjajokxvx
fstkeo vmc otjspx dkceekia hjeotcxx ke Xi
Ntiehkxhj%
Vmc KIJP t cptcxcevx vmc oajdia hjlls
jn jtia pivmjajo{ wkvm lcldctx ntjl Intk
Ixki! Cstjpc! Isxvtiaki! Aivke Ilctkhi!
Xjsvm Ilctkhi ief Ejtvm Ilctkhi% _tkomv
tcptcxcevcf Ejtvm Ilctkhi je vmc oj~cte
hjsehka jn vmc jtoiekivkje ntjl 4006 vj 4
Mc wix hmjxce ke 400> ix vmc jtoiekivkj
ptcxkfcev,cachv njt i vwj,{cit vctl% Mkx
ptcxkfceh{ tsex sevka vmc otjspx ec}v
hjeotcxx ke Isosxv 4090%
Vmkx kx ejv _tkomvx txv vklc vj acif
i ptclkct fcevia jtoiekivkje% Mc kx pixv
ptcxkfcev jn vmc Ilctkhie Ihifcl{ jn Jti
ief Li}kaajnihkia Pivmjajo{ ief kx hsttcev
xct~keo ix i fktchvjt jn vmc I lctkhie Dji
Jtia ief Li}kaajnihkia Pivmjajo{%
Oakhblie dchjlcx IIC ptcxkfcev
Ft% Octiaf Oakhblie! ptjncxxjt ief hmikt jn cefjfjevkhx!ixxslcf vmc ptcxkfceh{ jn vmc Ilctkhie Ixxjhkivkje jnCefjfjevkxvx ke Iptka fstkeo vmc otjspx 400; ieesia xcxxkje
ke Jtaiefj! Nai%Oakhblie mix dcce ihvk~ca{ ke~ja~cf ke vmc ihvk~kvkcx jn vmcixxjhkivkje njt i esldct jn {citx! xct~keo ix vtcixstct -4003400?+! ~khc ptcxkfcev -400?400=+ ief ptcxkfcev,cachv -400=400;+% Mc iaxj mix pitvkhkpivcf ke vmc wjtb jn ~itkjsx hjllkvvccx!kehasfkeo Psdakh ief Ptjncxxkjeia Inniktx! Cfshivkjeia Inniktx!Tcxcithm ief Xhkcevknkh Inniktx! Hjevkeskeo Cfshivkje ief Ippakcf
Xvtivcokh Paieekeo% Iffkvkjeiaa{! mc pai{cf ie kevcotia tjac ke paieekeo eslctjsx ieesia xcxxkjex!xct~keo ix hmikt jn jtia ief pjxvct tcxcithm ptcxcevivkjex ief vidac hakekhx ntjl 9;;39;;?%
Ke iffkvkje vj mkx acifctxmkp ke vmc IIC! Oakhblie mix dcce i fcfkhivcf fkpajlivc jn vmcIlctkhie Djitf jn Cefjfjevkhx xkehc 9;=?% Mc mix ptj~kfcf oskfiehc ief xsppjtv vj vmcxpchkiav{x hctvkn{keo djitf ix pixv ptcxkfcev -40044008+ ief fktchvjt -9;;?4008+%
Mkx ptjncxxkjeia ke~ja~clcev c}vcefx vj xc~ctia jvmct fcevia jtoiekivkjex! kehasfkeo vmcIlctkhie Fcevia Cfshivkje Ixxjhkivkje! wmkhm dcxvjwcf Oakhblie wkvm i Ptcxkfcevkia Hkvivkjeke Lithm 400;% Vmc iwitf tchjoekcx mkx c}hcpvkjeia xct~khc vj IFCI ief hjllkvlcev vjif~iehkeo vmc fcevia cfshivkje hjllsekv{%
Miaalje tchck~cx mjejtx! tcvktcx
Ft% _kaakil _% Miaalje tcvktcf ke Fchcldct ntjl mkxpjxkvkje ix Tcocevx ptjncxxjt ief hmikt jn vmc Fcpitvlcev jnPctkjfjevkhx%
Mc mif dcce i nsaa,vklc nihsav{ lcldct iv MXH,DHF xkehc
9;;8% Mc fktchvcf vmc hjaacocx otifsivc pctkjfjevkhx ptjotilnjt ckomv {citx ief mif xct~cf ix fcpitvlcev hmikt xkehc 4009%Miaalje xct~cf je 69 lixvctx vmcxkx hjllkvvccx ief oskfcf lie{tcxkfcevx vj wke eivkjeia iwitfx% Mc mix wtkvvce ljtc vmie 60pcct,tc~kcwcf itvkhacx! hjevtkdsvcf vj nk~c djjbx ief achvstcf keDtika! Bjtci! Lc}khj ief vmtjsomjsv vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx%
Ptkjt vj mkx tcvktclcev! Miaalje tchck~cf vwj ptcxvkokjsx iwitfx% Ke Iptka 400=! mc wixmjejtcf ix Ptjncxjt Ptchaitj -Fkxvkeoskxmcf Ptjncxxjt+ ke i sek~ctxkv{,wkfc hctclje{ iv vmcSek~ctxkfif Yscviahjiva Ktipsivj ke Ktipsivj! Lc}khj% Vmc iwitf kx vmc sek~ctxkv{x mkomcxvmjejt% Iffkvkjeiaa{! vmc sek~ctxkv{x Fcpitvlcev jn Pctkjfjevkhx eilcf kvx pctkjfjevkhx hakekh keMiaaljex mjejt%
Ke Xcpvcldct! Miaalje tchck~cf vmc 400= Jsvxviefkeo Pctkjfjevia Cfshivjt Iwitf ntjl vmc
Ilctkhie Ihifcl{ jn Pctkjfjevjajo{ iv vmc otjspx ;6vm ieesia lccvkeo ke Xcivvac% Vmc iwitftchjoekcx ie c}clpait{ pctkjfjevia nihsav{ lcldct njt fkxvkeoskxmcf hjevtkdsvkjex ix i vcihmctief lcevjt%
Miaaljex ihvk~c ke~ja~clcev ke vmc IIP kx litbcf d{ xct~khc je eslctjsx xhkcevknkh iefcfshivkje hjllkvvccx ief vixb njthcx njt vmc jtoiekivkje% Mc mix ptc~kjsxa{ tchck~cf ie IIPncaajwxmkp iwitf ief hsttceva{ xct~cx je ie IIP Njsefivkje hjllkvvcc%
Ft% Octiaf Oakhblie
Ft% _kaakil Miaalje
Ft% Gjme _tkomv
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94 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
Otknnke! Xjajlje mjejtcf
MXH,DI[AJT HJAACOC JN FCEVKXVT[ nihsav{
lcldctx tchck~cf vwj jn vmc xk} ptcxkfcevkia
iwitfx iv vmc Giesit{ 400= Vc}ix I.L
Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct hje~jhivkje ke HjaacocXvivkje! Vc}ix%
Ft% Xvc~c Otkne =3! ptjncxxjt ief
fktchvjt jn hakekhx! tchck~cf vmc Ptcxkfcevkia
Iwitf njt C}hcaacehc ke Cfshivkje ief
Lcevjtxmkp2 ief Ft% Ctkh Xjajlje! c}chsvk~c
fktchvjt jn kexvkvsvkjeia tcxcithm! tchck~cf
vmc Ptcxkfcevkia Iwitf njt C}hcaacehc ke
Iflkekxvtivk~c Xsppjtv%
Vmc ptcxvkokjsx iwitfx wctc ptcxcevcf
d{ MXH Ptcxkfcev Ft% Eieh{ _% Fkhbc{ iv vmc
Acjejtc ief _iavct I eecedcto Ptcxkfcevkia
Hjenctcehc Hcevct iv vmc Ocjtoc Dsxm Akdtit{
Hjlpac}%
Hjaacioscx! ntkcefx tclcldct Ntjmdcto
Nihsav{! xvinn ief xvsfcevx iv MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{tclcldct vmc aivc Ft% Swc Ntjmdcto ix i fcfkhivcf vcihmct! xbkaacfhakekhkie ief ojjf ntkcef%
Ft% Ntjmdcto wix i aj{ia ief xsppjtvk~c nihsav{ lcldct wmjiawi{x xmjwcf mkx hjllkvlcev vj vmc hjaacoc ief jst xvsfcevx d{ dckeoi~ikaidac njt ie{ ihvk~kv{ fstkeo wjtbkeo mjstx ief dc{jef! xi{x Ft%
Gilcx X% Hjac ?3! MXH,DHF fcie% Mc wix ie c}hcpvkjeia hjaaciosc iefwkaa dc xjtca{ lkxxcf%
I ptjncxxjt ke MXH,DHFx jtia ief li}kaajnihkia xstoct{ fcpitvlcev! Ntjmdcto xsnnctcf ak~ctnikastc ief pixxcf iwi{ Gie% 46! 400=! wmkac ~kxkvkeo nilka{ ke Octlie{% Mc wix 38%
Ntjmdcto gjkecf vmc nihsav{ ke 9;;6 ix ie ixxkxviev ptjncxxjt ke jtia ief li}kaajnihkia xstoct{ief mif dcce nsaa vklc xkehc 9;;;% Mc ivvcefcf vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Fxxcafjtn Lcfkhia Xhmjja!wmctc mc citecf i fjhvjtivc ke lcfkhkec ke 9;=0 ief i fjhvjtivc ke fcevia lcfkhkec ke 9;;0!otifsivkeo wkvm mjejtx njt djvm fcotccx%
Swc wix ie kefkxpcexidac lcldct jn jst fcpitvlcev! xi{x Ft% Fi~kf Otjoie =9! =>!
ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjt ief hmikt jn jtia ief li}kaajnihkia xstoct{% Iaa jn sx ke vmc fcpitvlcev wkaalkxx Swc! jst ntkcef ief hjaaciosc%
Tiebke ixxkxvx ke vjdihhj oskfcakecx
Vmc S%X% Psdakh Mciavm Xct~khc tcacixcf ecw oskfcakecx ke Li{ 400=tcoitfkeo vjdihhj hcxxivkje ptihvkhcx%Ft% B% ^ceftcaa Tiebke ??! ptjncxxjt ief ixxjhkivc hmikt jn psdakh mciavm
xhkcehcx ief fktchvjt jn Di{ajt Vjdihhj Vtcivlcev Xct~khcx! xct~cf ix ipcct tc~kcwct ief tcptcxcevcf vmc Ilctkhie Fcevia Ixxjhkivkje fstkeo vmcspfivc ptjhcxx%
Vmc spfivcf hakekhia ptihvkhc oskfcakec wix fc~cajpcf d{ i 46,lcldctptk~ivc,xchvjt pieca jn eivkjeia vjdihhj vtcivlcev c}pctvx%
Vmc hakekhia ptihvkhc oskfcakec! vkvacf Vtcivkeo Vjdihhj Sxc ief Fcpcefcehc7 400= Spfivc! hiedc ~kcwcf iv7 mvvp7**www%xstocjeocectia%oj~*vjdihhj*fcnisav%mvl%
Vcihmctx jn vmc [cit eilcf
FT% BI[ LIXM IEF BIVMACCE LSWWKE itc vm
400; Fcevia ief Fcevia M{okcec Vcihmctx
vmc [cit% Vmc 400= iwitfx wcev vj Ft% Lkhm
Lh_ivvctx ?8 ief Lit{ajs Osvliee%
Xvsfcevx xcachvcf vmc tchkpkcevx njt
vmc iwitfx! wmkhm itc ptcxcevcf ieesiaa{
d{ vmc Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ Iaslek
Ixxjhkivkje%
Lixm! ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjt ke tcxvjtivk~
xhkcehcx! mix dcce i lcldct jn vmc MXH,D
nihsav{ xkehc 9;=9 ief hsttceva{ xct~cx ix
vmc hjstxc fktchvjt njt ptchakekhia jpctivk~
fcevkxvt{% Iffkvkjeiaa{! xmc ptj~ kfcx xchje
{cit fcevia xvsfcevx ie kevtjfshvkje hjstx
vj vmc hakekh ief xspct~kxcx hakekhia wjtb nj
vmktf,{cit fcevia xvsfcevx%Lixm xi{x xmc efx gj{ ke wivhmkeo
xvsfcevx otjw ntjl ciocta{ ptcpitkeo vmck
txv paixvkh v{pjfjev vjjvm vj dchjlkeo
hjlpcvcev hakekhkiex%
Vcihmkeo kx ejv Lixmx jea{ pixxkje%
Xmc iaxj cegj{x itv ief mix njsef i wi{
vj hjldkec mct vwj aj~cx% Xmc wtjvc ief
kaasxvtivcf vmc xvsfcev liesia sxcf iv MXH
DHF ke vmc ptchakekhia jpctivk~c hjstxcx%
Lixm mix fcotccx ntjl vmc Sek~ctxkv{ j
Lkxxjstk,Biexix Hkv{ Xhmjja jn Fcevkxvt{ i
vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Itbiexix% Xmc kx i lcldcjn vmc Ilctkhie Fcevia Ixxjhkivkje! vmc Vc}
Fcevia Ixxjhkivkje! Jlkhtje Bippi Spxkaje
ief vmc Ilctkhie Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvx%
Dckeo eilcf Vcihmct jn vmc [cit d{
Di{ajtx xvsfcevx kx i vtclcefjsx mjejt!
Lixm xi{x% C~ct{ fi{ K wkvecxx kehtcfkdac
vcihmctx iv Di{ajt wmj oj dc{jef vmc hiaa
fsv{! wmj wjtb fkakoceva{ vj cexstc vmiv c~
xvsfcev kx vtcivcf wkvm bkefecxx ief lsvs
tcxpchv%
Lske! ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjt iv vmc
Hitsvm Xhmjja jn Fcevia M{okcec! mix dccei lcldct jn vmc hjaacocx nihsav{ xkehc
9;=>% Xmc vcihmcx sefctotifsivc xvsfcev
Vmcjt{ jn Fcevia M{okcec KK ief Ippakcf
Fcevia Livctkiax% Xmc iaxj vcihmcx otifsiv
xvsfcevx i xpchkia,hitc pivkcev xclkeit ie
xspct~kxcx vmc fcevia m{okcec xvsfcevx
tjvivkje ke vmc hjaacocx xpchkia,hitc hakekh%
K aj~c vcihmkeo! ief K cegj{ wivhmkeo vm
fcevia m{okcec xvsfcevx fc~cajp kevj hitke
clpivmcvkh fcevia hakekhkiex! xmc xi{x%
Ft% Swc Ntjmdcto
Ft% B% ^ceftcaa Tiebke
Ft% Xvc~c Otknn ke Ft% Ctkh Xjajlje
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E C _ X L I B C
Kv mix dcce ie mjejt ief i vtclcefjsxtcxpjexkdkakv{! dsv K wjsafev vtifc i ljlcev jn
kv njt ie{vmkeo ke vmc wjtaf% LIt{ajs OsvLIee
K akbc hjlkeo vj wjtb c~ct{ fi{ dchisxcjn vmc ntkcefakecxx ief cevmsxkixl jn vmcxvsfcevx! nihsav{ ief xvinn% Ft% LkhmIca Lh_IvvctX
Vmc xspctd otjsp jn fcevia m{okcec nihsav{
lcldctx iv MXH,DHF kx iejvmct mkomakomv jn mct
hitcct! xi{x Lske%
_kvm fcotccx ntjl Xjsvmcte Kaakejkx Sek~ctxkv{!
Aj{jai Sek~ctxkv{ Hmkhioj ief vmc Sek~ctxkv{
jn Lkxxjstk,Biexix Hkv{! Lske mix cldtihcf
vmc hjllkvlcev vj akncajeo acitekeo xmc klpitvx
vj mct xvsfcevx% Mct tcxcithm kevctcxvx kehasfc
fcxcexkvkkeo iocevx njt fcevke m{pctxcexkvk~kv{
ief ictjxja tcfshvkje fc~khcx njt savtixjekh
xhiactx ief ikt pjakxmctx%
Vmkx kx ejv vmc txv ihhjaifc Lske mixtchck~cf njt jsvxviefkeo vcihmkeo% Xmc t chck~cf
vmc xilc iwitf ke 4006 ief vmc vcihmkeo iwitf
njt pitv,vklc nihsav{ ke 9;;3%
K cegj{ vcihmkeo iv Di{ajt ief ncca njtvseivc
vj dc idac vj wjtb ke ie kexvkvsvkje vmiv ptjljvcx
mkom cvmkhia cfshivkjeia ief hakekhia xviefitfx!
Lske xi{x%
Lh_ivvctx! ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjt ke
tcxvjtivk~c xhkcehcx! mix dcce i lcldct jn
vmc MXH,DHF nihsav{ xkehc 4009% Mc vcihmcx
}cf ptjxvmjfjevkhx vj xchjef, ief vmktf,{cit
fcevia xvsfcevx% Iffkvkjeiaa{! mc kexvtshvx
txv,{cit fcevia m{okcec ief Xsllct Ptcfcevia
Cetkhmlcev Ptjotil xvsfcevx%
K akbc hjlkeo vj wjtb c~ct{ fi{ dchisxc jn
vmc ntkcefakecxx ief cevmsxkixl jn vmc xvsfcevx!
nihsav{ ief xvinn! xi{x Lh_ivvctx% K vmkeb
vcihmkeo iv i ptjncxxkjeia ac~ca akbc Di{ajt kx
xpchkia dchisxc vmc xvsfcevx itc xj dtkomv ief
ljvk~ivcf ief tciaa{ wiev vj dc mctc vj acite%
Lh_ivvctx ptihvkhcf ocectia fcevkxvt{ ke
Isxvke! Vc}ix! njt 4= {citx% _mkac ke Isxvke!
mc mcaf c~ct{ jnhc ke vmc Hipkvja Itci Fcevia
Xjhkcv{ kehasfkeo ptcxkfcev ke 9;=;,;0% Mc iaxj
mix mcaf pjxkvkjex je vwj xvivc,ac~ca hjllkvvccx
ke vmc Vc}ix Fcevia Ixxjhkivkje ief mix dcce i
lcldct jn vmc Ilctkhie Fcevia Ixxjhkivkje ief
vmc Vc}ix Fcevia Ixxjhkivkje njt 8> {citx%
Xkehc tcvktkeo ntjl ptk~ivc ptihvkhc!
Lh_ivvctx mix vibce ieesia fcevia lkxxkje
vtkpx vj Hcevtia Ilctkhi wkvm Hmtkxvkie Lcfkhia
Lkxxkjex! Keh% Mkx vtkpx ke~ja~c vti~cakeo vj tcljvc
~kaaiocx vj fj c}vtihvkjex njt kefkocejsx pcjpac
wmj fj ejv mi~c ihhcxx vj fcevia vtcivlcev%Ejv tcif{ njt nsaa tcvktclcev! ke 4009
Lh_ivvctx hjevihvcf ajeovklc ntkcef ief MXH,
DHF haixxlivc Ft% Ilp Lkaact ?8! ptjncxxjt ief
fktchvjt jn hsttkhsasl ke ihifclkh inniktx! wmj
jnnctcf mkl i pjxkvkje iv vmc hjaacoc%
K jwc i fcdv jn otivkvsfc vj Ft% Ilp Lkaact
njt ok~keo lc vmc jppjtvsekv{ vj vcihm iv Di{ajt!
ief K ej ajeoct c~ce vmkeb idjsv tcvktclcev!
Lh_ivvctx xi{x%
Osvliee tcvktcf ke Li{ 400= ntjl mct
pjxkvkje ix ptjncxxjt ief otifsivc ptjotil
fktchvjt iv vmc Hitsvm Xhmjja jn Fcevia M{okcec%Xmc xpcev 4? {citx ke fcevia m{okcec cfshivkje
ief ie iffkvkjeia 90 {citx ke ptk~ivc ptihvkhc%
Xmc visomv iv MXH,DHF njt 93 {citx ief iv vmc
Sek~ctxkv{ jn Lit{aief njt 94 {citx%
Ke vmc pixv 4? {citx! K mi~c mif vmc ptk~kac
jn klpihvkeo! jn libkeo i fknnctcehc ke! vmc
cfshivkje jn j~ct 9!000 sefctotifsivc ief
otifsivc xvsfcevx! xi{x Osvliee% Kv mix dcc
ie mjejt ief i vtclcefjsx tcxpjexkdkakv{! dsvwjsafev vtifc i ljlcev jn kv njt ie{vmkeo ke vm
wjtaf%
Osvliee wix eilcf Vcihmct jn vmc [cit ke
9;=? d{ mct xvsfcevx ke Lit{aief ief ptc~kjs
tchck~cf vmc iwitf iv MXH,DHF ke 4008% Xmc
tchck~cf vmc Vc}ix Fcevia M{okcec Fktchvjtx
Ixxjhkivkje Vcihmkeo C}hcaacehc Iwitf ke 9;;
Osvliee tchck~cf ie ixxjhkivc fcotcc ke
fcevia m{okcec ntjl Njecx Xhmjja jn Fcevia
M{okcec iv vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Dtkfocpjtv ke
Dtkfocpjtv! Hjee% Xmc aivct tchck~cf i dihmcaj
fcotcc ke fcevia m{okcec vmtjsom vmc fcotcc,hjlpacvkje ptjotil iv vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn
Lit{aief ke Diavkljtc ief i lixvctx fcotcc ke
Kexvtshvkjeia X{xvclx Fc~cajplcev ntjl vmc
Sek~ctxkv{ jn Lit{aief! Diavkljtc Hjsev{%
Vmc isvmjt jn ljtc vmie 80 itvkhacx ke
fcevia ief fcevia m{okcec gjsteiax! Osvliee
mix hjevtkdsvcf vmtcc djjb hmipvctx vj fcevia
m{okcec vc}vdjjbx ief ptcxcevcf ljtc vmie ?
pipctx ief hjevkeskeo cfshivkje hjstxcx ke vm
Sekvcf Xvivcx ief idtjif%
Dchisxc jn mct tcvktclcev! vmc 400=
Fcevia M{okcec Vcihmct,jn,vmc,[cit Iwitf wixpitvkhsaita{ tcwitfkeo% _miv i pjxkvk~c wi{ vj
cef l{ ihifclkh hitcct! xmc xi{x%
Ft% Lkhmica Lh_ivvctxFt% Bi{ Lixm Lit{ajs OsvlieeBivmacce Lske
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96 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
Bipifki iwitfcf E[S ncaajwxmkp
Ft% Mkvcxm Bipifki! ixxkxviev ptjncxxjt ke dkjlcfkhiaxhkcehcx! wix ihhcpvcf vj vmc Htiekjnihkia Xstoct{Ncaajwxmkp iv vmc Kexvkvsvc jn Tchjexvtshvk~c Paixvkh Xstoct{Ecw [jtb Sek~ctxkv{ Lcfkhia Hcevct% Mkx {citajeo ncaajwxmke htiekjnihkia jtvmjfjevkhx hjehasfcf je Gsa{ 9! 400;%
Bipifki! i fcevkxv ief xhkcevkxv wmj iaxj mjafx i hctvknkhike jtvmjfjevkhx! mix tchck~cf if~iehcf vtikekeo iv E[S kevmc vtcivlcev jn pivkcevx wkvm hacnv akp ief piaivc ief jvmct
htiekjnihkia iejliakcx% Xpchknkhiaa{! mc oikecf c}pctkcehc ke vmc itcix jn ptcxstokhiajtvmjpcfkhx njt kenievx djte wkvm hacnv akp ief piaivc! jtvmjfjevkh lieioclcev jnpivkcevx wkvm hacnv jt htiekjnihkia iejliakcx ief iaa pmixcx jn vtcivlcev paieekeokehasfkeo 8,F hjlpsvct,dixcf xstokhia paieekeo% Bipifki mif vmc jppjtvsekv{ vjfcxkoe ief c}chsvc i hakekhia tcxcithm ptjgchv fstkeo mkx ncaajwxmkp {cit%
Tcxcithmct xvsfkcx djec ief vjjvm fcnchvx
Ft% Gkie Gctt{ Nceo! ptjncxxjt ke dkjlcfkhia xhkcehcxtchceva{ wix iwitfcf i nk~c,{cit! &9%9> lkaakje otientjl vmc Eivkjeia Kexvkvsvcx jn Mciavmx Eivkjeia Kexvkvsvc jnFcevia ief Htiekjnihkia Tcxcithm vj xvsf{ i pjvcevkia hisxcidejtliakvkcx fstkeo djec ief vjjvm njtlivkje%
Nceo ief hj,ptkehkpia ke~cxvkoivjt Ft% Hmseake Yke!ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjt ke dkjlcfkhia xhkcehcx! wkaa xvsf{ vmcnjtlivkje jn fcevke! vmc aitocxv hjlpjecev jn vccvm! vj
savklivca{ xmcf akomv je vmc ptc~cevkje jn xvtshvstia fcnchvx%Nceo ief hjaacioscx mi~c xvsfkcf fcevke livtk} ptjvcke 9 -FLP9+ ief mi~c xmjwe
vmiv vmkx ptjvcke kx htshkia njt vmc ptjpct lkectiakivkje jn djec ief fcevke% FLP9 kx
njsef ke djec! fcevia psap ief jfjevjdaixvx hcaax ajhivcf je vmc xstnihc jn fcevia pvmiv xchtcvc fcevke%
Ke mkx ptc~kjsx xvsfkcx jn lkhc vmiv wctc dtcf wkvmjsv FLP9! Nceo njsef vmivvmkx lkxxkeo ptjvcke hisxcf idejtliakvkcx ke vmckt vccvm% Vmc{ mif ceaitocf psaphmildctx! kehtcixcf wkfvm jn vmc ptcfcevke itci! aihb jn lkectiakivkje ief fcai{cfvmktf ljait njtlivkje%
Hjkehkfceviaa{! Nceo ief hjwjtbctx njsef vmiv msliex wkvm i hjefkvkje hiaacfisvjxjlia tchcxxk~c m{pjpmjxpmivclkh tkhbcvx -ITMT+ mif djec ief fcevkefcnchvx ~ct{ xklkait vj vmjxc mc jdxct~cf ke vmc lkhc wkvmjsv FLP9% Spje nstvmctke~cxvkoivkje! vmc tcxcithmctx fkxhj~ctcf vwj FLP9 lsvivkjex ke vmcxc pivkcevx%
Nceo ptjpjxcx vj tcpikt vmc vjjvm ief djec fcnchvx ke ITMT pivkcevx d{ tcvitocvkevmc c}ptcxxkje jn FLP9% Vj vcxv vmkx m{pjvmcxkx! Nceo wkaa xvsf{ vmc ocecvkhx iefpm{xkjajo{ jn FLP9 lsvivkjex d{ htcivkeo i ljsxc ljfca wkvm vmc xilc FLP9lsvivkjex njsef ke vmc ITMT pivkcevx%
Nceo gjkecf MXH,DHF ke 400> invct xpcefkeo ckomv {citx je vmc nihsav{ ke vmc jtidkjajo{ fcpitvlcev iv vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Lkxxjstk,Biexix Hkv{% Ptkjt vj mkx ippjkevliv SLBH! mc wix i tcxcithm ixxkxviev ptjncxxjt ke vmc lcfkhia ief fcevia xhmjjax iv vSek~ctxkv{ jn Vc}ix Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct iv Xie Ievjekj% Mc mjafx i lcfkhia fcotccief i lixvctx fcotcc ke pm{xkjajo{ ntjl vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Ykefij Lcfkhia Hjaacoc keHmkei ief i fjhvjtivc ke pm{xkjajo{ ntjl vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Hjeechvkhsv%
FXjsi tchck~cx keej~ivkje iwitf
FT% TCEI FXJSWI! ptjncxxjt
ief hmikt jn dkjlcfkhia
xhkcehcx! mix tchck~cf i 400;
Keej~ivkje ke Jtia Hitc Iwitf
vj c}pajtc i pjxxkdac vmctip{
vmiv tcpiktx filiocf vccvm
wkvm dkjceokecctcf vkxxsc%
FXjsi kx jec jn jea{ vmtcc
tcxcithmctx ke vmc wjtaf! ief jec jn jea{ vwj ntjl
vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx! vj tchck~c vmc iwitf% Kv kx nsefcf
d{ vmc Kevcteivkjeia Ixxjhkivkje njt Fcevia Tcxcithm
ief Oai}jXlkvmBakec Hjexslct Mciavmhitc ief wix
ptcxcevcf iv vmc KIFT ocectia xcxxkje ke Lkilk je Iptka 9%
Mct tcxcithm ptjgchv wkaa hjldkec vkxxsc ceokecctkeo
ief eiejvchmejajo{ vj fc~cajp ief vcxv i dkjajokhiaa{
dixcf cefjfjevkh vmctip{ njt vccvm w kvm filiocf psapx%Hsttcev cefjfjevkh vmctip{ xja~cx fcevia ptjdaclx
dsv hieejv klptj~c vmc ajeo,vctl mciavm jn i vjjvm ief
jnvce kehtcixcx vmc tkxb jn kv ntihvstkeo% Vmkx pjxxkdac
ecw vmctip{ sxcx jtoiekh xsdxviehcx hiaacf pcpvkfc
m{ftjocax vmiv hie lklkh eivstia hjeechvk~c vkxxsc ief
xvklsaivc tcotjwvm jn fcevia psap ief fcevke! vmc mitf
vjjvm xvtshvstc vmiv tcxcldacx djec%
Ke vmkx ioc jn t cocectivk~c lcfkhkec! kv kx klpjtviev
vj vibc if~ievioc jn clctokeo vchmejajokcx vj fc~cajp
ljtc dkjajokhiaa{ ftk~ce vmctipkcx vj vtciv hjllje
fkxcixcx! FXjsi xi{x% Vmc kfci jn tcotjwkeo vkxxsc
sxkeo ceokecctcf dkjajokhia livctkiax xjsefx akbcxhkcehc hvkje! dsv kv kx hajxct vj tciakv{ vmie wc vmkeb%
M{ftjocax hjsaf fj c~ce ljtc vmie xvklsaivc vmc
tcotjwvm jn vkxxscx ke vccvm2 vmc{ hjsaf dc iavctcf vj
kehjtpjtivc ljachsacx vmiv hjldiv keillivkje ief
kenchvkje% Vmctcnjtc! kn xshhcxxnsa! vmc ej~ca hjehcpv
njt tcocectivkeo vkxxscx ke vccvm hjsaf xct~c ix i
ljfca njt tcxvjtkeo jvmct hjlpac} vkxxscx ke vmc djf{!
FXjsi xi{x%
Vmc tcxcithm ptjgchv mix otjwe ntjl FXjsix
ajeo,vctl hjaaidjtivkje wkvm iejvmct Vc}ix tcxcithmct!
Ft% Gcnntc{ Mitvoctkeb! ie ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjt ke
dkjceokecctkeo iv Tkhc Sek~ctxkv{ ke Mjsxvje! ief Ftx%Bctxvke Oiaact ief Ojvvntkcf Xhmlia ntjl vmc Sek~ctxkv{
jn Tcocexdsto ke Octlie{%
Ix i dkjajokxv ief hakekhkie! K il c}hkvcf iv vmc
ptjxpchv jn wjtbkeo je vmkx ptjgchv wkvm Ft% Mitvoctkeb!
wmj ke~cevcf vmcxc lsavkfjlike pcpvkfcx! FXjsi
xi{x% Jst vcilwjtb dtkeox hjlpaclcevit{ xbkaax vj
vmc ptjgchv vmiv eckvmct aidjtivjt{ hjsaf ihhjlpakxm
kefk~kfsiaa{%
Ft% Tcei FXjsi Ft% Mkvcxm Bipifki
Ft% Gkie Gctt{ Nceo
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9> q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
mckt ajeo hitcctx vjjb vmcl ke jppjxkvc fktchvkjex!
dsv vmtcc iaslek jn Vc}ix I.L Mciavm Xhkcehc
Hcevct Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ wjsef sp wkvm vmc
xilc vkvac fcie iv tcxpchvcf fcevia xhmjjax ntjl hjixv
vj hjixv%
Ejw iv vmc mcal jn fcevia xhmjjax ke Xie Ntiehkxhj!
Fiaaix ief Isosxvi! Oi%! vmcxc iaslek nkef vmclxca~cx
diaiehkeo xklkait kxxscx ix vmc{ acif nihsav{ ief xvsfcevx kevj
i djaf ecw cti jn fcevia cfshivkje%
Ft% Gilcx X% Hjac ?3! vmc hsttcev fcie jn MXH,Di{ajt
Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{! ixxslcf vmc xhmjjax vjp pjxv ke 4000!
43 {citx invct otifsivkeo ntjl vmc hjaacoc% Ft% Hjeekc
Mixvkeox Ftkxbj >9! i Hitsvm Xhmjja jn Fcevia M{okcec
otifsivc! mix xct~cf ix fcie iv Lcfkhia Hjaacoc jn Ocjtoki
Xhmjja jn Fcevkxvt{ xkehc 4008% Ief Ft% Pivtkhb G% Ncttkaaj
Gt% ?>! fcie jn vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn vmc Pihknkhx Itvmst I%
Fsojek Xhmjja jn Fcevkxvt{ xkehc 400>! vjjb j~ct invct vmc
acocefit{ Fsojek cefcf mkx 4=,{cit vcestc ix fcie%
Iavmjsom iaa mi~c vmckt tjjvx ke MXH,DHF! vmc vtkj vjjb
~ct{ fknnctcev tjifx vj vmckt hsttcev pjxkvkjex%
Hjac fkxhj~ctcf fcevkxvt{ ix i hitcct pjxxkdkakv{ vmtjsom
i hmiehc cehjsevct wkvm i ntkcef wmkac djvm wctc je
lkakvit{ fcpaj{lcev% Invct otifsivkeo ntjl Xvcpmce N%
Isxvke Xvivc Sek~ctxkv{ ke Eihjofjhmcx! Vc}ix! wkvm ie
ihhjsevkeo fcotcc! mc xct~cf ke ^kcveil ief xpcev njst
{citx je i S%X% Ei~{ xmkp ke nihv! mkx ~cxxca wix ke~ja~cf
ke pkhbkeo sp vmc htcw jn vmc htkppacf Ipjaaj 98 xpihc
hipxsac invct kv aiefcf xinca{ ke vmc Pihknkh%
Fstkeo mkx xvkev ke vmc Ei~{! Hjac wtjvc xjnvwitc
ptjotilx vmiv tie je vmc xmkpx hjlpsvctx ief mcapcf bccp
D{ Bivmt{e Gjecx
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
vtihb jn vmc htcw% Jec ekomv wmkac je xmjtc aci~c ke vmcPmkakppkecx! mc tie kevj i ntkcef! Ft% Bckvm Vmjtevje >;!i fcevkxv ntjl Fiaaix% Vmc vwj viabcf idjsv fcevkxvt{% Kvtciaa{ fkf xccl bkef jn kevctcxvkeo! Hjac tchiaax% _mce mkxvjst jn fsv{ cefcf! mc wixev xstc wmiv mc wievcf vj fj%Invct hjexkfctivkje! mc hilc dihb vj Fiaaix ief cetjaacf kefcevia xhmjja%
Invct otifsivkje! Hjac wcev kevj ptihvkhc wkvm ihaixxlivc% Vj libc cefx lccv! vmc{ djvm visomv pitv vklc%Vmce xjlcvmkeo seievkhkpivcf mippcecf% Vmc hjstxcfktchvjt ke fcevia livctkiax xsnnctcf i mcitv ivvihb% Iejvmctpitv,vklc nihsav{ lcldct vjjb j~ct mkx achvstcx! ief Hjacixxslcf vmc hjstxc iflkekxvtivkje tcxpjexkdkakvkcx% K wixvmtsxv kevj vmiv xkvsivkje wccbx invct l{ otifsivkje ntjlfcevia xhmjja! Hjac xi{x%
Ke 9;??! mc ief mkx fcevia pitvect fchkfcf ejv vjhjevkesc ptk~ivc ptihvkhc% Hjac xvitvcf vcihmkeo nsaa vklciv MXH,DHF ief hjsevx Ft% Gcxxc Dsaaitf! wmj tcvktcf ixptjncxxjt ief hmikt jn tcxvjtivk~c xhkcehcx ke 9;;3! ix mkxnktxv lcevjt% Mc oi~c lc ptjgchvx vj fj ptjljvkje iefvcestc! nkeiehc! dsfocv% K cegj{cf wjtbkeo je vmcl ief
dskav i hajxc tcaivkjexmkp wkvm mkl! mc xi{x%Mc dcoie vj xpcef mkx c~cekeox ke 9;?; wtkvkeo
hjlpsvct ptjotilx njt vmc xhmjja vj ljekvjt hakekhx!i~ctioc otifcx ief vtihb xvsfcevx ptjotcxx vmtjsom vmcxhmjja% Mkx wjtb ivvtihvcf vmc ivvcevkje jn Ft% TkhmitfDtifac{! wmj dchilc fcie ke 9;=0 ief wix Hjacx ec}vlcevjt% Njt vmc ec}v xk} vj xc~ce {citx! Hjac visomv pitvvklc ief tie vmc hjaacocx hjlpsvct xct~khcx pitv vklc% Mciaxj dcoie vj ocv ljtc ke~ja~cf ke vmc xhmjjax nkeiehcx%
PmkaGjecx*Lcfkhia
Hjaac
ocjnOcjtoki
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9= q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
Ke 9;;0! Hjac dchilc vmc hjaacocx hmkcn nkeiehkia jnnkhct!wivhmkeo j~ct vmc dsfocv ief nkeiehkia inniktx% Mc iaxj
dchilc ke~ja~cf ke wjtbkeo wkvm vmc Vc}ix Acokxaivstc% Mcwix eilcf kevctkl fcie ke 9;;; ief i {cit aivct vjjb vmcmcal% Ocectiaa{ ke ihifclkhx! pcjpac lj~c vmtjsom vmcihifclkh xkfc! wmkac K lj~cf vmtjsom je vmc iflkekxvtivk~cxkfc! mc jdxct~cx% Dsv vmiv iaxj dtkeox sekysc xbkaa xcvx%
Ftkxbj bejwe vj mct ntkcefx ix vmc _mkvc Vjteifjdchisxc jn mct xvtkbkeo xmjhb jn xmjtv wmkvc mikt ief mctcectocvkh fclciejt njaajwcf i fknnctcev pivm vj vmcfciex hmikt% Vwj jn mct hjsxkex wctc pcfkivtkh fcevkxvx ke
Jbaimjli% Xmc wjtbcf njt vmcl ix i hmiktxkfc ixxkxvievwmkac ke mkom xhmjja%
Xmc fchkfcf vj ivvcef MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{dchisxc jn kvx xvtjeo fcevia m{okcec ptjotil ief c}hcaacevtcpsvivkje! xmc xi{x% Invct otifsivkeo! xmc aisehmcf mcthitcct ix i fcevia m{okcekxv ief xpcev 9> {citx ke ptihvkhc keFiaaix dcnjtc dchjlkeo kevctcxvcf ke vcihmkeo%
_ievkeo vj nstvmct mct cfshivkje ief bejwacfoc!Ftkxbj ivvikecf mct fcevia fcotcc ntjl vmc Sek~ctxkv{jn Lkxxjstk,Biexix Hkv{ ief hjlpacvcf i mjxpkvia,dixcfocectia ptihvkhc tcxkfceh{ iv vmc ^cvctiex Inniktx Lcfkhia
Njt Ft% Gilcx Hjac! estvstkeo iaa ixpchvx jn fcevia cfshivkjeief wivhmkeo xvsfcevx pctxjeia ief ptjncxxkjeia otjwvm itcmkomakomvx jn xct~keo ix fcie iv MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{%
Ti{Dt{iev!
Dt{ievXvsfkjx
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8/6/2019 Bdjo Hires
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
Hcevct ke Aci~cewjtvm! Bie% Xmc aivct xct~cf ix ixxjhkivcfcie njt ihifclkh paieekeo ief nihsav{ fc~cajplcev ief
ixxkxviev fcie njt tcxcithm iv vmc Sek~ctxkv{ jn Ajskx~kaac keBcevshb{%_mce Ftkxbj ittk~cf iv Lcfkhia Hjaacoc jn Ocjtoki
Xhmjja jn Fcevkxvt{ xmc xvitvcf xmibkeo sp vmc xvivsx ysjd{ ptjpjxkeo i tivmct xkoeknkhiev hsttkhsasl hmieoc%
Kv mif ec~ct dcce fjec ke 86 {citx jn vmc xhmjja! xmctchiaax% Hakekhia cfshivkje kx fcak~ctcf ejw vmtjsom vmcHjlptcmcexk~c Hitc Hakekh! wmkhm kx dixcf je i ocectia,ptihvkhc ljfca% Vmc hakekh kx cyskppcf wkvm i hjlpsvctkcf
lieioclcev x{xvcl vmiv kehasfcx cachvtjekh pivkcev tchjtfxief fkokvia tifkjotipm{! ptj~kfkeo tcia wjtaf c}pctkcehc
njt xvsfcevx%Mct hsttcev ligjt ptjgchv kx i ecw &994 lkaakje fceviaxhmjja nihkakv{% Otjsef xmjsaf dc dtjbce ke aivc 400;! iefvmc ecw dskafkeo kx xhmcfsacf njt hjlpacvkje ke niaa 4099%
Vmc ecw nihkakv{ wkaa ihhjlljfivc vmc ~ixv otjwvm iefvchmejajokhia if~iehclcevx vmiv mi~c hmitihvctkcf vmcxhmjja xkehc kvx c}kxvkeo dskafkeo jpcecf ke 9;?0! Ftkxbjxi{x% Pivkcev ~kxkvx itc c}pchvcf vj kehtcixc ntjl 30!000 i{cit vj ecita{ 900!000 iv vmc ecw nk~c,najjt nihkakv{%
Asehmvklc lccvkeoxwkvm xvsfcevx! i pctxjeiakevctcxv ke vmckt xshhcxxief vmc idkakv{ vj xccvmc klpihv jn Ocjtokixjea{ fcevia xhmjja itc iaa
tcwitfkeo jppjtvsekvkcxnjt Ft% Hjeekc Ftkxbj%
PmkaGjecx*LcfkhiaHjaac
ocjnOcjtoki
PmkaGjecx*L
cfkhiaHjaac
ocjnOcjtoki
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8/6/2019 Bdjo Hires
22/52
40 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
Jec tcixje Ftkxbj cegj{x mct gjd kx dchisxc xmc j~ctxccxOcjtokix jea{ fcevia xhmjja ief hie xcc kvx klpihv% Idjsv
=3 pcthcev jn vmc hjaacocx xvsfcevx xvi{ ke Ocjtoki vjptihvkhc! ief vmc xhmjjax otifx tcptcxcev idjsv jec,vmktf jnvmc xvivcx ptihvkhkeo fcevkxvx! Ftkxbj xi{x%
Vj vmc wcxv! Ncttkaaj xcclcf djte vj njaajw mkx nivmctxnjjvxvcpx kevj fcevkxvt{ ief cfshivkje% Vmc cafct Ncttkaajxvitvcf vmc cefjfjevkh fcpitvlcev ief kvx otifsivcptjotil iv MXH,Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{% Ncttkaaj xi{xmkx ljvmct wix i otciv Kviakie hjjb! ief fcevia xvsfcevxmseo itjsef vmckt mjsxc jt ivc lciax vmctc% Xvsfcevx aj~cf
mkx nivmct! wmj wix ipptchkivcf njt mkx msliekxvkh acifctxmkpxv{ac ief witlvm% Mc kenascehcf lc vj sefctxvief vmc
~iasc jn dckeo ke ihifclkhx ief vmc tcwitfx {js hietchck~c! Ncttkaaj c}paikex%Ntcxm jsv jn fcevia xhmjja! Ncttkaaj wixvcf ej vklc
pstxskeo vmjxc ihifclkh tcwitfx% Mc gjkecf XjsvmcteKaakejkx Sek~ctxkv{x Xhmjja jn Fcevia Lcfkhkec ix i hakekhiaixxkxviev ptjncxxjt jn cefjfjevkhx! vmce tjxc vj fktchvjt jnhsttkhsait ihvk~kvkcx% Jea{ 90 {citx jsv jn fcevia xhmjja! mc
dchilc vmc xhmjjax ihvkeo fcie ief! i {cit aivct iv ioc 8>!wix eilcf fcie%
Ft% Pivtkhb Ncttkaajipptchkivcx vmc xcexcjn nilka{ iv Pihknkh iefxi{x mkx fcevia,cfshivjtnivmct kenascehcf mkl vjsefctxvief vmc ~iascief tcwitfx jn dckeoke ihifclkhx%
DtshcHjjb
DtshcHjjb
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8/6/2019 Bdjo Hires
23/52
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8/6/2019 Bdjo Hires
24/52
44 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
D{ Ildct B% Vmjlix
mkafxai{
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
_mce Hkefi LhFjeiaf hiaacfCvmiex' eilc njt mkx ippjkevlcev! vmc 3,{cit,jafkllcfkivca{ mkf dcmkef mkx fifx acox ke vmc wikvkeo tjjl%
Jm ej! Kl ejv ojkeo vj dc idac vj ocv mkl jnn vmchckakeo! LhFjeiaf vmjsomv%
Xmc oceva{ vtkcf vj hji} Cvmie vj hjlc dihbwkvm mct kevj vmc fcevia hakekh! dsv mc wievcf vjxvi{ wkvm Fif% Mc mif fc~cajpcf i ncit jn vmcfcevkxv fstkeo i ptjhcfstc wmce mc wix 6 iefakbcf vmc xchstkv{ Fif jnnctcf%
Cvmie wix iv vmc hakekh njt i hmkaf aknc vmctip{xcxxkje wkvm LhFjeiaf! i hctvknkcf hmkaf akncxpchkiakxv% Vmc ojia7 mcapkeo Cvmie j~cthjlc mkxncit jn vmc fcevkxv% LhFjeiaf dcakc~cx kvx dcxvnjt hmkaftce vj mi~c xcxxkjex kefcpcefceva{! vj
ok~c vmcl clpjwctlcev% Xj xmc lifc i fciawkvm Cvmie7 njt vmkx nktxv xcxxkje jea{! Fif hjsafhjlc wkvm vmcl ief wikv jsvxkfc vmc fjjt%
D{ vmc cef jn vmc ~kxkv! Cvmie wix ej ajeoctht{keo ief kexvcif wix hitcnsaa{ c}pajtkeo vmchstkjsx fcevkxv vjjax xmc dtjsomv njt mkl vj pai{wkvm% Iv mkx xchjef vmctip{ xcxxkje! Cvmie wixwkaakeo vj hjlc kevj vmc hakekh wkvmjsv Fif% Ief
d{ vmc cef jn vmiv ~kxkv! Cvmie wix tcif{ vj xmjwFif wmiv mc acitecf idjsv vmc fcevkxvx jnnkhc ief vj ptihvkhc dckeo i fcevkxv je Fif%
_mce Cvmie nkeiaa{ mif mkx nktxv fcevia
vtcivlcev! mc ejv jea{ lifc kv vmtjsomvj hjlpacvkje dsv wix hjlnjtvidac iefhjjpctivk~c% Vmkx kx wmiv LhFjeiaf hiaax i msoc~khvjt{ lj~keo ntjl dckeo vcttkda{ ntkomvcecfvj paihkeo hjlpacvc vtsxv ke vmc fcevkxv%
Vmiv kx vmc ojia jn hmkaf aknc vmctip{!i dcmi~kjt lieioclcev vchmekysc vmivx{xvclivkhiaa{ fcxcexkvkcx hmkaftce vj xvtcxxnsalcfkhia! vtisli jt otkcn xkvsivkjex%
Acitekeo vj hjpc
Hmkaf aknc sxcx pai{! oskfcf klioct{ ief ~ctdiac}paieivkjex vj fc~cajp hjpkeo xvtivcokcx! cljvkjeiaxvidkakv{ ief fchtcixcf ie}kcv{ ke {jseo pivkcevx% Kvmix dcce sxcf njt fchifcx ke vmc lcfkhia xcvvkeo ief kxwcaa,fjhslcevcf vj klptj~c mciavm hitc c}pctkcehcx njtmjxpkviakcf hmkaftce% Mjwc~ct! ej ysievkvivk~c tcxcithmjt akvctivstc c}kxvx idjsv kvx ippakhivkje ke fcevkxvt{%
Vmiv kx! sevka ejw! ix Vc}ix I.L Mciavm Xhkcehc HcevctDi{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ hjefshvx tcxcithm vj c}pajtcvmc sxc jn hmkaf aknc ke fcevkxvt{%
Vmkx hjsaf pjvcevkiaa{ mcap xja~c i msoc ptjdacl! iefKl xviooctcf ej jec mix vmjsomv vj fj kv dcnjtc! xi{x Ft%
Hkefi LhFjeiaf wivhmcx ix Lih vmc psppcv dchjlcx vmc pivkcev fstkeo ihmkaf aknc vmctip{ xcxxkje%
'Eilc mix dcce hmieocf%
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46 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
Xsk Xciac ?0! ?4! ?;! Tcocevx ptjncxxjt ief njtlct hmikt
jn vmc Fcpitvlcev jn Pcfkivtkh Fcevkxvt{! wmj ptjpjxcf
ief hmilpkjecf vmc ptjgchv ntjl vmc jsvxcv% Vmc sxc jn
hmkaf aknc ke fcevkxvt{ libcx xj lshm xcexc%
Vmc yscxv dcoie ke Xcpvcldct 400> wmce pcfkivtkh
tcxkfcev Ft% V{ Mkec 03! 0? vcilcf wkvm Xciac ief Ft%
Hitja{e Bctkex 04! 03! ixxkxviev ptjncxxjt ke pcfkivtkhfcevkxvt{! vj c}pajtc vmc cnnchvk~cecxx jn hmkaf aknc ke vmc
fcevia hakekh xcvvkeo njt sehjjpctivk~c hmkaftce iocx 6 vj =%
I hsttcev xvsf{ ke~ja~keo hmkaftce iocx 3 vj 90 wmj
mi~c mif i ptc~kjsx ecoivk~c fcevia c}pctkcehc kx dckeo
hjefshvcf d{ Bctkex ief Ft% Bi~kvmi ^kxwieivmie! i ncaajw
ixxkxviev ptjncxxjt ke pcfkivtkh fcevkxvt{%
Pcfkivtkh fcevkxvx acite i ~itkcv{ jn dcmi~kjt
lieioclcev vchmekyscx fstkeo vmckt tcxkfceh{ vtikekeo!
kehasfkeo pmitlihjajokh ief eje,pmitlihjajokh lcvmjfx!
Bctkex xi{x% D{ vmckt eivstc! hmkaftce li{ ptcxcev vj vmc
fcevia hakekh wkvm ~it{keo fcotccx jn ncit ief hjpkeo xbkaax%
Hjexkfctkeo vmc i~ctioc hmkafx ivvcevkje xpie kx 40 vj 80
lkesvcx! {js hie kliokec mjw ie mjst,ajeo ippjkevlcev!
wkvm xjlcjec ajjbkeo ke {jst ljsvm! hjsaf xcv sp i ptcvv{
xvtcxxnsa xkvsivkje%
Bctkex xi{x pcfkivtkh fcevkxvx xvtk~c vj wjtb wkvm
hmkaftce ke vmc acixv vmtcivcekeo wi{ pjxxkdac vj mcap ljaf
vmcl kevj akncajeo fcevia pivkcevx% Xmc vmkebx hmkaf aknc hjsaf
dc i ajokhia! ej~ca ipptjihm vj i tchsttkeo ptjdacl%
Vikajtkeo hmkaf aknc vj fcevkxvt{
Vmc MXH,DHF pcfkivtkh fcevkxvx lcv hmkaf aknc xpchkiakxvLhFjeiaf vmtjsom vmckt lsvsia wjtb iv Vc}ix Xhjvvkxm Tkvc
Mjxpkvia njt Hmkaftce% LhFjeiafx ptc~kjsx c}pctkcehc ix
i tcokxvctcf fcevia m{okcekxv! hjspacf wkvm mct hmkaf aknc
c}pctvkxc! cxpchkiaa{ xskvx mct njt hjsexcakeo hmkaftce njt
fcevia vtcivlcev%
Vmc vcil htcivcf i fcevia ~ctxkje jn hmkaf aknc vj hivct
vj vmc hjaacocx pivkcev pjpsaivkje% LhFjeiaf fc~cajpcf
i djjb vj kevtjfshc hmkaftce vj MXH,DHF fcevkxvx ief
c}paike fcevia vjjax ke hmkaf,ntkcefa{ aieosioc% Vmc hjajtnsa
mieflifc djjb fcxhtkdcx vmc dkvc dajhb ix i vjjvm pkaajw2
xvikeacxx xvcca htjwex itc xka~ct mivx%
Ix iejvmct pitv jn hmkaf aknc vmctip{! hmkaftce itc xmjwe
ckvmct ljfca jt tcia lcfkhia kexvtslcevx ief iaajwcf
vj c}pajtc ief liekpsaivc vmcl sxkeo fjaax% LhFjeiaf
kevtjfshcx vmc hmkaftce vj Lihbcekc Lih Ljait! i pixvca,
hjajtcf ns{ iakce psppcv! jt Xillkc! i aitoc xjnv fjaa!
wmj mi~c nsaa xcvx jn vccvm vj c}ilkec ief dtsxm%
Vmc hmkaf aknc fcevia vcil7 Ft% V{ Mkewc! Ft% Bi~kvmi kxieivmie!
Ft% Hitja{e Bctkex! Hkefi LhFjeiaf! X illkc ief Lih
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8/6/2019 Bdjo Hires
28/52
4> q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
_mce wc ojv nsefcf! wc iatcif{ mif pivkcevx wikvkeovj cetjaa! ^kxwieivmie xi{x%
Dchisxc vmkx xvsf{ njhsxcx je tc~ctxkeo ncit ntjl iptc~kjsx ippjkevlcev! pitcevx itc ixbcf vj hjlpacvc iyscxvkjeeiktc vmiv fcxhtkdcx vmckt hmkafx aixv fcevia ~kxkv iefvmc hmkafx cljvkjex dcnjtc! fstkeo ief invct vmc vtcivlcev%Vmkx mcapx LhFjeiaf kfcevkn{ wmkhm jn vmc cxxcevkia fceviancitx ie kegchvkje! vmc ftkaa! ie c}vtihvkje! vmc fcevkxv jtvmc ce~ktjelcev kx wmiv vmiv hmkaf ncitx%
Lifkxje' ief Ia{xxi' wctc vmc nktxv vwj pivkcevx kevmc xvsf{% Djvm itc ;,{cit,jafx wmj mif dcce tcxvtikecffstkeo vmckt ptc~kjsx fcevia ippjkevlcevx2 Lifkxje ojv iekegchvkje! Ia{xxi mif ie idxhcxx ftikecf%
Ke vmckt hmkaf aknc xcxxkjex! djvm oktax acitecf hjpkeoxvtivcokcx xshm ix fccp dtcivmkeo! xkacev hjsevkeo ief~kxsiakivkje% LhFjeiaf cehjstiocx pivkcevx ke vmc xvsf{ vj
c}pctklcev wkvm hjpkeo xvtivco{ jpvkjex dchisxc vmc{ itcjaf cejsom vj tcixje ief ifgsxv vmckt dcmi~kjt% Ke vmkx wi{!vmc{ nkef vmc lcvmjf vmiv wjtbx dcxv njt vmcl%
_mce K lcv wkvm Ia{xxi! wc nkostcf jsv mjw vj tcai}!LhFjeiaf xi{x% K vjaf mct! Libc {jst djf{ ncca akbc ixvtkeo jn xpiomcvvk! ix LhFjeiaf fcljexvtivcx d{ xkebkeokevj mct hmikt% K vtkcf kv! vmce xmc vtkcf kv! ief K cehjstiocfmct vj ptihvkhc kv iv mjlc%
Ke aivct xcxxkjex! vj ok~c vmc hmkaftce i xvtjeoct xcexc jn
Ke l{ c{cx! vmkx
xvsf{ kxev innchvkeo
jea{ fcevia hitc kv
kaa innchv mj vmc hmkaf
~kcx iaa lcfkhia hitc!
njt vmc tcxv jn mkx aknc%
u Hkefi LhFjeiaf
Tjac pai{keo ok~cx hmkaftce i xcexc jn hjevtja! xj Hkefi LhFjeiafmcapx i {jseo pivkcev ftcxx sp ix i fcevkxv fstkeo i vmctip{ xcxxkje%
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
hjevtja! LhFjeiaf viabx vmtjsom wmiv wkaa mippce ke vmcktfcevia ptjhcfstc% Xmc acvx vmcl vixvc vmc esldkeo htcil!xmjwx vmcl vmc ihvsia kegchvkje eccfac! ke~kvcx vmcl vj xkvke ief ifgsxv i fcevia hmikt! iaa vmc wmkac c}paikekeo mjwc~ct{vmkeo wjtbx%
Kvx clpjwctkeo njt vmcxc hmkaftce vj bejw imcif jn
vklc wmivx ojkeo vj mippce! LhFjeiaf xi{x% Kvx jpcekeovmckt c{cx vj wm{ wc fj vmkeox vmiv wc fj vmkeox njt vmcl!ejv vj vmcl%
Ia{xxi ief Lifkxje hjkehkfceviaa{ mif xcxxkjex je vmcxilc fi{x ief ojv vj dc ntkcefx ke vmc wikvkeo tjjl% Vmcktnilkakcx cehjstiocf jec iejvmct! ix wcaa% Invct Ia{xxinkekxmcf mct vmktf ief nkeia xcxxkje wkvm LhFjeiaf iefvmce tchck~cf mct fcevia vtcivlcev! xmc oi~c Lifkxje xjlccehjstiokeo wjtfx%
Ix Ia{xxi xikf ojjfd{c vj Lifkxje! Lifkxje iflkvvcfxmc fkfev bejw kn xmc wix tcif{ vj ocv mct xmjv! LhFjeiafxi{x% Ia{xxi vjaf mct! Kn K hie fj kv! {js hie fj kv%
Vmiv wix i otciv wi{ vj xvitv vmc xvsf{! LhFjeiafxi{x% Ejw vwj pivkcevx wmj ptjdida{ wjsaf mi~c ec~cttcvstecf vj vmc fcevkxv mi~c j~cthjlc vmckt ncitx%
Ec}v xvcpx
D{ kvx cef! vmc hsttcev xvsf{ wkaa ptj~kfc hmkaf akncvmctip{ vj eslctjsx hmkaftce wmj eccf fcevia ptjhcfstcxvmiv tcysktc iv acixv vwj ippjkevlcevx! dsv mi~c dcceptc~kjsxa{ sehjjpctivk~c iv vmc fcevia jnnkhc%
Bctkex ief ^kxwieivmie mjpc vmc tcxsavx wkaa mcap acifvj nkeiehkia xsppjtv njt i aitoct! ajeo,vctl xvsf{% Dchisxchmkaf aknc vmctipkxvx itc tcysktcf vj hjlpacvc i 6=0,mjstkevctexmkp fstkeo vmckt vtikekeo! vmc nihsav{ lcldctxmjpc hmkaf aknc kevctex hjsaf xsppaclcevLhFjeiafx wjtb ke vmc aitoct xvsf{%
Hmkaf aknc vmctip{ kefcevkxvt{ hjsaf mi~c lie{pjxkvk~c jsvhjlcx! xi{ vmctcxcithmctx! ljxv ejvida{vmc fc~cajplcev jnhjenkfcev! hjjpctivk~c
pivkcevx%Ke l{ c{cx! vmkx
xvsf{ kxev innchvkeo jea{fcevia hitc kv wkaa innchvmjw vmc hmkaf ~kcwx iaalcfkhia hitc! njt vmc tcxv jnmkx aknc! LhFjeiaf xi{x%
_miv jsafXillkc xi{:
Xillkc vmc psppcv mix xjlc jtfx jn
kxfjl njt pitcevx! vjj! xi{x hmkaf aknc
xpchkiakxv Hkefi LhFjeiaf%
Mj pitcevx ncca idjsv vmc fcevkxv kxjnvce hjeviokjsx% Vmc pjct jn xsoocxvkjekx klpjtviev {js gsxv mi~c vj xsoocxv vmc
tkomv vmkeo! LhFjeiaf xi{x% Kn {js vcaa i
hmkaf vmiv xjlcvmkeo lkomv vkhbac dsv vj xvi{
xvkaa! kvx pjxxkdac vmiv hmkaf kaa vmce aisom
kexvcif jn ht{ fstkeo i ptjhcfstc%Mjc~ct! LhFjeiaf xi{x kv kx klpjtvievvj dc vtsvmnsa idjsv vmc ptjhcfstc% Fjev
xi{ kv jev mstv kn vmctcx i hmiehc kv
hjsaf! dchisxc i hmkaf hjsaf vmce ajxc vtsxv
ke nsvstc ~kxkvx% LhFjeiaf iffx vmiv kn i
hmkaf fjcx ht{ fstkeo i fcevia ptjhcfstc! ejv
vj jtt{ dchisxc ht{keo kx ie jsvacv njt mkl
jt mct% Hmkaftce jnvce ht{ dchisxc vmc{ hiev
~ctdiaa{ c}ptcxx mj vmc{tc nccakeo%
Pcjpac fjev sefctxvief vmiv ht{keokx hjpkeo% Tivmct! vmc{ vmkeb kvx ixkoe jn nikastc! LhFjeiaf xi{x%
Lie{ hmkaftce hie ht{ fstkeo
i ptjhcfstc dsv xvkaa hjjpctivc
ief acv vmc fcevkxv hjlpacvc vmc
jtb%
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q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
d{ aisti dckavmc jn hmieoc
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I
Ke Giesit{ 400?! Ft%
Tiomseivm Psvvikim xiv ke i Ecw Fcamk
mjvca tjjl ief fkiacf vmc pmjec ioike%
Njt 93 {citx jt xj! mc mif dcce vt{keo vj
hje~kehc Kefkix fcevia mkctithm{ vj psv i
ptclksl je kenchvkje hjevtja ke vmc hjse,
vt{x 900!000 fcevia jnnkhcx% Mc mif lifc
hiaax% Mc mif xcev lcxxiocx% Mc mif xpcev
mjstx wikvkeo ke sehjlnjtvidac hmiktx njt
ippjkevlcevx vmiv wctc titca{ bcpv%
[cv vmc ptjdacl tclikecf% D{ mkx sejn,
nkhkia hiahsaivkjex! Psvvikim nkostcf vmiv
jea{ idjsv jec jsv jn njst ptihvkvkjectx
wix fcfkhivcf vj xinc ptihvkhcx ke kench,
vkje hjevtja% Ix njt vmc tcxv! mc mif mcitf
xvjtkcx vmiv lifc mkx mikt xvief je cef
fcevkxvx wixmkeo ief tcsxkeo oaj~cx jt
xvctkakkeo vmckt cyskplcev wkvm libcxmknv
ptcxxstc hjjbctx% Mc becw hmieoc mif vj
jhhst iv vmc vjp% Vmiv lciev pctxsifkeo
vmc hjsevt{x fcevia acifctxmkp ief 430
fcevia xhmjjax vj xvcp jsv ke ntjev%
Kf dcce vcaakeo vmcl! _c eccf vj
fj xjlcvmkeo! xi{x Psvvikim! wmj kx ie
ixxjhkivc ptjncxxjt ke fkioejxvkh xhkcehcx iv
Vc}ix I.L Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct Di{ajt
Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{% Ncw akxvcecf! c~ce ixKefki dchilc jec jn vmc wjtafx clctokeo
ntjevx njt MK^ kenchvkje! wkvm vmc Eivkjeia
IKFX Hjevtja Jtoiekivkje cxvklivkeo
vmiv iv acixv 4%3 lkaakje pcjpac itc ak~keo
wkvm vmc IKFX ~ktsx ke Kefki% Vmc ptjdacl
fjcxev xvjp wkvm MK^% Jec xvsf{ jn hakek,
hkiex njsef pjjt bejwacfoc jn mcpivkvkx D
vtiexlkxxkje ief ptc~cevkje%
Ke vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx! {jstc ixxstcf
jn wiabkeo kevj i fcevia jnnkhc ief ocvvkeo
i xinc ac~ca jn hitc! mc xi{x% Ke Kefki! acxx
Fiekca Djkvcis q Ftcilxvklc%hjl
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80 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
kx hctvike% Vmc hjsevt{ kx aitoc ieffk~ctxc lcfkhia ief fcevia ptihvkhcxke ljtc innascev jt lcvtjpjakvie itcix
li{ dc ix m{okcekh ix ie{ Ilctkhieptihvkhc! cxpchkiaa{ ix ie klptj~keochjejl{ ief lcfkhia vjstkxl vj Kefkikehtcixc pivkcev fclief njt xincv{%
Ejecvmcacxx! ke ljtc tcljvcpjtvkjex jn vmc hjsevt{ jt ke hakekhxvmiv jpctivc je i xmjcxvtkeo! kenchvkjevtiexlkxxkje tclikex i vmtciv% Jec400> xst~c{ jn fcevkxvx ke Mit{iei!ecit Fcamk! njsef vmiv vmc ligjtkv{ jnocectia fcevkxvx sxcf djkakeo wivct vjxvctkakc cyskplcev% Mciavm isvmjtk,
vkcx itc tcxpjefkeo% Ke 400>! KefkixLkekxvt{ jn Mciavm ief Nilka{ _canitc
gjkecf wkvm vmc _jtaf Mciavm Jtoi,ekivkje ke i hilpikoe hiaacf HacieHitc kx Xinct Hitc vj tcfshc mciavm,hitc ixxjhkivcf kenchvkjex%
Iavmjsom Psvvikim acnv Kefki njt vmcSekvcf Xvivcx ljtc vmie vwj fchifcxioj! mc tclikex hjllkvvcf vj mcapkeovmc hjsevt{ jn mkx dktvm% Mc iaxj mix
dchjlc ie c}pctv ke kenchvkje hjevtja hjefshvkeo xvsfkcx je fcevia wivctx{xvclx! fkxkenchvievx ief vmc f{eil,khx jn hjttjxkje%
Je ie kevcteivkjeia dixkx! mcxvt{keo vj libc i fknnctcehc! xi{x Ft%
Gsfkvm Hmke jn Kefkiei Sek~ctxkv{Xhmjja jn Fcevkxvt{! wmj mix wjtbcfwkvm Psvvikim vmtjsom vmc Jtoieki,
vkje njt Xincv{ ief Ixcpxkx Ptjhcfstcx!wmkhm ptjljvcx fcevia xincv{ vmtjsom,
jsv vmc wjtaf%Iv aixv! klptj~clcevx itc ejvkhc,
idac ke Kefki% Ke 400?! Psvvikim vcilcfwkvm vmc mcif jn Kefkix fcevia hjsehkavj psdakxm kvx nktxv,c~ct djjb jn fceviaxincv{ xviefitfx! i djjb ejw fkx,vtkdsvcf ntcc vj c~ct{ fcevkxv ke vmchjsevt{% Njt vmc wjtb! mc c~ce ojv iejnnkhkia miefxmibc ntjl vmc hjsevt{xptklc lkekxvct%
Dsv ocvvkeo vmctc vjjb ljtc vmie ifchifc jn pctxkxvcehc% Je mkx vwkhc,ieesia vti~cax dihb vj Kefki! ljxva{jsv jn mkx jwe pjhbcv! Psvvikim yskcva{lifc mkx hixc7 Kenchvkje hjevtja keKefki wix i ptjdacl! dsv i xja~idacptjdacl% Kn K wix vmctc vmtcc fi{x! Kfbejhb je vmtcc fknnctcev fjjtx! mc xi{x%
Kvx ejv vmiv vmc{ fjev wiev vj fj
kv! mc xi{x jn mkx Kefkie hjaacioscx!vmctcx gsxv ej klpjtviehc ivvihmcfvj kv%
Vmjsom vmc kehkfcehc jn MK^ mixdcce xvcifka{ hakldkeo! IKFX kx xvkaawtjsomv wkvm xvkoli% Ke lie{ wi{x!pi{keo mccf vj vmc eccf njt dcvvctkenchvkje hjevtja lkomv iaxj dc i vihkviflkxxkje jn vmc xhjpc jn MK^ ke vmchjsevt{! Psvvikim xi{x%
Mc iaxj nihcf ptihvkhia ix wcaaix px{hmjajokhia dittkctx% Sek~ctxiaptchisvkjex libc fcevkxvt{ ljtcc}pcexk~c% Lie{ fcevkxvx ke Kefkijpctivc je i vmke nkeiehkia litoke!wjtbkeo ntjl jnnkhcx nixmkjecf ntjlvmckt mjlcx ief oitiocx% Hitcnsaa{xvctkakkeo cyskplcev! sxkeo ptjpctfkxkenchvievx ief psthmixkeo fkxpjxidac
livctkiax iaa hjxv ljec{% Vj klptj~cxincv{! fcevkxvx ckvmct wjsaf mi~c vjxmtkeb vmckt iatcif{ lcioct ptjnkvx jthmitoc ljtc vj pivkcevx wmj lkomv ejv
dc idac vj innjtf kv%Fstkeo vmc {citx xpcev psxmkeo njt
hmieoc! Psvvikim ojv sxcf vj iexwct,keo xbcpvkhx% Mc tchiaax jec fcevkxvixbkeo mjw je citvm mc wix xsppjxcf
Vmc xvivc hipkvja ke Dieoiajtc! Kefki! kx iv vmcmcitv jn Kefkix nknvm aitocxv hkv{ ief nixvcxvotjwkeo ligjt lcvtjpjakx%
Ft% Tiomseivm Psvvikim -acnv+ otccvx KefkixMjejtidac Ptklc Lkekxvct Ft% Lieljmie Xkeom-vmktf ntjl acnv+ iajeo wkvm vmc ptcxkfcev jn vmcFcevia Hjsehka jn Kefki! Ft% Ieka Bjmak -nit tkomv+!fstkeo vmc fcevia xincv{ xviefitfx tcacixchctclje{ d{ vmc ptklc lkekxvct%
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4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ; D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A
vj ds{ iaa vmc miefpkchcx Psvvikim xikfmc eccfcf% Psvvikim hjlpaklcevcf vmcliex djjlkeo ptihvkhc ief iffcf!
[js hjsaf xcv ie c}ilpac% Ds{ vmcc}vti cyskplcev ief hmitoc ljtc kn{js mi~c vj! Psvvikim if~kxcf% [js hievmce psv i pjxvct ke {jst ajdd{ xi{keo!_c njaajw xvtkhv kenchvkje hjevtja%
Mc dchilc xbkaacf ke xincv{ xiacx,liexmkp% Vmiv pivkcev ke vmc hmiktkx xjlcjecx ljvmct! xkxvct! dtjvmct!hmkaf! mc wjsaf xi{% Itc {js fjkeovmcl i xct~khc kn vmc{ ocv ie kenchvkje
dchisxc jn xjlcvmkeo {js fkf ejv fj:Vmc iexwctx itc wkvmke {jstxca~cx%
Ke lie{ wi{x! mc wiocf mkx hil,pikoe njt kenchvkje hjevtja ix djvm iejsvxkfct ief kexkfct% Mc mif vj dc xcceix djvm ie Kefkie wmj aj~cf mkx hjse,vt{ jn jtkoke ief ie Ilctkhie tcxkfcevwmj becw vmiv xinc ptihvkhcx wctc
ejv jpvkjeia% Mc fkfev wiev Kefkiefcevkxvx vj tcxcev mkl ix xjlcjec wmjmif acnv njt dcvvct jppjtvsekv{ ief
tcvstecf jea{ vj vcaa vmcl wmiv vj fj%Kn {js xjsef akbc i mjv xmjv!
vmc{aa ec~ct akxvce vj {js! mc xi{x% Mchjsafev ftjwe pcjpac wkvm kenjtli,vkje% Vmc lcxxioc mix vj xccp ke!Psvvikim c}paikex%
Iv vklcx! wmce mc wjsaf tcvstemjlc ief xvitv pi{keo vmc dkaax ntjlmkx aivcxv vtkp! Psvvikim wjsaf wje,fct kn mc wix libkeo i fknnctcehc%Dsv mc xi{x ejw vmiv mc wjsaf iawi{xtclcldct vmc if~khc ntjl i ptjncxxjt
iv vmc sek~ctxkv{ wmctc mc nktxv xvsfkcffcevkxvt{7 Kn {js ok~c sp! ejvmkeowkaa mippce%
Je vmiv Giesit{ 400? fi{ ke EcwFcamk! mc hiaacf vmc jnnkhc jn Ft% IekaBjmak! vmc ptcxkfcev jn vmc Fcevia
Hjsehka jn Kefki vmc mkomcxv fceviaisvmjtkv{ ke vmc hjsevt{% Psvvikimc}paikecf vj i fcevia hjsehka ixxkxviev
vmiv mc ak~cf ke Fiaaix dsv wix ke EcwFcamk sevka vmc ec}v ljtekeo% _jsafFt% Bjmak mi~c idjsv 93 lkesvcx vjlccv: Psvvikim ixbcf% Bjmak iotccf%
Njt ljtc vmie ie mjst! Psvvikim xivjsvxkfc vmc hjsehkax iflkekxvtivk~cjnnkhcx wikvkeo njt mkx 93 lkesvcx% Mchjsaf xlcaa vmc hsttkcf itjli ntjl iejeojkeo asehm lccvkeo% Mcf ojvvcesxcf vj pcjpac hiehcakeo! dsv Bjmakc~cevsiaa{ sxmctcf mkl kevj vmc jnnkhc%Psvvikim vmce ptcxcevcf Kefkix ljxv
pjwctnsa fcevkxv i HF vmiv hjevikecfi ptcxcevivkje je kenchvkje hjevtja!ief vmc vwj lce c}hmieocf dsxkecxxhitfx% Bjmak ippcitcf! iv acixv vj Psv,vikim! oceskeca{ kevctcxvcf ke acifkeoc~ct{ fcevkxv ke mkx hjsevt{ kevj i
Ti{D
t{iev!Dt{ievXvsfkjx
Ft% Tiomseivm Psvvikim kx ie kevcteivkjeiac}pctv je kenchvkje hjevtja ief xincv{%
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84 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
ljtc ljfcte cti jn fcevkxvt{% Psvvikim
tcvstecf vj Fiaaix% Mc mcitf ejvmkeo
njt wccbx%
Vmce! je i fi{ jsv jn vmc dasc! mc
acitecf vmiv Bjmak wix libkeo i ~kxkv
vj Fiaaix% Vmc kekvkia tcixjex njt vmc
vtkp wctc ~iosc! ief Psvvikim xchtcva{
wjefctcf kn Bjmak wix xccbkeo mkl jsv
vj fkxhsxx kenchvkje hjevtja% Psvvikim
lifc ie ippjkevlcev vj lccv! ief
vmc vwj lce tcxslcf viabx ix kn njst
ljevmx ief ?!000 lkacx mif ec~ct
kevcttspvcf vmc kekvkia fkxhsxxkje%
Vmc tcxsav! dcnjtc Bjmak acnv Fia,
aix ke Li{ 400?! wix ie iotcclcev
dcvwcce vmc vwj lce vj ptjfshc i
fjhslcev vmiv hjevikecf fcevia xincv{
xviefitfx njt Kefki! wkvm Psvvikimvibkeo vmc vchmekhia acif ief Bjmak
xmcpmctfkeo kv vmtjsom vmc iflkekxvti,
vk~c ief acoia xvcpx% Kv wix jnnkhkiaa{
ifjpvcf vmc njaajwkeo Xcpvcldct% Vmc
oj~ctelcev mix ptkevcf 40!000 hjpkcx
xj nit! lifc vmc fjhslcev i~ikaidac
j~ct vmc Kevctecv ief tcysktcf fcevkxvx
vj njaajw kv%
K lsxv xi{ vmiv Ft% Psvvikim mix
pai{cf i ligjt tjac Rke kenchvkje
hjevtja\! Bjmak wtjvc ke ie c,lika! d{
ejv jea{ libkeo vmc ocectia fcevkxv
sefctxvief vmc klpjtviehc jn xvctkaki,
vkje ke vmc fi{,vj,fi{ ptihvkhc! dsv
iaxj d{ ok~keo vmcl vmc lkesvcxv fcvika
tcoitfkeo vmc ~itkjsx kenchvkje hjevtja
ptjvjhjax%
Njstvm,{cit MXH,DHF fcevia xvs,
fcev Pst~k Pivca xi{x cixka{ ihhcxxkdac
xviefitfx itc ittk~keo iv vmc tkomv vklc%
Kefki mix dcce witlkeo vj vmc kfci
jn dcvvct kenchvkje hjevtja! ke aitoc
pitv ftk~ce d{ Kefkie,djte Ilctkhiex
tcvstekeo vj Kefki njt ~kxkvx ief xccbkeofcevia hitc idtjif ix vmc hjxv jn S%X%
mciavm hitc tkxcx% Lcfkhia vjstkxl iaxj
mix lifc ptihvkvkjectx ljtc hjexhkjsx
jn xincv{%
Pcjpac ntjl mctc fclief ljtc!
xi{x Pivca! wmj wix djte ke Kefki ief
wmjxc sehac ptihvkhcx fcevkxvt{ vmctc%
Ft% Ieka Tcff{ jn vmc hjaacocx
pcfkivtkh fcevkxvt{ nihsav{ iaxj pjkevx
jsv vmiv ix Kefkix chjejl{ mix
c}piefcf! pivkcevx mi~c mkomct c}pch,
vivkjex% Vmc pivkcevx itc fcliefkeo kv!
ief vmc{ itc dcvvct idac vj innjtf vmc
vtcivlcev! Tcff{ xi{x%
Sevka vmc fcevia hitc xviefitfx
wctc psv vjocvmct! Kefkie ptihvkvkjectx
hjsaf mi~c njsef vmc kenchvkje hjevtja
kenjtlivkje vmc{ eccfcf ntjl S%X%
oj~ctelcev _cd xkvcx% Dsv kvx ejv
Xincv{ xsnnctx
i fknnctcev vmtciv
Fcevkxv ief tcxcithmct Ft% Tcei FXjswi iaxj acnv Kefki njt
vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx lie{ {citx ioj% Xmc tclikex hjeechvcfvmtjsom nilka{ ief ntkcefx mj xvkaa ak~c vmctc% Vmiv kx m{ vmc
Ej~% 4? ivvihb ke Lsldik! Kefki vmc jtxv vcttjtkxv ivvihb ke
Kefkix mkxvjt{ xmjhbcf mct vj vmc hjtc% Lsldik kx mjlc%
Ix i {jseo okta! ke mct pacivcf xbktv ief daiwct! xmc jsaf
xbkp jnn vj xhmjja iv vmc Hje~cev jn Gcxsx ief Lit{% Je
ccbcefx! xmc jsaf xecib ii{ vj Djldi{ Mitdjt vj ncca
vmc xci dtccwcx je mct nihc ief xilpac tjixvcf hjte je vmc
hjd! icf d{ vmc vsttcvcf Oivci{ jn Kefki% Xmc
fkf ejv bej vmce vmiv jec fi{ xmc jsaf htjxx
vmc Itidkie Xci vj ak~c i aiefajhbcf aknc ke Fiaaix ix
ptjncxxjt ief hmikt jn dkjlcfkhia xhkcehcx iv Vc}ix I.L
Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{%
FXjswix dtjvmct xvkaa ak~cx ke Lsldik! ix fj lie{ ntkcefx
mj xmitcf hspx jn vci iv Acjpjaf Hin% Mct hmkafmjjf mjlcxiv ke vmc xmifj jn vmc Vig Mjvca! ief xmc mcaf mct cffkeo
tchcpvkje vmctc dcnjtc aci~keo njt vmc Sekvcf Xvivcx iv ioc
48% Ej! vmcxc aieflitbx mjxvx vj xjlc jn vmc mippkcxv
ljlcevx jn mct {jsvm mif dchjlc xhcecx jn ~kjacehc ief
fcivm% Kv dtjsomv sp njt lc lcljtkcx jn ;*99! xmc xi{x%
Mct dtjvmct ix semitlcf! dsv xmc xjje acitecf vmiv vmc
xkxvct jn jec jn mct fcevia xhmjja haixxlivcx mif dcce bkaacf%
_c iaa wiev vj mi~cxjlc xcexc jn xincv{wmce wc oj ke njt ie{bkef jn vtcivlcev! ejlivvct wmctc wc itc kevmc wjtaf% Vmctcxc Ajeo
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K E V J S H M _ K V M I A S L E K
86 q D I [ A J T F C E V I A G J S T E I A 4 0 0 = , 4 0 0 ;
Lcxxioc ntjl vmc Iaslek Ixxjhkivkje acifctxmkp
VMC DI[AJT HJAACOC JN FCEVKXVT[ IASLEK IXXJHKIVKJE wjtbx djvm jsv
ntjev ief dcmkef vmc xhcecx vj if~iehc jst iali livct ix jec jn vmc
ptclkct fcevia xhmjjax ke vmc hjsevt{%
Vmc ixxjhkivkje tchceva{ mcapcf tchjoekc ie klpjtviev vtiexkvkje
njt vmc Haixx jn 4099if~iehkeo ntjl ptchakekhia aidx ief achvstcx vj
ptj~kfkeo pivkcev hitc ke vmc hakekh%
_c wctc mjejtcfix ptcxkfcev ief ptcxkfcev,cachv jn vmc ixxjhkivkje
vj pitvkhkpivc ke i xpchkia wmkvc,hjiv hctclje{ litbkeo vmkx jhhixkje
njt xchjef,{cit fcevia xvsfcevx% Vmc Iaslek Ixxjhkivkje psthmixcf
vmc xvsfcevx wmkvc hjivx! wmkhm wctc cldtjkfctcf wkvm vmc Vc}ix I.L
Mciavm Xhkcehc Hcevct ajoj ief vmc Di{ajt Hjaacoc jn Fcevkxvt{ eilc%
Vmkx c~cev kx gsxv jec wi{ vmc Iaslek Ixxjhkivkje hjevtkdsvcx vj jst
tclitbidac xhmjja ief kvx xvsfcevx ief otifsivcx% Iaslek tchcpvkjex
mjxvcf d{ vmc ixxjhkivkje ke Giesit{ ief Li{! ntcc pt ihv