Download - LIPKUL
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LIPID
Lipid adalah suatu senyawaan heterogen yang saling berikatan (lebih disebabkan oleh pengaruh sifat fisikanya)
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Rumus umum
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Sifat umum yang dipunyai oleh semua Lipid adalahhidrophobik.
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Perilaku tersebut tampak dari :
1. Relatif larut dalam pelarut non-polar
2. Tidak larut dalam air
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KELOMPOK HETEROGEN YANG MENYUSUN LIPID :
• LEMAK• MINYAK• WAX (MALAM = LILIN)• STEROID• SENYAWAAN LAIN
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KLASIFIKASI LIPID
A. LIPID SEDERHANA
• ESTER DARI ASAM-ASAM LEMAK DENGAN BERBAGAI JENIS ALKOHOL
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B. LIPID MAJEMUK
ESTER ASAM-ASAM LEMAK YANG MENGANDUNGGUGUS LAIN SELAIN ALKOHOL DAN ASAM LEMAK
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1. FOSFOLIPID
LIPID YANG MENGANDUNG SELAIN ASAM LEMAK DAN GLISEROL, JUGA FOSFAT, NITROGEN ATAU SUBSTITUEN LAIN
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2. SEREBROSID (GLIKOLIPID)
SENYAWAAN YANG TERDIRI ATAS ASAM-ASAM LEMAK DENGAN KARBOHIDRAT, SPINGOSIN
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3. LIPID “LAIN”• SULFOLIPID• AMINOLIPID
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C. TURUNAN LIPIDMELIPUTI ASAM LEMAK, GLISEROL, STEROID YANG BERUPA HASIL HIDROLISIS DARI KEDUA KELAS DIATAS
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1. FOSFOLIPID
FOSFOLIPID ADALAH SENYAWA TURUNAN ESTER GLISEROL MONO FOSFAT
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ASAM FOSFATIDAT
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SIFAT KIMIA ASAM FOSFATIDAT• CAIRAN BERMINYAK• MENGANDUNG ASAM LEMAK TAK JENUH• MUDAH TEROKSIDASI DI UDARA• GARAM Ba /Ca NYA TAK LARUT DALAM
AIR/ALKOHOL ( DALAM ETER)
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FOSFATIDIL
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FOSFATIDIL GLISEROL
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FOSFATIDIL YANG BERIKATAN DENGAN ETANOLAMIN AKAN MEMBERIKAN
FOSFATIDIL ETANOLAMIN (SEFALIN)
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DENGAN KOLIN MEMBENTUK FOSFATIDIL KOLIN (LESITIN)
DENGAN SERIN MEMBENTUK FOSFATIDIL SERIN
DENGAN INOSITOL MEMBENTUK FOSFATIDIL INOSITOL
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LESITIN
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LISOFOSFOLIPID (LISOLESITIN)
CATATAN:
C KE 2 DARI GLISEROLNYA HANYA MEMPUNYAI
GUGUS OH
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FOSFOGLISERASETAL (PLASMOGEN)
• STRUKTURNYA HAMPIR SAMA DENGAN SEFALIN, HANYA SAJA
• C KE 1 MENGANDUNG ASAM LEMAK TAK JENUH
• DAN C KE 2 MENGANDUNG ASAM LEMAK JENUH
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SPINGOMIELIN
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SPINGOMIELINBILA DIHIDROLISA MENGHASILKAN : ASAM LEMAK, ASAM FOSFAT,KOLIN, SPINGOSIN
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GABUNGAN SPINGOSIN DENGAN ASAM LEMAK DISEBUT SERAMIDA
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2. SEREBROSID (GLIKOLIPID)
SEREBROSID TERDIRI DARI UNIT : ASAM LEMAK, SPINGOSIN DANGALAKTOSAOLEH KARENA ITU SEREBROSID DISEBUT JUGA GLIKOLIPID
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Glikolipid senyawa yang mengandung satu atau lebih residu monosakarida yang berikatan dengan lingkar glikosidat
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Yang menjadikannya hidropobik seperti :asilgliserolspingoidseramid (N-asilspingoid) / prenil fosfat.
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SEREBROSID DIBEDAKAN ATAS KANDUNGAN ASAM LEMAKNYA
• KERASIN ASAM LIGNOSERAT• SEREBRON (FRENOSIN) ASAM
SEREBRONAT• NERVON ASAM NERVONAT (= ASAM
LEMAK TAK JENUH )• OKSINERVON ASAM OKSINERVONAT
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ASAM LIGNOSERAT
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GLUKOSEREBROSID
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GALAKTOSEREBROSID
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LAKTOSIL SERAMIDA
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JENIS LAIN DARI SEREBROSID
• SULFATIDA (SULFOLIPID) PADA GALAKTOSIL TERDAPAT GUGUS SULFAT
• GANGLIOSIDA MERUPAKAN GLIKOLIPID YANG MENGANDUNG NANA (ASAM -N-ASETIL NEURAMINIK)
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Sulfatida (disebut juga serebrosid sulfat). Golongan utama bentuk ester 3-sulfat dari galaktosilserebrosid (galaktosil-3-sulfat ester)
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Ditemukan pada jaringan hewan mamalia sebagai gugus
serebrosid.
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ester dari 3-sulfat galaktosilserebrosid (galaktosil-3-
sulfat ester
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Gangliosid
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Merupakan glikolipid yang mengandung NANA
(N-Asetil-Neuraminic Acid)
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C. TURUNAN LIPIDSTEROID
SANGAT BERPERAN SECARA FISIOLOGIS
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Strukturnya berupa lingkar
Dengan kerangka yang dikenal dengan siklo pentano perhidro fenantren
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SIKLO PENTANO PERHIDRO FENANTREN
1
4
11
14
17
19
18
8
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Yang mewakili bentuk tersebut adalah kolesterol
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Bila gugus OH di esterifikasi dengan asam lemak, rantai panjang terbentuk kolesteril ester
Penyebab terjadinya aterosklerosis
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Kolesterol secara signifikan terdapat pada jaringan disemua sel tubuh.
Banyak ditemukan pada lemak hewan. Pada lemak tumbuhan relatif tidak ada.
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Kelas Steroid :
• Kolesterol• Koprostanol• Ergosterol• Asam empedu (bile acid)• Hormon adrenokortikal• Hormon sex• Vitamin D• Kardiak glikosid• Sitosterol
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Koprostanol (koprosterol)
5-kolestan-3-ol
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Kardiak GlikosidKardiak glikosid mempunyai dua tipe
utama yakni : * Bufadienolida steroid C24
* Kardenolida steroid C23
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STRUKTUR KIMIA KARDIAK GLIKOSID
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Kardenolida zat yang mempunyai sifat hormonal alami. Berpengaruh
terhadap jantung dan ginjal.
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Mempunyai rasa yang kuat, menggigit dan tidak dapat
diterima lidah.Kardiotonik ( mempengaruhi
kontraksi otot jantung).Mudah pecah dalam fermentasi oleh aksi
enzimatik.