Unit 2 Grammar and usage

• 过去分词与现在分词一样，都可以起到形容词的作用，在句中作表语，宾补和定语。或者起到副词作用，在句中作状语。

分词作前置定语 ( 不同含义）1.interesting , interested ,exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, a

mazed amusing, amused astonishing, astonished boring, bored confusing, confused disappointing, disappointed encouraging, encouraged embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired

主动与被动2.rising/risen,falling/fallen, developing /developed , changing/ changed, fading /faded, boiled/ boiling ,drowning/ drowned--- 进行与完成3.man-made, wool-making, English-speaking--- wool-making factory English-speaking country与后面的被修饰词构成主动或被动关系4.look,expression,smile,laughter,voice--- 音容笑貌名词可以当作表“人”的名词

He had a _________ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes.

The boy answered in a ________ (frightening, frightened) voice. China is a developing country. ( 发展中的 )America is a developed country. （发达的）

the ruling class 统治阶级 the ruled class 被统治阶级the changing world （正在变化的）the changed world （变化了的）the surprised face 惊讶的脸色satisfied smile 满意的微笑

boiling water （正在沸腾的） boiled water （已经沸腾过的）fading flowers ( 正在凋谢的 ) faded flowers （已经凋谢的）a drowning man （快要淹死的） a drowned man （已经淹死的） falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves 落叶 a retired worker 退休工人 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 returned students 归国留学生

His son was . The old man felt unhappy.

His son was , so he regretted not having prepared much for the test.

分词和动名词修饰名词时的意义区别 : a swimming boy, a swimming pool a walking dictionary, a walking stick running water, running track

disappointing

disappointed

用 disappointed 填空

动名词作定语表示“目的”

分词作后置定语（ -ing, -ed, being –ed)

(1).The boy sitting under that tree is my brother. The boy who is sitting under that tree is my brother.

I know the people building the house there.

I know the people who are building the house there

The building completed last month is a bank

The building that was completed last month is a bank

The house being built over there is a shop. ( 被动 , 正在建 )

The house that is being built over there is a shop.

The house built over there is a shop. （被动、已建好）The house that is built over there is a shop.

分词作宾补I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.

(6). The peasants had the tractor working day and night at harvest time.

(7). Mr Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.

• 1. 语态 时态 含义：（主动与被动， 一般时与完成时， 时间状语， 原因状语， 方式 / 伴随状语 ，条件状语， 结果状语，让步状语） • 2. 主语一致性： 分词语态与主句主语一致• 3. 避免重复连词 • 4. 否定词位置• 5. 有些动词是被动结构主动含义• 6. 有些动词分词作为插入语• 7.Being done 不做状语

分词作状语——要点注意

• 主语一致性 动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如：1.Hearing the news, his tears rolled down his face.

When he heard the news, his tears rolled down his face.

2.Watered in time, he could grow the flower better than before.

Watering the flower in time, he could grow the flower better than before.

Watered in time, the flower could grow better than before.

错

错

Having finished the work ， .

A. it was almost six o'clockB. it’ time to surf the Internet.C. supper had been already prepared D. we had a rest and then had supper

D

分词的含义 A. 作时间状语：____ (take) around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s new loo

k.___________ (wander) through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer. When we were taken around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s n

ew look.While I was wandering through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer.B. 作原因状语：

eg.) _____________ (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder.

_______________ (know) her address, we could get in touch with her.

Because they were encouraged by his heroic deeds, they worked harder.Because we knew her address, we could get in touch with her.

Taken

Wandering

Encouraged

Knowing

C. 方式 / 伴随状语 ; Eg.)She watched the film, _______ (weep ) and _______ (sigh). The teacher stood there, _____________ (surround) by a lot of students.

D. 作条件状语： Eg.)____________ (give) another chance, I would have done the job far better. ______________ (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time.

If I was given another chance , I would have done the job far better.

If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time.

weeping sighing

Given

Playing

surrounded

• E. 作结果状语： ( 意料中的结果 ) Eg.) The hunters fired, __________(shoot) one of the wolves. The bus was held up by the snowstorm, __________ (cause) the delay.

• 区别 : 不定式表示意外的结果 eg.) He hurried to the station, only __________ (find) the train had left.

F. 作让步状语： Eg.) ______________ (rain) heavily, it cleared up very soon.

_________________ (tell) of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

Though it rained heavily, it cleared up very soon.

Though he was told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

shootingcausing

to find

Raining

Told

否定词位置及时间的先后Not having been there, we couldn’t describe the scenery well.

______________ a reply, he decided to write again. 　 A.Not receiving 　　 B. Receiving not 　 C. Not having received 　 D. Having not received

避免重复连词 Because wandering through the square, so I caught sight of a snake-cha

rmer. Wandering through the square, so I caught sight of a snake-charmer.______________more attention, and the trees could have grown better.A.Given B. They are given C. Giving D. Having given

C

B

有些动词看似被动用主动 : 感官动词 suffer belon

g-- _____________ delicious, the soup was sold out sooner

or later. A. To smell B. Smelled C. Smelt D. Smelling

_____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering

C. To suffer D. Suffered

D

A

被动结构主动含义 ( 括号中是对应的主动结词） be seated (sit) , be dressed (wear), be devoted to (devote sth. to ) be involved in ， be addicted to be absorbed in ， be faced with (face/face up to) be convinced (believe) ， be occupied with be determined to ， be intended for based on (depending on) be located in (lie in /stand in) be informed of (know)

对比1.The film was made based on a true old story. The film was made depending on a true old story.

2. Devoted to his research, he almost forgot everything.

Devoting himself to his research, he almost forgot everything.

3.The woman kept her eyes fixed on her baby for quite some time.

The woman kept her eyes looking at her baby for quite some time.

分词作插入语 但是也有分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致的情况，如：　　分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking 一般说来， talking of （ speaking of ） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 ， judging from 从…判断 all things considered 从整体来看 ， considering--- 考虑到 ------taking all things into consideration 　全面看来 provided that---/ supposing that--- 如果 ------例如： Judging from his face, he must be ill. 　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 ____________the past, our life is becoming much better. A. Comparing with B. Be compared with B. C. To compare with D. Compared With

D

有些动词含义不同，同一动词两种语态1.Considering his age, he is not fit for the job. Considered the best detective, he was sent to tra

ck down the assassin

2. Judging from past performances, he is not likely to do very well in his exams.

Judged unpractical, the plan was abandoned.

• 下面考考你，看你是否已经掌握了这一点。1.____from his accent, he must be from Australia. A.Judging B.Judged

• 2.____innocent,he was set free. • A.Judging B.Judged

3.____the state of mind she was in, she’d better stay at home.

• A.Considering B.Considered4.____most useful, English is studied by millions of people in the world.

• A.Considering B.Considered5._____to be the symbol of the nation, the Great Wall has been well preserved.

• A.Considering B.Considered

A

B

A

B

B

动词三种形态比较_________ (catch) the early bus, he got up

early.___________ (catch) the early bus, and you

cannot miss the meeting.__________ (catch) the early bus, you cannot

miss the meeting.

To catch

Catch

Catching

从句与主句主语不一致时使用 独立结构

名词 ( 代词 ) + 现在分词、过去分词；名词 ( 代词 )+ 形容词；名词 ( 代词 )+ 副词；名词 ( 代词 )+ 不定式；名词 ( 代词 ) + 介词短语构成。

The letter having been written, he took it to the post ． When the letter had been written, he took it to the post ．

No one being against it, we will adopt the proposal ． Since no one is against it, we will adopt the proposal ．

• 1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.  A. There was    B. There being   

• C. Because there being D.There were

• 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.  A. Time permits    B. If time permitted   

C. Time permitting   D. Time's permitting3._____, we all went home happily.  A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said

C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said  4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.  

A. It being fine weather     B. It’s being fine weather   C. It was fine weather      D. It being a fine weather  

5.__________, I had to buy a new one.  A. My dictionary losing     B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost     D. Because my dictionary lost

高考连接

6. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.  A. As   B. For   C. With   D. Through

7. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.  A. do     B. doing    C. done     D. to do  

8. He stood there silently, his lips_____.  A. trembling     B. trembled    

 C. were trembling     D. were trembling  9. _________, her suggestion is of greater value than

yours.  A. All things considering         B. All things considered C. All things were considered    D. With all things were considered

Rewrite the example sentences with ParticipleAfter the government continued restoration work for over 100 years, they realized that the work had not been done very well.

While I was reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China.

Continuing restoration work for over 100 years, they realized that the work had not been done very well

While reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China.

Once they were caught, people who deliberately damaged the monument would be fined or even imprisoned.

If the monument is repaired well, it can be restored to its former glory.

Once caught, people who deliberately damaged the monument would be fined or even imprisoned.

If repaired well, it can be restored to its former glory.

Rewrite the example sentences with an attributive

1)The meeting, which was attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.

2)When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door which said“Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.

When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the doorSaying “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

Do the exercise on page 25 in pairs, using a participle clause to rewrite the sentences.

1. The protection of some significant sites is a problem requiring urgent attention.2. The World Heritage list established by UNESCO helps to protect important sites.3. Considering the damage caused by air pollution, the statues have been moved from the open to a protected museum.4. While bringing in money to a country, tourism can also result in damage to the World Heritage sites there.

5. Knowing the dangers, he chose not to enter the ancient building.6. After assessing the damage, the expert produced a reconstruction plan. The expert produced a reconstruction plan after assessing the damage.7. The renovations being incomplete, the public were not allowed onto the site.8. Did you hear those experts complaining that the world had not paid enough attention to the protection of those ancient monuments?

I. Multiple choice:1. _____ the distance was too long and the time was short, we 

decided not to drive to Florida.  A. Discovering B. To discover  C. To have discovered  D. Discovered 

2. ----Hi, Mary. Would you like to go to the concert this evening?  ----Sorry, Tom. ____ tomorrow’s lessons, I have no time to go  out with you.  A. Not preparing  B. Not having prepared  C. Not to prepare D. Being not prepared

3. The building _____ will be completed in a month. It will be our lab building. 

A. to paint  B. being painted  C. to have painted D. painting 

4. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _____ on a big  rock by the side of the path.  A. to have rested  B. resting  C. to rest  D. rest 

5. —The English exam is not difficult, is it?  —_____. Even Tom _____ to the top students failed in it. A. Yes; belongs  B. No; belonged C. Yes; belonging  D. No; belonging 

6. .---What do you suppose made her worried?  ---_______a gold ring.  A. Lose  B. Lost  C. Losing  D. Because of losing 

7.  — Do you feel like _____ out?  — No. I’d rather we _____ a taxi.  A. to drive; take  B. to drive; took  C. driving; take  D. driving; took 

8. At the end of 2004, there were around 6,000 foreign  printing companies in China, _____ up around 4 percent  of national total.  A. made  B. to make  C. making  D. having made 

10. --- Lucy doesn’t seem to be what she was.  --- No． ______ so much in the war has made her more  thoughtful. A.Seen  B. Her seeing  C. Having seen  D. To have seen 

11. —Is there any possibility of the film____ in Paris  International Festival?  —Not in the least, because audience generally think little of it. A. trying out B. tried out C. to try out D. being tried out

12.When she returned home, she found the room lighting and ______ A. entered B. entering C. to enter D. enter

13. —How did you get in touch with Mrs. Green?  —Well, it seems to me that you’ve forgotten _____her telephone number the other day.  A. to tell  B. to have told  C. telling  D. being told 

14. _____several times, the young scientist still kept on making his experiments. 

A. Having been failed  B. Having failed  C. Though failed  D. Because of failure .

14. ---What terrible weather! I simply can’t get the car ---Why not try _____ the engine with some hot water? A. starting; filling  B. start; filling C. started; to fill  D. to start; fill 

15. That’s the best way you thought of____ into the  dangerous areas  ．A. stopping people getting B. to stop people getting C. to keep people getting  D. prevent people from getting 

16. ____on the top of the mountain is an ancient tower _____ back to 2 hundred years ago.A. Standing; dating  B. To stand; to dateC. Having stood; dating  D. Stand; dated 

1. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C, did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing

4. The boy lay on his back, with his teeth ,his right hand , and his glaring eyes straight upward. A. set, raising, looked B. set, raised, looking C. setting, raised, looked D. to set, raising, looking

5.____from space, our earth, with water 70% of its surface, appears as a “blue planet”. A. Seeing, covering B. Having seen, covered C. To see, covered D. Seen, covering

6. My brother left the work half , for you can find many books scattered on the floor. A. done, lying B. doing, lain C. do , lay D. did, lie

8. Having been served lunch .A. the problem was discussed by the members of the clubB. the members of the club discussed the problemC. it was discussed by the members of the clubD. a discussion of the problem was made by the members

9. He has lots of books, that he is still young. A. considering B. considered C. being considered D. our considering10. “ more attention, my pronunciation will be improved greatly.”, and “___more time, I will improve my pronunciation greatly”. A. Given, Giving B. Given, Given C. Giving, Giving D. Giving, Given

11. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay

13.___is know to all, China will be an and powerful country in 20 or 30 year’ time. A. That, advancing B. This advanced C. As, advanced D. It, advancing

14. Jack didn’t get his bicycle soon enough at Jack’s, for John had a lot of bicycles ______at the time. A. to be repaired, to repair B. repaired, to repair C. to repair, to be repaired D. to repair, repaired

15. She felt rather that she should drive the car at such a speed. A. frightening, frightening B. frightened, frightened C. frightening, frightened D. frightened, frightening

• 16. The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 　

A. have written 　 B. to be written 　B. C. being written 　 D. written• 17. There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.　A. followed 　 B. following 　B. C. to be followed 　 D. being followed• 18. _______, liquids can be changed into gases.• A. Heating 　 B. To be heated 　 C. Heated 　 D. Heat• 19. The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speec

h for the president. • A. to prepare 　 B. preparing 　 • C. prepared 　 D. was preparing 　• 20. ______ a reply, he decided to write again. 　 • A. Not receiving 　　 B. Receiving not 　• C. Not having received 　 D. Having not received 　　

• 21. He wrote a letter to his sister, _________ that he would not come back.

• A. saying B. to tell C. and telling D. told• 22. We must keep them _______ of what is going

on here.• A. informing B. informed• C. to inform D. being informed• 23. _____ to leave the work ______, they kept at it,

_____ up until 2 o’clock.• A.Not wanting, unfinished, stayed; • B. Not to want, unfinishing, stayed • C. Not wanting, unfinished, staying; D.Not to wanting, unfinishing, staying

• 25.It isn’t _______ that he failed to pass the exam.

• A. surprise B. surprising• C. surprised D. to surprise• 26.Climbing mountains is ______, so we all

felt ______.• A. tiring, tired B. tired, tiring • C. tiring, tiring D. tired, tired• 28. Mary, you must get your room ______

today after school.A. cleaned B. Cleaning B. C. to clean D. to be cleaned

• 29. Keep you mouth _______ and your eyes ________.• A. shut, opened B. shutting, open• C. shut, open D. shutting, opened

• 30. There is a river _______ around our school.• A. to run B. running C. run D. to be running

• 32. The watch ________ now is hers.• A. repaired B. to be repaired• C. being repaired D. having been repaired• 33. Most of the people _______ to the party were old friends.• A. invited B. inviting• C. to invite D. having been invited

Homework!

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