ComputersComputersHistoryHistory

How to make one from marblesHow to make one from marblesMooreMoore’’s Laws Law

Sohaib Ahmad KhanSohaib Ahmad Khan

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Early History: AbacusEarly History: Abacus

In use since 300 B.C.In use since 300 B.C.addition, subtraction, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, multiplication, division, square roots, cube rootssquare roots, cube roots……Not really a computer, but Not really a computer, but rather a rather a computing aidcomputing aidStill in use todayStill in use today

http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/

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Early History: Napier BonesEarly History: Napier Bones

Circa 1600sCirca 1600sMultiplications and Multiplications and divisions converted into divisions converted into additionsadditionsPredecessor to the slide Predecessor to the slide rulerule

http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~greg/calculators/napier/

From Computing Aids to ComputersFrom Computing Aids to Computers

What is a computer?What is a computer?

Input Processing Output

http://65.107.211.206/technology/jacquard.htmlSlide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College

Intricate textile patterns were prized in France in early 1800s. Jacquard’s loom (1805-6) used punched cards to allow only some rods to bring the thread into the loom on each shuttle pass.

Jacquard Loom Jacquard Loom -- A mechanical device that A mechanical device that influenced early computer designinfluenced early computer design

Sheets of punched cards set the Sheets of punched cards set the pattern of the weavepattern of the weave

http://65.107.211.206/technology/jacquard.htmlSlide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College

How Can You Make Your How Can You Make Your Own Computer?Own Computer?

How to make your own computerHow to make your own computer

How to make an adder?How to make an adder?–– Because an adder can be used to make a Because an adder can be used to make a

multipliermultiplier

To keep things simple, lets talk To keep things simple, lets talk BINARYBINARY

11001111001100110011110000000000

CarryCarryResultResult22ndnd numbernumber11stst numbernumber

Two Switches and Two Switches and ANDAND OperationOperation

111111000011001100000000

ResultResult22ndnd

numbernumber11stst

numbernumber

Water in

Valve 1 Valve 2

Water out

PowerSource

Bulb

Other Operations with two switchesOther Operations with two switches

111111110011111100000000

ResultResult22ndnd

numbernumber11stst

numbernumber

OR Operation

001111110011111100000000

ResultResult22ndnd

numbernumber11stst

numbernumber

XOR Operation

11--Bit Binary AdderBit Binary Adder

11001111

00110011

00111100

00000000

CarryCarryResultResult22ndnd numbernumber11stst numbernumber

Carry

Result

Input 1

Input 2AND

XOR

SummarySummary

Using adders, I can make a large Using adders, I can make a large computercomputerI can make adders using switchesI can make adders using switchesThe output of one switch should be able The output of one switch should be able to toggle another switchto toggle another switch–– Because I may want to use lots of switches in Because I may want to use lots of switches in

a cascadea cascade

The The ‘‘BuntaBunta’’ SwitchSwitch

Input

Output

The The ‘‘BuntaBunta’’ AND GateAND Gate

Input 1

Output

Input 2

The The ‘‘BuntaBunta’’ ArgumentArgument

A computer is just a whole lot of adders A computer is just a whole lot of adders put togetherput together……I can make a an adder using I can make a an adder using ‘‘buntasbuntas’’Therefore, I can make a computer using Therefore, I can make a computer using ‘‘buntasbuntas’’

The The ‘‘BuntaBunta’’ ComputerComputer

Pentium 4 has about 40 million switches in itPentium 4 has about 40 million switches in itSuppose I can make a Suppose I can make a ‘‘buntabunta’’ switch in a 25 cmswitch in a 25 cm22

areaareaLets put 30% overhead for interLets put 30% overhead for inter--connections connections between switchesbetween switchesThen I need 1.3 billion cmThen I need 1.3 billion cm22, or 130,000 m, or 130,000 m22

areaarea……Other Ideas: I can also make a computer from Other Ideas: I can also make a computer from water pipes and valveswater pipes and valves…… or light switchesor light switches…… oror……

Charles BabbageCharles BabbageBabbage is known as the Babbage is known as the father of modern computingfather of modern computingbecause he was the first because he was the first person to design a general person to design a general purpose computing device. purpose computing device. In 1822, Babbage began to In 1822, Babbage began to design and build a small design and build a small working model of an working model of an automatic mechanical automatic mechanical calculating machine, which he calculating machine, which he called a "difference engine". called a "difference engine". Example: It could find the Example: It could find the first 30 prime numbers in two first 30 prime numbers in two and a half minutes. and a half minutes.

Source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/page3.asp, Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College

In the Science Museum, London

source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/page5.aspSlide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College

The Analytical EngineThe machine was to operate automatically, by steam power, and would require only one attendant.

CurtaCurta Pocket CalculatorsPocket Calculators

Mechanical Calculator Mechanical Calculator that can do complex that can do complex operationsoperationsCirca 1960Circa 1960’’ssWent out of Went out of production with the production with the advent of the advent of the electronic calculatorelectronic calculator

Advent of Modern ComputingAdvent of Modern Computing

Vacuum Vacuum TubesTubes

TransistorsTransistors

ENIAC ENIAC –– ((EElectrical lectrical NNumerical umerical IIntegrator ntegrator AAnd nd CCalculator), built by alculator), built by PresperPresper Eckert and John Eckert and John

MauchlyMauchly at Moore School of Engineering, at Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1941University of Pennsylvania, 1941--4646

Often called the first computer (that was electronic, programmable, general purpose and digital).

ENIACENIAC18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tonstonsDuration of an average run without some failure Duration of an average run without some failure was only a few hours, although it was predicted was only a few hours, although it was predicted to not run at all! to not run at all! When it ran, the lights in Philadelphia dimmed!When it ran, the lights in Philadelphia dimmed!ENIAC Stored a maximum of twenty 10ENIAC Stored a maximum of twenty 10--digit digit decimal numbers. decimal numbers. Input: IBM card readerInput: IBM card readerOutput: Punched cards, lightsOutput: Punched cards, lights

ENIACENIAC

Programming required rewiring of the machine,

Source: http://ftp.arl.army.mil/ftp/historic-computers/

Early MicroprocessorEarly Microprocessor

Intel 8080, 1975, 4500 transistorsIntel 8080, 1975, 4500 transistors

http://www.cs.washington.edu/people/faculty/lazowska/faculty.lecture/chips/8080.html

MooreMoore’’s Laws Law

Stated in 1965Stated in 1965Not a real lawNot a real law““The number of transistors The number of transistors on a chip roughly doubles on a chip roughly doubles every two yearsevery two years””““The cost of making a The cost of making a transistor on a chip roughly transistor on a chip roughly halves every two yearshalves every two years””

http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=memelist.html?m=17%23593

The Pentium 4, which debuted in 2000, sported 42 million transistors. Dual-core Itaniums have more than a billion.Credit: Intel

ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Printed_Materials/Moores_Law_Backgrounder.pdf

ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Printed_Materials/Moores_Law_2pg.pdf