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:

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2.

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() Kirkpatrick

I

C.P. DianaS.H.

-

-

II

.....................................................1

................................................1

..........................................3

................................................5

..............................................5

...........................................24

...........................................28

...............................30

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.....................35

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.....................................41

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.........................................48

...........................................50

.....................................52

.........................................52

T T .........................55

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...........................................61

...........................................65

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III

2-1 .......................................... 27

3-1 .....................................................40

3-2 .......................................45

2-1 .......................................14

2-2 .................................................22

2-3 ...........................................25

2-4 ...............................................29

3-1 ............................................44

3-2 ............................46

3-3 .............................................46

3-4 .................................47

3-5 .................................................49

4-1 .................................52

4-2 .................................53

4-3 .............................53

4-4 .................................54

4-5 ............................54

4-6 t............................. 55 4-7 t.................... 55 4-8 t... .................56 4-9 t........................... 56 4-10 ....................................57

4-11 ............................................58

4-12 ............................................59

4-13 ....................61

4-14 ................62

4-15 ......................63

4-16

.................................................. 64

4-17 ............................65

5-1 .....................................67

IV

Scoot, 1988Wagner, Baldwin, Roland, 1991

ASTD, American Society

for Training and Development 1996

1999

McKenzie2000

2004

1

Andragogy

2003marginal

utility

1999The

Wisdom of Teams

Belbi

2001

2

Donald L. Kirkpatrick

reaction levellearning levelbehavior level

result level

3

4

:

AEE, 1995John Dewey

learning by doing

Direct Experience

Dewey, 1938

2004

5

Kraft & Sakofs1985

2004

1.

2.

3.

4. Reflection

5.

2004

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6

84b

Outward Bound1913

Kurt Hahn

AEE1977 John Dewey

The National Outdoor Leadership School

WEA

Project Adventure

John Dewey

1938

Experience and Education

2004Experiential

LearningAdventure Education 1970

North Carolina

7

experiential forms

Outward Bound

Project Adventure,

P.A.

peak experience P.A.

Adventure Education

John Dewey learning by doingKurt Lewin

experiential learning cycle

experiential learning cycle

Gass, 1993

Dewey, 1938

Kolb1984experiential

8

reflectinggeneralizingapplying

Concrete experience

Observation & reflection

Forming abstract concepts

Testing in new situations

Transfer of Learning

9

Bruner, 1960

Gass, 1990

specific transfer

non-specific transfer

metaphoric transfer

similaranalogous

metaphorical

Gass1990

10

/

internalize

significant others

processing

debriefingfacilitating

follow-up

11

Outward Bound Project Adventure

Outward BoundBank1985

risk-taking2001

Adventure Educahonadventure

2001

1980

Clements, Wagner & Roland, 1995

1.

2.

3. 40

12

Clements,

Wagner & Roland, 1995

1.

2.

3.

4. 1960

13

2-1

2-1

14

2-1

15

2-1

16

2-1

17

V

18

2-1

2002

1970

Clements, Wagner, & Roland,

1995

1.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

19

2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

/

1.

1.

2.

3.

20

2.

1.

2.

Wendy Yeadon, 1994

Wendy Yeadon, 1994

Gall, 1987;

Wagel, 1986

21

2-2

Bank1985 AMIAmerican Medical International

AMI

Bank1985

GECGeneral Electric Company

WagnerWeigand

1991

St. Lukes hospital

WagnerRoland

1992

1200

2001

22

http://datas.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/theabs/1/flyweb.cgi?p=64405&i=146768&t=290&o=i%B0%EA%A5%DF%A4%A4%A5%BF%A4j%BE%C7.sc#1http://datas.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/theabs/1/flyweb.cgi?p=64405&i=146768&t=290&o=i%B0%EA%A5%DF%A4%A4%A5%BF%A4j%BE%C7.sc#1http://datas.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/theabs/1/flyweb.cgi?p=64405&i=146768&t=290&o=i%B3%D2%A4u%AC%E3%A8s%A9%D2.dp#1

soft-skill

23

Grove & Ostroff,

1991 Goldstein, 1986; Hinrichs, 1976

Laurie. Bassi and Daniel P. Mcmurrer

1998 1996 ASTD 93%

ROI

ASTD

1999

Goldstein, 1986 2-3

24

2-3

Hamblin 1974

Snyder

Raben& Farr

1980

1983

Tracy 1983

1983

Clegg 1987

1995

1997

25

1994

Easterby Smith1994

-

-

-

-

26

2-1 : D.A. Grove, & C. Ostroff, 1991. Program Evaluation . In K.N. Wexley Ed. Developing Human Resources PP. 5-158 to 5-220. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs.

27

Kirkpatrick

Techniques for Evaluation Training

Programs

Kirkpatrick :

: Reaction level

: Learning level

: Behavior level

: Result level

28

2-4

Korb 1956

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Trskiel 1982

1. 2. 3.

1.

Dopyera 1983

1. 2.

3.

Phillips 1983

1. 2.

Gel Gaizo 1984

1. ? 2. ? 3. ?4. :?

: 1997,

29

Noe & Schmitt1986

2004

1996

Bruner

Bruner

2003

2003

1. Thorndike

2. Pavlov and Watson

3. Skinner

4. Brunner

5. Ausubel

6. Rogers

7. Maslow

30

2003

31

McKenzie2000

2004

2004

Priest Leadership Skills

Priest 19901.

Technical Activity Skills 2.Safety Skills 3.

Organizational Skills 4.Environmental Skills

5.Instructional Skills 6.Group Management

Skills 7.Problem Solving and Decision-Making

Skills

2001 Balgopal & Vassil1983Trotzer

1989Corey1990 Corey & Corey1992 Trotzer

32

. 1.active listening

2.restating

3.

4. 5.reflecting

feelings 6.

initiating 7.empathizing

. 1.interpreting 2.supporting 3.

emphasizing 4.facilitating 5.evaluating 6.

giving feedback 7.protecting 8. 9.

blocking 10.linking 11.limiting 12.

13.timing

C. 1. 2.confronting 3.goal

setting 4. 5.self-disclosing 6.modeling

7.probing 8.tone setting 9.cognitive

restructuring 10.role-playing 11.sequencing

12.partializing 13.universalizing

2004

Corey & Corey

Corey & Corey1992

personal characteristics20011.

2. 3. 4. 5.

33

6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13.

Priest Leadership Attributes

Priest19901.

Motivational Philosophy and Interest 2.

Physical Fitness 3.Healthy Self-Concept and Ego

4.Awareness and Empathy for Others 5.

Personable Traits and Behavior 6.Flexible

Leadership Style 7.Judgment Based on Experience

34

marginal utility

2004

BrundageMackeracher1980

BrundageMackeracher

Knowles

2004

1

35

2

3

4

5

McKenzie2000

group

Walsh & Golins19767 - 1 5

20041999The Wisdom of Teams

Belbin

2001

cooperative learningBrandt, 1984

Johnson & Johnson, 1984 ; Woolry etal, 1991

Johnson & Johnson,

1984 ; 1987

Johnson & Johnson, 1994

1996

Johnson and Johnson1994

36

:

,

37

Latham1988

Decker & Nathan1985

Bandura 1986Self-Efficacy

Bandura,

1986

Gist, Schwoerer, & Rosen 1989

Tannenbaum & Mathieu 1991

Ford1992

38

1995

Mitchell, 1981Motivation

1993

Steer & Porter, 1975

Training Motivation

Vroom 1964 Expectancy Theory

value

:

1.

2.

Raynor, 1970

39

3-1

&

3-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

12

15

Bandura, 1986

1999 Sherer &

Maddux 19821997

10

10

2004

41

2004

Priest1990

Corey & Corey1992

Rohnke & Butler1995

hsb.baylor.edu 2001

4

15 30

,

2003

8

4

3

42

60

IC

Cluster Sampling

50 50

43

Team Building Workshop 16

3-1

3-1

GPS

44

3-2

3-2

1989p.337

45

3-2

1.

20

2.

15

1.

12

2.

30

3.

15

4.

15

3-3

46

quasi-experiment

3-4

&

59 59 59 57 57 57 74 69

51 51 51 49 49 49 61 55

8 4 8 6 6 6 12 7

44 47 44 43 43 43 49 48

75% 80% 75% 75% 75% 75% 66% 70%

47

Validity Analysis

content

validity

Reliability Analysis

alpha if item deleted Cronbachs 0.70

recode

48

3-5

Cronbachs

1 - 10 --- 0.80

1 - 10 --- 0.84

1-5 --- 0.96

6-10 --- 0.92

11-12 --- 0.87 91215 --- 0.79

1-3 --- 0.78 101113 --- 0.84

4-6 --- 0.85

7814 7814 0.59

91112 --- 0.74

4-6 --- 0.87 13-15 --- 0.77

7810 --- 0.90

1-3 --- 0.76

1 - 8 4 0.89

Cronbachs 0.70

Cronbachs 0.707814

49

Chi-square test of homogeneity of proportions

T Independent-sample t-test

T paired-sample t-test

Correlation analysis

Pearson

Multiple regression analysis

Hierarchical analysis

50

51

test of homogeneity of proportions

4-14-24-34-44-5

4-1

6 3 1 4

6 - 12 5 6 11

1 3 3 11 14

3 5 14 17 31

5 10 15 10 25

10 3 3 6

43 48 91

2 6.70

p 0.24

***p

4-2

5 6 11

38 42 80

43 48 91

2 0.02

p 0.90

***p

4-4

20-25 1 1 2

26-30 12 14 26

31-35 16 22 38

36-40 14 10 24

40 0 1 1

43 48 91

2 2.50

p 0.65

***p

T T

4-6 t

T

57.91 10.81

66.98 10.01 4.04***

12-tailed test 2***p

4-8 T

4-8 t

T

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58.13 10.65 0.10

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two-tailed test

0.90 0.70~0.90 0.50~0.70

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4-10

4-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. 1.00

2. .04 1.00

3.

-.11 .64*** 1.00

4.

-.04 .51*** .66*** 1.00

5. .26 -.31* -.16 -.12 1.00

6. .09 .50** .37* .38* -.10 1.00

7.

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8. -.17 -.04 -.15 -.02 .16 .35* .25 1.00

***p

4-10

r=0.04 4

4-1143

1033

1. 10100%

2. 10100%

3. 8

80%

4-11

1 33 77 2 8 19 3 1 2 4 0 0

N=43

5 1 2 10 100

N=10 0 0 10 100

N=10 0 0 8 80

N=10 2 20

58

4-10

r=0.50, p

6

4-1243 79%

598%

2030

61%72%

70%51%

60

4-13

B Beta T

1.59 1.28

0.12 0.12 0.54

0.39 0.32 2.03*

0.27 0.26 1.29

-0.05 -0.07 -0.38

N 43

F 3.85**

R2 0.29

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4-14

B Beta T

1.23 1.06

-0.21 -0.22 -0.83

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0.60 0.55 2.79**

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4-15

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N 43

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***p

4-16

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58.09 0.36

2.36 0.14 0.10

11.16 0.78 0.50

-18.83 -1.41 -0.83

-2.21 -1.16 -0.62

3.35 1.89 0.92

N 43

F 1.58

R2 0.07

Adjusted R2 -0.07 ***p

hierarchical regression analysis

4-17

4-17

.51*** .39* .40*

.09 .09

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.01

R2 .26 .29 .29

R2 .26 .03 .00

F 14.59*** 5.22** 3.82*

***p

F

66

Kirkpatrick

5-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

67

Kirkpatrick

Alliger & Janak1989 Kirkpatrick

meta-analysis

Alliger & Janak

1989 Kirkpatrick

68

579%203098%

29%p

5 20 30

70

Kirkpatrick

71

Kirkpatrick

72

1.1995

2.2001

3.1999

4.200320033

5.2003

6.2001

7.1999-

8.2003

9.1997

10.1997-

11.2001

12.2004~

http://www.cyc.org.tw/se/Documents/HTM/Experiential.htm

73

13.2004

http://www.ccyl.org.cn/dcyjwz/files/06.htm

14.1996

15.2004

16.1999

17.2001

18.2004 Experiential Learning

http://www.cef.org.tw/magazine/fly/fly030304.html

19.2004

20.1989

p.337

21.1999

22.1996

23.2004

24.1996

25.1993

26.2004

http://www.colors.idv.tw/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?

topic_id=26&forum=1 & post_id=35#forumpost35

27.1994

28.2002

74

29.1992

114-120

30.2003

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1. .

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4. .

5.

6.

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80

___1.

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4growing 5Performing

___2.

(1) 2

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___3. Belbin1991

1 2 3 4 5

___4.

(1) 2 3 4

5

___5. Robert B. Maddux1993

(1)2 3 4 5

O X

___ 1.

___ 2.

___ 3. -

___ 4.

___ 5.

___ 6. -

___ 7.

___ 8.

___ 9.

___ 10.

81

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11.

12..

82

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

1.

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3.

4.

5.

6.

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8.

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83

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86

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