蔡繼志醫師 辜公亮基金會和信治癌中心醫院 臺北市 - landseed · 2020. 8. 28. ·...

68
病歷書寫 病歷書寫 蔡繼志醫師 辜公亮基金會和信治癌中心醫院 臺北市 Apri 8, 2006 蔡繼志醫師 辜公亮基金會和信治癌中心醫院 臺北市 Apri 8, 2006

Upload: others

Post on 07-Feb-2021

4 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 病歷書寫病歷書寫

    蔡繼志醫師

    辜公亮基金會和信治癌中心醫院

    臺北市

    Apri 8, 2006

    蔡繼志醫師

    辜公亮基金會和信治癌中心醫院

    臺北市

    Apri 8, 2006

  • 病歷書寫病歷書寫I. 病歷書寫基本要求(Fundamental Requirements in Medical Record)

    II. 病歷重要成分 (Important Components in Medical Record)

    III. 病歷構造 (Medical Record Structures)

    IV. 病情進展記錄(Disease Progress Recording)

    V. 以英文記載病歷常見的錯誤 (Common Errors in English Chart Writing)

    VI. 結論 (Concluding Remarks)

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求(Fundamental Requirements in Medical Record)

    II. 病歷重要成分 (Important Components in Medical Record)

    III. 病歷構造 (Medical Record Structures)

    IV. 病情進展記錄(Disease Progress Recording)

    V. 以英文記載病歷常見的錯誤 (Common Errors in English Chart Writing)

    VI. 結論 (Concluding Remarks)

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求一般通則

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求一般通則

    每張病歷都應用病人的姓名、病歷號碼或床位

    病歷的書寫宜用深色筆或打字,不可用易擦掉的鉛筆

    記錄過的病歷,若不得已需做更正時,在該句上畫橫線 ,不可塗滅,並記錄更改日期及時間,且要簽名以示負責。

    代號或縮寫應以醫學上通用者為限。但診斷尤其出院診斷要寫全名。

    病歷記錄後必須簽全名或簽章。記錄若由護理師, 實習醫師或住院醫師繕寫,主治醫師必須核簽或修正,以示督導之責任。

    每張病歷都應用病人的姓名、病歷號碼或床位

    病歷的書寫宜用深色筆或打字,不可用易擦掉的鉛筆

    記錄過的病歷,若不得已需做更正時,在該句上畫橫線 ,不可塗滅,並記錄更改日期及時間,且要簽名以示負責。

    代號或縮寫應以醫學上通用者為限。但診斷尤其出院診斷要寫全名。

    病歷記錄後必須簽全名或簽章。記錄若由護理師, 實習醫師或住院醫師繕寫,主治醫師必須核簽或修正,以示督導之責任。

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求一般通則

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求一般通則

    做診療處置或任何狀況的改變檢查後,要即時做紀錄 。

    記錄時,要標明時間(年月日),在ICU則需加註時分 。

    必須以明確(specific),真實(factual),易讀(legible) 與客觀(objective)的文字記載 。

    記錄必須正確(accurate)、完整(complete)、周詳(comprehensive)而一致(consistent),, 適時(timely)有關連性(relevant) 。

    做診療處置或任何狀況的改變檢查後,要即時做紀錄 。

    記錄時,要標明時間(年月日),在ICU則需加註時分 。

    必須以明確(specific),真實(factual),易讀(legible) 與客觀(objective)的文字記載 。

    記錄必須正確(accurate)、完整(complete)、周詳(comprehensive)而一致(consistent),, 適時(timely)有關連性(relevant) 。

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    A. 病歷是事實的陳述 (Factual and Accurate)

    病史:由病人自己敘述為最真實,當病人無法自我陳述,必記載病史從何人取得。

    現病況:盡量記述發生日期,如為急性症狀甚至要記載時刻,以利鑑別診斷。

    手術或外傷出血:必須詢問有無輸血,多少量,可以估計重度,有無輸血反應。

    過去病史:不要只寫疾病名稱,應詳追問診斷及治療的細節。

    A. 病歷是事實的陳述 (Factual and Accurate)

    病史:由病人自己敘述為最真實,當病人無法自我陳述,必記載病史從何人取得。

    現病況:盡量記述發生日期,如為急性症狀甚至要記載時刻,以利鑑別診斷。

    手術或外傷出血:必須詢問有無輸血,多少量,可以估計重度,有無輸血反應。

    過去病史:不要只寫疾病名稱,應詳追問診斷及治療的細節。

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    A. 病歷是事實的陳述 (Factual and Accurate) (續)

    家族史:父母之存亡、死因有否遺傳性之疾病,應加記載

    曾看過其他醫師:不宜寫LMD或local hospital , 應知道是哪一位醫師或哪一家醫院,以便聯絡多了解病史或做將來追蹤之準備。

    凡是抗生素、消炎藥、止痛劑(包括麻藥)、類固醇、安定劑(sedative)、安眠藥(hypnotic)等藥物,有服用2週以上或經常習慣服用的病人,一定要詳細問診與記錄

    A. 病歷是事實的陳述 (Factual and Accurate) (續)

    家族史:父母之存亡、死因有否遺傳性之疾病,應加記載

    曾看過其他醫師:不宜寫LMD或local hospital , 應知道是哪一位醫師或哪一家醫院,以便聯絡多了解病史或做將來追蹤之準備。

    凡是抗生素、消炎藥、止痛劑(包括麻藥)、類固醇、安定劑(sedative)、安眠藥(hypnotic)等藥物,有服用2週以上或經常習慣服用的病人,一定要詳細問診與記錄

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    B.病歷紀述要清楚完整 (Specific and Complete)

    對每一症狀發生的時間要明確,它的嚴重性及病情持續多久,有無相關的其他症狀,都必須清楚記載。如Around 3 pm yesterday, he had a sudden onset of chest pain, cold sweat, associated with nausea and vomiting which lasted for 15 minutes before arriving to our hospital.

    各項症狀發生之前後順序及有關的情況,也要盡量列入。

    從症狀發生到病人就診期間,所有的變化(如加重、減輕或消失)都當清楚記述。

    B.病歷紀述要清楚完整 (Specific and Complete)

    對每一症狀發生的時間要明確,它的嚴重性及病情持續多久,有無相關的其他症狀,都必須清楚記載。如Around 3 pm yesterday, he had a sudden onset of chest pain, cold sweat, associated with nausea and vomiting which lasted for 15 minutes before arriving to our hospital.

    各項症狀發生之前後順序及有關的情況,也要盡量列入。

    從症狀發生到病人就診期間,所有的變化(如加重、減輕或消失)都當清楚記述。

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    C. 病歷紀錄應有關聯性 (Relevant)

    盡量列出病人過去健康上的問題及發生現病況之診治經過。病人用藥的配合度也應盡量列入。

    與現病況有關之過去病史均應列入現病況中記述。

    (例)10年前因胃潰瘍穿孔手術,最近幾個月感覺飢餓胃痛,2 週前胃酸過多,7天前服感冒藥,三天前開始解黑便,均應一併記載,因為這些症狀均可能與本疾病之診斷有關。

    C. 病歷紀錄應有關聯性 (Relevant)

    盡量列出病人過去健康上的問題及發生現病況之診治經過。病人用藥的配合度也應盡量列入。

    與現病況有關之過去病史均應列入現病況中記述。

    (例)10年前因胃潰瘍穿孔手術,最近幾個月感覺飢餓胃痛,2 週前胃酸過多,7天前服感冒藥,三天前開始解黑便,均應一併記載,因為這些症狀均可能與本疾病之診斷有關。

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求特別應注意要點

    D. 病歷紀述的文字表達要易解 (Legible)

    最好以病人的口吻敘述,才不會失真。最好不要自行詮釋,更不要 “自己(我…)認定”或以 “醫學專有名詞”去取代病人的症狀。英文紀錄如不達意, 可用熟悉的語言或文字,以避免詞不達意。

    (例)“腰酸背痛”-不要用renal colic, 可用 backache or soreness in the lower back 或留存中文。

    如用手寫, 不可龍飛鳳舞, 令人看不懂(Illegible) 。

    D. 病歷紀述的文字表達要易解 (Legible)

    最好以病人的口吻敘述,才不會失真。最好不要自行詮釋,更不要 “自己(我…)認定”或以 “醫學專有名詞”去取代病人的症狀。英文紀錄如不達意, 可用熟悉的語言或文字,以避免詞不達意。

    (例)“腰酸背痛”-不要用renal colic, 可用 backache or soreness in the lower back 或留存中文。

    如用手寫, 不可龍飛鳳舞, 令人看不懂(Illegible) 。

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求症狀盡量“量化”(Quantification)I. 病歷書寫基本要求症狀盡量“量化”(Quantification)

    Frequency (頻率)

    Intensity (強度)

    Increasing / Decreasing

    Comparison (比較) with the past

    症狀量化例子

    BW:增減幾公斤,多少時間內

    出血:點狀,大量,血塊,用何止血,幾天,增或減

    腹瀉:頻數,量,幾天

    Frequency (頻率)

    Intensity (強度)

    Increasing / Decreasing

    Comparison (比較) with the past

    症狀量化例子

    BW:增減幾公斤,多少時間內

    出血:點狀,大量,血塊,用何止血,幾天,增或減

    腹瀉:頻數,量,幾天

  • 1. Who

    2. What

    3. When

    4. Where

    5. How-why

    1. Who

    2. What

    3. When

    4. Where

    5. How-why

    I. 病歷書寫基本要求如何『完整地描寫』?I. 病歷書寫基本要求如何『完整地描寫』?

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求如何『完整地描寫』?I. 病歷書寫基本要求如何『完整地描寫』?

    Who? - 名詞, 主詞

    狹義的:誰?(很清楚)

    廣義的:年齡、性別、婚姻、教育、工作、旅遊、

    接觸、過去病史、家族史、特殊習慣、飲食嗜好、

    等等。

    Who? - 名詞, 主詞

    狹義的:誰?(很清楚)

    廣義的:年齡、性別、婚姻、教育、工作、旅遊、

    接觸、過去病史、家族史、特殊習慣、飲食嗜好、

    等等。

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求如何『完整地描寫』?I. 病歷書寫基本要求如何『完整地描寫』?

    What: 發生什麼事?主訴及其他症狀?

    When: 何時開始?症狀有多久?

    Where: 在什麼地點開始有症狀?在什麼醫院或診

    所看過?誰是醫師?做了什麼?

    How-why: 如何發生?如何治療過?用什麼藥物或

    方法?結果如何?以後應如何?為什麼發生?可

    以預防嗎?

    What: 發生什麼事?主訴及其他症狀?

    When: 何時開始?症狀有多久?

    Where: 在什麼地點開始有症狀?在什麼醫院或診

    所看過?誰是醫師?做了什麼?

    How-why: 如何發生?如何治療過?用什麼藥物或

    方法?結果如何?以後應如何?為什麼發生?可

    以預防嗎?

  • I. 病歷書寫基本要求新制醫院評鑑必要項目I. 病歷書寫基本要求新制醫院評鑑必要項目

    必可�5.5.1.3�手術與麻醉方式及其優缺點、手術以外之其他替代方案應向病人詳盡說明並簽署手術及麻醉同意書�

    必�3.2.1.1�應向病人適當說明病情及治療方式、特殊治療及處置,說明內容應有紀錄��

    必�5.1.4.1�住院、門診、急診病歷應詳實記載病況變化及治療方式說明等,以供事後檢討��

  • II. 病歷重要成分寫法Chief Complaint 的寫法

    II. 病歷重要成分寫法Chief Complaint 的寫法

    主訴是這次住院的最主要症狀或目的,除症狀或徵象外應有發病時間(time of onset)及發作的緩急(mode of onset)及長短 (duration)

    發病的時間可以寫出日期,但要加寫發病後經過的時或日數, 不能只寫日期。On July 4, about ten days prior to admission.而不是On last Sunday prior to admission.

    有時病人是要來作檢查或治療,並無任何不適,這時候的主訴要寫住院檢查的原因。

    [例] I am here today for the second course of anti-cancer drug therapy

    主訴是這次住院的最主要症狀或目的,除症狀或徵象外應有發病時間(time of onset)及發作的緩急(mode of onset)及長短 (duration)

    發病的時間可以寫出日期,但要加寫發病後經過的時或日數, 不能只寫日期。On July 4, about ten days prior to admission.而不是On last Sunday prior to admission.

    有時病人是要來作檢查或治療,並無任何不適,這時候的主訴要寫住院檢查的原因。

    [例] I am here today for the second course of anti-cancer drug therapy

  • II. 病歷重要成分寫法Chief Complaint 的寫法:可精、簡,

    但用適當的形容詞 (6 W’s 或添油加醋)可以更清楚

    II. 病歷重要成分寫法Chief Complaint 的寫法:可精、簡,

    但用適當的形容詞 (6 W’s 或添油加醋)可以更清楚

    1. Chest pain for 2 hours.

    2. Precordial pain for 2 hours.

    3. Excruciating precordial pain for 2

    hours.

    4. Sudden onset of excruciating precordial

    pain 2 hours ago.

    5. Sudden onset of excruciating precordial

    pain 2 hours ago during exercise on a

    stationary bicycle at a gymnasium.

    1. Chest pain for 2 hours.

    2. Precordial pain for 2 hours.

    3. Excruciating precordial pain for 2

    hours.

    4. Sudden onset of excruciating precordial

    pain 2 hours ago.

    5. Sudden onset of excruciating precordial

    pain 2 hours ago during exercise on a

    stationary bicycle at a gymnasium.

  • II. 病歷重要成分寫法現病況(present illness)II. 病歷重要成分寫法

    現病況(present illness)

    應對這次發病的各種不同症狀演變的先後次序以及發病前後病人所發生的事詳加描述。應含生病之時間及發病部位特殊症狀,以及由疾病所造成其他生理機能之影響、有無相關症狀、演變過程、症狀之嚴重度(severity)、有無造成症狀改善或惡化的因素

    記錄的原則

    應按照症狀出現之前後順序記錄,不要有回溯或倒裝句法來記錄病情。

    記錄病人就醫過程時,病人若有看過哪個診所或醫院的名稱,應寫出哪個診所或醫院,並將醫師的名字記錄。

    慢性病(如高血壓、糖尿病、慢性腎衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾、關節炎等)必須記錄藥物的名稱和劑量、病人服藥情形和反應

    若病情及診斷不甚明朗,要詳述可能知道的症狀及治療經過。

    應對這次發病的各種不同症狀演變的先後次序以及發病前後病人所發生的事詳加描述。應含生病之時間及發病部位特殊症狀,以及由疾病所造成其他生理機能之影響、有無相關症狀、演變過程、症狀之嚴重度(severity)、有無造成症狀改善或惡化的因素

    記錄的原則

    應按照症狀出現之前後順序記錄,不要有回溯或倒裝句法來記錄病情。

    記錄病人就醫過程時,病人若有看過哪個診所或醫院的名稱,應寫出哪個診所或醫院,並將醫師的名字記錄。

    慢性病(如高血壓、糖尿病、慢性腎衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾、關節炎等)必須記錄藥物的名稱和劑量、病人服藥情形和反應

    若病情及診斷不甚明朗,要詳述可能知道的症狀及治療經過。

  • II. 病歷重要成分Present illness 的寫法:片語式寫法 (6 W’s)

    II. 病歷重要成分Present illness 的寫法:片語式寫法 (6 W’s)

    High fever up to 39°C, sudden onset, daily spike for 4

    days; rigor initially; developed slight dizziness , poor

    appetite, and severe malaise 。Visited Dr. Chen in Hua-

    Lien daily for 3 days; injections daily and t.i.d.

    antibiotics (name) tablets; no improvement in symptoms,

    still low grade fever。

    Four years postmenopausal. Vaginal bleeding almost everyday for 6 month. Had a D & C at Dr. Yang Yin-Yen’s clinic, in Taipei downtown, on Dec. 5, 2002 with

    pathologic finding of proliferative endometrium. Given

    Provera 10 days each month for 3 month. Still having

    vaginal bleeding daily。

    High fever up to 39°C, sudden onset, daily spike for 4

    days; rigor initially; developed slight dizziness , poor

    appetite, and severe malaise 。Visited Dr. Chen in Hua-

    Lien daily for 3 days; injections daily and t.i.d.

    antibiotics (name) tablets; no improvement in symptoms,

    still low grade fever。

    Four years postmenopausal. Vaginal bleeding almost everyday for 6 month. Had a D & C at Dr. Yang Yin-Yen’s clinic, in Taipei downtown, on Dec. 5, 2002 with

    pathologic finding of proliferative endometrium. Given

    Provera 10 days each month for 3 month. Still having

    vaginal bleeding daily。

  • II. 病歷重要成分寫法History Taking 尚可加強的部分

    徹底瞭解病患的生活起居以找出可能病因、危險因子,預防疾病再發、擴散

    II. 病歷重要成分寫法History Taking 尚可加強的部分

    徹底瞭解病患的生活起居以找出可能病因、危險因子,預防疾病再發、擴散

    Contact with animals, sick people:(家內的人數)

    中藥,普通用藥

    預防醫學檢驗史

    運動史

    Interpersonal relationship, family life, expectation,

    understanding of the disease:可瞭解心理狀態

    Sexual History: (幾乎無人問及!病人太擠? 不好意思?沒

    訓練過?)。

    Contact with animals, sick people:(家內的人數)

    中藥,普通用藥

    預防醫學檢驗史

    運動史

    Interpersonal relationship, family life, expectation,

    understanding of the disease:可瞭解心理狀態

    Sexual History: (幾乎無人問及!病人太擠? 不好意思?沒

    訓練過?)。

  • II. 病歷重要成分寫法器官系統複查(review of systems; ROS)

    II. 病歷重要成分寫法器官系統複查(review of systems; ROS)

    器官系統複查是看診時,在問清主要病史以後,為了怕遺漏掉一些訊息,應再回顧檢查各器官系統問題-症狀及疾病。一般由頭部、胸部、腹部到生殖器官、泌尿系統及四肢運動系統。

    但是不要用Copy and Paste 一大堆”normal”, “negative” or “-”. 令人懷疑真的有問病人嗎??“Positive”時要 elaborate on the details.

    器官系統複查是看診時,在問清主要病史以後,為了怕遺漏掉一些訊息,應再回顧檢查各器官系統問題-症狀及疾病。一般由頭部、胸部、腹部到生殖器官、泌尿系統及四肢運動系統。

    但是不要用Copy and Paste 一大堆”normal”, “negative” or “-”. 令人懷疑真的有問病人嗎??“Positive”時要 elaborate on the details.

  • II. 病歷重要成分寫法Physical ExaminationII. 病歷重要成分寫法Physical Examination

    最容易被忽略的是 eye grounds, lymph-nodes

    and thyroid的 examination; rectal, genital

    及 back skin inspection and examination。

    不論是用勾選的、或是每項書寫的,都要詳細描

    述 positive findings 及 pertinent negative

    findings.

    如有 positive findings 要進一步做相關檢查。

    不能事先就印好結果或 “copy & paste”

    最容易被忽略的是 eye grounds, lymph-nodes

    and thyroid的 examination; rectal, genital

    及 back skin inspection and examination。

    不論是用勾選的、或是每項書寫的,都要詳細描

    述 positive findings 及 pertinent negative

    findings.

    如有 positive findings 要進一步做相關檢查。

    不能事先就印好結果或 “copy & paste”

  • II. 病歷重要成分寫法II. 病歷重要成分寫法

    每週摘要(weekly summary)住院病人如果住院超過一個星期,或週末假日交班前

    ,即應略作整理,作週摘要(weekly summary)。Weekends’ notes 不能寫 “holiday”or “ditto”, 或在病歷室補寫 。

    交班紀錄-包括交班摘要(off-service note)及接班摘要(on-service note)

    住院醫師或護理師有時需要輪換,在交班之前應填寫交班摘要,記錄病人之重要診斷、主要治療經過、主要問題、治療上之注意事項

    移轉紀錄 (Transfer note) - 換部門或轉院術前紀錄 (Preoperative note) - reasons, alternatives

    每週摘要(weekly summary)住院病人如果住院超過一個星期,或週末假日交班前

    ,即應略作整理,作週摘要(weekly summary)。Weekends’ notes 不能寫 “holiday”or “ditto”, 或在病歷室補寫 。

    交班紀錄-包括交班摘要(off-service note)及接班摘要(on-service note)

    住院醫師或護理師有時需要輪換,在交班之前應填寫交班摘要,記錄病人之重要診斷、主要治療經過、主要問題、治療上之注意事項

    移轉紀錄 (Transfer note) - 換部門或轉院術前紀錄 (Preoperative note) - reasons, alternatives

  • III. 病歷構造住院紀錄(Admission Note)III. 病歷構造

    住院紀錄(Admission Note)

    應包括下列項目

    主訴(Chief complaints)

    現病況(Percent Illness)

    過去病史(Past medical history)

    個人健康史(Personal medical history)

    心理社交及職業史(Psychosocial and occupation history)

    家族史(Family history)

    器官系統檢查(Review of systems: R.O.S.)

    理學檢查或稱身體檢查(Physical examination)

    影像及實驗室檢查(Image and Laboratory)

    暫時性診斷(Tentative diagnoses)

    問題表單 (Problem list)

    處置及治療計畫及依據(Assessment and Plan of management and treatment)

    應包括下列項目

    主訴(Chief complaints)

    現病況(Percent Illness)

    過去病史(Past medical history)

    個人健康史(Personal medical history)

    心理社交及職業史(Psychosocial and occupation history)

    家族史(Family history)

    器官系統檢查(Review of systems: R.O.S.)

    理學檢查或稱身體檢查(Physical examination)

    影像及實驗室檢查(Image and Laboratory)

    暫時性診斷(Tentative diagnoses)

    問題表單 (Problem list)

    處置及治療計畫及依據(Assessment and Plan of management and treatment)

  • III. 病歷構造醫囑單 (Physicians’ orders)III. 病歷構造

    醫囑單 (Physicians’ orders)住院的醫囑,應該至少包含以下幾項:

    診斷或暫時性診斷(diagnoses or Tentative diagnoses)

    過敏(allergy)

    病情(condition)

    飲食(diet)

    活動及浴室要求(activity and bathroom privileges; BRP)

    護理照顧 (nursing cares)

    檢查(imaging studies and labs)

    常規處方(routine medications)

    特殊處置(special medications or treatments)

    靜脈輸液(IV fluids)

    出院時的醫囑:

    後續安排(disposition)

    出院處方(discharge medications)

    住院的醫囑,應該至少包含以下幾項:

    診斷或暫時性診斷(diagnoses or Tentative diagnoses)

    過敏(allergy)

    病情(condition)

    飲食(diet)

    活動及浴室要求(activity and bathroom privileges; BRP)

    護理照顧 (nursing cares)

    檢查(imaging studies and labs)

    常規處方(routine medications)

    特殊處置(special medications or treatments)

    靜脈輸液(IV fluids)

    出院時的醫囑:

    後續安排(disposition)

    出院處方(discharge medications)

  • III. 病歷構造出院病歷摘要(Discharge Summary)

    III. 病歷構造出院病歷摘要(Discharge Summary)

    出院病歷應著重於病史的摘要以及住院期間所做的重要檢查結果、對治療的反應、出院診斷以及出院後的計畫。

    其中最重要的項目包括:

    住院時之診斷或暫時性診斷

    住院時之主要病狀

    主要身體檢查發現

    主要檢驗

    主要手術、麻醉及發現

    病理檢查及解剖發現

    住院治療情形

    住院期間產生之併發症

    出院時之狀態及問題表單

    出院時之主要與次要診斷

    出院後之建議及用藥

    出院病歷應著重於病史的摘要以及住院期間所做的重要檢查結果、對治療的反應、出院診斷以及出院後的計畫。

    其中最重要的項目包括:

    住院時之診斷或暫時性診斷

    住院時之主要病狀

    主要身體檢查發現

    主要檢驗

    主要手術、麻醉及發現

    病理檢查及解剖發現

    住院治療情形

    住院期間產生之併發症

    出院時之狀態及問題表單

    出院時之主要與次要診斷

    出院後之建議及用藥

  • Ill. 病歷構造首頁(Front Sheet)- 病人診斷及問題一目了然!!

    Ill. 病歷構造首頁(Front Sheet)- 病人診斷及問題一目了然!!

    List confirmed diagnoses with ICD-9 codes or significant “problems”List dates of diagnoses or problems with important associated procedures, drugs

    Divide OPD and Inpatient diagnoses or problems

    每科都要寫 。

    Drug Allergy

    Computerized Front Sheet in the future

    List confirmed diagnoses with ICD-9 codes or significant “problems”List dates of diagnoses or problems with important associated procedures, drugs

    Divide OPD and Inpatient diagnoses or problems

    每科都要寫 。

    Drug Allergy

    Computerized Front Sheet in the future

  • IV. 病情進展記錄(Disease Progress Recordings)

    紀錄的方式

    IV. 病情進展記錄(Disease Progress Recordings)

    紀錄的方式

    大致歸納為兩大類:

    傳統資料來源導向的病歷記錄(Source Oriented

    Medical Record)或簡稱 SOMR

    問題導向的病歷紀錄(Problem Oriented Medical

    Record)或簡稱 POMR

    醫院評鑑要求的是 POMR!

    大致歸納為兩大類:

    傳統資料來源導向的病歷記錄(Source Oriented

    Medical Record)或簡稱 SOMR

    問題導向的病歷紀錄(Problem Oriented Medical

    Record)或簡稱 POMR

    醫院評鑑要求的是 POMR!

  • IV. 病情進展記錄SOMR記錄要點

    IV. 病情進展記錄SOMR記錄要點

    傳統的病歷紀錄,不以問題來分類,每天在寫

    病程紀錄時,發現或觀察到病人有什麼症狀、

    有什麼問題或對治療的反應等,隨時有資料就

    隨時將它依序紀錄上去。病情簡單時還可以,

    病情複雜或需要多人照顧時 ,以 SOMR記錄會

    造成混亂 。

    傳統的病歷紀錄,不以問題來分類,每天在寫

    病程紀錄時,發現或觀察到病人有什麼症狀、

    有什麼問題或對治療的反應等,隨時有資料就

    隨時將它依序紀錄上去。病情簡單時還可以,

    病情複雜或需要多人照顧時 ,以 SOMR記錄會

    造成混亂 。

  • IV. 病情進展記錄Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR)

    IV. 病情進展記錄Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR)

    Weed LL. : Medical records, medical education, and patient care. The problem-oriented record as a basic tool. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University, 1969.

    Dr. Lawrence Weed received Lienhardaward by IOM in 2004 for developing POMR

    Weed LL. : Medical records, medical education, and patient care. The problem-oriented record as a basic tool. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University, 1969.

    Dr. Lawrence Weed received Lienhardaward by IOM in 2004 for developing POMR

  • IV. 病情進展記錄POMR

    IV. 病情進展記錄POMR

    Obtain initial database - hx , PE, and labs

    建造病人 problem list

    Generate prioritized differential diagnosis list associated with problem list

    Generate initial plans - Dx or Rx plans

    Refine diagnoses and problems with more data

    Write progress note (SOAPs) for each problem

    Obtain initial database - hx , PE, and labs

    建造病人 problem list

    Generate prioritized differential diagnosis list associated with problem list

    Generate initial plans - Dx or Rx plans

    Refine diagnoses and problems with more data

    Write progress note (SOAPs) for each problem

  • IV. 病情進展記錄“問題”定義in POMRIV. 病情進展記錄“問題”定義in POMR

    問題 (Problem):只要被醫療工作人員或病人,認為它已存在或即將產生,且影響病人的健康或功能(dysfunction),就可算是病人的“問題”。一般把病人的問題,綜合歸納為

    1)醫療方面的(medical)

    2)社會方面的(social)

    3)精神方面的(psychiatric)。

    醫療方面(Medical problem):包括診斷、症狀、徵候、生理上的異常發現或不正常的檢驗結果等。

    所以一個住院病人,常有許多問題(Problem list)

    問題 (Problem):只要被醫療工作人員或病人,認為它已存在或即將產生,且影響病人的健康或功能(dysfunction),就可算是病人的“問題”。一般把病人的問題,綜合歸納為

    1)醫療方面的(medical)

    2)社會方面的(social)

    3)精神方面的(psychiatric)。

    醫療方面(Medical problem):包括診斷、症狀、徵候、生理上的異常發現或不正常的檢驗結果等。

    所以一個住院病人,常有許多問題(Problem list)

  • IV. 病情進展記錄POMR記錄要點

    IV. 病情進展記錄POMR記錄要點

    每一個問題的記述方法,又分為:Subjective data(病人的主觀陳述)-病人的症狀及表 達的問題。

    Objective data(醫療人員的客觀發現)-理學檢查所見、檢驗結果。

    Assessment(醫療人員的評斷):按症狀、徵候各種發現後的判斷。

    Plan(醫療計畫)-對病人之處置及評估。

    所以又稱為SOAP的記述法

    每一個問題的記述方法,又分為:Subjective data(病人的主觀陳述)-病人的症狀及表 達的問題。

    Objective data(醫療人員的客觀發現)-理學檢查所見、檢驗結果。

    Assessment(醫療人員的評斷):按症狀、徵候各種發現後的判斷。

    Plan(醫療計畫)-對病人之處置及評估。

    所以又稱為SOAP的記述法

  • IV. POMR Progress note 之內容按照住院時列舉之 Problems,逐項討論

    IV. POMR Progress note 之內容按照住院時列舉之 Problems,逐項討論

    S: 先寫有關此 Problem 之症狀,如肺炎則描寫咳嗽、痰、胸痛、肌痛

    頭痛、等等。

    O:

    給了什麼治療?有沒有好轉(數據)?為什麼?以後如何處理?

    再記載有關此診斷之檢驗數據,說明和前一次是否較高、較低、

    或差不多。

    提醒今天是用什麼治療的第幾天。不寫第幾天,就常會使用過久。

    A: 說明此問題在你的判斷,今天是否比昨天、前天、或住院時,較好、

    較壞、或差不多。 分析你認為是為什麼?

    P: 最後說明為了解決目前的問題,或潛在的問題,要再作何檢查或治

    療,依據在那裡。

    S: 先寫有關此 Problem 之症狀,如肺炎則描寫咳嗽、痰、胸痛、肌痛

    頭痛、等等。

    O:

    給了什麼治療?有沒有好轉(數據)?為什麼?以後如何處理?

    再記載有關此診斷之檢驗數據,說明和前一次是否較高、較低、

    或差不多。

    提醒今天是用什麼治療的第幾天。不寫第幾天,就常會使用過久。

    A: 說明此問題在你的判斷,今天是否比昨天、前天、或住院時,較好、

    較壞、或差不多。 分析你認為是為什麼?

    P: 最後說明為了解決目前的問題,或潛在的問題,要再作何檢查或治

    療,依據在那裡。

  • IV. 病情進展記錄

    目前Assessment /Plan錯誤的寫法:只重複寫出住院時之tentative diagnoses而沒有評估及思考

    IV. 病情進展記錄

    目前Assessment /Plan錯誤的寫法:只重複寫出住院時之tentative diagnoses而沒有評估及思考

    1. Sepsis, probable pneumonia

    2. DM type 2, out of control

    3. History of cervical CA, S/P

    total hysterectomy, 8 years.

    4. Diarrhea, cause to be

    determined.

    1. Sepsis, probable pneumonia

    2. DM type 2, out of control

    3. History of cervical CA, S/P

    total hysterectomy, 8 years.

    4. Diarrhea, cause to be

    determined.

  • IV. 病情進展記錄Assessment / plan 的寫法

    給了什麼治療?有沒有好轉?為什麼?以後如何處理?

    IV. 病情進展記錄Assessment / plan 的寫法

    給了什麼治療?有沒有好轉?為什麼?以後如何處理?

    1. Sepsis, to exclude pneumonia: Third day of cefuroxime 1.5 gm, q8h. Clearly improving. To continue the same Rx. for a course of 6-7 days.

    2. DM type 2: Glucose level is under control with …..

    3. H/O cervical Ca: evaluated by Gynecologist. No signs of recurrence. Check Pap smear report in one week.

    4. Diarrhea has stopped 3 days after admission. Stool culture (-), cause unknown; related to pneumonia? Keep imodium therapy for another 2 days

    1. Sepsis, to exclude pneumonia: Third day of cefuroxime 1.5 gm, q8h. Clearly improving. To continue the same Rx. for a course of 6-7 days.

    2. DM type 2: Glucose level is under control with …..

    3. H/O cervical Ca: evaluated by Gynecologist. No signs of recurrence. Check Pap smear report in one week.

    4. Diarrhea has stopped 3 days after admission. Stool culture (-), cause unknown; related to pneumonia? Keep imodium therapy for another 2 days

  • Progress Note2004-1-15#1 upper G-I bleeding

    S:病人自身主觀對問題的陳述。O:醫師自病史、身體診察、與診斷性檢驗,所搜集之客觀資料。A:綜合病人主觀與醫師客觀資料,所得到的 診斷,結論。P:為解決問題,計畫將採取之步驟。

    #2 anemiaS:O:A:P:

    #3 duodenal ulcerS:O:A:P:

    #4 HBsAg carrierS:O:A:P:

    Progress Note2004-1-15#1 upper G-I bleeding

    S:病人自身主觀對問題的陳述。O:醫師自病史、身體診察、與診斷性檢驗,所搜集之客觀資料。A:綜合病人主觀與醫師客觀資料,所得到的 診斷,結論。P:為解決問題,計畫將採取之步驟。

    #2 anemiaS:O:A:P:

    #3 duodenal ulcerS:O:A:P:

    #4 HBsAg carrierS:O:A:P:

  • IV. 病情進展記錄Problem Classification

    IV. 病情進展記錄Problem Classification

    Active:

    現有之問題

    尚有症狀

    尚未恢復正常

    治療中

    診斷中

    病人或家屬認為是問題

    可能發生嚴重問題

    Active:

    現有之問題

    尚有症狀

    尚未恢復正常

    治療中

    診斷中

    病人或家屬認為是問題

    可能發生嚴重問題

    Inactive:

    問題已消失或情況穩定

    檢查及檢驗結果正常

    可不再治療或可依一定方法繼續治療

    不必處理或不必改變現有的處理方式

    不相關或不重要

    Inactive:

    問題已消失或情況穩定

    檢查及檢驗結果正常

    可不再治療或可依一定方法繼續治療

    不必處理或不必改變現有的處理方式

    不相關或不重要

  • IV. 病情進展記錄Problem List範例 住院日 2001-12-2

    IV. 病情進展記錄Problem List範例 住院日 2001-12-2

    Problem

    No. Medical Problem Date of onset

    Inactive/resolved ****

    #1 Tarry stool (upper

    G-I bleeding) 2001-12-1 2001-12-5*

    #2 Anemia 2000-10-5 2001-12-5**

    #3 Duodenal ulcer 2001-11-29

    #4 HBsAg carrier 8 yrs

    #5 Low back pain 2001-11-19 2001-12-5***

    * Stool had become yellowish and soft since 2001-12-3. The ulcer was probably no

    longer actively bleeding by 2001-12-5** Hgb was corrected to 13.4 gm% on 2001-12-5 by transfusion of 8 units of PRBC*** almost no pain since admission after analgesic and local heat ****〝resolved〞-以後此問題不會困擾病人. 〝inactive〞-以後仍還會困擾病人

    Problem

    No. Medical Problem Date of onset

    Inactive/resolved ****

    #1 Tarry stool (upper

    G-I bleeding) 2001-12-1 2001-12-5*

    #2 Anemia 2000-10-5 2001-12-5**

    #3 Duodenal ulcer 2001-11-29

    #4 HBsAg carrier 8 yrs

    #5 Low back pain 2001-11-19 2001-12-5***

    * Stool had become yellowish and soft since 2001-12-3. The ulcer was probably no

    longer actively bleeding by 2001-12-5** Hgb was corrected to 13.4 gm% on 2001-12-5 by transfusion of 8 units of PRBC*** almost no pain since admission after analgesic and local heat ****〝resolved〞-以後此問題不會困擾病人. 〝inactive〞-以後仍還會困擾病人

  • V.病歷書寫的語言問題V.病歷書寫的語言問題

    理論上,用病人的口吻的病歷最可靠、最真實,因此以病人的母語記載病歷最好。

    但是,不是每一種母語都有文字,也不是每一種母語的名詞都有相對的“社會普遍大都數人的用語和醫學名詞”醫學的用語從拉丁文而德文,到現在的英文,都是因為過去一段時間世界上最普遍被接受的用語,而現在是英語。

    今日病人往來國際不同機構愈來愈頻繁,而醫學新知日新月異也主要以英文發表,因此英文病歷將成為今日世界的主流。

    推動英文病歷書寫,是全面提昇國內醫療團體和國際接軌的目標,但如沒法以英文表達時,可片段使用中文。國內現推動英文教育, 假以時日,英文病歷書寫會有進步 。

    理論上,用病人的口吻的病歷最可靠、最真實,因此以病人的母語記載病歷最好。

    但是,不是每一種母語都有文字,也不是每一種母語的名詞都有相對的“社會普遍大都數人的用語和醫學名詞”醫學的用語從拉丁文而德文,到現在的英文,都是因為過去一段時間世界上最普遍被接受的用語,而現在是英語。

    今日病人往來國際不同機構愈來愈頻繁,而醫學新知日新月異也主要以英文發表,因此英文病歷將成為今日世界的主流。

    推動英文病歷書寫,是全面提昇國內醫療團體和國際接軌的目標,但如沒法以英文表達時,可片段使用中文。國內現推動英文教育, 假以時日,英文病歷書寫會有進步 。

  • V. 英文記載病歷常見的錯誤V. 英文記載病歷常見的錯誤

    以下是在台灣病歷上常見的、有誤差的、或在英美病歷上看不到的英文寫法,特提出來,並建議較佳的寫法,請病歷書寫者牢記之,避免再重蹈覆轍。

    英文病歷的寫作,不但要注意所有格、時態、介系詞、主詞,還要作到 “Accurate, Factual, Complete, Relevant ----”,才是好的病歷紀錄。

    以下是在台灣病歷上常見的、有誤差的、或在英美病歷上看不到的英文寫法,特提出來,並建議較佳的寫法,請病歷書寫者牢記之,避免再重蹈覆轍。

    英文病歷的寫作,不但要注意所有格、時態、介系詞、主詞,還要作到 “Accurate, Factual, Complete, Relevant ----”,才是好的病歷紀錄。

  • 一、性別、所有格的錯誤一、性別、所有格的錯誤

    【例】This is a 62 years old female patient, his chief complaint is chest pain.

    建議:The patient is a 62-year-old woman (not “female”, her chief complaint is chest pain.

    【例】This 42 years old male patient was transferred from XX hospital to us because of her facial crushing injury.

    建議:1. This 42-year-old man (not “male”) was transferred from XX hospital to us because of his facial crushing injury.

    【例】This is a 62 years old female patient, his chief complaint is chest pain.

    建議:The patient is a 62-year-old woman (not “female”, her chief complaint is chest pain.

    【例】This 42 years old male patient was transferred from XX hospital to us because of her facial crushing injury.

    建議:1. This 42-year-old man (not “male”) was transferred from XX hospital to us because of his facial crushing injury.

  • 二、時態的錯誤二、時態的錯誤

    【例】:He had hypertension and still on three kinds of antihypertensive.

    建議:1. He has hypertension and still on three kinds of antihypertensive.

    2. He has hypertension and is on three kinds of antihypertensive.

    【例】:The patient suffered from a high fever sincethree days ago.

    建議:1. The patient had a high fever 3 days ago.2. The patient has suffered from a sustained

    high fever for 3 days.3. The patient had a high fever 3 days ago;

    since then, he has had intermittent low-grade fever everyday.

    【例】:He had hypertension and still on three kinds of antihypertensive.

    建議:1. He has hypertension and still on three kinds of antihypertensive.

    2. He has hypertension and is on three kinds of antihypertensive.

    【例】:The patient suffered from a high fever sincethree days ago.

    建議:1. The patient had a high fever 3 days ago.2. The patient has suffered from a sustained

    high fever for 3 days.3. The patient had a high fever 3 days ago;

    since then, he has had intermittent low-grade fever everyday.

  • 三、介系詞的錯誤三、介系詞的錯誤

    【例】:In last Saturday, his headache wassuddenly got worse.

    建議:Last Saturday, his headache suddenly got worse. Or :

    His headache suddenly became worse on last Sunday.

    【例】:The patient had an acute process superimposed to his background conditions.

    建議:The patient had an acute process superimposed on his background conditions.

    【例】:In last Saturday, his headache wassuddenly got worse.

    建議:Last Saturday, his headache suddenly got worse. Or :

    His headache suddenly became worse on last Sunday.

    【例】:The patient had an acute process superimposed to his background conditions.

    建議:The patient had an acute process superimposed on his background conditions.

  • 四、主詞的錯誤四、主詞的錯誤

    【例】:Cancer was told

    這是主詞弄亂了。

    建議:The patient was informed to have cancer.

        The patient was told to be having cancer.

    He was diagnosed to have cancer.

    He was told to be having cancer.

    【例】:Cancer was told

    這是主詞弄亂了。

    建議:The patient was informed to have cancer.

        The patient was told to be having cancer.

    He was diagnosed to have cancer.

    He was told to be having cancer.

  • 五、單字、單詞的錯誤五、單字、單詞的錯誤

    【例】:Acception note

    建議:Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of The English Language查不到 acception一字,應該是 acceptance note或 on-service note (相對的可寫off-service note)

    【例】:Progression note;Progressive note.

    建議:應寫成 progress note。

    【例】:Acception note

    建議:Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of The English Language查不到 acception一字,應該是 acceptance note或 on-service note (相對的可寫off-service note)

    【例】:Progression note;Progressive note.

    建議:應寫成 progress note。

  • 五、單字、單詞的錯誤(續)五、單字、單詞的錯誤(續)

    【例】:Discharge diagnosis: R/O cancer.

    建議:R/O (rule out)可以是“須排除”、“應排除”或”已排除“之意,很混淆, 盡量不用。如診斷仍未被確認,而癌症還是最有可能,則應寫成Discharge diagnosis: probable cancer或suspected cancer。

    R/I 也 盡量不用

    【例】:sepsis、septicemia、bacteremia的用法。

    建議:有感染症狀時稱為sepsis (敗毒症),再加上血液培養有細菌,則稱為septicemia (敗血症) 。只血液培養有細菌則稱為bacteremia (菌血症)。

    【例】:Discharge diagnosis: R/O cancer.

    建議:R/O (rule out)可以是“須排除”、“應排除”或”已排除“之意,很混淆, 盡量不用。如診斷仍未被確認,而癌症還是最有可能,則應寫成Discharge diagnosis: probable cancer或suspected cancer。

    R/I 也 盡量不用

    【例】:sepsis、septicemia、bacteremia的用法。

    建議:有感染症狀時稱為sepsis (敗毒症),再加上血液培養有細菌,則稱為septicemia (敗血症) 。只血液培養有細菌則稱為bacteremia (菌血症)。

  • 六、錯誤使用normal 或negative六、錯誤使用normal 或negative

    【 例 】 : Physical examination was normal. (or negative).

    身體檢查應該記錄發現,沒有所謂正常或“陰性的”。

    英文應該說,“身體檢查沒有發現異常”,而不是“身體檢查(本身)正常”。因此應該寫為:

    Physical examination revealed no abnormalities.

    Results of physical examination were normal.

    No abnormalities were disclosed (found, noted, detected) on physical examination.

    【 例 】 : Physical examination was normal. (or negative).

    身體檢查應該記錄發現,沒有所謂正常或“陰性的”。

    英文應該說,“身體檢查沒有發現異常”,而不是“身體檢查(本身)正常”。因此應該寫為:

    Physical examination revealed no abnormalities.

    Results of physical examination were normal.

    No abnormalities were disclosed (found, noted, detected) on physical examination.

  • 六、錯誤使用normal 或negative(續)六、錯誤使用normal 或negative(續)

    同樣的,在一些檢查的結果是正常或無異常發現時,也常犯同樣的書寫錯誤。(交談時為節省時間, 可以)

    【例】:Laboratory was negative. The biopsy was negative. The ECG was negative.

    這些應該寫為:

    Laboratory tests (studies) gave normal results.

    Laboratory tests showed normal values.

    Laboratory data were normal (or within normal limits).

    The result of the biopsy was unremarkable.

    The (renal, lung) pathology of the biopsy did not reveal abnormal findings.

    The ECG revealed no abnormality.

    同樣的,在一些檢查的結果是正常或無異常發現時,也常犯同樣的書寫錯誤。(交談時為節省時間, 可以)

    【例】:Laboratory was negative. The biopsy was negative. The ECG was negative.

    這些應該寫為:

    Laboratory tests (studies) gave normal results.

    Laboratory tests showed normal values.

    Laboratory data were normal (or within normal limits).

    The result of the biopsy was unremarkable.

    The (renal, lung) pathology of the biopsy did not reveal abnormal findings.

    The ECG revealed no abnormality.

  • 七、Nothing particular(N.P)或non-made的誤用

    七、Nothing particular(N.P)或non-made的誤用

    直接翻譯是“無特殊之處”,但在病歷書寫時應避免寫 。英 文 應 用 negative for, unremarkable, non-contributory。

    【例】:The family history was nothing particular.

    應改為:The family history was unremarkable (or non-contributory).

    Non-made是說做了切片檢查,沒有發現不正常的(癌)細胞。但是,英文不這麼說。

    【例】:The biopsy was non-made. The pathology was non-made.

    應改為 : The pathology did not reveal malignant cells.

    或是 No malignant cells were found in the biopsy specimen.

    直接翻譯是“無特殊之處”,但在病歷書寫時應避免寫 。英 文 應 用 negative for, unremarkable, non-contributory。

    【例】:The family history was nothing particular.

    應改為:The family history was unremarkable (or non-contributory).

    Non-made是說做了切片檢查,沒有發現不正常的(癌)細胞。但是,英文不這麼說。

    【例】:The biopsy was non-made. The pathology was non-made.

    應改為 : The pathology did not reveal malignant cells.

    或是 No malignant cells were found in the biopsy specimen.

  • 八、贅語或俗語八、贅語或俗語

    例子如:seizure attack, 只需寫seizure,或epileptic fit。

    a tumor mass,應寫為 a tumor, a mass (lesion)

    The patient was AAD (against advice discharge, 自動出院),

    應寫為The patient was discharged AMA (against medical advice) 或 to be discharged AMA或discharge AMA。

    The patient MBD (may be discharged ) today. 意思是“可以出院”,應寫為The patient is ready for discharge today.或to be discharged;discharge today;discharge tomorrow morning

    例子如:seizure attack, 只需寫seizure,或epileptic fit。

    a tumor mass,應寫為 a tumor, a mass (lesion)

    The patient was AAD (against advice discharge, 自動出院),

    應寫為The patient was discharged AMA (against medical advice) 或 to be discharged AMA或discharge AMA。

    The patient MBD (may be discharged ) today. 意思是“可以出院”,應寫為The patient is ready for discharge today.或to be discharged;discharge today;discharge tomorrow morning

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞九、其他常見的不當使用語詞

    (一)Victim - “An unfortunate person who suffers from some adverse circumstances”

    Victim翻譯是“受害者”,病人雖然受病痛,但是使用這 個 字 不 當 。 何 況 已 經 寫 patient, 不 須 再 用victim(有落井下石之嫌)。【例】:The patient is a victim of type 1 DM

    diagnosed since 2 years ago.應寫為:

    The patient was diagnosed as havingtype 1 DM two years ago.

    (一)Victim - “An unfortunate person who suffers from some adverse circumstances”

    Victim翻譯是“受害者”,病人雖然受病痛,但是使用這 個 字 不 當 。 何 況 已 經 寫 patient, 不 須 再 用victim(有落井下石之嫌)。【例】:The patient is a victim of type 1 DM

    diagnosed since 2 years ago.應寫為:

    The patient was diagnosed as havingtype 1 DM two years ago.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)(二)Unfortunately

    常見病歷寫〝Unfortunately, the patient had…..〞,這個意思是說病人的情況本來是穩定的,但是後來發生了某些症狀或是事件。病人生病本來就是不幸的事,不須再強調,不須以哀傷的語氣如unfortunately、sadly、miserably、unluckily等呈現在病歷。

    【例】:Unfortunately, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain developed since last night, and the patient was

    brought to ER for help. 應改為:

    The patient was well until last night when nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain developed, and he was brought to the ER. 或者,Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain developed

    last night, and he was brought to the ER.

    (二)Unfortunately常見病歷寫〝Unfortunately, the patient had…..〞,這個意思是說病人的情況本來是穩定的,但是後來發生了某些症狀或是事件。病人生病本來就是不幸的事,不須再強調,不須以哀傷的語氣如unfortunately、sadly、miserably、unluckily等呈現在病歷。

    【例】:Unfortunately, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain developed since last night, and the patient was

    brought to ER for help. 應改為:

    The patient was well until last night when nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain developed, and he was brought to the ER. 或者,Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain developed

    last night, and he was brought to the ER.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (三)A test (or examination) was arranged(performed), which showed…

    不須寫安排或者執行什麼檢查,直接寫出檢查發現什麼即可。

    【例】:CT scan of the head was arranged (performed), which showed subdural hematomaover the left parietal area.

    應改為:A CT scan of the head showed subdural hematoma over the left parietal area.

    但為加重語氣, 可: A CT was arranged by Dr. Chen within 10 minutes after the fall -----

    (三)A test (or examination) was arranged(performed), which showed…

    不須寫安排或者執行什麼檢查,直接寫出檢查發現什麼即可。

    【例】:CT scan of the head was arranged (performed), which showed subdural hematomaover the left parietal area.

    應改為:A CT scan of the head showed subdural hematoma over the left parietal area.

    但為加重語氣, 可: A CT was arranged by Dr. Chen within 10 minutes after the fall -----

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (四)Culture showed bacteria

    細菌培養長出細菌不適用show或reveal,應該

    用yield或grow

    【例】:The sputum culture showed

    Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.

    應改為:

    The sputum culture yielded (grew)

    Sreptococcus pneumoniae.

    Bacterial culture was positive for

    Streptococcus pneumoniae.

    (四)Culture showed bacteria

    細菌培養長出細菌不適用show或reveal,應該

    用yield或grow

    【例】:The sputum culture showed

    Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.

    應改為:

    The sputum culture yielded (grew)

    Sreptococcus pneumoniae.

    Bacterial culture was positive for

    Streptococcus pneumoniae.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (五)According to the statement of the patient

    這似乎強調這份病歷是病人親口說的,其實病歷不是司法的筆錄,只

    要說是根據病人陳述即可,或是直接說病人如何。應改為:

    According to the patient 或The patient stated

    that she had epigastric discomfort 30 minutes

    after last dinner. 或是The patient had epigastric

    discomfort 30 minutes after last dinner.

    (五)According to the statement of the patient

    這似乎強調這份病歷是病人親口說的,其實病歷不是司法的筆錄,只

    要說是根據病人陳述即可,或是直接說病人如何。應改為:

    According to the patient 或The patient stated

    that she had epigastric discomfort 30 minutes

    after last dinner. 或是The patient had epigastric

    discomfort 30 minutes after last dinner.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (六)During the period of admission

    這是中式英語的另一例子,亦即“住院期間”。但是admission是由醫院進入病房的一個行為,因此

    沒有所謂period。應該寫為During the

    hospitalization或是At hospital。

    【 例 】 : The patient died after 4 days of

    admission.

    應改為:

    The patient died 4 days after

    admission.或 是 The patient died on the

    4th hospital day.

    (六)During the period of admission

    這是中式英語的另一例子,亦即“住院期間”。但是admission是由醫院進入病房的一個行為,因此

    沒有所謂period。應該寫為During the

    hospitalization或是At hospital。

    【 例 】 : The patient died after 4 days of

    admission.

    應改為:

    The patient died 4 days after

    admission.或 是 The patient died on the

    4th hospital day.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (七)The patient was diagnosed as a disease.中文的意思是很簡單,“病人診斷什麼病”,但是英

    文不能寫為“疾病被診斷”;也不能寫為“病人被診斷成(as a disease)什麼病”。

    【 例 】 : The patient was diagnosed colon

    cancer.

    應改為:

    The patient was diagnosed as having

    colon cancer.或是

    A diagnosis of colon cancer was made.

    (七)The patient was diagnosed as a disease.中文的意思是很簡單,“病人診斷什麼病”,但是英

    文不能寫為“疾病被診斷”;也不能寫為“病人被診斷成(as a disease)什麼病”。

    【 例 】 : The patient was diagnosed colon

    cancer.

    應改為:

    The patient was diagnosed as having

    colon cancer.或是

    A diagnosis of colon cancer was made.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (八)使用太多連接詞,使句子太長

    The patient went to the hospital and was

    diagnosed of osteoarthritis, so medications

    were given and the pain decreased in severity,

    but she had to take the medicines regularly.

    應改為:

    The patient went to the hospital, where a

    diagnosis of osteoarthritis was made. Medications

    were prescribed to relieve her pain and she took

    them frequently.

    (八)使用太多連接詞,使句子太長

    The patient went to the hospital and was

    diagnosed of osteoarthritis, so medications

    were given and the pain decreased in severity,

    but she had to take the medicines regularly.

    應改為:

    The patient went to the hospital, where a

    diagnosis of osteoarthritis was made. Medications

    were prescribed to relieve her pain and she took

    them frequently.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (九)Irregular control, Regular medication常看到病歷寫irregular control或irregular medication或regular medication。例如,The patient has hypertension for 10 years with irregular medications. 這也是中式英語,意思是說病人規則(按時)或不規則(不按時)服藥。先說regular medication並不能說病人一定是按時藥,服一天藥休息一天,也是“規則“的。因此,應該修改為:

    The patient has had hypertension for 10 years, but he did not take medicine as ordered. The patient has had hypertension for 10 years, but he has not been taking medicine as ordered.The patient has been hypertensive for 10 year, but his busy work kept him from taking medicines as ordered.

    (九)Irregular control, Regular medication常看到病歷寫irregular control或irregular medication或regular medication。例如,The patient has hypertension for 10 years with irregular medications. 這也是中式英語,意思是說病人規則(按時)或不規則(不按時)服藥。先說regular medication並不能說病人一定是按時藥,服一天藥休息一天,也是“規則“的。因此,應該修改為:

    The patient has had hypertension for 10 years, but he did not take medicine as ordered. The patient has had hypertension for 10 years, but he has not been taking medicine as ordered.The patient has been hypertensive for 10 year, but his busy work kept him from taking medicines as ordered.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (十)Ever - “at all times” or “at any time”

    【例】:The patient ever went to a hospital.

    建議:The patient has been to a hospital.

    The patient did go to a hospital yesterday .

    The patient went to a hospital on March 1st ,

    2006.

    ever 一字英漢字典翻譯成“曾經”,但其實是 at anytime

    in the past, 是non-specific timing.

    (十)Ever - “at all times” or “at any time”

    【例】:The patient ever went to a hospital.

    建議:The patient has been to a hospital.

    The patient did go to a hospital yesterday .

    The patient went to a hospital on March 1st ,

    2006.

    ever 一字英漢字典翻譯成“曾經”,但其實是 at anytime

    in the past, 是non-specific timing.

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (十一)【例】:The patient is anemia. Conscious clear.

    建議:The patient is anemic.或The patient has anemia. Consciousness: clear.或Consciousness: alert, coherent, and oriented as

    to place, person and time (常寫成oriented×3)。

    (十二)【例】:Mentality clear.

    建議:mentality是智力、悟性,通常病患並不做智力測驗,應該寫consciousness (知覺、意識) clear。

    (十一)【例】:The patient is anemia. Conscious clear.

    建議:The patient is anemic.或The patient has anemia. Consciousness: clear.或Consciousness: alert, coherent, and oriented as

    to place, person and time (常寫成oriented×3)。

    (十二)【例】:Mentality clear.

    建議:mentality是智力、悟性,通常病患並不做智力測驗,應該寫consciousness (知覺、意識) clear。

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (十三)In vain:

    【例】:The patient went to Dr. Chen in vain.

    建議:The patient went to Dr. Chen for treatment,

    but the symptoms did not improve.(或the treatment

    was not effective.)

    病人不是“去”醫師診所這件事是徒然無功(迷路了, 沒用了),〝in vain〞此字非專業用語。可以: He looked for

    her in the theater in vain.

    (十四)【例】:Cancer was impressed.

    建議:Cancer was suspected.Impress在這種場合不能用做動詞。

    (十三)In vain:

    【例】:The patient went to Dr. Chen in vain.

    建議:The patient went to Dr. Chen for treatment,

    but the symptoms did not improve.(或the treatment

    was not effective.)

    病人不是“去”醫師診所這件事是徒然無功(迷路了, 沒用了),〝in vain〞此字非專業用語。可以: He looked for

    her in the theater in vain.

    (十四)【例】:Cancer was impressed.

    建議:Cancer was suspected.Impress在這種場合不能用做動詞。

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (十五)【例】:Thank you for the consultation.建議:Thank you for the referral.

    Thank you for the consultation request.或簡單地 Thanks! 但不能寫Thank you for the consultation(這樣寫變成感謝自己的意見了)

    (十六)【例】:Dear Dr.;We sincerely request…

    建議:會診單本來就是要求醫師來評估、建

    議,本來就是看得起被要求會診的醫師而發。 由此Dear Dr. ; We sincerely request…; your nationally reputable expertise…; Your globally acclaimed technical skills…等等敬頌詞句被省略也應該不失禮。

    (十五)【例】:Thank you for the consultation.建議:Thank you for the referral.

    Thank you for the consultation request.或簡單地 Thanks! 但不能寫Thank you for the consultation(這樣寫變成感謝自己的意見了)

    (十六)【例】:Dear Dr.;We sincerely request…

    建議:會診單本來就是要求醫師來評估、建

    議,本來就是看得起被要求會診的醫師而發。 由此Dear Dr. ; We sincerely request…; your nationally reputable expertise…; Your globally acclaimed technical skills…等等敬頌詞句被省略也應該不失禮。

  • 九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)

    (十七)【例】:Meta建議:Metastasis or Mets

    (十八)【例】:OP, Pre OP, Post OP建議:Op or Operation or Operative

    Pre-Op, Post-Op (Operative or Operation)

    (十七)【例】:Meta建議:Metastasis or Mets

    (十八)【例】:OP, Pre OP, Post OP建議:Op or Operation or Operative

    Pre-Op, Post-Op (Operative or Operation)

  • 十. 病歷重要成分分段不清楚Present Illness

    十. 病歷重要成分分段不清楚Present Illness

    Use Paragraphs to separate the “blocks (段落)” of events

    First Sentence of each paragraph is the “theme (主題)”

    Indent first line of each paragraph

    Logical sequence of paragraphs: according to time and date, disease progression, or logical connection (起承轉合)

    Use Paragraphs to separate the “blocks (段落)” of events

    First Sentence of each paragraph is the “theme (主題)”

    Indent first line of each paragraph

    Logical sequence of paragraphs: according to time and date, disease progression, or logical connection (起承轉合)

  • How to Improve Medical Record Writing in EnglishHow to Improve Medical

    Record Writing in EnglishError Correction

    Break or Toss the bad habits now!

    Careful, thoughtful, and attentive medical record writing

    Active Learning with FREE multimedia resourcesListen to Podcasts: NPR - books, news, stories. ABC video news

    Web-based medical multimedia learning - Medscape

    Web-based Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Thesaurus -Dictionary.com, Wikipedia

    Wed-based Books or Information: Gutenberg projects, Bartley Books, New York Times, USA Today etc.

    Error CorrectionBreak or Toss the bad habits now!

    Careful, thoughtful, and attentive medical record writing

    Active Learning with FREE multimedia resourcesListen to Podcasts: NPR - books, news, stories. ABC video news

    Web-based medical multimedia learning - Medscape

    Web-based Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Thesaurus -Dictionary.com, Wikipedia

    Wed-based Books or Information: Gutenberg projects, Bartley Books, New York Times, USA Today etc.

  • 病歷書寫VI. 結論 (Concluding Remarks)

    病歷書寫VI. 結論 (Concluding Remarks)

    Medical record writing in Taiwan needs to be promoted, improved, and monitored.

    Each component to be factual, accurate, consistent, complete, timely, and legible

    Medical record structures - organized and comprehensive

    POMR - the norm of disease progress writing

    English is here to stay as the tool for medical record writing.

    Medical record writing in Taiwan needs to be promoted, improved, and monitored.

    Each component to be factual, accurate, consistent, complete, timely, and legible

    Medical record structures - organized and comprehensive

    POMR - the norm of disease progress writing

    English is here to stay as the tool for medical record writing.

  • ThanksThanks

    Thank you.

    Thank you for listening.

    Thank you for listening for one and a half hours.

    Thank you for listening and sitting through the grueling session at 壢新Hospital auditorium for one and a half hours without yawning or napping.

    Thank you.

    Thank you for listening.

    Thank you for listening for one and a half hours.

    Thank you for listening and sitting through the grueling session at 壢新Hospital auditorium for one and a half hours without yawning or napping.

    病歷書寫病歷書寫病歷書寫基本要求 �一般通則 I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �一般通則 I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �特別應注意要點I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �特別應注意要點I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �特別應注意要點I. 病歷書寫基本要求 � 特別應注意要點I. 病歷書寫基本要求 � 特別應注意要點I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �症狀盡量“量化”(Quantification)I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �如何『完整地描寫』?I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �如何『完整地描寫』?I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �如何『完整地描寫』?I. 病歷書寫基本要求 �新制醫院評鑑必要項目II. 病歷重要成分寫法� Chief Complaint 的寫法II. 病歷重要成分寫法� Chief Complaint 的寫法:可精、簡,�但用適當的形容詞 (6 W’s 或添油加醋)可以更清楚II. 病歷重要成分寫法� 現病況(present illness)II. 病歷重要成分 �Present illness 的寫法:片語式寫法 (6 W’s)II. 病歷重要成分寫法 �History Taking 尚可加強的部分�徹底瞭解病患的生活起居�以找出可能病因、危險因子,預防疾病再發、擴散II. 病歷重要成分寫法�器官系統複查(review of systems; ROS)II. 病歷重要成分寫法 �Physical ExaminationII. 病歷重要成分寫法III. 病歷構造�住院紀錄(Admission Note)III. 病歷構造�醫囑單 (Physicians’ orders)III. 病歷構造�出院病歷摘要(Discharge Summary)Ill. 病歷構造�首頁(Front Sheet)- 病人診斷及問題一目了然!!IV. 病情進展記錄(Disease Progress Recordings)�紀錄的方式IV. 病情進展記錄�SOMR記錄要點IV. 病情進展記錄�Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR)IV. 病情進展記錄�POMRIV. 病情進展記錄�“問題”定義in POMRIV. 病情進展記錄�POMR記錄要點IV. POMR Progress note 之內容�按照住院時列舉之 Problems,逐項討論IV. 病情進展記錄�目前Assessment /Plan錯誤的寫法:�只重複寫出住院時之tentative diagnoses而沒有評估及思考IV. 病情進展記錄�Assessment / plan 的寫法�給了什麼治療?有沒有好轉?為什麼?以後如何處理?IV. 病情進展記錄�Problem ClassificationIV. 病情進展記錄�Problem List範例 住院日 2001-12-2V.病歷書寫的語言問題V. 英文記載病歷常見的錯誤一、性別、所有格的錯誤二、時態的錯誤三、介系詞的錯誤四、主詞的錯誤五、單字、單詞的錯誤五、單字、單詞的錯誤(續)六、錯誤使用normal 或negative六、錯誤使用normal 或negative(續)七、Nothing particular(N.P)或non-made的誤用八、贅語或俗語九、其他常見的不當使用語詞九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續)九、其他常見的不當使用語詞(續) 十. 病歷重要成分分段不清楚�Present IllnessHow to Improve Medical Record Writing in English病歷書寫�VI. 結論 (Concluding Remarks)Thanks