energy resources: renewable and nonrenewable. renewable vs. non-renewable non-renewable resource...
TRANSCRIPT
Energy Resources:Renewable and Nonrenewable
Energy Resources:Renewable and Nonrenewable
Renewable vs. Non-renewableRenewable vs. Non-renewable
• Non-renewable resource– Exists in finite supply– Is used faster than it can replenish– Ex: oil, coal, nuclear fuels
• Renewable or perpetual – Replenishes very rapidly– Inexhaustible supply– Ex: solar, wind, hydropower
33
Non-Renewable Energy SourcesNon-Renewable Energy Sources
• Conventional– Petroleum– Natural Gas– Coal– Nuclear
• Unconventional (examples)– Oil Shale– Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
44
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources• Solar photovoltaic
• Passive solar air and water heating
• Wind
• Hydropower
• Biomass
• Ocean energy
• Geothermal
• Waste to Energy
Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources
US Energy Resources:Renewable energy: 8%
US Energy Resources:Renewable energy: 8%
Non-renewable energy: 92%Non-renewable energy: 92%
Considerations for ResourcesFuture availability
Considerations for ResourcesFuture availability
Net energy yield Net energy yield Cost Cost
Environmental effects Environmental effects
Petroleum (Oil): 39% of US EnergyPetroleum (Oil): 39% of US Energy
Fig. 17-8 p. 356Fig. 17-8 p. 356
• US uses 26% of oil extracted worldwide;we have 2.9% of world’s oil reserves
• Depletion of our reserves means more oil imported• World oil reserves 80% depleted in 42-93 years• Oil is a finite resource!
Oil: 39% of US EnergyOil: 39% of US Energy
Fig. 17-8 p. 356Fig. 17-8 p. 356
•Pros of Oil:•High net energy•Easily transported•Strong infrastructure
•Cons of Oil:•Requires subsidies•Air pollution•Global warming•Limited supplies
88
Peak Production of Petroleum in USPeak Production of Petroleum in US
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Is this the answer?
•Would meet US needs for 7-24 months•1 mpg increase for new cars = ANWR
Natural Gas: 23% of US EnergyNatural Gas: 23% of US Energy
•Mostly methane + other gases
•LNG-versatile and high net energy
•Cleaner burning than oil or coal
•But, US has only 3% of world supply
Fig. 17-20 p. 364Fig. 17-20 p. 364
Coal: 23% of US EnergyCoal: 23% of US Energy
Coal: 23% of US EnergyCoal: 23% of US Energy
• Produces 62% of world’s electricity and 52% of US electricity
• Most abundant fossil fuel and could easily last at least 200 years
• US has 25% of world’s reserves, Russia = 16%, China = 12%
• High net energy yield, but…
Coal: 23% of US EnergyCoal: 23% of US Energy
• Accounts for 36% CO2 released
• Severely degrades land causing land, air and water pollution
• Severe human health threat
• Air pollution and acid rain
Mining Waste Impacts on Surface and GroundwaterMining Waste Impacts on Surface and Groundwater
Miller, 13th edition, Fig. 15-7 p. 344
Nuclear: 8% of US EnergyNuclear: 8% of US Energy
• Significant fuel supply
• Low CO2 output
• Moderate land disruption and pollution but…
•Expensive--subsidies needed•Catastrophic accidents possible•No solution to nuclear waste disposal•Subject to terrorist attack
n
U23592
9236 Kr
Ba14156
n
n
n
9236 Kr
U23592
U23592
Ba14156
9236
Kr
Ba14156
9236
Kr
Ba14156
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
U23592
U23592
U23592
U23592
n
Nuclear: 8% of US EnergyNuclear: 8% of US Energy
Miller, 13th edition
Fig. 15-36p. 367
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
Fusion-DisadvantagesFusion-Disadvantages
• Need around 100 millon degrees for duterium and tritium to fuse
• With our current technology, we use more energy than we can produce.
Oil ShaleOil Shale
• Fine grained rock containing a solid , waxy mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen
• Extracted from rock by crushing and heating.
• Global supplies are potentially 200 times larger than conventional oil.
Oil Shale-Disadvantages:Oil Shale-Disadvantages:
• Lower net energy yield
• Requires large amounts of water
• Contaminates water supplies with toxic metals
• Too expensive
Tar SandsTar Sands
• Mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen (gooey black high-sulfur oil)
• Removed by surface mining using pressurized steam
• World’s largest supply in northern Alberta, Canada
Tar Sands-DisadvantagesTar Sands-Disadvantages
• Low net energy yield
• Requires large quanties of water
• Creates huge waste dispposal ponds
Natural Gas HydratesNatural Gas Hydrates
• Methane Hydrates found in a solid form under great pressure in deep ocean sediments
• Cannot be retreived efficiently with current technology
Renewable Energy sourcesRenewable Energy sources
Solar EnergySolar Energy
• Solar energy consists of harnessing radiant energy from the sun.
• Active solar heats water or air inside a home-requires electricity to circulate
• Passive solar-the structure is built to maximize solar capture
• Photovoltaic cells generate electricity
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Pros
• Limitless supply
• Little environmental impact
• Good for remote locations
Cons
• Inefficient where sunlight is limited
• Maintenance costs high
• Systems must be periodically replaced
• Current efficiency only 10%-25%
Wind EnergyWind Energy
• Wind turns giant turbine blades that produce electricity
Wind EnergyWind Energy
Pros
• Can be built quickly
• Maintenance is low
• Moderate to high energy yeild
• No air pollution
• Land underneath can be used for agriculture
Cons
• Steady wind is required
• Needs backup systems
• Visual and noise pollution
• May interfere with flight patterns of birds
Hydropower: 10 % of US EnergyHydropower: 10 % of US Energy
• Dams built to trap water, which in turn is then released and channeled through turbines to generate electricity
HydropowerHydropower
Pros
• Control flooding
• Low operating cost
• No pollution
• Long life span
• Moderate to high energy yield
• Areas for water recreation
Cons
• Displace many people
• Destroy wildlife habitats
• Sedimentation requires dredging
• Expensive to build
• Destroys wild rivers
BiomassBiomass
• Any carbon-based, biologically derived fuel source.
• Plants suitabelefor biofuel include switch grass, corn, and sugarcane
• Supplies about 15% of world’s energy
BiomassBiomass
Pros
• Renewable energy source
• Can be sustainable
• Does not distupt atmospheric CO2
Cons
• Requires adequate water and fertilizer
• Could cause massive deforestation
• Expensive to transport
• Not efficient
Geothermal < 1% US EnergyGeothermal < 1% US Energy
• Heat from underground rock or magma used to produce steam that drive turbines.
GeothermalGeothermal
Pros
• Moderate energy yield
• Limitless and reliable source if managed properly
• Little air pollution
• Competitive cost
Cons
• Reservoir sites are scarce
• Can be depleted if not managed properly
• Noise, odor, land subsidence
• Can degrade ecosystem
Solutions:Solutions:
Energy Efficiency! • 43% of energy in the US is wasted
unnecessarily• Incandescent bulb=5% efficient
Fluorescent bulb=20% efficient• Auto fleet standards = CAFE Standards
(Corporate Average Fuel Economy) – 12.9 mpg in 1974– 27.9 mpg today– 40 mpg CAFE standard would cut gas use by
50%
Efficiencies Efficiencies
Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyWays to Improve Energy Efficiency
InsulationInsulationEliminate air leaksEliminate air leaks
Air to air heat exchangers
Air to air heat exchangersEfficient appliancesEfficient appliances
Efficient electric motorsEfficient electric motorsHigh-efficiency lightingHigh-efficiency lightingIncreasing fuel economyIncreasing fuel economy
Toward a Sustainable Energy FutureToward a Sustainable Energy Future
• Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle, appliances, buildings
• Tax and other financial incentives for energy efficiency
• Subsidize renewable energy use, research and development
• By 2050: – renewable energy=50%– cut coal use by 50%– phase out nuclear altogether