english as a lingua franca of medicine english is not enough language learning in europe 2004...
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English asa Lingua Franca
of Medicine
English is Not Enough
Language Learning in Europe 2004
Olomouc, April 23-25, 2004
Pavel Kurfürst
Institute of Foreign Languages
Faculty of Medicine
Palacký University in Olomouc
Institute of Foreign Languages established 1996 languages for specific purposes (LSP)
(medicine, health care management) Latin / Latin for foreigners English German Czech for foreigners
5 members 830 students (winter sem. 2003/04)
Institute of Foreign Languages
Obligatory language choice
77%
23%
English
German
Languages in medicine
terminology from ancient Greek(Hippocrates - 4th/5th cent. BC)
Latin took over - new Latin terms most terms 2,000 years old modern terminology
precision of Greek and Latin terms new terms from modern languages
(Italian, French, German, English) more or less similar in most European languages
Languages in medicine
On the Fabric of the Human Body Renaissance anatomical atlas (16th cent.) by Andreas Vesalius in Latin (De Humani Corporis Fabrica) translated only into Russian English translation
Northwestern University (Illinois, USA) 2003 Book I published (7 books) on-line access - Internet version
ELF of science
Most of the scientific, technological and academic information in the world is expressed in English and over 80% of all the information stored in electronic retrieval systems is in English.
The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language, 1997
ELF of science of some 100,000 scientific journals published
worldwide, 50% are in English "hard core" of world scientific publishing, composed
of about 4,000 to 5,000 journals, for the most part entirely in English
the US have the greatest concentration of databases, the most influential ones (eg SCI), over 90% of the information in these US databases extracted from articles in English taken mostly from English-language journals
in European databases the position given to other languages is hardly any greater and references in English predominate
Truchot C., Key Aspects of the Use of English in Europe, Council of Europe, Strasbourg 2002
ELF of science
most journals of repute published in other languages resorted to English to secure an international audience
the dominant / the sole language for discussions in symposia, congresses etc.
work in scientific laboratories where there are foreign researchers
in academic circles, networks, programmes and institutions (eg EU's scientific programmes)
Truchot C., Key Aspects of the Use of English in Europe, Council of Europe, Strasbourg 2002
ELF of science disciplines in which German scholars claim English
as their working language physics 98% medical science 72% history 20% law 8%
The spread of English in the Arab world in the field of higher education - the schools of science, engineering, medicine and business teach through the medium of English or a hybrid variety which uses a blend of English and Arabic
Zughoul M. R., Journal of Language and Learning, 2003
ELF of science
doctoral theses in English: Uppsala University, Sweden, 1993-1994:
nearly 100% of theses in exact sciences, engineering and medicine
Switzerland, 1996: especially German-speaking universities Zurich 61% (natural sciences)
Germany: English alone widely used often combined with German
Truchot C., Key Aspects of the Use of English in Europe, Councilof Europe, Strasbourg 2002
ELF of medicine
The lingua franca of medicine, and most scientific fields, is English. The world’s most widely cited medical journals are published in English. As such, clinicians and researchers whose native language is not English must learn it to avail themeselves to the large body of medical knowledge published in English.
William Hersh – Li Zhang, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA
ELF of medicine
US medical information is the world’s premier source US medical research, treatment, education and
ethics set the standards non-US practitioners send their students and their
patients to the USA non-US visits to the AMA web site 1.5 million hits per
week in 2000 50% of JAMA editions distributed outside the USA
American Medical Association, 2000
ELF of medicine Switzerland: 4 national languages, 3 official
(German, French, Italian + Romansh) IFMSA-CH (Swiss medical student org.) research on language choices on a mailing list English:
preferred language of intra-Swiss communication (75%)
the main concern is not perfect English its own variety of English - features of Pan Swiss
English or international English
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2003
ELF of medicine
Brazil: Portuguese (official), Spanish (2nd lang.) millions of Brazilians use English survey of academic use (20 lecturers, researchers):
all use English for e-mails worldwide all do research from books written in English all write English papers for conferences 19 do research on the internet 18 talk to people at international conferences
Coury J. G., English As a Lingua Franca in the Brazilian Academic World, 2001
Loans from English
From having been one of the most hospitable languages of the world in accepting foreign loans, English has become a most generous donor of words to other languages not only of Europe but also of other continents.
Filipovic R., English as a word donor to other languages of Europe,
In: The English Language in Europe, 1996
Loans from English Over the last 50 years, English has become the best
known source of borrowing and loanwords for other languages in the world.
English has been shown as the most important loaning language
Third World countries: English is the language of "higher communication" in the fields of science and technology
Industrialized countries: English is reserved for special and specialized patterns of communication in science and technology
English is now the "the international currency of science and technology"
Zughoul M. R., Journal of Language and Learning, 2003
English words in medical Czech Praktický slovník medicíny
(Vokurka – Hugo, 1998) 11,000 entries 2% English terminology
120 abbreviations 80 words
English words in medical Czech ACE (ACEI), ACP, ACTH, AIDS, ALP, ANCA, APC, APUD, ARDS, ATP, aVF, aVL,
aVR, BMI, CAI, cAMP, CD, cDNA, CFS, CK (CPK), CLA, CoA, COC, CT, DIP, DNA, DOPA, dsDNA, dsRNA, EBV, EDTA, ELISA, FACS, FFA, GALT, GH, GIP, GnRH, GVHD, HbA, HbF, HBsAg, HDL, HIFU, HIV, HLA, HPV, HRCT, HRT, HTLV, ICD, ICSI, ICSH, IDL, IGF, INN, INR, IQ, IR, IUCD (IUD), LAV, LDL, LSD, MALT, MCH, MCHC, MCS, MCV, MEA, MEN, MGUS, MHC, MOTT, MRI, mRNA, MS (MS-like), NREM, ORF, OTC, PAGE, PAMBA, PCR, PEEP, PIP, POMC, POP, PPD, PPLO, PSO, PTCA, PTSD, RDS, RFLP, RIA, RNA, SDS, SNOP, ssDNA, ssRNA, SSRI, SSS, STD, TGF, THC, TNF, tPA, TRH, TSS, tRNA, TULP (TULIP), TUNA, UV, VLAP, VLDL, WHO
antisense, blotting, bypass, catgut (ketgat), cholera-like disease, clearance (klírens), coming-out, compliance (komplajens), crack, crossing-over, crush syndrome, fingerprinting DNA, flapping tremor, flowmetrie, flush, flutter, foam, frame-shift, frozen shoulder, gay, grading, hangover, inbreeding (inbrední), inlay, knock-out, laser, lotion, marker, minimal changes disease, open reading frame, pacemaker, petting, peak (pík), primer, radioimmunoassay, rebound fenomén, reentry, releasing hormony (faktory), REM spánek, reoviry, residual disease, scan (sken), screening, second messenger, sex, shunt, sick sinus syndrome, singletový kyslík, smog, sniffing, Southern blotting, splicing, staging (P-staging), steal effect, stres, šok, thaliový scan, third messenger, tight junction, touch cytologie, toxic shock syndrome, teradmill, trip, tumor necrosis factor, tween, UV záření, ventilační scan, Western blotting, workaholik, workaholismus
English words in medical Czech molecular biology, genetics: cDNA (complementary), mRNA
(messenger), knock-out, blotting, inbreeding / inbrední, primer, splicing, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), RFLP
diseases, disorders: AIDS, SARS, NSCLC (non small cell lung cancer), ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), MCL (mantle cell lymphoma), crush syndrom,
cardiology: pacemaker, end-diastola, reentry, surgery: bypass, catgut / ketgat, shunt gynecology & obstetrics: IVF, rooming-in, flowmetrie, IUD
(IUCD) pharmacology: clearance / klírens imaging methods: scan / sken studies: EBM, randomizovaná s., follow-up, run-in, wash-up,
odds ratio
English words in medical Czech studies: EBM, randomizovaná s., follow-up, run-in, wash-
up, odds ratio oncology: marker, screening / skríníng / skrínink hematology: HbA (adult hemohlobin), HbF (fetal h.) dentistry: inlay / inlej microbiology: MDR (multi-drug resistance) treatment: complience / komplajens, rebound fenomén management: DRG (diagnosis related groups) other: peak / pík, rebound fenomén, releasing faktor,
REM spánek, singletový kyslík, steal efekt, touch cytologie, EBM, self-monitoring glykémie, metoda TUNEL, metoda ELISA, ISF-glukóza (intersticial fluid), klip, HRT (hormone replacement therapy), BMI
