establishment of guidelines for the reuse of treated … · 2007. 4. 10. · xchironomid...

10th Japanese German Workshop on Wastewater and Sludge Treatment, Berlin, Germany.

ESTABLISHMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR THE REUSE OFTREATED WASTEWATER

A. Tajima*, M. Yoshizawa**, K. Sakurai**, and M. Minamiyama**

* Sewerage and Wastewater Management Department, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport (MLIT).** Wastewater and Sludge Management Division, Water Quality Control Department, NationalInstitute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport (MLIT). Asahi 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0804, Japan.

Abstract: The Committee on Reclaimed Wastewater Quality Criteria (Chairman: Dr. Mitsumi Kaneko,Visiting Professor of Ritsumeikan University) established new criteria and considerations for the reuse oftreated wastewater such as toilet flushing water, sprinkling water, water for landscape use and water forrecreational use. To establish new criteria and considerations, hygienic safety of users, appearance andacceptance of users, and risk of facility malfunction were discussed. The new criteria and considerationswere published as the Guidelines for Reuse of Treated Wastewater from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructureand Transport in Japan. In the guidelines, new criteria were established for Escherichia coli (N.D. /100mL)instead of coliform groups in the former guidelines with the exception of reuse as water for landscape use.Facility standards including required treatment methods and turbidity as the index used for ensuring effectivetreatment were also established. In addition, measures against loss of residual chlorine, cross connection,and accidental intake were established as considerations for treated wastewater reuse.

Keywords: reclaimed wastewater quality standard, treated wastewater reuse.

IntroductionJapan s average annual rainfall is approximately 1,700mm, which is twice the world average, butbecause of its small land area and large population, the annual per capita water resource is about3,300m3, less than half the world average 7,800m3. There is only 905m3 (almost same as Egypt)available in the Kanto district where Tokyo is located. Furthermore, the precipitation has beenfluctuated greatly in recent years. For these reasons, more importance is now placed on managingwater resources in Japan (MLIT, 2005a).

In response to the severe water shortage of 1978, Japan began to reuse treated wastewater asimportant water resources in urban areas, starting with reuse for toilet flushing in Fukuoka City in1980. Since then, treated wastewater has also been used for snow melting, environmental andindustrial use, sprinkling and so on. However, only 200 million m3 per year of treated wastewater of246 wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) has been reused outside the plants, which is less than 2%of the 1.4 billion m3 of effluent from 1,924 plants in FY 2003 (JSWA, 2005). It is expected thatsuch applications will increase in the future from the viewpoint of saving water resources in urbanareas, which will in turn increase the importance of appropriately reusing treated wastewater.

On the other hand, since some cases of the human health damages by the pathogenic microbeshave reported in recent years in Japan, many people have become interested in hygienic safety ofwater. Therefore, measures against these new problems must be taken from now on when we

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10th Japanese German Workshop on Wastewater and Sludge Treatment, Berlin2

promote reuse of treated wastewater. In addition, it is necessary to maintain an appropriate color,clearness, and less odor of the reclaimed wastewater to ensure that the public feels comfortableusing as well as protecting against facility malfunctions such as corrosion and blocking of pipes.

For the above reasons, the Sewerage and Wastewater Management Department, Ministry ofLand, Infrastructure and Transport and the Water Quality Control Department, National Institute forLand and Infrastructure Management formed the Committee on Reclaimed Wastewater QualityCriteria (Chairman: Dr. Mitsumi Kaneko, Visiting Professor of Ritsumeikan University) with theobjective of establishing new guidelines for the reuse of treated wastewater. The Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport instituted the new criteria and considerations proposed by thecommittee as the Guidelines for the Reuse of Treated Wastewater (MLIT, 2005b) and announced itin April 2005. This report presents an outline of the guidelines.

The scope of applications to use the treated wastewater in theguidelinesBecause there were many kinds of applications to use the treated wastewater, we could studylimited applications to use on the basis of the actual conditions of treated wastewater reuse in Japan.In the guidelines, toilet flushing, sprinkling, landscape use (untouchable) and recreational use(touchable) could be considered. These applications were usage for many and unspecified personsand the reclaimed wastewater was distributed directly from WTPs. Sprinkling refers for watering totrees, plants and lawns or for road flushing. Landscape and recreational use refers for environmentalwater.

For the time being, we decided to consider that reuse as large-scale waterfalls or fountains wererecreational use, because they might produce mist.

Actual conditions of the complaints and problems concerning treatedwastewater reuse in Japan

The new guidelines were established from three points of view: hygienic safety, appearance andacceptance, and risk of facility malfunction. Details of the guidelines concerning appearance andacceptance, and facility malfunction were based on a study concerning complaints and problems onactual treated wastewater reuse in Japan. The outline of the study is as follows.

Methods

Questionnaires were sent out to WTPs that distributed reclaimed wastewater outside themselves inFY 2002 as toilet flushing water, sprinkling water, water for landscape use, and water forrecreational use. The results of this research enabled us to know the details of the complaints andproblems regarding treated wastewater reuse in the past.

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Establishment of guidelines for the reuse of treated wastewater 3

Results

We obtained the following information as a result of the study.

Appearance and acceptance

Appearance of reclaimed wastewaterReclaimed wastewater is generally inferior to drinking water in color, clearness and odor, sothese problems must be considered. There were complaints about the appearance of toiletflushing water but few complaints about other uses, most likely because people had moreopportunity to observe the toilet flushing water.

Growth of periphytic algae where the treated wastewater are used as water for landscape useand water for recreational useReclaimed wastewater generally contains more nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorusthan drinking water. Nutrients accelerate the propagation of periphytic algae. These algaelead complaints from user of the facilities.

Chironomid in toilet flushing waterThere were complaints concerning the growth and propagation of Chironomid in thereservoir tank or toilet flushing water after being distributed from the WTP to the place ofuse. On the other hand, there were few complaints about this problem in landscape use andrecreational use water because Chironomid scatters easily and is not as prominent.

Facility malfunction

Problems concerning corrosion and leaking of pipes and other equipment were reported. Thecorrosion may be caused by the direct contact between the reclaimed wastewater and exposed ironor between different kinds of metals. Attention must be paid to corrosion in case of highly corrosivereclaimed wastewater with significant amounts of chlorine ion, sulfate ion, or residual chlorine.

Troubles of water supply due to the blockage of drains or bended points of the pipes werereported, also. Blockage of pipes may occur because the dissolved iron from corrosion is oxidizedby residual chlorine or dissolved oxygen and stored at the bended points or narrow areas of thepipes. Measures have already been taken against these problems and they have now been solved(Fukuoka city, 1999; Fukuoka city, 2000).

The guidelines for the reuse of treated wastewaterThe guidelines are divided into two parts such as criteria for wastewater reuse and considerationsfor wastewater reuse. They were established from three points of view: hygienic safety, appearanceand acceptance, and risk of facility malfunction. The outline of the guidelines is as follows.

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Three points of view to establish the guidelines

Hygienic safety

To establish the guidelines, measures against the bacteria which chlorine was comparativelyeffective and protozoa which comparatively had the chlorine tolerance were considered.. Measuresagainst viruses could not be considered because of the numerous problems in the detection methodsof viruses.

Appearance and acceptance

Three points listed below were considered to establish the guidelines. The second and third pointswere considered only in the considerations for wastewater reuse, not in the criteria part, becausedifferent types of facilities caused different conditions for the second point and the effects ofmeasures have not been clarified for the third point.

Appearance of reclaimed wastewater (color, clearness, odor)Growth of periphytic algae in facilities landscape use and recreational use waterChironomid (imago/larva) in toilet flushing water

Facility malfunction

Measures against corrosion and blockage of pipes and other equipment were considered to establishthe guidelines.

New criteria for treated wastewater reuse

The new criteria established for the reuse of treated wastewater are shown in Table 1. The groundsfor the new criteria are indicated as follows.

E.coli and Coliform groups

These criteria were selected from the viewpoint of measures against bacteria.E.coli N.D./100mL was set as a new criterion instead of number of coliform groups. The number

of coliform groups, which includes bacteria that propagates in soil, is not necessarily suitable as theindex for indicating contamination by excrement. Furthermore, E.coli N.D./100mL was set as thequality criteria for drinking water in Japan in 2003 on the basis of establishing a quick and easyculture method.

The number of coliform groups set as effluent quality criteria was established as a provisionalcriterion for landscape use, where handling is not permitted, and the former criteria for the treatedwastewater reuse (coliform groups 1,000CFU/100mL) was adopted on a provisional basis.

Facility standards (Required treatment methods and Turbidity as control parameter of thefacility)

The facility standards were established from the viewpoint of measures against facility malfunctionand protozoa for hygienic safety.

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Designated treatment methods and turbidity conditions were set from the viewpoint of protectingagainst blockage for toilet flushing, sprinkling and landscape use, for which there is little possibilityof accidental intake. Sand filtration or an equivalent treatment method was required as the facilitystandard. Turbidity was also set as the control parameter to ensure effective treatment of the sandfiltration. Turbidity of less than 2 mg-kaolin equivalent/L was set as the target value on the basis ofresearch results demonstrating that turbidity of the treated wastewater from a properly operatedfiltration system hardly exceeded 2 mg-kaolin equivalent/L.

Chemical precipitation followed by sand filtration or an equivalent treatment method wererequired as the facility standards to efficiently remove protozoa from recreational use water forwhich there is a risk of accidental intake. Turbidity of less than 2 mg-kaolin equivalent/L was set.

Additional treatment, restricted use or stop of distribution of treated wastewater may be requiredin cases if hygienic safety is at risk due to a group infection outbreak caused by protozoa within thebasin of the WTP.

pH

The pH level of 5.8-8.6 was set as an effluent quality criterion. It was established from theviewpoint of preventing corrosion in pipes or other equipment. In addition to this, it wasrecommended that corrosion-resistant structure and materials for pipes or other equipment shouldbe adopted.

Appearance, Color, and Odor

Appearance, color and odor were established from the viewpoint of appeal and acceptance. Thesecriteria were same as the former criteria. The target value of the color in the former criteria was setbased on the results of user questionnaires in which almost all users accepted the color of 40 unitsunder the premise of not handling the water and the color of 10 units under the premise of handling(JSWA, 1981; MOC et al., 1990). However, it is preferable that the values should be set based onthe regional users wishes.

Residual chlorine

In terms of controlling bacterial growth in the distribution process, chlorine disinfection with long-term effects was regarded as the basic disinfection method and the concentration of residualchlorine was set as the target value. The concentration of residual chlorine set as the drinking waterquality criteria in Japan (free: more than 0.1mg/L or combined: more than 0.4mg/L) was applied tothe criteria for treated wastewater reuse. It was also, based on the results of research indicating thatbacteria hardly developed in the distribution process under conditions of values greater than0.1mg/L for free residual chlorine or 0.4mg/L for combined residual chlorine.

For sprinkling and recreational use of treated wastewater, the value was not applied for cases inwhich long- term effects of disinfection are not required., for example, when the retention time fromthe WTP to the place of use is short.

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A value was not set for landscape use because handling is not permitted in its use and treatmentexcept chlorine disinfection may be adopted from the viewpoint of ecosystem preservation.

Table 1 New criteria for reuse of treated wastewater in Japan

Standardsapplyinglocation

Toilet flushingwater Sprinkling water Water for

landscape useWater for

recreational use

E. coli N.D./100mL N.D./100mL1000CFU/100mL as coliformgroups1)

N.D./100mL

Appearance Not unpleasantTurbidity 2 2)3) 23)

Color 40 units 10 unitsOdor Not unpleasantpH

Outlet ofthereclaimedtreatmentfacilities

5.8 - 8.6Residualchlorine

Administrationboundary

free: 0.1mg/Lor combined:0.4mg/L 2)

free: 0.1mg/Lor combined:0.4mg/L2)4)

free: 0.1mg/Lor combined:0.4mg/L2)4)

Treatment Sand filtration or equivalentChemicalprecipitation +sand filtrationor equivalent

1) Provisional value2) Control target value3) Unit: mg-kaolin equivalent/L4) Not applicable for cases in which long-term effects of disinfection is unnecessary

Considerations for treated wastewater reuse

The main considerations for treated wastewater reuse are given below.

Measures against loss of residual chlorine

Decrease, as much as possible, in ammonia nitrogen that easily consumes residual chlorineusing the secondary treatment and reclamation treatment.Construct distribution networks so as to shorten the retention time. For example, theselection of pipes with suitable diameter and the avoidance of dead ends by looping of pipes.Also pipes should be used to the material not easily oxidized by residual chlorine.Consider additional chlorine disinfection in places where residual chlorine is significantlydecreased.Confirm of suitable volume of the reservoir tank in facilities where reclaimed wastewater isused, and cleaning of the tank to control the consumption of residual chlorine.

Measures against cross connection

Indication of treated wastewater by placing signs on pipes and other equipment or color-coding them in order to clearly distinguish ones using reclaimed wastewater. An example ofcolor-coding is given as Photo 1.

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Inspection for cross connections before starting the distribution of reclaimed wastewater. Thesewerage administration departments must confirm that there is no cross connection. Oneexample of inspecting for cross connection is opening and shutting the main valves for thereclaimed wastewater and the drinking water after coloring the reclaimed wastewater.

Measures against accidental intake

Posting of notices to users that reclaimed wastewater is used. Especially in the case oflandscape use, accidental intake must be prevented by displaying explicit warnings againstdrinking.Regarding sprinkling, accidental intake of the mist can be prevented, for example, bysprinkling at a time when there are few people in the area.

Photo 1 - Example of distinction by color-coding the pipes (Yellow is reclaimed wastewater, blue is drinking

water)

Conclusion - amendment of sewerage lawThe new criteria and considerations were published as the Guidelines on Reclaimed WastewaterQuality Criteria from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in Japan. The guidelineswere used as reference for the amendment of the Sewerage Law.

The objective of the Sewerage Law (enacted in 1958) is to develop sewerage systems, therebycontribute to sound urban development and enhancement of public sanitation, and contribute towater quality control of public water bodies.

Last amendment of the Sewerage Law in October 2005 (enforced in April 2006) newly added thecriteria for the hygienic safety of recreational water in order to preserve living environments and

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protect human health. Specifically, under the structural standards for sewerage system facilitiesstipulated by the Sewerage Law, in principle, shielding and fences are installed and other measurestaken to prevent entry to the facilities, but it is also stipulated that their installation is unnecessaryunder specified conditions. One such specified condition is that the recreational water that is usedsatisfies quality standards for final effluent, contains E.coli N.D./100mL, and has turbidity of lessthan 2mg-kaolin equivalent/L.

New structural standard not only encourages the suitable reuse of treated wastewater, but willalso encourage the recovery of good quality waterside spaces in urban areas.

Acknowledgements

The new criteria and considerations for treated wastewater reuse described in this paper were proposed by theCommittee on Reclaimed Wastewater Quality Criteria. We express our deep appreciation to the members of thecommittee who put extensive effort into developing and proposing the guidelines.

References

Fukuoka city (1999). Syuugou-juutaku-niokeru Saiseisui-riyou-nitsuite (Teigen) (in Japanese) (Suggestions on TreatedWastewater Reuse in Apartment Houses), Consultation on Treated Wastewater Reuse in Apartment Houses,Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan.

Fukuoka city (2000). Syuugou-juutaku-niokeru Saiseisui-riyou-setsubi-kijun-ni-tsuite (Teigen) (in Japanese)(Suggestion on Equipment Criteria for Treated Wastewater Reuse in Apartment Houses), Study Conference onEquipment Criteria for Treated Wastewater Reuse, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan.

JSWA (Japan Sewage Works Association) (1981). Gesuisyorisui Junkan-riyou Gijutsushishin-(an) (in Japanese)(Technical Guidelines on Reuse of Treated Wastewater - Proposal). JSWA, Tokyo, Japan.

JSWA (Japan Sewage Works Association) (2005). Heisei-15-nendo-ban Gesuidou Toukei (in Japanese) (Statistics onSewage Works, fiscal 2003 edition), JSWA, Tokyo, Japan.

MLIT (Water Resources Department, Land and Water Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan)(2005a). Heisei-16-nendo-ban Nippon-no Mizushigen (in Japanese) (Water Resources in Japan, fiscal 2004edition), MLIT, Tokyo, Japan.

MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan) (2005b). Gesui-syorisui-no Sairiyou Suishitsukijun-toumanyuaru (in Japanese) (Guidelines for the Reuse of Treated Wastewater), MLIT, Japan.

MOC (Ministry of Construction, Japan) and TCAWT (Technical Conference on Advanced Wastewater Treatment)(1990). Gesuisyorisui-no Syuukei Shinsui Riyou Suishitsu-kentou-manyuaru-(an) (in Japanese) (Manual on SettingUp of Water Quality Target for Treated Wastewater Reuse such as the Water for Landscape Use and Water forRecreational Use - Proposal), MOC and TCAWT, Japan

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ppea

ranc

e an

d ac

cept

ance

Det

ails

* N

ot c

over

crit

eria

for v

iruse

s fo

r fol

low

ing

reas

ons

in th

is n

ewgu

idel

ines

-Not

est

ablis

hmen

t of i

dent

ifica

tion

and

cultu

re o

f viru

s-P

CR

is n

ot e

noug

h to

eva

luat

e in

fect

ious

ness

-Fat

e of

viru

s sh

ould

be

furth

er in

vest

igat

ed-D

ose/

resp

onse

mod

el is

to b

e de

velo

ped

for s

ome

spec

ies

-Res

ista

nce

to d

isin

fect

ion

is n

ot s

uffic

ient

ly c

larif

ied/

eval

uate

d ye

t.10

Ja

pan

Sew

age

Wor

ks A

ssoc

iatio

nW

orki

ng g

roup

com

pose

d of

Min

istry

of C

onst

ruct

ion

and

som

e bi

g ci

ties

(pro

pose

d in

198

1)(p

ropo

sed

in 1

990)

Toile

tflu

shin

g us

eSp

rayi

ng u

seLa

ndsc

ape

use

Land

scap

eus

e**

Rec

reat

iona

lus

e***

Col

iform

gro

up10

or b

elow

(cfu

/mL)

Not

det

ectiv

eN

ot d

etec

tive

1,00

0 or

bel

ow(c

fu/1

00m

L)50

or b

elow

(cfu

/100

mL)

Chl

orin

e R

esid

ual

(mg/

L)*

Trac

e am

ount

0.4

or o

ver

--

-

Appe

aran

ceN

otun

plea

sant

Not

unpl

easa

ntN

otun

plea

sant

--

Col

or (c

olor

uni

t)-

--

40 o

r bel

ow10

or b

elow

Turb

idity

(mg-

kaol

ineq

uiva

lent

/L)

--

10 o

r bel

ow10

or b

elow

5 or

bel

ow

Odo

rN

otun

plea

sant

Not

unpl

easa

ntN

otun

plea

sant

Not

unp

leas

ant

Not

unp

leas

ant

pH5.

8 - 8

.65.

8 - 8

.65.

8 - 8

.65.

8 - 8

.65.

8 - 8

.6

BOD

(mg/

L)-

-10

or b

elow

10 o

r bel

ow3

or b

elow

Not

e :

* c

ombi

ned

resi

dual

chl

orin

e, *

* res

trict

ed h

uman

con

tact

, ***

lim

ited

hum

an c

onta

ct

6. P

revi

ous

guid

elin

es/s

tand

ards

for t

reat

ed

6. P

revi

ous

guid

elin

es/s

tand

ards

for t

reat

ed

was

tew

ater

use

(Ref

eren

ce)

was

tew

ater

use

(Ref

eren

ce)

11

7. N

ew c

riter

ia fo

r tre

ated

was

tew

ater

7.

New

crit

eria

for t

reat

ed w

aste

wat

er

reus

ere

use

free:

0.1

mg/

Lor

co

mbi

ned:

0.4

mg/

L3)

N.A

.fre

e: 0

.1m

g/L

or

com

bine

d: 0

.4m

g/L3

)fre

e: 0

.1m

g/L

or

com

bine

d: 0

.4m

g/L

Res

idua

l chl

orin

e(ta

rget

val

ue)

Tota

l col

iform

s10

CFU

/mL

1)N

.D./1

00m

LN

.D./1

00m

LN

.D./1

00m

LE

.col

i

2or

less

2)2

or le

ss (t

arge

t val

ue) 2

)Tu

rbid

ity5.

8-8

.6pH

Not

unp

leas

ant

App

eara

nce

10or

less

40or

less

N.A

.N

.A.

Col

or

Not

unp

leas

ant

Odo

r

1) P

rovi

sion

al c

riter

ia2)

Uni

t: m

g-ka

olin

equ

ival

ent/L

3) N

ot a

pplic

able

for c

ases

in w

hich

long

-term

effe

cts

of d

isin

fect

ion

is u

nnec

essa

ryN

otes

Coa

gula

tion

and

sand

filtr

atio

nS

and

filtra

tion

Trea

tmen

t

Rec

reat

iona

l use

Land

scap

e us

eS

prin

klin

gTo

ilet f

lush

ing

12

88 --1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (1

)1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (1

)

E-c

oli(

Col

iform

grou

ps)

Col

iform

grou

ps n

ot s

uita

ble

as th

e in

dex

of c

onta

min

atio

n by

exc

rem

ent

N.D

. of E

-col

iin

100m

L in

drin

king

wat

er b

y es

tabl

ishi

ng a

qui

ck a

nd

easy

cul

ture

met

hod

No

dete

ctio

n in

100

mL,

new

crit

eria

How

ever

,

For l

ands

cape

use

, ten

tativ

ely

sam

e as

pre

viou

s (C

olifo

rmgr

oups

10C

FU/m

L)be

caus

e ha

ndlin

g no

t per

mitt

ed a

nd e

fflue

nt c

riter

ia s

et a

s co

lifor

mgr

oup

- 273 -

13

Res

idua

l chl

orin

e

Con

trol o

f reg

row

thof

pat

hoge

nic

bact

eria

in d

istri

butio

n

(Drin

king

wat

er c

riter

ia)

Free

: 0.1

mg/

L or

mor

eC

ombi

ned:

0.4

mg/

L or

mor

e

new

crit

eria

Free

: 0.1

mg/

L or

mor

eC

ombi

ned:

0.4

mg/

L or

mor

eH

owev

er,

Not

app

licab

le fo

r lan

dsca

pe u

se (h

andl

ing

not p

erm

itted

, eco

syst

em p

rese

rvat

ion)

Not

app

licab

le fo

r cas

es in

whi

ch lo

ng-te

rm e

ffect

s of

dis

infe

ctio

n is

unn

eces

sary

(spr

inkl

ing

use,

recr

eatio

nal u

se)

Pos

sibl

e to

con

trol r

egro

wth

88 --1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (2

)1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (2

)

Fiel

d su

rvey

…

14

Trea

tmen

ts /

Turb

idity

Aga

inst

faci

lity

mal

func

tion

No

bloc

kage

, san

d fil

trat

ion

shou

ld b

e ad

ded

Turb

idity

of 2

or l

ess

as ta

rget

val

ueto

ens

ure

effe

ctiv

e tre

atm

ent

Con

trol o

f pro

tozo

a (r

ecre

atio

nal u

se)

Coa

gula

tion

and

sand

filtr

atio

nsh

ould

be

adde

d

Turb

idity

of 2

or l

ess

as v

alue

to b

e ob

serv

ed a

t all

times

to e

nsur

e ef

fect

ive

treat

men

t

88 --1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (3

)1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (3

)

15

pH

Cor

rosi

on c

ontro

l / s

ame

as p

revi

ous

(pH

: 5.8

-8.6

)

App

eara

nce

/ Col

or /

Odo

r

App

eal a

nd a

ccep

tanc

e / s

ame

as p

revi

ous

(App

eara

nce,

Odo

r: N

ot u

nple

asan

t C

olor

: 40

uni

ts o

r les

s (L

ands

cape

use

),10

uni

ts o

r les

s (R

ecre

atio

nal u

se))

How

ever

,

It is

pre

fera

ble

to g

ive

crite

ria c

onsi

derin

g th

e re

gion

al u

ses’

wis

hes

88 --1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (4

)1.

Gro

unds

for t

he n

ew c

riter

ia (4

)

16

99 --1.

Con

side

ratio

n fo

r tre

ated

1.

Con

side

ratio

n fo

r tre

ated

w

aste

wat

er re

use

was

tew

ater

reus

e

1. L

oss

of re

sidu

al c

hlor

ine

in th

e di

strib

utio

n sy

stem

2. C

ross

-con

nect

ion

3. A

ccid

enta

l int

ake

4. D

eter

iora

tion

of th

e qu

ality

of r

ecla

imed

was

tew

ater

Hyg

ieni

c sa

fety

App

eal a

nd a

ccep

tanc

e1.

Red

wat

er, c

olor

less

, clo

ud2.

Gro

wth

of a

lgae

(Lan

dsca

pe u

se, R

ecre

atio

nal u

se)

3. O

utbr

eak

of C

hirn

omid

(imag

o/la

rva)

(toi

let f

lush

ing)

faci

lity

mal

func

tion

1. C

orro

sion

and

blo

ckag

e of

pip

es a

nd o

ther

equ

ipm

ent

- 274 -

17

99 --2.

Cro

ss c

onne

ctio

n (1

)2.

Cro

ss c

onne

ctio

n (1

)

1) P

lace

sig

ns o

n or

col

or-c

ode

pipe

s an

d ot

her e

quip

men

t

Exam

ple

of d

istin

ctio

n by

col

or-c

odin

g th

e pi

pes

(Yel

low

is re

clai

med

was

tew

ater

, blu

e is

drin

king

wat

er)

18

99 --2.

Cro

ss c

onne

ctio

n (2

)2.

Cro

ss c

onne

ctio

n (2

)

2) In

spec

tion

for c

ross

con

nect

ion

Exam

ple

of m

etho

d fo

r con

firm

ing

cros

s co

nnec

tion

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰ

ＰＰＰＰＰ

Rec

laim

ed w

aste

wat

er

Drin

king

wat

er

Col

orin

g

Shut

the

va

lve

Cro

ss c

onne

ctio

n

Insp

ect

the

cros

s co

nnec

tion

by th

e co

lor o

f the

wat

er

19

99 --3.

Acc

iden

tal i

ntak

e (1

)3.

Acc

iden

tal i

ntak

e (1

)

1) P

ostin

g of

not

ices

to u

sers

that

recl

aim

ed w

aste

wat

er is

use

d

Exam

ple

of p

ostin

g of

not

ices

that

recl

aim

ed w

aste

wat

er is

use

d an

d no

t for

drin

k20

99 --3.

Acc

iden

tal i

ntak

e (2

)3.

Acc

iden

tal i

ntak

e (2

)

2) P

reve

nt o

f acc

iden

tal i

ntak

e of

aer

osol

(spr

inkl

ing

use)

Exam

ple

of s

prin

klin

g us

e th

at is

har

d to

pro

duce

aer

osol

Rec

laim

ed w

aste

wat

er

flow

in tu

be

Rec

laim

ed w

aste

wat

er

perc

olat

e th

roug

h th

e ho

le

- 275 -

Gro

win

g in

tere

st in

favo

rabl

e w

ater

env

ironm

ent

publ

ic s

anita

tion

prev

entio

n of

inun

datio

n

spre

ad o

f flu

sh to

ilet

wat

er q

ualit

y co

ntro

l in

publ

ic w

ater

bod

y

utili

zatio

n of

sew

erag

e re

sour

ces

crea

tion

of p

refe

rabl

e w

ater

circ

ulat

ion

and

wat

er e

nviro

nmen

t

Obj

ectiv

e-S

ound

urb

an d

evel

opm

ent

-Enh

ance

men

t of p

ublic

sa

nita

tion

-Wat

er q

ualit

y co

ntro

l of

publ

ic w

ater

bod

ies

Cha

nges

in ro

les

of s

ewer

age

10. A

men

dmen

t of s

ewer

age

law

(1)

10. A

men

dmen

t of s

ewer

age

law

(1)

Stru

ctur

al s

tand

ards

Shi

eldi

ng, f

ence

s et

c. m

ust b

e in

stal

led

to p

reve

nt e

ntry

to th

e fa

cilit

ies

-C

ulve

rt-

Rec

reat

iona

l use

faci

litie

sQ

ualit

y st

anda

rds

for f

inal

effl

uent

E.co

liN

.D./1

00m

L Tu

rbid

ity o

f les

s th

an 2

mg-

kaol

in e

quiv

alen

t/L-

…

N E

W

Am

endm

ent i

n O

ctob

er 2

005

Suita

ble

reus

e of

trea

ted

was

tew

ater

Rec

over

y of

goo

d qu

ality

wat

ersi

de s

pace

s in

urb

an a

reas

10. A

men

dmen

t of s

ewer

age

law

(2)

10. A

men

dmen

t of s

ewer

age

law

(2)

23

11 11. F

utur

e ta

sk. F

utur

e ta

sk

1.S

tudy

on

the

crite

ria fo

r viru

ses

2.S

tudy

on

the

inge

stio

n sc

enar

io

3.Im

prov

emen

t of a

naly

sis

met

hods

of p

atho

gens

4.D

evel

opm

ent o

f che

ap a

nd a

dvan

ced

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

5.S

tudy

on

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f app

licat

ion

to n

ew p

urpo

se

of u

se

24

Ack

now

ledg

emen

tA

ckno

wle

dgem

ent

The

new

crit

eria

and

con

side

ratio

ns w

ere

prop

osed

by

the

Com

mitt

ee o

n R

ecla

imed

Was

tew

ater

Qua

lity

Crit

eria

. W

e ex

pres

s ou

r dee

p ap

prec

iatio

n to

the

mem

bers

of t

he

com

mitt

ee w

ho e

xten

sive

effo

rt in

to d

evel

opin

g an

d pr

opos

ing

the

guid

elin

es.

- 276 -

ESTA

BLI

SHM

ENT

OF

ESTA

BLI

SHM

ENT

OF

GU

IDEL

INES

FO

R T

HE

REU

SE O

F G

UID

ELIN

ES F

OR

TH

E R

EUSE

OF

TREA

TED

WA

STEW

ATE

RTR

EATE

D W

AST

EWA

TER

10th

Jap

anes

e G

erm

an W

orks

hop

onW

aste

wat

er a

nd S

ludg

e Tr

eatm

ent,

Ber

lin.

Than

k yo

u ve

ry m

uch

Than

k yo

u ve

ry m

uch

for y

our a

ttent

ion

!fo

r you

r atte

ntio

n !

- 277 -

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