european law and life culture 第十單元： european law and life culture 第十單元： rusyns...

European Law and Life Culture European Law and Life Culture Rusyns (Ruthenians) One of the Stateless Peoples of Europe Lecturer: Dr. Lecturer: Dr. Johanna Katchen ( ), Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, National Tsing Hua University Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan 1

Outline History and Religion History and Religion Language Language Some Customs Some Customs Foods Foods 2

Who are the Rusyns? One of the Slavic peoples of Central Europe One of the Slavic peoples of Central Europe Called sometimes also Rusins, Carpatho-Rusyns, Ruthenians, Rusnaks, Lemkos Called sometimes also Rusins, Carpatho-Rusyns, Ruthenians, Rusnaks, Lemkos Are NOT Russian or Russians, although the word is related to Rus (), the old kingdom of Russia whose capital was Kiev, people who identified with Rus rather than with the other peoples (Poles, Hungarians, others) around them Are NOT Russian or Russians, although the word is related to Rus (), the old kingdom of Russia whose capital was Kiev, people who identified with Rus rather than with the other peoples (Poles, Hungarians, others) around them 3

Live mainly on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains Live mainly on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains Today they are in Eastern Slovakia, Western Ukraine, and Southern Poland, with some also in Hungary and the Vojvodina (now Northern Serbia) Today they are in Eastern Slovakia, Western Ukraine, and Southern Poland, with some also in Hungary and the Vojvodina (now Northern Serbia) 4

Estimated perhaps 1.5 million in Central Europe Estimated perhaps 1.5 million in Central Europe About 750,000 with at least one Rusnak parent live in North America About 750,000 with at least one Rusnak parent live in North America Sometimes difficult to count because census form in some places, such as Ukraine and USA (for different reasons), have not or do not recognize this nationality Sometimes difficult to count because census form in some places, such as Ukraine and USA (for different reasons), have not or do not recognize this nationality Many are also intermarried, primarily with others from the regionSlovaks, Poles, Hungarians Many are also intermarried, primarily with others from the regionSlovaks, Poles, Hungarians 5

A Brief History Evidence for Rusyns in the region from the 6 th and 7 th centuries Evidence for Rusyns in the region from the 6 th and 7 th centuries Lived in small villages Lived in small villages The land is mountainous with steep valleys, could only do small-scale farming, shepherding, logging The land is mountainous with steep valleys, could only do small-scale farming, shepherding, logging Did not really industrialise, much the same even today Did not really industrialise, much the same even today 6

In 863 the Greek missionaries Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius brought Christianity to the Slavs In 863 the Greek missionaries Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius brought Christianity to the Slavs 7

Rusyns were Christianized by the Eastern Roman Empire based at Constantinople (Byzantium) Rusyns were Christianized by the Eastern Roman Empire based at Constantinople (Byzantium) According to legend, Cyril and Methodius set up dioceses in Mukaevo and Przemysl According to legend, Cyril and Methodius set up dioceses in Mukaevo and Przemysl In 1054 a schism (split) occurred between East (Orthodox) and West (Catholics) In 1054 a schism (split) occurred between East (Orthodox) and West (Catholics) 8

By the 11 th and 12 th centuries, the beginning of some state structures in the Carpathians By the 11 th and 12 th centuries, the beginning of some state structures in the Carpathians The influence of Roman Catholic Hungary and Poland, but Rusyns identified themselves with Kievan Rus through the Kingdom of Galicia The influence of Roman Catholic Hungary and Poland, but Rusyns identified themselves with Kievan Rus through the Kingdom of Galicia 14 th century, end of Galician Kingdom 14 th century, end of Galician Kingdom Divided, Polish Lithuania in the North, Hungary in the South Divided, Polish Lithuania in the North, Hungary in the South 9

Rusyns were surrounded by peoples Christianized by the Westthe Catholic Poles, Hungarians, and Slovaks, who used Latin in the church Rusyns were surrounded by peoples Christianized by the Westthe Catholic Poles, Hungarians, and Slovaks, who used Latin in the church Rusyns distinguished themselves by speaking their own dialects and by keeping their Ruska vira or the faith of Rus (Eastern) Rusyns distinguished themselves by speaking their own dialects and by keeping their Ruska vira or the faith of Rus (Eastern) 10

By the 16 th and 17 th centuries much of the population were serfs, though Rusyns did not like this and there are many legends of robbers like Robin Hood By the 16 th and 17 th centuries much of the population were serfs, though Rusyns did not like this and there are many legends of robbers like Robin Hood The priests and bishops were the only effective leaders The priests and bishops were the only effective leaders 11

The Uniate Development Some bishops improved their situation by signing the Union of Brest in 1596 and the Union of Uzhgorod in 1646 Some bishops improved their situation by signing the Union of Brest in 1596 and the Union of Uzhgorod in 1646 They acknowledged the primacy of the pope in Rome but were allowed to keep their Liturgy, the Church Slavonic language, a married clergy, the calendar, and other customs They acknowledged the primacy of the pope in Rome but were allowed to keep their Liturgy, the Church Slavonic language, a married clergy, the calendar, and other customs 12

Status of the clergy improved Status of the clergy improved They could be educated in the best catholic seminaries They could be educated in the best catholic seminaries By the 18 th century they started primary schools to spread their knowledge By the 18 th century they started primary schools to spread their knowledge 1772 name changed from uniate to Greek Catholic 1772 name changed from uniate to Greek Catholic 13

Also much church building in their special style the wooden churches of the Carpathians are well-known Also much church building in their special style the wooden churches of the Carpathians are well-known Icon painting and other arts enjoyed a revival Icon painting and other arts enjoyed a revival Some still remained Orthodox Some still remained Orthodox 14

The Austro-Hungarian Empire Rusyns were incorporated into the large Austro- Hungarian Empire, which was established in 1711 Rusyns were incorporated into the large Austro- Hungarian Empire, which was established in 1711 Primary school was made compulsory Primary school was made compulsory There was a national awakening in the 19 th century in much of Europe. Languages were codified, histories of peoples written, folklore collected. There was a national awakening in the 19 th century in much of Europe. Languages were codified, histories of peoples written, folklore collected. 15

Adolf Dobriansky became a member of the Hungarian Parliament and advocated for his Rusyn people Adolf Dobriansky became a member of the Hungarian Parliament and advocated for his Rusyn people Aleksander Duchnovi wrote the first grammar of the Rusyn language, songs and poems, also the Rusyn national anthem Ja Rusyn byl, jesm i budu I was, am and will be a Rusyn (we will hear it later) Aleksander Duchnovi wrote the first grammar of the Rusyn language, songs and poems, also the Rusyn national anthem Ja Rusyn byl, jesm i budu I was, am and will be a Rusyn (we will hear it later) 16

Immigration During the 19 th century, the Rusyn population continued to grow; there was not enough good land for farming, no industry During the 19 th century, the Rusyn population continued to grow; there was not enough good land for farming, no industry USA Industrial Revolutionneeded workers in factories and to mine the coal needed to run the factories USA Industrial Revolutionneeded workers in factories and to mine the coal needed to run the factories Many Rusyns immigrated to North America, especially USA; most settled in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania Many Rusyns immigrated to North America, especially USA; most settled in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 17

In Pennsylvania, most worked in the hard coal mines of the eastern part of the state or the soft coal mines of the west (Pittsburgh area) In Pennsylvania, most worked in the hard coal mines of the eastern part of the state or the soft coal mines of the west (Pittsburgh area) Took their customs with them, their churches, modified them Took their customs with them, their churches, modified them Immigration to USA was reduced when in 1924 USA placed quotas on those from Southern and Eastern Europe Immigration to USA was reduced when in 1924 USA placed quotas on those from Southern and Eastern Europe 18

Language lost today among many descendants Language lost today among many descendants Some customs and the foods survive Some customs and the foods survive Have both Greek catholic and Orthodox churches Have both Greek catholic and Orthodox churches Church moved from Church Slavonic to English starting in the 1970s, still some controversy; how to you make music made for one language work in another language while preserving the essence? Church moved from Church Slavonic to English starting in the 1970s, still some controversy; how to you make music made for one language work in another language while preserving the essence? 19

European Developments Between WWI and WWII an independent Czechoslovakia was established; life for Rusyns in that area improved, cultural renewal Between WWI and WWII an independent Czechoslovakia was established; life for Rusyns in that area improved, cultural renewal For those in Poland, few political gains but they had their own schools in the Rusyn language and the uniates had a separate administration from the Vatican For those in Poland, few political gains but they had their own schools in the Rusyn language and the uniates had a separate administration from the Vatican From 1939 on the Nazis took over the region From 1939 on the Nazis took over the region 20

Soviet Takeover After WWII the region fell under the influence of the Soviet Union After WWII the region fell under the influence of the Soviet Union Eastern Rusyns became a part of Soviet Ukraine Eastern Rusyns became a part of Soviet Ukraine Western Rusyns in Slovakia and Poland Western Rusyns in Slovakia and Poland Greek-Catholic Church was outlawed, though partly restored in 1968 in Slovakia Greek-Catholic Church was outlawed, though partly restored in 1968 in Slovakia Rusyns were identified as Ukrainians Rusyns were identified as Ukrainians Travel was restricted to this politically sensitive area bordering many countries Travel was restricted to this politically sensitive area bordering many countries 21

After 1989 After the fall of communism in 1989, big changes After the fall of communism in 1989, big changes Independent Ukraine, which still has tensions between Russophile East and Western-looking Western Ukraine Independent Ukraine, which still has tensions between Russophile East and Western-looking Western Ukraine Independent Slovakia Independent Slovakia Rights of minorities important with entry into the EU in 2004 (Slovakia, Hungary, Poland) Rights of minorities important with entry into the EU in 2004 (Slovakia, Hungary, Poland) 22

Today Rusyns in Slovakia have their own newspaper, magazines, radio programs (from Koice), art museum (the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art in Medzilaborce), dramatic theatre (the Alexander Duchnovi Theatre in Preov, which performs classic and new plays in the Rusyn language). Today Rusyns in Slovakia have their own newspaper, magazines, radio programs (from Koice), art museum (the Warhol Family Museum of Modern Art in Medzilaborce), dramatic theatre (the Alexander Duchnovi Theatre in Preov, which performs classic and new plays in the Rusyn language). A number of primary schools in Rusyn-inhabited villages and towns include Rusyn language courses in their curriculum, and Preov University has a department of Rusyn studies. (Custer) A number of primary schools in Rusyn-inhabited villages and towns include Rusyn language courses in their curriculum, and Preov University has a department of Rusyn studies. (Custer) 23

Independence Movements Nothing serious; Rusyns do not really want an independent nation Nothing serious; Rusyns do not really want an independent nation Ukraine: Some in Western Ukraine talk of separation, but this is broader than the Rusyn question Ukraine: Some in Western Ukraine talk of separation, but this is broader than the Rusyn question Movement for an independent Republic of Subcarpathian Rus that irritates the government of Ukraine, which is said to be funded by Russia Movement for an independent Republic of Subcarpathian Rus that irritates the government of Ukraine, which is said to be funded by Russia 24

Religion Rusyns, whether uniate or Orthodox, follow the Eastern Rite, not the Roman Rite. Historically, they have always used the vernacular language of the people and keep many of the fuller church services that were dropped in the Roman Rite. Rusyns, whether uniate or Orthodox, follow the Eastern Rite, not the Roman Rite. Historically, they have always used the vernacular language of the people and keep many of the fuller church services that were dropped in the Roman Rite. Each region also developed its own singing style for chanting the services. Each region also developed its own singing style for chanting the services. 25

While the union with Rome created problems, one positive result was access to more resources While the union with Rome created problems, one positive result was access to more resources Some priests were able to have books made, first for the cantors leading the singing, later texts for the people Some priests were able to have books made, first for the cantors leading the singing, later texts for the people This meant that the people not only had the opportunity to learn to read, they could also follow the texts of the Liturgy and other services This meant that the people not only had the opportunity to learn to read, they could also follow the texts of the Liturgy and other services 26

The result: There was one or a few leaders and the people sang the liturgy, they participated fully and added harmonies. There was no need for a formal choir. The result: There was one or a few leaders and the people sang the liturgy, they participated fully and added harmonies. There was no need for a formal choir. This is different from other Orthodox regions, where even today people may not widely have access to texts; for example, in Russia, where there are choirs and people do not participate This is different from other Orthodox regions, where even today people may not widely have access to texts; for example, in Russia, where there are choirs and people do not participate 27

Language Along with Christianity came a writing system known as Cyrillic Along with Christianity came a writing system known as Cyrillic The language they used was a South Slav language, now known as Old Church Slavic or Old Bulgarian The language they used was a South Slav language, now known as Old Church Slavic or Old Bulgarian 1000 years ago the Slavic languages were not as different as they are today, so Old Church Slavic was likely intelligible in much of the Slav regions 1000 years ago the Slavic languages were not as different as they are today, so Old Church Slavic was likely intelligible in much of the Slav regions 28

Through the years the vernaculars changed and the church language had to be modernised; the current version used by the eastern Slavs in the church was revised over 200 years ago Through the years the vernaculars changed and the church language had to be modernised; the current version used by the eastern Slavs in the church was revised over 200 years ago Today it is not easily intelligible to much of the Slav world but it still functions as a lingua franca Today it is not easily intelligible to much of the Slav world but it still functions as a lingua franca 29

Which Language? During the cultural revival in the 19 th century, the language question was raised. Which should the Rusyn people use? During the cultural revival in the 19 th century, the language question was raised. Which should the Rusyn people use? Some advocated Church Slavonic, some Great Russian, even Hungarian Some advocated Church Slavonic, some Great Russian, even Hungarian Several tried to codify the language the people actually spoke Several tried to codify the language the people actually spoke 30

Today Rusyns speak an East Slavic language most closely related to Ukrainian Today Rusyns speak an East Slavic language most closely related to Ukrainian An eastern variety written in Cyrillic and centered around Mukaevo (Western Ukraine)) An eastern variety written in Cyrillic and centered around Mukaevo (Western Ukraine)) A western variety also written in the Latin alphabet centered around Preov (Eastern Slovakia) A western variety also written in the Latin alphabet centered around Preov (Eastern Slovakia) We refer to our language as po naomu in our way We refer to our language as po naomu in our way 31

Influenced by Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Hungarian, especially in vocabulary and to some extent pronunciation Influenced by Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Hungarian, especially in vocabulary and to some extent pronunciation In western areas for nice or prettyumnyj (as in Southern Poland) In western areas for nice or prettyumnyj (as in Southern Poland) In eastern areasharnyj (as in Ukrainian) In eastern areasharnyj (as in Ukrainian) 32

In the west on for heon (Slovak) In the west on for heon (Slovak) In the eastwin (Ukrainian) In the eastwin (Ukrainian) Vocabulary from Hungarian: lekvar prune jam (Hungarian just jam); bosorka witch (Hungarian boszorka) Vocabulary from Hungarian: lekvar prune jam (Hungarian just jam); bosorka witch (Hungarian boszorka) 33

Customs Many customs shared with surrounding peoples Many customs shared with surrounding peoples The church and the seasons of the church have been a big influence on peoples lives, and so have the celebrations of the church, some of which can be traced back to pre-Christian times The church and the seasons of the church have been a big influence on peoples lives, and so have the celebrations of the church, some of which can be traced back to pre-Christian times Also customs for rites of passage in life like births, marriages, deaths, whose celebrations have both a secular and religious aspect Also customs for rites of passage in life like births, marriages, deaths, whose celebrations have both a secular and religious aspect 34

PysankyEaster Eggs Many Slav peoples paint Easter eggs, Ukrainian styles widely known Many Slav peoples paint Easter eggs, Ukrainian styles widely known 35

Around the Preov region, the teardrop style is used Around the Preov region, the teardrop style is used Use beeswax (from the bottoms of church candles) Use beeswax (from the bottoms of church candles) Put a pin in the eraser end of a pencil to make a stylus Put a pin in the eraser end of a pencil to make a stylus Heat the beeswax on the stove and keep it heated. Be careful it does not start a fire or set off the smoke alarm! Heat the beeswax on the stove and keep it heated. Be careful it does not start a fire or set off the smoke alarm! Put the pin into the wax and quickly pull it over the egg to make a teardrop shape. Repeat to make patterns. Put the pin into the wax and quickly pull it over the egg to make a teardrop shape. Repeat to make patterns. 36

The Easter Basket About two months before Easter we start the period known as lent, when we think about the death of Jesus Christ and also our weak points and try to be better people; part of that preparation involves self-discipline, such as not eating meat, fish, eggs, or dairy products and sometimes eating smaller meals About two months before Easter we start the period known as lent, when we think about the death of Jesus Christ and also our weak points and try to be better people; part of that preparation involves self-discipline, such as not eating meat, fish, eggs, or dairy products and sometimes eating smaller meals At Easter, Pascha, we can eat all these things again. At Easter, Pascha, we can eat all these things again. Rusyns, like many Slav peoples, prepare these foods, put them in a basket, and take them to the church to be blessed Rusyns, like many Slav peoples, prepare these foods, put them in a basket, and take them to the church to be blessed 37

What goes into the basket? Meat productsa ham, kolbasa (sausage), perhaps a piece of bacon Meat productsa ham, kolbasa (sausage), perhaps a piece of bacon Hard-cooked eggs and pysanky Hard-cooked eggs and pysanky Breada round one decorated with a cross and braid made of the doughcalled the Pascha Breada round one decorated with a cross and braid made of the doughcalled the Pascha Hrutkamade of eggs and milk, sweetened and molded into a ball Hrutkamade of eggs and milk, sweetened and molded into a ball A mixture of horseradish and beetsred like the blood of Christ and bitter remembering the crucifixion of Jesus Christ A mixture of horseradish and beetsred like the blood of Christ and bitter remembering the crucifixion of Jesus Christ 38

Butter, with a cross inscribed on it Butter, with a cross inscribed on it A bottle of red wine A bottle of red wine The basket is covered with an embroidered cloth; a candle is also brought The basket is covered with an embroidered cloth; a candle is also brought The baskets are taken to the church but left in the basement or outside while the Resurrection service goes on The baskets are taken to the church but left in the basement or outside while the Resurrection service goes on Afterwards the cover is removed and the candle placed in the basket and lit; the priest the blesses the food while the people sing Christos voskres! Christ is Risen! Afterwards the cover is removed and the candle placed in the basket and lit; the priest the blesses the food while the people sing Christos voskres! Christ is Risen! 39

Blessing Baskets 40

On Easter Monday the men and young boys have the opportunity to throw water on the women. On Easter Monday the men and young boys have the opportunity to throw water on the women. On Easter Tuesday the women get their revenge and can pour water on the men. On Easter Tuesday the women get their revenge and can pour water on the men. It is an opportunity for young men and women to get to know each other better. It is an opportunity for young men and women to get to know each other better. 41

Christmas Holy Supper While in the Orthodox church, on Christmas Eve people spend the whole night in church until dawn going through a series of services, Rusyns have the custom of Holy Supper, after which they go to a midnight service which forms only part of the services. While in the Orthodox church, on Christmas Eve people spend the whole night in church until dawn going through a series of services, Rusyns have the custom of Holy Supper, after which they go to a midnight service which forms only part of the services. The main Liturgy is done on Christmas morning, when people return to the church. The main Liturgy is done on Christmas morning, when people return to the church. The supper custom seems to have come from the surrounding catholic neighbors, who have variations on the supper. The supper custom seems to have come from the surrounding catholic neighbors, who have variations on the supper. 42

The house is cleaned, and if people are farmers, straw is scattered on the floor and the animals may be brought in The house is cleaned, and if people are farmers, straw is scattered on the floor and the animals may be brought in A white tablecloth is placed on the table, and a candle; one extra place is set, the door is not locked should a visitor appear A white tablecloth is placed on the table, and a candle; one extra place is set, the door is not locked should a visitor appear Children are kept busy waiting to see the first star in the sky; then the supper can begin Children are kept busy waiting to see the first star in the sky; then the supper can begin 43

Head of the house says a prayer. We begin with honey for the sweet things in life, a piece of garlic to remember the bitter, a glass of wine or slivovic for Gods goodness Head of the house says a prayer. We begin with honey for the sweet things in life, a piece of garlic to remember the bitter, a glass of wine or slivovic for Gods goodness There are usually 12 dishes in all (including the honey, garlic, etc.) symbolizing the 12 apostles There are usually 12 dishes in all (including the honey, garlic, etc.) symbolizing the 12 apostles As it is a time of strict fast, there is no meat or eggs or dairy As it is a time of strict fast, there is no meat or eggs or dairy 44

Sour mushroom soup with sauerkraut Sour mushroom soup with sauerkraut Split pea soup with potatoes and rice Split pea soup with potatoes and rice Bobalky (dough balls blanched in hot water) with honey or poppyseed Bobalky (dough balls blanched in hot water) with honey or poppyseed Dry pirohy Dry pirohy Nuts, prunes Nuts, prunes Between courses and after the meal the Christmas Troparion and carols are sung Between courses and after the meal the Christmas Troparion and carols are sung 45

JaslikaryThe Bethlehem Play After the Holy Supper and during the following days, jaslikary (jaslikmanger) go from house to house After the Holy Supper and during the following days, jaslikary (jaslikmanger) go from house to house These are not just carolers; they perform a version of the Christmas play, which other peoples of Europe also perform These are not just carolers; they perform a version of the Christmas play, which other peoples of Europe also perform Teenaged boys and younger boys do this, sometimes accompanied by older men Teenaged boys and younger boys do this, sometimes accompanied by older men 46

They carry a replica of a church and take the roles of shepherds and angels who tell the news of Christs birth to them They carry a replica of a church and take the roles of shepherds and angels who tell the news of Christs birth to them There is humor, the character of guba or grandpa shepherd; they discuss the gifts to take to give the Baby Jesus; the guba is known to be stingy, keeps sausages hidden in his clothes, is teased on this There is humor, the character of guba or grandpa shepherd; they discuss the gifts to take to give the Baby Jesus; the guba is known to be stingy, keeps sausages hidden in his clothes, is teased on this The householder gives them food and drink; they respond with good wishes The householder gives them food and drink; they respond with good wishes 47

Weddings Many traditional rituals and songs associated with engagements and weddings; some lost in towns, kept in villages Many traditional rituals and songs associated with engagements and weddings; some lost in towns, kept in villages Grooms family goes to brides house, brides mother may weep, grooms representative asks the father, there may be some fun, asking for dowry (now not serious)money, exchange of gifts, before going off to church Grooms family goes to brides house, brides mother may weep, grooms representative asks the father, there may be some fun, asking for dowry (now not serious)money, exchange of gifts, before going off to church 48

Weddings full of symbolism, follows Eastern Rite Weddings full of symbolism, follows Eastern Rite Here we see the crowning of both bride and groomthey will have to sacrifice much for each other and their children in their marriage; may they gain the crown of martyrs Here we see the crowning of both bride and groomthey will have to sacrifice much for each other and their children in their marriage; may they gain the crown of martyrs 49

After the church wedding all go to eat and drink and dance together; there must be live musicians After the church wedding all go to eat and drink and dance together; there must be live musicians Rusyns have the custom of RedovyLining up to dance with the bride to a special song. The order is distant to close relationship, with her father dancing with her last. Before you dance with her, you must put money in the purse. Rusyns have the custom of RedovyLining up to dance with the bride to a special song. The order is distant to close relationship, with her father dancing with her last. Before you dance with her, you must put money in the purse. After you dance, in the USA you get either a piece of wedding cake (women) or a shot (small glass) of whiskey (men) After you dance, in the USA you get either a piece of wedding cake (women) or a shot (small glass) of whiskey (men) 50

Foods Holubkycabbage rolls, stuffed cabbage Holubkycabbage rolls, stuffed cabbage Pirohydumplings filled with mashed potatoes and cheese, or cabbage, or mashed prunes Pirohydumplings filled with mashed potatoes and cheese, or cabbage, or mashed prunes Halukyhomemade noodles with cabbage Halukyhomemade noodles with cabbage Nalenikypotato pancakes Nalenikypotato pancakes Palainkythin pancakes with jam or ground nuts and sugar or chocolate Palainkythin pancakes with jam or ground nuts and sugar or chocolate Excellent desserts with nuts, poppyseed, prunesheirs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Excellent desserts with nuts, poppyseed, prunesheirs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 51

Recent Developments The internet has improved communication among Rusyns in all parts of the world The internet has improved communication among Rusyns in all parts of the world For example, a Facebook group Carpatho-Rusyns Everywhere has members in various European countries, USA, Canada, me in Taiwan; posts are in English, Ukrainian, Rusyn For example, a Facebook group Carpatho-Rusyns Everywhere has members in various European countries, USA, Canada, me in Taiwan; posts are in English, Ukrainian, Rusyn Helps form a collective identity, including memories, and keeps us aware of news Helps form a collective identity, including memories, and keeps us aware of news 52

Rusyn National Anthem (Duchnovi) Ja Rusyn byl, Jesm i budu, Ja rodylsja Rusynom, estnyj moj rod ne zabudu Ostanus jeho synom! Ja Rusyn byl, Jesm i budu, Ja rodylsja Rusynom, estnyj moj rod ne zabudu Ostanus jeho synom! I was, I am, and will always remain a Rusyn, I was born a Rusyn, I shall never forget my honorable heritage, I shall remain its son. I was, I am, and will always remain a Rusyn, I was born a Rusyn, I shall never forget my honorable heritage, I shall remain its son. 53

Djakuju Thank you! 54

References Material based on the works of Paul Magosci and Patricia Krafcik Material based on the works of Paul Magosci and Patricia Krafcik The Carpatho-Rusyn Research Association www.carpatho-rusyn.org (especially the Rich Custer contribution) The Carpatho-Rusyn Research Association www.carpatho-rusyn.org (especially the Rich Custer contribution) www.carpatho-rusyn.org Carpatho-Rusyn Society http://www.c-rs.org/ Carpatho-Rusyn Society http://www.c-rs.org/http://www.c-rs.org/ 55

56 / 1 53 54 Rusyn flag / Riwnodennyk http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rusyn_flag.svg 2013/11/15 7 Wikimedia commons / Saints Cyril and Methodius. Zahari Zograf http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyril-methodius-small.jpg 2013/11/15 14 Wikimedia commons / Tvrdon - wooden church. Pudelek (Marcin Szala) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tvrdo%C5%A1%C3%ADn_- _kostol.jpg CC 3.0 2013/11/15 CC 3.0 35 Wikimedia commons / Reinhard Kirchner - Easter eggs in Greeece /Athens market http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ostereier-Griechenland.JPG 42 52 65 2013/12/23

/ 40 Blessing of the Easter baskets / edar87 http://www.travellerspoint.com/photos/stream/photoID/645139/users/edav8 67/ 42 52 65 2013/11/15 41 knoxnews.com / Bela Szandelszky http://www.knoxnews.com/photos/galleries/2011/apr/22/easter-celebrations- around-world/31970/ 42 52 65 2013/11/15 49 Tamron USA, Inc. / Crown ceremony in Russian Orthodox Church. Jason Schneider http://www.tamron- usa.com/lenses/learning_center/jason_schneider/wedding/wedding.asp 42 52 65 2013/11/15 53 Ja Rusyn byl, jeho synom! Rusyn National Anthem http://rdsa.tripod.com/peoplewithout.html 42 52 65 2013/11/15 1-57 Microsoft Office 2010 PowerPoint -Stream Microsoft 46 52 65 57

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