exposure to air pollution and pollutant as a trigger

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Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger Factor for the causes of Lung Cancer Dr dr Harun Iskandar Sp. P(K) Departemen Pulmonologi & Kedokteran Respirasi

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Page 1: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a

Trigger Factor for the causes of Lung Cancer

Dr dr Harun Iskandar Sp. P(K)

Departemen Pulmonologi & Kedokteran Respirasi

Page 2: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Umur Warga Indonesia Bisa 'Hilang' Lima Tahun Disebabkan Paparan Polusidan Lingkungan

• Kabar duka datang dari aktor komedi senior Indonesia, Indro Warkop yang baru saja di 2018 kehilangan istrinya, akibat kanker paru.

• Sebelumnya, di 2012 mantan menteri kesehatan, DrEndang Rahayu juga meninggal karena kanker paru

• Jenis kanker paru yang hingga kini juga masihmenggerogoti Kepala Pusat Data dan Humas BNPB (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana) Sutopo PN.

• Ketiga kasus ini memberi pelajaran, kanker paru takmelulu terjadi pada perokok aktif.

Paparan Polusi Juga Tingkatkan Risiko Kanker Paru, DetikHealth, 2018

Page 3: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Paparan Polusi Udara & Polutan Faktor Penyebab Kanker Paru

Paparan Polusi Juga Tingkatkan Risiko Kanker Paru, DetikHealth, 2018

• Salah satu faktor risiko terbesar kanker paru adalah polusiudara, yang datang dari rokok dan aktivitas manusia setiaphari.

• Level polusi dan bahaya rokok sama terkait kanker paru. Risetmenemukan, peningkatan tiap 10 mikrogram per kubikkonsentrasi materi polusi dalam tubuh, memperbesar risikokematian akibat kanker paru sebesar 27 %.

• Responden dalam riset ini adalah orang yang tidak merokok.

• Risiko tersebut mungkin lebih besar pada kota megapolitanseperti Jakarta, New Delhi, dan Beijing. Negara berkembangumumnya berbagi risiko karena masih minim infrastrukturterkait kebersihan udara.

• Masyarakat di kota tersebut harus menghirup udara yang tercampur asap kendaraan, pabrik, rumah tangga, danperalatan pembangunan

Page 4: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Paparan Polusi Udara & Polutan Faktor Penyebab Kanker Paru

Paparan Polusi Udara Faktor Penyebab Kanker Paru-paru, Pikiran Rakyat, 2019

• Berdasarkan data internasional, sekitar 3-5 % penderita kanker paru berhubungan dengan pajanan polusi udara. Bahkan, data hasil penelitian di RSUP Persahabatan pada 2013 terhadap 300 penderita kanker paru yang terbukti sebanyak 4 % pasienterpapar polusi udara.

• Saat ini salah satu yang menjadi pembahasan oleh OrganisasiKesehatan Dunia (WHO) bahwa kanker bisa muncul karenadampak dari polusi udara.

• Polutan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap penyakit kanker ialah particulat matter (PM) 2,5 atau partikel halus denganukuran di bawah 2,5 mikron yang bisa masuk ke dalam organ-organ dalam tubuh manusia.

• PM 2,5 kalau terhirup dari saluran napas, selama kontinyu akanmerangsang terjadinya perubahan sel yang ada di dalamsaluran napas dan paru-paru dari yang normal menjadiabnormal, dan terjadilah kanker.

Page 5: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger
Page 6: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger
Page 7: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger
Page 8: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Eckel et al. Air Pollution Affects Lung Cancer Survival, Thorax author manuscript PMC 2017

Air Pollution Exposures based on Stages at Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

Page 9: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Eckel et al. Air Pollution Affects Lung Cancer Survival, Thorax author manuscript PMC 2017

Median Survival and 5-Year Survival Rate, by stage at diagnosis and air pollution exposure

Page 10: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Paparan Asap Rokok Faktor Penyebab Kanker Paru

Paparan Polusi Juga Tingkatkan Risiko Kanker Paru, DetikHealth, 2018

• Rokok saat ini memang masih jadi faktor risiko terbesar kanker paru. Namun efek yang ditimbulkan cenderung bersifatpersonal, sedangkan paparan asap dan polusi mampumenjangkau lebih banyak orang

• Sebanyak 15 % kanker paru ternyata terjadi pada orang yang tidak merokok.

• Usaha preventif sedini mungkin untuk mencegah risiko kanker paru. Salah satunya dengan penggunaan masker, menjaga polamakan, tidak merokok, dan olahraga.

Page 11: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Incidence of EGFR mutation-positive tumours in NSCLC

patients

1. Krawczyk et al. Oncol Lett. 2017;13(6):4433-4444

2. Lindeman et al. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(7):823-59

3. Shi et al. J Thorac Oncol. 2014; 9(2): 154-162

1

2

3

Page 12: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Mechanism Of Action

1. Soria et al. Cancer Treat Rev. 2012;38(5):416-30

2. Chong et al. Nat Med. 2013;19(11):1389–1400

Inhibiting the activity of EGFR and its signalling prevents the proliferation and survival of EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC1

EGFR mutation-positive tumours are hyper-dependent on EGFR signalling for their survival1,2

Page 13: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger
Page 14: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Tarceva provides PFS of 15,3 Months in sub-patients in Exon 19 Deletion 1

A s i a n p a t i e n t s

( O P T I M A L s t u d y ) 1

Tarceva (n=82)Chemotherapy (n=72)

HR=0.16 (95% CI:0.11–0.26)

Log-rank p<0.0001

4.6

13.7

1.0

0.8

0.4

0.2

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 45

0.6

PF

S E

ST

IMA

TE

TIME (MONTHS)

40

84% Reduce Risk

of Progression

1. Zhou, C., Wu, Y. & Chen, G. (2011). Lancet Oncol 12: 735-742

ITT = intention-to-treat.

4,6 Chemoterapy

15,3 (Tarceva Exon 19)

13,1 (Tarceva ITT)

0 5 10 15 20

OPTIMAL

Median PFS (Months)

PFS (Months)

First-line treatment with Tarceva provides above 1 year (13.7 months) of survival in

EGFR Mut+ advanced NSCLC

Page 15: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

• Meta-Analysis of 3 EGFR TKIs

• 16 of Phase III Trials

• With 2,962 patient cases of EGFR Mut+

PLoS One 2016 : Meta-Analysis of Efficacy & Safety of 3 EGFR TKIs1

Efficacy Safety

Erlotinib High Moderate

Gefitinib Moderate Moderate

Afatinib High High

1. Optimized selection of three major EGFR-TKIs in advanced EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer:a network meta-analysis by Yaxiong Zhang

Page 16: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Tarceva provides a similar or higher PFS benefit versus chemotherapy than

gefitinib or afatinib in different meta-analyses

1. Paz-Ares, et al. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 2. Petrelli, et al. Clin Lung Cancer 2012

3. Haaland, et al. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 4. Greenhalgh, et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016

Time (months)

All lines

0 6 12 18

Tarceva (n=731)

Gefitinib (n=1,802)

Chemotherapy (n=984)

A p o o l e d a n a l y s i s o f d a t a f r o m

> 9 0 p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s 1

A n e t w o r k

a n a l y s i s o f

d a t a f r o m

p h a s e I I I

c l i n i c a l t r i a l s 3

0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0

Favours EGFR TKI

0.19

0.39

Tarceva

Gefitinib

Favours chemotherapyHR

A m e t a - a n a l y s i s o f p a t i e n t s i n 9 r a n d o m i s e d ,

c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l s 2

HR

0.2 0.4 0.6 1.5

Favours

Tarceva

Favours

afatinib

1.0

0.56

HR0.2 0.4 0.6 1.5

Favours

Tarceva

Favours

gefitinib

1.0

0.57

Tarceva

Gefitinib

Afatinib

HRFavours

EGFR TKI

Favours

chemotherapy

0.2 0.4 0.6 2.01.00.0

C o c h r a n e

s y s t e m a t i c

a n a l y s i s o f

s t u d i e s o f E G F R

T K I s i n t h e

f i r s t - l i n e s e t t i n g 4

Page 17: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Tarceva has a favourable safety profile, with lower rates of dose reductions and

treatment discontinuations compared with second-generation EGFR TKIs

AE = adverse event; TKIs = tyrosine kinase inhibitors

1. Rosell, et al. Lancet Oncol 2012; 2. Wu, et al. Ann Oncol 2015; 3. Zhou, et al. Lancet Oncol 2011; 4. Sequist, et al. J Clin Oncol

2013; 5.Yang, et al. Ann Oncol 2016; 6. Wu, et al. Lancet Oncol 2014; 7. Gilotrif SmPC; 8. Takeda, et al. Lung Cancer 2015

10

4

2

0Gefitinib

8

Pa

tien

ts (

%)

AfatinibTarceva

**

6

D o s e R e d u c t i o n s

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Pa

tien

ts (

%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

EURTAC ENSURE OPTIMALLUX-LUNG

3

LUX-LUNG

6

Dose reductions due to AEs were required by up to 21% of

patients treated with Tarceva1–3

Afatinib dose reductions due to AEs were required by up to

57% of patients7

Tarceva

phase III studies1–3

Afatinib

phase III studies4–6

T r e a t m e n t D i s c o n t i n u a t i o n s 8

21.0% 19.1%

6.0%

53.3%

28.0%

*Statistically significant

Page 18: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Incidence of rash, diarrhoea, paronychia are lower with Tarceva than with second-

generation TKIs

Hepatotoxicity are lower with Tarceva than with other first-generation TKI

*Statistically significant

SmPC = summary of product characteristics 1. Takeda, et al. Lung Cancer 2015; 2. Wu, et al. Ann Oncol 2015; 3 Gilotrif SmPC

20

10

5

0

Gefitinib

15

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f g

rad

e ≥

3 t

oxic

ity (

%)

D i a r r h o e a 1

AfatinibTarceva

*

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f a

ll g

rad

e to

xic

ity (

%)

P a r o n y c h i a 2 , 3

AfatinibTarceva

20

10

5

0

Gefitinib

15

R a s h 1

AfatinibTarceva

**

A p o o l e d a n a l y s i s o f d a t a f r o m 2 2 p u b l i s h e d

p h a s e I I a n d I I I c l i n i c a l s t u d i e s 1

D a t a f r o m p h a s e I I I T a r c e v a

s t u d y a n d a f a t i n i b S m P C 2 , 3

8.8

15.0

3.5

9.6

2.7

1.1

15.5

58.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

H e p a t o t o x i c i t y 2 , 3

GefitinibTarceva

6

18

Page 19: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Re-evaluation of every 2 weeks

Tarceva Dose

Maintained

Recommended of

dose reduction

and/or discontinue

Topical Therapy

Steroid

Antibiotic

Steroid

Antibiotic

Steroid

Antibiotic

Systemic Therapy

Antibiotic

Antibiotic

CorticosteroidSevere

(Stage 3–4)

Moderate

(Stage 2)

Mild

(Stage 1)

1. Lynch, T., Kim, E. & Eaby, B. (2007). Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor–Associated Cutaneous Toxicities: An Evolving

Paradigm in Clinical Management. The Oncologist 12:610-621. Retrieved from www.theoncologist.com (on April 26, 2016)

Maintained

Management of Skin Rash of Tarceva1

Page 20: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Dosing & Administration Tarceva1

Dosing :• Oral (2 Strengths – 150 mg & 100 mg)• The recommended daily dose of Tarceva is 150mg• Recommended of dose reduction in adverse events

of grade 3 – 4

Administration :• Tarceva should be taken on an empty stomach• At least 1 hour before or 2 hours after the

ingestion of food

1. BPOM Product Information Tarceva ( Erlotinib ) December 2018

Page 21: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Summary

• Polusi udara factor risiko kanker paru

• Polutan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap penyakit kanker ialah particulat matter (PM)

2,5 atau partikel halus dengan ukuran di bawah 2,5 mikron yang bisa masuk ke dalam

organ-organ dalam tubuh manusia

• Mekanisma air polutan menyebabkan kanker paru adalah menginduksi onkogen dan

inaktivasi tumor suppressor

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Page 22: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Tarceva provides EGFRmut+ patients an

p optimal balance of efficacy and safety compared

with other first-/ second-generation EGFR TKIs1-4

1. Zhang Y, et al. Oncotarget. Vol. 7, No. 15 (2016)

2. Zhou C, et al. Lancet Oncol. 12: 735–42 (2011)

3. Takeda M, et al. Lung Cancer. 88 : 74–79 (2015)

4. BPOM Product Information Tarceva ( Erlotinib ) December 2018

THANK YOU

Page 23: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

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Page 24: Exposure to Air Pollution and Pollutant as a Trigger

Slide AE and MI

• NPM-ID-0266-11-2018

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