pollutant isua ikot

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Pollutants are substances which cause pollution. Pollution is not a new phenomenon.

Infact, it is older than what most people realize. Archaeologist digging through site ofupper Palaeolithic settlement (settlement of the first modern humans between forty

thousand and ten thousand years ago) routinely found piles of discarded stone tools and

the litter form the making of these tools.

Although pollution has been a major problem since the centuries preceding the middle

ages, it is worth noting that the most significant land and soil pollution began during the

20th century, when industries began manufacturing and using synthetic materials such as

plastic, PCBs (polychlorodiphenyl tricholorethene (DDT). These materials are not only

toxic, they also accumulate in the environment they are biodegradable thus, organicbased pollutants have the potential to disrupt hormonal systems and modify the natural

growth of humans and animals. It alters significantly the content and diversity of

organism in the soil.

As the world population grows, and humans moved form nomadic to settle societies,

however pollutants increase in magnitudes and becoming a real problem for the

environment and it human and non-human inhabitants. The dispersal pollutant form it

source can be through the atmosphere, via the water bodies or directly into the soil. The

soil has in recent years been selected as a medium in which pollutant are being dispose.

Once in the soil, not only can it enter the food chain, thereby affecting plant, animals and

humans, but in some cases altering the composition of the soil and it ability to perform it

many function.

Furthermore, pollutant can often be transported from the soil to water bodies, where they

contribute further damages to the environment. Soil pollutant is now much more under

the spot light of government, though they are many countries that still ignore the effect of

soil pollution.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVEThe aim of this project is to determine how quickly different liquid pollutant would travel

through different soil types.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The information gained from this experiment will benefit farmer, drilling industries,

botanists who have soil problem to better understand absorbency in different soil types,

as pollutant can impact soil everywhere and the effects are potentially disastrous small

chemical change in soil can render it inhospitable to plant. Also chemical that runoff

through soil into river and stream can contaminate drinking water.


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1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

The project is limited to the use of three different types of liquid pollutant Diesel,

Kerosene and Lubricating Oil; and three different soil types sand, loamy and clay.


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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 POLLUTANT

Pollutants are any substances that diminish the quality of the soil and change the naturalsoil equilibrium. They are ingredient causing pollution. They are not deliberately

manufactured, but are the by product of manufacturing processes. At different stages of

the manufacturing, these pollutants are generated (Miller, G.T. 2000). According to

(Tietenberg, T. 2006) Pollutants can also be defined by their zones of influence, both

horizontally and vertically.

The horizontal zone refers to the area that is damaged by a pollutant. Local pollutants

cause damage near the emission source while regional pollutants cause damage further

from the emission source.The vertical zone is referred to whether the damage is ground-level or atmospheric.

Surface pollutants cause damage by concentrations of the pollutant accumulating

near the Earth's surface Global pollutants cause damage by concentrations in the

atmosphere.

2.2 POLLUTANT PATHWAY

According to (Dr Dilip, 2004) a pollutant is released along a pathway a retraceable root

from it source. This pathway allows migration of the pollutant to a target of vary

sensitivity. They are different form of pollutants, each of which comes from different

sources.

2.3 FORM OF POLLUTANT AND ITS SOURCE.

Different forms of pollutant have different properties for mobility, migration and impacts,

each of this properties vary according to it source.

They are three different forms of pollutant, which are Liquid, Solid and Gaseous

Liquid Pollutant

Source

i. Spilled raw material,

ii. Leakage form machinery and pipe workiii. Damage supply line and drains

iv. Deliberate discharge of effluent.

Solid Pollutant

Source

i. Product of waste powder, resins, granule e.t.c

GaseousPollutant

Source

i. Evaporation of organic and volatile chemicals.ii. Process fume and smoke.


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iii. Naturally occurring radioactive gases.

2.4 LIQUID POLLUTANT

These are substances that flow with little or no tendency to disperse, having relatively

high incompressibility, and which cause pollution. Many liquid pollutants are produced,

during the process of manufacturing pesticide, medicine and other chemical. They arealso released during refinement and processing (Tutorvista, 2010).

Liquid pollutants exist in two forms: point source and non-point source. Point source

pollutant is used to describe thing that pollute the environment directly, it can be traced

back to a single origin or source example, pipe dumping contaminant, a sewage treatment

plant discharge, while non-point source describe things that pollute the environment

indirectly, it cannot be traced back to a single origin or source such as polluted runoff

from agricultural areas draining into a river, urban runoff from a roadway, storm drain, or

from ships at sea.There are four origins that these sources can come from, they are as follows: agricultural

industry, manufacturing industry, municipal and nuclear wastes, each of them is

discussed below.

2.5 LIQUID POLLUTANT SOURCE OF ORIGIN

i. Agricultural Industry

Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides are commonly used in the agriculture industry to

treat crops and protect them against the threat of insect infestation or disease. These types

of chemical compounds may also be used on a smaller scale to treat lawns, flower beds or

gardens. According to (Green P. 2008), the use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides

can cause a reduction in soil fertility, pollution of groundwater and contamination of root

crops. Liquid fertilizers that contain nitrates, phosphorous or potassium can also lead to

deterioration of soil quality, potential groundwater contamination and a general

degradation of the quality of crops produced.

ii. Manufacturing Industry

According to (Green P. 2008), power plants, paper plants and companies operating in theiron, steel or chemical industries are responsible for creating hazardous liquid waste.

Liquid waste produced by these entities typically enters the soil as waste-water runoff or

through illegal or improper dumping. Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, copper and

zinc, chromium, mercury and arsenic are often present in industrial waste. As these

chemicals are absorbed into the soil, they have the potentials to contaminate groundwater

or be consumed by wildlife, which may allow the transfer of these compounds up to the

food chain.


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ii. Municipal waste

The improper management and control of municipal waste can also lead to leakage of

hazardous liquids into the soil. The primary sources of municipal waste pollutants include

leakage from septic tanks, sewage that enters rivers, the improper disposal of motor oil,

paint and other chemicals (NSDL, 2007).

iii. Nuclear Waste

Liquid nuclear waste also has the ability to contribute to soil pollution. Radioactive waste

is typically classified according to its purpose their heat energy potential and their

composition. Nuclear waste can remain for a few hours or a few thousand years,

depending on its composition (EPA, 1998).

2.6 SOIL

Soil is a series of thin layer on the surface of the Earth on which the living beings

survive. It is the layer of materials in which plants have their roots. Soil is made up of

many things like weathered rock particles and decayed plant and animal matter

(Birkeland, 1991).

It takes a long time for soil formation and more than thousand years for the formation of

a thin layer of soil. Since soil is made up of such diverse materials like broken down rock

particles and organic matter, it can be classified into various types, though based on the

size of the particles it contains.

2.7 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Sand, Silt, and Clay are the three basic types of soil. Some soils are made up of the

combination of the three to form Loamy Soil. The texture of the soil, how it looks and

feels, depends upon the amount of each one in that particular soil (Sanchez, 2003).

i. Sandy Soil

This type has the biggest particles and the size of the particles thus determine the degree

of aeration and drainage that the soil allows. It is granular and consists of rock andmineral particles that are very small. Therefore the texture is gritty and sandy soil is

formed by the disintegration and weathering of rocks such as limestone, granite, quartz

and shale. Sandy soil is easier to cultivate if it is rich in organic material but then it

allows drainage more than is needed, thus resulting in over-drainage and dehydration of

the plants in summer. It warms very fast in the spring season. So if you want to grow

your plant in sandy soil it is imperative that you water it regularly in the summers and

give a break in the winters and rainy season, sandy soil retains moisture and nutrients. In

a way sandy soil is good for plants since it lets the water go off so that it does not remain

near the roots and lead them to decay.


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ii. Silt Soil

Silt soil is considered to be one of the most fertile of soils. It can occur in nature as soil or

as suspended sediment in water column of a water body on the surface of the earth. It is

composed of minerals like Quartz and fine organic particles. It is granular like sandy soil

but it has more nutrients than sandy soil and it also offers better drainage. In case silt soilis dry, it has a smoother texture and looks like dark sand. This type of soil can hold more

moisture and at times becomes compact; it offers better drainage and is much easier to

work with when it has moisture.

iii. Clay Soil

Clay is a kind of soil that occurs naturally and consists of very fine grained material with

very less air spaces, which is the reason it is difficult to work with since the drainage in

this soil is low, most of the time there is a chance of water logging and that causes harm

to the roots of the plant. Clay soil becomes very heavy when wet and if cultivation has tobe done, organic fertilizers have to be added. Clay soil is formed after years of rock

disintegration and weathering. It is also formed as sedimentary deposits after the rock is

weathered, eroded and transported.

iv. Loamy Soil

This soil consists of sand, silt and clay. It is considered to be the perfect soil for

Agriculture. The texture is gritty and retains water very easily, yet the drainage is well.

There are various kinds of loamy soil ranging from fertile to very muddy and thick sod.

Yet out of all the different kinds of soil loamy soil is the ideal for cultivation.

Besides this kind of classification soil can also be classified as Acidic and Alkaline soil

depending on the amount of humus, organic matter and the underlying bedrock. Every

soil has its own advantages and disadvantages and there are various plants that have

different requirements. All plants do not need the same kind of soil.

2.8 CAUSES OF LIQUID POLLUTANT ON THE SOIL

Soil pollution is a growing problem and understanding what causes it, is key to

preventing it. Pollutants in the soil can have a negative impact on plant and animal life

and potentially lead to contamination of groundwater. Soil pollution can be limited to

surface soil or it can be spread to underground layers, depending on the type ofcontaminant. Hazardous liquids derived from agricultural, industrial and other activities

represent the most type of soil pollutants (Davenport, 2005).

Farming Chemicals

Chemicals are widely used to protect crops from succumbing to insects, weeds and fungi,

though these chemicals are a good short-term treatment to problems in agriculture, they

also can create new problems that are harder to solve. Pesticides, herbicides and other

chemical agents can contaminate the soil and deplete it of nutrients. The reduction of

nutrients can make soils less able to yield high-quality crops of certain plants. Chemicalrunoff also can affect soil beyond the plot where crops are grown and hamper the soil for


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Human Waste Products

Trash from landfills and littering can decompose over time, but they also can release

liquid chemicals that kill plants and make soil inhabitable to life forms, including plants

and animals. Chemicals found in cosmetic products and other items, such as batteries,can linger in soil, zapping it of it nutrients. Some of this is unavoidable, but many

products can be recycled by methods that do not damage soil to such a degree.

Fuel By-Products

Fuel leakages from automobiles, that gets washed away due to rain and seep into the

nearby soil can influence the soil and be harmful to the land. The by-products from coal-

powered plants, oil refineries and nuclear waste can put various chemical substances into

the soil many of which can remain for years. This type of soil pollution is commonly

found in highly industrialize areas. The pollutants produced by fuel as well as otherfactors, can contaminate the soil and also can be carried through the soil and enter into

groundwater, which can make the water extracted from some wells undrinkable without

treatment.

2.9 EFFECT OF LIQUID POLLUTANT ON THE SOIL

Different source of liquid pollutants have different effect on the nature of soil. Lets look

into the effect caused by each of these pollutants.

Agricultural Pollutant

a) Synthetic fertilizers: Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers leads to accumulation of

nitrates in the soil. Vegetation in nitrate rich soil may exert toxic effects on those

consuming it. Excess use of fertilizers also destroys the microbial flora in the soil, thus

leading to interruption of essential processes in soil, such as nitrogen fixation. Also with

the continued accumulation of these potassium salts and nitrates in soil, the salt content in

soil could increase and cause salinisation.

b) Pesticides are often used to keep away pests which damage crop produce and often

cause soil pollution as they are mostly non biodegradable. They take many years to

degrade and remain as a toxic residue in soil. Pesticide residues in soil may be taken upby plants and cause phyto-toxicity. They may also enter aquatic environment through run

off after rain and enter the food chain.

Industrial and Manufacturing Pollutants

c) Industrial effluents: liquid pollutants from tanneries, thermal power plants, paper,

fertilizer, iron, and steel industry often end up in the soil and cause degradation of soil

due to their toxicity.

d) Urban wastes: wastes generated in urban living areas such as sewage sludge, hospital

wastes, etc also are a major cause of soil pollution. These wastes tend to accumulate in


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soil, encourage the growth of pathogenic organism and cause diseases also waste material

like plastic tend to remain non biodegradable in soil and affect soil productivity.

2.10 PROPERTIES OF SOIL

According to (Brady, et al. 2003) since soils develop under a variety of conditions, thesoil in one location can be very different from the soil in another location. In order to

understand soil, and how one soil differs from another, the chemical and physical

properties are enumerated as followed:

Chemical properties

Soil chemistry is the interaction of various chemical constituents that takes place among

soil particles and in the soil solutionthe water retained by soil. The chemical

interactions that occur in soil are highly complex. The chemical qualities of soils

change with time.

Cation Exchange Capacity

The cation exchange capacity is a measure of the capacity of the soil to hold some

nutrients. It plays a role in soil fertility. Some plant nutrients and metals exist as

positively charged ions, or cations, in the soil environment. Among the more common

cations found in soils are hydrogen (H+), aluminum (Al+3), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium

(Mg+2), and potassium (K+). Most heavy metals also exist as cations in the soil

environment. Clay and organic matter particles are predominantly negatively charged

(anions), and have the ability to hold cations from being leached or washed away. The

adsorbed cations are subject to replacement by other cations in a rapid, reversible processcalled cation exchange.

Soil pH

Soil pH refers to the level of acidity in a soil. The pH is a measure of the number of

hydrogen (H+) ions that are in the soil. Soil pH can be altered by ammendments.

Increasing organic matter will decrease pH (increase acidity). Lime can be added to

increase pH (increase alkalinity). Certain fertilizers are delivered as acidic or basic

solutions. These will also alter soil pH.

Salinity

Saline soils are soils with lots of soluble salts.

Sodic soils are saline soils with lots of Na+,


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Soil structure is the way the soil particles are arranged into larger units called peds. A

soil with good soil structure has many more channels, or macrospores, for the movement

of air and water.

Soil Colour: this ranges from gray, black, white, reds, browns, yellows and under theright conditions green. It is influenced by the content of organic matter and water.

2.11 USES OF SOIL

Agriculture-Soil is used in agriculture, where it serves as the primary nutrient base for

plants; however, as demonstrated by hydroponics, it is not essential to plant growth if the

soil-contained nutrients could be dissolved in a solution. The types of soil used in

agriculture (among other things, such as the purported level of moisture in the soil) vary

with respect to the species of plants that are cultivated.

Fuel-Organic soils, especially peat, serve as a significant fuel resource

Soil material is a critical component in the mining and construction industries.

Soil serves as a foundation for most construction projects. Massive volumes of soil can

be involved in surface mining, road building and dam construction. Earth sheltering is the

architectural practice of using soil for external thermal mass against building walls.

Food-Both animals and humans in many cultures occasionally consume soil. Some

monkeys consume soil, together with their preferred food (tree foliage and fruits), in

order to alleviate tannin toxicity (Setz et al 1999).

Soils filter and purify water Rain water and pooled water from ponds, lakes and rivers

percolate through the soil horizons and the upper rock strata; thus becoming groundwater.

Pests (viruses) and pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (chlorinated

pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls), oils (hydrocarbons), heavy metals (lead, zinc,

cadmium), and excess nutrients (nitrates, sulfates, phosphates) are filtered out by the soil

(Rezaei et al 2009).

Landfills use soil for daily cover.

2.12 IMPORTANCE OF SOIL

Soil is one of the environments most important resources. Soil, along with

sunlight and water, feeds plants, houses organisms, responsible for nutrient

cycling, affects primary productivity and influences plant community diversity.

Soil covers large parts of the dry-land surface of the globe; without it, the earth's

surface would be barren rock and could not support life.


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Soil is the biologically active zone where the atmosphere, water, sunlight, and the

earth's crust mix and interact.

Soil is one of the planet's most active regions of energy exchange, particularly

through the decomposition of organic materials.

Soil is obviously the medium necessary for terrestrial plant life. And since human

beings live on plants and animals, which in turn nourish themselves on plants, it is

easy to see why soil is the fundamental resource of civilization. It is in fact the

fundamental resource of terrestrial life.

Soil is constantly changing its composition in response to changing conditions. It

supports a host of communities of living things which are interdependent and

survive by endlessly exchanging energy and chemical resources. Consequently,

soil is a resource that must be conserved. In order to be conserved it must beadequately studied, understood and preserver.

2.13 SOIL TREATMENT

Soil treatment is the science and act of treating contaminated soil with either a stationary

or mobile facility, designed to reduce the level of contaminants- both organic and

inorganic in a soil (FDEP, 2008).

The various soil treatments are discussed below:

Solidification/Stabilization - Environmental remediation processes by which waste

contaminants in a host medium (soil) are rendered less mobile, less soluble, chemically

inactive, and less toxic by the addition of properly selected and mixed additives and/or

reagents. Solidification increases the compressive strength, decreases the permeability,

and encapsulates toxic elements while stabilization converts hazardous elements into less

soluble, mobile or toxic forms, particularly with respect to the action of water, frost and

lime, either alone or in combination with other materials, can be used to treat a range of

soil types. It helps in reducing contaminant solubility or reducing the transfer of (Entact,

2010).

Redox (reduction/oxidation reaction) is an environmental remediation processes for

rendering chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals, chemically

inert or neutral in their affect on the surrounding environment. Reduction refers to the

gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons by

a molecule, atom, or ion. One or the other of these transformations might be used to

change the chemical and/or physical attributes of soil contaminants so that they are

environmentally acceptable and can remain in-situ and support beneficial use. Redox is

initiated by the addition or injection of chemicals, reagents, microbes, enzymes, or

bacteria designed to interact with and permanently change the targeted contaminant(Entact, 2010).


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Bioremediation - Bioremediation is the use of biological mechanisms to destroy,

transform, or immobilize environmental contaminants. Bioremediation of hydrocarbons

can be accomplished by a variety of techniques. In all cases, breakdown of hydrocarbons

is maximized by providing the best conditions for microbial activity, requiring a properbalance of moisture, nutrients, and soil oxygen (BT Texno and Servis, 2008).


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CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USE

The materials and equipment used are described in the table below

S/No MATERIALS/EQUIPMENTUSED

GRADE/MODEL

MANUFACTURER

1.

Beaker 300ml Bomax

Sibata Scientific Technology

Ltd. Usa

2. Measuring Cylinder 500ml Silberland Inc W. Germany

3. Weighing Balance Lever Griffin & Georg Ltd. Uk

4. Plastic Filter Sunplast Nigeria

5. Lubricating Oil SAE 40 Conoil Plc. Nigeria

6. Diesel Warri Refinary. Nigeria

7. Kerosene Warri Refinary. Nigeria9. Stop Watch digital

10. Water type; bore hole Source: Ground Water

11. Soil Auger mini Gamzen Plast Pvt India

12 Plastic Bag medium black Sunplast Nigeria

3.2 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE SITE

Ogbe Avenue is a new developing area in Effurun, Uvwie Local Government Area, Delta State. It is a

sparsely populated area; the soil formation is composed of three types randomly distributed within the

area.

3.3 METHOD OF SAMPLE COLLECTIONA reasonable quantity of soil samples were collected at surface and subsurface soil of the study area and

conveyed in a plastic bag labelled A, B and C with a masking tape.

Sample A is a Sandy Soil collected from a building construction site; Sample B a loamy soil collected at

a few distance from a farm land; Sample C is a clay soil collected at a depth of about 20-25cm from an

open field under the influence of erosion.

3.4 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE

PARAMETER OF INTEREST

DETERMINATION OF SOIL POROSITY

Soil porosity (percent pore space) is the amount of pore space in a sample of soil. Pore spaces are foundbetween soil particles and are either filled with air or liquid (water). It is important, as it defines the

volume of liquid that can be held in a given volume of a soil.

It is generally the pore sizes and their connectivity that determines whether a soil has high or low

permeability- the property that allows fluid to flow through (Horgan, 1999).


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Direct method

This method measures the amount of water it takes to fill the soil pores (percent

porosity).

Apparatus: Beaker, Graduated Cylinder.

Reagent: Water

Material: Soil

PROCEDURE

1. Put each soil sample into a beaker.

2. Measure 250ml of water using a graduated cylinder.

3. Slowly and steadily pour the measured 250ml of water into the soil filled beaker,

care must be taken not to stir or shake the soil in the beaker.

4. allow the soil in the beaker to stand for several minutes, until all the water soaks

into the very small pores5. Calculate the amount of water used to fill the soil pore space in each beaker by

subtracting the volume of water left in the cylinder from the initial volume of the water in

the cylinder from the initial volume of the water in the cylinder before pouring it into the

beaker.6. Record the result and make necessary calculations.

Measurements

Initial volume of water used vw1 250 mlVolume of water remaining in cylinder after all soil pores

are filled. vw2

ml

volume of water filling soil pores (volume of all pores) vw3= vw1 - vw2

ml

total volume of soil (1 cm3 = 1 ml) 150 ml

Percentage Porosity % =

Volume of Pores cm 3 x 100

Total Volume of the soil cm

3.4 Determination of absorption of some liquid pollutant in soil

Apparatus: Beaker, Measuring Cylinder, Plastic filter, Stop watch

Material: Soil clay, loamy and Sandy, Some liquid pollutants

Procedure

1. Create a clean and organized are near a working sink in the laboratory.

2. Place a beaker on top of a horizontal table and then place a plastic filter on top thebeaker, so that it remain firm.


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3. Weigh 250g of soil sample A using weighing balance and carefully put it into the

filter.

4. Measure 250ml of Kerosene using a graduated cylinder.

5. Slowly and steadily pour the measured 250ml of kerosene into soil sample A

6. Immediately the kerosene is completely out of the graduated cylinder, begin timingfor 60 seconds.

7. Stop the counting of the stop watch at the exact timing of 5minutes, measure and

record the amount of kerosene that passes through the soil sample A

8. The result, of the amount of kerosene absorb by the soil sample A, is calculated by

taking the difference between the initial amount of the kerosene that is pour into

soil sample A and the amount of the kerosene that passes through it.

FormulaAmount of pollutant absorb by sample =Initial amount of pollutant amount of pollutant that passes through sample.

9. Remove the plastic filter from the beaker, set it in the sink and wash both the

plastic filter and beaker. Immediately clean up any spill found.

10. Repeat step 1-9 with the same pollutant and soil sample B and C

11. Repeat step 1-9 with diesel and soil sample A, B and C

12. Repeat step 1-9 with lubricating soil and soil sample A, B and C.


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Table 4

Soil Sample C

Pollutants

initial amount of

pollutant used(ml)

amount of

pollutant absorbby soil (ml)

amount of pollutant that

passes through soil (ml)

Kerosene 250 146 54

Diesel 250 150 50

Lubricating oil 250 250 0

0

50

100

150

200

250

Soil Sample A Soil Sample B Soil Sample C

Kerosene

Diesel

Lubricating Oil

A graph of pollutant against different Soil Sample Types

Key


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0

5

10

15

20

25

Different Soil Sample Types

Soil Sample A

Soil Sample B

Soil Sample C

A graph of percentage porosity against different soil sample types

Key


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4.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Soil Sample AI found out that, the three pollutants used, travelled through it at a faster rate. It absorbs

100ml of kerosene, 102ml of diesel and 175ml of lubricating oil. It has high percentage

porosity than the rest of the other soil sample, which is gotten as 23%.

Soil Sample B

I found out that, the three pollutants travel through the soil, but not as fast as in soil

sample A during the period of timing. The lubricating oil flows slowly, making it to bethe least to travel through the soil and the most absorbent. It absorbs 100ml of kerosene,

110ml of diesel and 170ml of lubricating oil. It percentage porosity is 16%.

Soil Sample C

It took more timing for the pollutants kerosene and diesel to run through it. The

lubricating oil was able to absorb, but did not travel through, during the period of timing.

It percentage porosity is 3%. Making it, to have less air space than the rest of the other

soil. It absorbs 120ml of kerosene, 127ml of diesel and 70ml of lubricating oil.


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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

Looking at the experiment carried out and with the consequent result obtained from it, itcan then be concluded that soil with less porosity and pollutant with more viscosity

would be most absorbent.

The continue disposal of pollutant into soil will result in depletion of the soil nutrient,

which give rise to infertility of the soil and consequence, environmental degradation.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Having seen how far liquid pollutant can travel through soil and its negative impact on it.I like to recommend the following as ways to reduce such problems.

1. A rapid oil spill response mechanism should be put in place by the government and

oil companies, which must be committed to responding to distress call due to oil spillage.

2. Developing of waste management procedures that properly treat waste product

industrial wastes can be treated physically, chemically and biologically until they are less

hazardous. Acidic and alkaline waste should first be neutralized. Then, the insoluble

material of biodegradable should be allowed to degrade under controlled condition before

being disposed.

3. Reducing of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use - applying bio-fertilizers and

manures can reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide use. Biological methods of pest

control can also reduce the use of pesticides and thereby minimize soil pollution.

4. An insurance found against oil pollution be established by the government and oil

companies. In this fund, all the socio-economic cost resulting from oil pollution can be

charged and insured against.

5. Special location should be selected for dumping of wastes product - as a last resort,

new areas for storage of hazardous waste should be introduced such as deep well

injection and more secure landfills. Burying the waste in locations situated away from

residential areas is the simplest and most widely used technique of waste management.

Environmental and aesthetic considerations must be taken into consideration before

selecting the dumping sites.

6. Excavating polluted soil for treatment or proper disposal, to curb it from spreadinginto different unaffected areas.


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7. Government agencies, multinational companies, local authorities and communities

should as a matter of utmost importance create pollution awareness programmes.


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