faammiil lyy yppoouulttrry ccoo ...résumé des deuxième et troisième conférences électroniques...

FFAAMMIILLYY PPOOUULLTTRRYY CCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONNSS CCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONNSS EENN AAVVIICCUULLTTUURREE FFAAMMIILLIIAALLEE

CCOOMMUUNNIICCAACCIIOONNEESS EENN AAVVIICCUULLTTUURRAA FFAAMMIILLIIAARR

Volume|Volumen 21 Number|Numéro|Número 2

July|Juillet|Julio – December|Décembre|Diciembre 2012

PPuubblliisshheedd bbyy | PPuubblliiééeess ppaarr | PPuubblliiccaaddoo ppoorr

INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR FAMILY POULTRY DEVELOPMENT

RÉSEAU INTERNATIONAL POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'AVICULTURE FAMILIALE

RED INTERNACIONAL PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA AVICULTURA FAMILIAR

www.infpd.net

www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/home.html

FFaammiillyy PPoouullttrryy CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss ((FFPPCC)) |CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss eenn AAvviiccuullttuurree FFaammiilliiaallee ((CCAAFF))

|CCoommuunniiccaacciioonneess eenn AAvviiccuullttuurraa FFaammiilliiaarr ((CCAAFF))

EEddiittoorr--iinn--CChhiieeff,, FFPPCC | ÉÉddiitteeuurr--eenn--CChheeff,, CCAAFF | EEddiittoorr PPrriinncciippaall,, CCAAFF

Dr. Jean Claude Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, P.O. Box: 125 Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon,

E-mail: <[email protected]>

AAssssoocciiaattee EEddiittoorr,, FFPPCC | ÉÉddiitteeuurr aassssoocciiéé,, CCAAFF | RReeddaaccttoorraa AAssoocciiaaddaa,, CCAAFF

Pr. Johnson Oluwasola Agbede, Dept. of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.

704, Akure, Nigeria, E-mail: <[email protected]>

SSppaanniisshh ttrraannssllaattoorr | TTrraadduucctteeuurr eenn EEssppaaggnnooll |TTrraadduuccttoorr eenn EEssppaaññooll

Mr. Mario Chanona Farrera, Av. Juan Crispin No. 455, Col. Plan de Ayala, C.P. 29,020, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas,

México, E-mail: <[email protected]>

CCoooorrddiinnaattoorr,, IINNFFPPDD | CCoooorrddoonnnnaatteeuurr dduu RRIIDDAAFF | CCoooorrddiinnaaddoorr ddeell RRIIDDAAFF

Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, Livestock Production Systems Branch (AGAS), Animal Production and Healt Division. FAO,

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy, E-mail: <[email protected]> or <[email protected]>

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall EEddiittoorriiaall BBooaarrdd | CCoommiittéé ÉÉddiittoorriiaall IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall | CCoommiittéé ddee rreeddaacccciióónn IInntteerrnnaacciioonnaall

Pr. J.O. Agbede, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure,

Nigeria ● Dr. R.G. Alders, International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Qld, Australia / Lubango,

Angola ● Dr. B. Bagnol, International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Australia and Mozambique ●

Prof. J.G. Bell, United Kingdom ● Prof. A. Cahaner, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel ● Prof.

Aureliano Júarez Caratachea, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarimbaro, Michoacán, México

● Dr. J.C. Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, Bamenda, Cameroon ● Dr. E.F. Guèye, Livestock

Production Systems Branch, FAO, Rome, Italy ● Dr. Q.M.E. Huque, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute,

Dhaka, Bangladesh ● Dr. S. Pousga, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ● Prof. R.A.E.

Pym, University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia ● Dr. P.C.M. Simons, World’s Poultry Science

Association, Beekbergen, The Netherlands ● Prof. E.B. Sonaiya, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ●

Dr. O. Thieme, FAO Animal Production and Health Division, Rome Italy ● Dr. M. Tixier-Boichard, Institut

National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France ● Dr. H.M.J. Udo, Wageningen Agricultural

University, Wageningen, The Netherlands ● Dr. L. Waldron, World’s Poultry Science Journal, Feilding, New

Zealand

The views expressed by the various authors in Family Poultry Communications do not necessarily reflect the official position and

policies of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

Les opinions exprimées par les différents auteurs dans Communications en Aviculture Familiale ne reflètent pas nécessairement la

position et les politiques de l’Organisation des Nations-Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO).

Las opiniónes expresadas por los diferentes autores en Comunicaciones en Avicultura Familiar no necesariamente reflejan la

posición y las políticas oficiales de la Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación de los Naciones Unidas (FAO).

ISSN 0796-9295

http://www.infpd.net/

http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAinfo/themes/en/infpd/home.html

mailto:[email protected]





CONTENTS | TABLE DES MATIÈRES | CONTENIDO

EDITORIAL | ÉDITORIAL | EDITORIAL ........................................................................................................... 1

New challenges - J.C. Fotsa ............................................................................................................... 1

Nouveaux défis - J.C. Fotsa ............................................................................................................... 2

Nuevos retos - J.C. Fotsa .................................................................................................................. 3

ORIGINAL ARTICLES | ARTICLES ORIGINAUX | ARTICULOS ORIGINALES ............................................................... 4

Genetic evaluation of growth traits in ecotypes of Kenyan indigenous chicken - K. Ngeno, B.O. Bebe

& A.K. Kahi ....................................................................................................................................... 4

Breeding system and reproductive performance of indigenous chickens of Gomma Wereda Jimma

Zone, Ethiopia - M. Meseret, D. Solomon & D. Tadelle .................................................................... 13

Effect of 3-hour day time feed restrictions on performance of broiler chickens during the finisher

phase in a hot climate - H.K. Dei, O. Boateng & A.A. Agbolosu ....................................................... 22

Newcastle disease control in free-range chickens using I-2 vaccine in selected districts in Kenya -

J.W. Wachira, R.G. Ireri., M.W. Waithaka. & F.M. Matiri ................................................................. 28

FREE COMMUNICATIONS | COMMUNICATIONS LIBRES | COMUNICACIONES LIBRES ............................................. 34

Constraints to adoption and sustainability of improved practices in scavenging poultry systems -

E.B. Sonaiya ................................................................................................................................... 34

Family poultry production and the Millennium Development Goals in developing countries of Latin

America, Asia Pacific and Africa -E.F. Guèye .................................................................................. 44

INFPD’S NEWS | NOUVELLES DU RIDAF| INFORMACION DE RIDAF .............................................................. 49

Minutes of the INFPD Executive Committee Meeting - E.F. Guèye, Md.A. Saleque & B. Bagnol ....... 49

Rapport de la réunion du Comité exécutif du RIDAF - E.F. Guèye, Md.A. Saleque & B. Bagnol ....... 52

Acta de la reunión del Comité Ejecutivo RIDAF - E.F. Guèye, Md.A. Saleque & B. Bagnol ............... 55

INFPD 4-year Plan of Actions for INFPD - INFPD Executive Committee ........................................... 58

Plan d’Actions du RIDAF pour 4 ans - Comité exécutif du RIDAF .................................................... 61

INFPD de 4 años el Plan de Acciones para RIDAF - Comité Ejecutivo RIDAF ................................... 64

ACTIVITY REPORT | RAPPORT D’ACTIVITES | INFORME DE ACTIVIDADES ............................................................ 67

E-Conference on “Family Poultry interactions with other production systems (forestry, tree crops,

annual crops, large animals, fisheries, etc.): Nutritional opportunities and constraints” - S.D.

Chowdhury, D. Luseba & O. Thieme ............................................................................................... 67

Conférence électronique sur “Interactions de l'aviculture familiale avec d'autres systèmes de

production (la sylviculture, l'arboriculture, les cultures annuelles, le gros bétail, la pêche, etc.):

opportunités et contraintes nutritionnelles” - S.D. Chowdhury, D. Luseba & O. Thieme ................. 70

Conferencia electrónica sobre “Interacciones de la avicultura familiar (AF) con otros sistemas de

producción (forestales, cultivos arbóreos, cultivos anuales, ganadería, pesca, etc.): oportunidades y

limitaciones nutricionales” - S.D. Chowdhury, D. Luseba & O. Thieme ........................................... 73

E-Conference on “Strategic interventions for Family Poultry – What can be achieved through

Research & Development activities” - E.B. Sonaiya, G. De Besi & O. Thieme ................................... 76

Conférence électronique sur “Interventions stratégiques pour l’aviculture familiale -

Accomplissements possibles à travers les activités de recherche et de développement?” - E.B.

Sonaiya, G. De Besi & O. Thieme .................................................................................................... 78

Conferencia electrónica sobre “Las intervenciones estratégicas para la avicultura familiar de los

países en desarrollo” - E.B. Sonaiya, G. De Besi & O. Thieme ......................................................... 80

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS | RECOMMANDATIONS AUX AUTEURS | INSTRUCCIONES PAR AUTORES ....................... 82

Instructions to authors - FPC Editors ............................................................................................. 82

Recommandations aux auteurs - Éditeurs de CAF .......................................................................... 84

Instrucciones para autores - Editores CAF ...................................................................................... 88

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Family Poultry Communications | Communications en Aviculture Familiale | Comunicaciones en Avicultura Familiar, Vol.21, No.2 - 1/90

Editorial | Éditorial | Editorial

New challenges

The Editorial board members are overwhelmed by the kind words and encouragement received after the release of

vol. 21, No 1 of Family Poultry Communications (FPC). If we are not flattered by those words of encouragement then

we must confessed that we are greatly humbled and we extend our thanks to them and promise to work harder with a

view to making the FPC a journal that will soon be rated among the best journals in the world. We are grateful to you

all and in particular, to the God Almighty.

In the Editorial of vol. 21, No 1 we did mention that the delay in releasing the said volume was necessary in order

to perfect and ensure regular releases as the attainment of standards is a journey, and not a destination. Consequent upon

this, the Editorial members are glad to release the volume 21 Number 2 of this journal for your perusal, with a promise

to always release the subsequent ones as at when due. You will find in this issue, original articles dealing with various

topics like, genetics, nutrition and health, short communications discussing innovations and the Millennium

Development Goals in the poultry sector in several countries on an development paths. In addition, there will also be

summaries of the second and third electronic conferences co-organized by FAO and INFPD in 2012 and the report of

INFPD activities for the next four years. As usual, we ensured that the instructions to the authors are included as we

have observed that many authors who submitted their articles for publication did not comply with these important

guidelines. The Editors are very passionate about this and we are strongly appealing to prospective authors to use it as

contributors who do not use the instructions to authors will not be entertained.

One area of interest that is often neglected among the backyard poultry farmers and smallholding farmers is egg

management especially during egg glut and in rural areas where eggs are hardly eaten by the resource poor.

Consequently, many eggs are lost with damaging consequences on the savings of the farmers. Many developing

countries do not have refrigeration as a positive factor influencing storage, either during transport, retail or consumer

household stages. For this reason eggs are often retailed without a quality control and the buyers cannot check the

quality while purchasing. We will appreciate if researches are focused in this area of family poultry production with a

view to increasing farmer’s profit margin and egg quality.

We would like to mention the efforts of all our reviewers for the articles in this volume and to thank Dr. E. Fallou

Guèye, who is one of our French language translators for papers written in English and Mr. Mario Chanona Farrera our

Spanish language translator without who we would have been unable to meet our target. I enjoyed my able Deputy

Editor-in-Chief, Prof. J. Oluwasola Agbede whose effort is unquantifiable at ensuring that we meet our target. We

express our sincere gratitude to all the reviewers for making the necessary corrections and suggestions for

improvements of lots of manuscripts submitted to the Journal. We are grateful to Dr. Olaf Thieme and the FAO for their

support.

In writing this editorial, I am using this medium, on behalf of all FPC Editorial Board members, to wish all our

INFPD members a very happy and prosperous New Year 2013.

Dr. Fotsa Jean Claude,

Editor-in-Chief, Family Poultry Communications (FPC)

Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, P.O. Box 125 Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon,


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Nouveaux défis

Les membres du comité éditorial sont très émus pour les mots bienveillants et encourageants reçus de par le

monde après la parution du vol 21 N°1 de notre journal Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF). Si alors nous

ne sommes pas flattés par ces mots d’encouragement, nous devons avouer que nous sommes très honorés et en retour

nous leur adressons en retour nos remerciements et promettons de travailler davantage afin de faire de CAF un journal qui

sera bientôt classé parmi les meilleures revues du monde. Nous vous sommes tous reconnaissants et en particulier au Dieu

Tout-Puissant.

Dans l’éditorial du Vol 21 N° 1, nous avions fait mention du retard comme étant facteur nous ayant permis de

prendre un nouveau souffle afin d’assurer une parution régulière et à temps des numéros futurs. En effet, arriver au

standard est un long precessus et non une destination, raison pour laquelle, les membres du comité éditorial se sentent

honorer de mettre ce deuxième numéro du journal à votre appréciation et lecture, avec pour promesse de respecter les

périodes de chaque parution. Dans ce numéro, vous trouverez les articles originaux traitant de sujets divers tels que la génétique,

la nutrition et la santé, des communications brèves portant sur des innovations et des Objectifs du Millénaire en rapport avec le

développement du secteur avicole dans de nombreux pays en voies de développement. En outre, il se trouvera également le

résumé des deuxième et troisième conférences électroniques co-organisées par la FAO ainsi que le compte rendu des

activités du RIDAF sur les quatre prochaines années. Nous avons inséré les instructions aux auteurs afin d’encourager

de nombreux potentiels auteurs d’en respecter dans la mesure où les éditeurs ne toléreront plus les manquements liés

aux respects de ces instructions.

Un des domaines d’intérêt qui est le plus souvent négligé, par les aviculteurs de la basse cour et ceux s’occupant

du petit élevage de poulets de chair, se trouve être la gestion des œufs au cour du transport et dans les zones rurales où

les œufs sont rarement consommés par les moins nantis. Par conséquent, plusieurs œufs sont endommagés créant ainsi

d’énormes pertes chez les aviculteurs. De nombreux pays en développement n’ont pas de systèmes de réfrigération

important dans le système de conservation ; ceci est observé soit au cours du transport, soit lors de la vente au détail ou

au niveau du consommateur. Pour cette raison, sans moyens disponibles de vérification de la qualité des œufs, les

consommateurs sont obligés de s’en acheter en passant outre cette importante étape. Nous souhaiterions que les

recherches se focalisassent sur ce domaine de la production avicole familiale dans le but d’augmenter le profit marginal

du volailler et la qualité de l’œuf.

Nous aimerions relever les efforts de tous nos relecteurs pour avoir apporté des améliorations au contenu des

articles de ce numéro et remercier Dr E. Fallou Guèye, un de nos traducteurs des manuscrits écrits en langue anglaise et

M. Mario Chanona Farrera, notre traducteur en langue espagnole, sans qui nous n’aurions pas atteint notre but. Je me

réjouis des efforts inestimables du Prof. J. Oluwasola Agbede, l’Éditeur-en-Chef Adjoint, qui ont permis de publier ce

numéro de Communications en Aviculture Familiale à temps opportun. Je voudrais également remercier la FAO et

surtout le Dr. Olaf Thieme pour le soutien au RIDAF.

En rédigeant cet éditorial, permettez-moi de me servir de ce support, pour souhaiter, au nom de tous les membres

du comité éditorial de CAF et à tous les membres du RIDAF une très bonne et heureuse année 2013.

Dr. Fotsa Jean Claude

Editeur-En-Chef de Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF)

Station Polyvalente de Recherche Agricole de Mankon, B.P. 125 Bamenda, République du Cameroun,

E-mail<[email protected]>

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Nuevos retos

Los integrantes de la junta editorial se sorprendieron por la cantidad de palabras de apoyo y de ánimo que

recibieron después de la publicación de Comunicaciones en Avicultura Familiar (CAF) volumen 21 número 1. Si no nos

sentimos halagados por estos mensajes, debemos confesar que nos sentimos muy agradecidos y queremos dar nuestro

agradecimiento a aquellos que nos escribieron y les prometemos que trabajaremos arduamente con el objetivo de hacer

que CAF sea considerada una de las mejores publicaciones a nivel internacional. Le doy las gracias a ustedes y, en

particular, a Dios todopoderoso.

En el volumen 21 número 1, se mencionó que la fecha de publicación tuvo que postergarse para así perfeccionar la

edición y para asegurar un lanzamiento continuo de ediciones; lograr esto será un viaje, no un destino. Por consiguiente,

los integrantes de la junta editorial se enorgullecen de lanzar el volumen 21 número 2 de esta publicación para su uso, y

prometen lanzar las ediciones posteriores en la fecha prevista. En esta edición encontrará artículos originales sobre

temas como genética, nutrición y salud, comunicados breves sobre innovaciones y la trayectoria de progreso de los

Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio del sector avícola en diversos países; además, encontrará resúmenes de la segunda

y tercera conferencia electrónica organizada por la FAO y la RIDAF en el 2012 y un reporte de las actividades que la

RIDAF tiene planeadas para los próximos cuatro años. Como de costumbre, nos aseguramos de que las instrucciones de

los autores se incluyan, ya que hemos observado que muchos de los autores que nos han enviado sus artículos para que

sean publicados no cumplieron con estos importantes requisitos. Los editores consideran que eso tiene suma

importancia y tienen gran interés en que nuestros futuros autores sigan estos requisitos, ya que los artículos de los

colaboradores que no sigan nuestras instrucciones no podrán ser considerados para salir en la publicación.

Un área de interés que los avicultores familiares y los de producciones pequeñas suelen descuidar es la

administración de los huevos, en especial, durante la sobreproducción de huevo en zonas rurales donde las personas de

escasos recursos no suelen consumirlos. En consecuencia, hay un gran excedente de huevos y esto afecta gravemente

los ahorros de los avicultores. Muchos países en vías de desarrollo no cuentan con la refrigeración como un factor

positivo del almacenamiento, ya sea que se utilice durante el transporte, la venta al público o cuando el consumidor lo

almacene en su casa; es por esto que los huevos suelen venderse sin un control de calidad y sin que los compradores

puedan ver la calidad del huevo cuando realicen su compra. Agradeceríamos si investigadores deciden enfocarse a esta

área de la producción avícola familiar con el objetivo de mejorar el margen de ganancias de los avicultores y la calidad

del huevo.

Nos gustaría dar crédito a todos nuestros críticos por el esfuerzo que pusieron en los artículos de este volumen y

nos gustaría agradecer al Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, uno de nuestros traductores de textos en inglés al francés, y al señor

Mario Chanona Farrera, nuestro traductor al español, ya que sin su ayuda no habríamos podido alcanzar nuestro

objetivo. Disfrute de la ayuda de nuestro Editor Adjunto, Prof. J. Oluwasola Agbede que puso su incontable esfuerzo

para asegurar que lográramos nuestros objetivos. Estamos sumamente agradecidos con todos nuestros críticos por

realizar las correcciones necesarias y por dar sugerencias con el fin de mejorar muchos textos enviados a la publicación.

Le agradecemos al Dr. Olaf Thieme y a la FAO por todo su apoyo.

Escribo esta carta del editor, y utilizo este medio para desearle de parte de los integrantes de la junta editorial de

CAF un feliz y prospero año nuevo a todos los miembros de la RIDAF.

Dr. Fotsa Jean Claude.

Editor en Jefe de Comunicaciones de Avicultura Familiar (CAF)

Estación de investigaciones polivalentes de Mankon, P.O. Box 125 Bamenda, República de Camerún.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Original articles | Articles originaux | Articulos originales

Genetic evaluation of growth traits in ecotypes of Kenyan indigenous chicken

K. NGENO1, 2

*, B.O. BEBE3 & A. K. KAHI

1

1Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University,

P.O. Box 536, 20115 Egerton, Kenya 2Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The

Netherlands 3Livestock Production Systems Group, Department of Animal Science, Egerton University,

P.O. Box 536, 20115 Egerton, Kenya

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

This study modelled growth and genetic parameters for growth traits in four ecotypes of indigenous chicken (IC) to

determine possibilities for applying genetic and feeding interventions to improve productivity in IC. Gompertz model

was fitted using PROC NLIN. The growth curve parameters; Asymptotic weight (A), scaling parameter (b) and

maturity index (k) were estimated using a non linear procedure by the Gauss-Newton method. Traits A, b, k, egg weight

and body weights at 8th

and 20th

week of age were analysed using DFREML procedure that fitted sire model. The

ecotypes had estimated asymptotic weights, in decreasing order: Narok (2196±53.10 grams) followed with Kakamega

(1748±36.74 grams), Bondo (1739±42.62 grams) and Bomet ecotype (1718±47.82 grams). Gompertz model adequately

fitted and described the growth data (R2 > 0.89). The heritability were low for b (0.05), moderate for A (0.26), k (0.29)

and BW20 (0.28) but high for BW8 (0.56) and EW (0.93) with evidence of variation between the ecotypes. Genetic

correlation between A and k parameters was strongly negative (-0.83) while the corresponding phenotypic correlation

was low (-0.02). The differences in asymptotic weight, scaling parameter and maturity index among the ecotypes

present potential for genetic improvement for commercial purposes. Results give evidence of possibilities for genetic

improvement for meat production at 8 weeks of age (h2 = 0.56) and egg weight (h

2 = 0.93) and for manipulation of

growth curve to formulate breeding and feeding strategies.

Keywords: Indigenous chicken ecotype; Gompertz model; productivity; heritability; Kenya

Évaluation génétique des caractères de croissance chez les écotypes de poulets

indigènes du Kenya

Résumé

Cette étude a permis de modéliser la croissance et les paramètres génétiques pour les caractères de croissance chez

quatre écotypes de poulet local (IC) afin de déterminer les possibilités d’interventions en génétique et en alimentation

dans le but d’améliorer leur productivité. Le modèle de Gompertz a été ajusté en utilisant PROC NLIN. Les paramètres

de la courbe de croissance, du poids asymptotique (A), du paramètre d'échelle (b) et de l'indice de maturité (k) ont été

estimés en utilisant une procédure non linéaire par la méthode de Gauss-Newton. Les caractères A, b, k, poids d’oeuf et

poids corporel aux 8ème

et 20ème

semaines d’âge étaient analysés en utilisant la procédure DFREML qui correspondait

bien au modèle de père. Les écotypes ont estimé les poids asymptotiques par ordre décroissant: Narok (2196 ± 53,10

grammes) suivi des écotypes de Kakamega (1748 ± 36,74 grammes), de Bondo (1739 ± 42,62 grammes) et de celui du

Bomet (1718 ± 47,82 grammes). Le modèle de Gompertz a parfaitement correspondu et a décrit les données de

croissance (R2

> 0,89). L'héritabilité est faible chez les b (0,05), modérée chez A (0,26), k (0,29) et BW20 (0,28) mais

élevée chez les BW8 (0,56) et les EW (0,93) avec des variations évidentes entre les écotypes. La corrélation génétique

entre les paramètres A et k est significativement négative (-0,83), tandis que la corrélation phénotypique correspondante

était faible (-0,02). Les différences entre les écotypes en poids asymptotique, paramètre d'échelle et indice de maturité

présentent un potentiel d'amélioration génétique à des fins commerciales. Les résultats ont montré qu’il existe des



possibilités d'amélioration génétique pour la production de viande à 8 semaines d'âge (h2 = 0,56) et du poids d’œuf (h

2 =

0,93) et de l’utilisation de la courbe de croissance pour le développement des stratégies de reproduction et

d'alimentation.

Mots-clés: écotype de poulet local, modèle de Gompertz, productivité, héritabilité, Kenya

Evaluación genética de los valores de crecimiento en ecotipos de gallinas nativas

en Kenya

Resumen

Este estudio delinea los parámetros de crecimiento y genéticos de cuatro ecotipos de gallinas nativas (GN), para

determinar las posibilidades de aplicar manipulación genética y de alimentación para mejorar su productividad. Se

empleó el método de Gompertz usando PROC NLIN. Los parámetros de la curva de crecimiento. El peso asintótico (A),

escala de parámetros (b), y el índice de madurez (k), que fueron estimados utilizando el método de procedimiento no

linear de Gauss-Newton Los rasgos de A,b,k, peso del huevo, peso corporal a las 8 y las 20 semanas de edad se

analizaron utilizando el modelo de procesos DFREMI , fue ajustado para el macho. A los ecotipos se les considero con

pesos atípicos en orden decreciente. Narok (2196 ±53.1 gr), seguido de Rakamega (1748±36.74 gr.),

Bondo(1739±42.62 gr.), y el ecotipo Bonet(1718±47.82 gr.). El modelo de Gompertz se adecuo y ajusto para describir

los datos de crecimiento (R2 ≥ 0.89). La heredabilidad fue baja para b (0.05), moderada para A (0.26), k (0.29), y BW20

(0.28), pero alta para BW8 (0.5) y EW (0.93), con evidencia de variaciones entre los ecotipos. La correlación genética

de los parámetros entre A y k es fuertemente negativa (-0.83), mientras que la correlación del genotipo correspondiente

fue bajo (-0.02). La diferencia en la escala de pesos, e índice de madurez entre los ecotipos, presenta un área de

oportunidad para el mejoramiento con fines comerciales. Los resultados nos dan evidencias de oportunidades para el

mejoramiento genético para la producción de carne a las 8 semanas de edad (h2 = 0.56) y peso del huevo (h

2=0.93) y

para la manipulación de la curva de crecimiento, para las estrategias de formulación del cruzamiento y de alimentación.

Palabras Clave: Ecotipo de gallinas nativas, modelo de Gompertz, productividad, heredabilidad,Kenya.

Introduction

Indigenous chicken (IC) populations are reservoirs of genes with adaptive value in low-input smallholder

production system (Horst, 1989). They are produced in systems characterized by high challenges of harsh scavenging

conditions, poor nutrition, diseases and parasites, beside inadequate housing and vulnerable to predation (Tadelle et al.,

2000). Their performance levels though low under these production challenges, do point to evidence of a high between

ecotype variations which is valuable for future improvement and sustainability of IC population (Benítez, 2002). The

annual egg production of IC ranges from 20 to100 eggs; mature live weight from 0.7 to 2.1 kg for females and from 1.2

to 3.2 kg for males (Tadelle et al., 2003). With the increased demand for cheap and ready source of protein, attempts to

rear IC intensively is growing. This is presenting challenge to extension service in terms of offering technical

management package appropriate for IC. This challenge has necessitated the modelling of IC growth to better

understand possibilities for applying genetic interventions to inform development of more productive birds for a fast

growing poultry industry.

Modelling growth and growth curve parameters is a mean to better understanding of the biology of model

parameters and their relationships for a sound basis of developing a breeding and feeding strategy to modify or change

the trajectory of growth. Modelling of growth curves provides means for visualizing growth patterns over time, and the

generated equations can be used to predict the expected weight at a specific age (Yakupoglu and Atil, 2001). Adequate

knowledge of the growth characteristic of the IC ecotypes can contribute to better design of genetic improvement of IC

productivity.

The Gompertz model (Fitzhugh, 1976) has been the model of choice for chicken growth data (Mignon-Grasteau et

al., 1999) because of its overall good fit and the biological meaning of the model parameters. Therefore this study

modelled growth and estimated genetic parameters for growth traits in four ecotypes of IC to determine possibilities for

applying genetic and feeding interventions to improving their productivity needed for commercial intensification.


Materials and methods

Data source

Growth data were obtained from an experimental flock of IC population kept for breeding and nutrition research

purposes at Egerton University. Initially the flocks were established through collection of eggs from unselected, random

bred populations of IC from the rural farmers. Eggs were collected from Kakamega, Bondo, Narok and Bomet regions

which were chosen because there has been minimum indigenous chicken genes dilution in these regions. Five hundred

eggs were collected from each area and each of the area represents an ecotype sample. Therefore, in this study, four

ecotypes were included namely Kakamega (KE), Bondo (OE), Narok (NE) and Bomet (BE) ecotypes. Data from the

parent generation have already been analyzed to compare live BW of IC ecotypes at different ages from 0 to 34 weeks

of age and model the growth curves using four growth models (Ngeno, 2011).

Management of experimental birds

Eggs were simultaneously incubated but separated according to ecotype within incubator. At hatching, each chick

was weighed (Hatching weight-HW) and wing tagged with an identification number. Brooding was from hatching (day

old) to 6 weeks. Brooding of chicks from each ecotype was done separately in deep litter brooders using infra-red

electric bulbs. The population density was 12 birds/square metre. At the beginning of the 7th

week, chicks were

transferred to randomly selected deep litter rearing pens within the same house. Sex was determined by phenotypic

appearance. The birds were fed ad libitum on a starter diet from 0 to 6 weeks of age, a growing diet from 7th

week to the

20th

week and a laying diet thereafter. These were commercial formulated feeds for hybrids. Clean water was provided

daily ad libitum. Disinfection of brooding and rearing pens was done procedurally. All birds were vaccinated against

Marek’s, Gumboro, Fowl Typhoid, Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis as per recommendations of the veterinarian.

Any other incidence of disease condition was treated promptly by resident veterinarian.

Body weight and egg weight traits

The identified and marked eggs were weighed individually before incubation using a digital weighing scale

calibrated to the nearest 1 gram to obtain weight of the egg incubated to obtain the chick (EW). At hatching, each chick

was individually weighed and subsequent body weights collected bi-weekly (BW0, BW8 …….BW20) until 20 weeks of

age. A total of 9,292 body weight records from 404 chicks were available for the analysis. These were progeny of 26

sires and 178 dams.

Analytical procedure

The PROC GLM of SAS (1998) was used for analysis of variance of body weight at each age. The fitted model

accounted for the fixed-effects of sex, hatch and ecotype. In the analysis of egg weight, ecotype was the only fixed

effect fitted while in the body weight analysis, hatch weight was fitted as a covariate. Least squares means were

separated using the probability differences option. The fitted model; Yijkl = μ + Hi + Ej + Sk + (ES) jk + eijkl (1)

where: Yijkl = BW of the lth

bird at a particular age; μ=overall mean; Hi=fixed effect of ith

hatch (i=1, 2, 3 batches); Ej

=fixed effect of jth

ecotype (KE, OE, NE and BE); Sk= fixed effect of kth

sex (k = male, female); (ES) jk = interaction

between ecotype and sex; and eijkl = error term associated with each BW at a particular age. In the analysis of BW at

hatch, egg weight was fitted as a covariate, while in all other ages; BW0 was fitted as a covariate. The least squares

means were separated using the Least Significant Difference.

Fitting of the Gompertz growth models

Gompertz growth curve model was fitted to the longitudinal growth data set collected bi-weekly between 0 to 20

weeks for each individual bird using the PROC NLIN of SAS (1998) to describe the growth pattern of each ecotype.

The growth curve parameters; asymptotic weight (A), scaling parameter (b) and maturity index (k) were estimated using

a non linear procedure by the Gauss-Newton method. Analysis of variance for the estimated body weights and

associated parameters were performed according to equation (1) above. The least squares means for each ecotype were

then plotted against age to obtain growth curve patterns.

Equations for the Gompertz model (Fitzugh, 1976) fitted was:


Where yt was size y, at age t, A was asymptotic size, b was scaling parameter, k was maturing index.

Estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters for growth parameters

The heritability for the egg weight, body weight at 8 and 20 weeks of age and genetic correlation of Gompertz

growth curve parameters (A ,b and k) were estimated from a sire model analysis using DFREML program (Meyer,

1997), having sire model in matrix notation written:

eZgXby

Where y is observation vector, X is incidence-matrix, indicating for each observation, the fixed effects, b is a vector

with fixed effects, Z is incidence-matrix, indicating for each observation the random effects of sire, g is vector with

random effects and e is vector with error terms. The observation vector consisted of A, b, k, EW, BW8 and BW20. The

(co)variance components were estimated assuming that the data were from a single population but adjusting for the

effect of ecotype. This was necessary because of the limited data size for each ecotype. Therefore, the fixed effects and

covariate were similar to those fitted in equation (1) for each biweekly BW and growth curve parameters. Both

univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations

among and between the growth curve parameters and weight at hatch (BW0), 8 weeks (BW8) and 20 weeks (BW20) of

age. Heritability, genetic or phenotypic correlations were calculated from variance and covariance components

Heritability estimates (h2) were derived as:

22

2 2

4 s

s

h

Where σ2s and σ

2ε were the sire and residual variances respectively.

The genetic correlations (rg) were estimated as:

( , )

( , )2 2

( ) ( )

s A B

g A B

s A s B

r

Where ( , )g A Br is the genetic correlation between trait A and B; ( , )s A B is the sire covariance between trait A and B;

2

( )s A and 2

( )s B were the sire variances of trait A and B respectively.

The phenotypic correlations (rp) were estimated as:

( , )

( , )2 2

( ) ( )

p A B

p A B

y A y B

r

Where ( , )p A Br is the phenotypic correlation between trait A and B; ( , )p A B is the sire covariance between trait A

and B; 2

( )y A and 2

( )y B were the phenotypic variances of trait A and B respectively.

Results

Performance of the ecotypes

Least square means for the observed live body weights of IC ecotypes from one-day old to 20 weeks of age

presented in Table 1 significantly differed (p≤ 0.05) from day 1 to 8 weeks except for Kakamega and Bondo, Bomet

and Narok ecotypes at Bw0, and BW8. Figure 1 show the growth patterns modelled using Gompertz model all

expressing the sigmoidal pattern with a slow initial phase, followed by a rapid exponential growth phase and a final

slow growth towards asymptotic weight. Ecotypes showed similar growth pattern towards asymptote weight but

differed in the attained asymptotic weight.


Table 1: Least square means (± SE) for observed live body weights of IC ecotypes at different ages from 0 to 20

weeks

BWtx traits Ecotypes

y

BE KE OE NE

BW0 33±0.30a

34±0.30b

33±0.60b 32±0.65

a

BW2 90±1.13a

92±1.13b

93±2.26b

91±2.46a

BW4 268±4.19a

243±4.18b

250±8.35b

221±9.09c

BW6 362±5.15a 373±5.14

b 380±10.27

b 345±11.18

c

BW8 489±7.69a

591±7.67b

524 ±15.32b

460±16.68d

BW10 606±10.81a

828±10.79b 872±21.53

b 554±23.45

d

BW12 751±13.09a

941±13.06b

980±26.08b

737±28.41a

BW14 885±15.18a

1066±15.15b

1037±30.25b

863±32.95a

BW16 1016±17.10a

1149±17.07b

1153±34.08b

1013±37.11a

BW18 1126±17.62a

1257±17.59b

1293±35.12b

1167±38.25a

BW20 1255±19.22a

1388±19.19a 1393±38.31

a 1227±41.72

a

xBWt = live body weight (g) at age t in weeks.

yBE= Bomet ecotype; KE = Kakamega ecotype; OE = Bondo ecotype; NE= Narok ecotype.

abc = Means in a row with similar letter superscripts are not significantly different (P≤0.05)

Figure 1: Estimated body weight at various ages using Gompertz model

Estimation of growth curve parameters

Table 2 presents the fitted parameters for the Gompertz model, illustrating that the A was significantly (P ≤ 0.05)

different between ecotypes. The ecotypes had estimated asymptotic weights, in decreasing order: Narok (2196±53.10

grams) followed with Kakamega (1748±36.74 grams), Bondo (1739±42.62 grams) and Bomet ecotype (1718±47.82

grams) ecotypes.


Table 2: Growth curve parameters estimated from Gompertz model.

Observed BW20 Parametersz

Ecotypey A b k R

2

BE 1255±19.22 1718±47.82a

1.16±0.02a

0.11±0.00a

0.908

KE 1388±19.19 1748±36.74b

1.27±0.05a

0.14±0.01a

0.897

OE 1392±38.31 1739±42.62b

1.27±0.05a

0.14±0.01 a 0.893

NE 1227±41.72 2196±53.10c

1.24±0.03a

0.09±0.01 a 0.899

yBE= Bomet ecotype; KE = Kakamega ecotype; OE = Bondo ecotype; NE= Narok ecotype .

zA = asymptotic size body weight (g); b = scaling parameter; k = maturity index

abc = Means in a column with one or more letter superscripts in common are not significantly different (P≤0.05).

Heritability Estimates

Heritability estimates for EW, BW8 and BW20, A, b and k for the ecotypes are presented in Table 3. The estimates

were low for b (0.05±0.15), moderate for A (0.26±0.15), k (0.29±0.16) and BW20 (0.28±0.18) but high for BW8

(0.56±0.23) and EW (0.93±0.21).

Table 3: Heritability estimate of growth traits in the IC ecotypes

Trait Variance components

σ2

s σ2 ε σ

2p h

2 SE

EW 4.51 14.97 19.48 0.93 0.21

BW8 1392.50 8625.00 10017.00 0.56 0.23

BW20 4300.15 56833.97 61134.13 0.28 0.18

Asymptotic weight 15619.00 224000.00 239620.00 0.26 0.15

Scaling parameter 0.07 5.35 5.42 0.05 0.15

Maturing index 0.04 0.06 0.60 0.29 0.16

Genetic and phenotypic correlations

The genetic and phenotypic correlation estimates between parameters A, b and k are presented in Table 4.The

estimates for phenotypic correlations were of low values ,while the genetic correlations between maturity index and

both asymptotic weight and scaling parameter showed higher values.

Table 4: Genetic correlation (above diagonal) and phenotypic correlation (below diagonal) for the Gompertz

growth curve parameters A, b and k of IC ecotypes records.

Asymptotic weight Scaling parameter Maturing index

Asymptotic weight - -0.31±0.27 -0.83±0.29

Scaling parameter -0.09 - 0.98±0.24

Maturing index -0.02 0.03 -

Discussion

Growth performance of the ecotypes

Body weight is an important variable that determine the market value of meat birds (Kabir et al., 2006), implying

the observed body weight differences between IC ecotypes would reflect varying market values for these ecotypes. The

observed average weight at 20 weeks (Table 1) was heaviest in Bondo ecotype (1393±38.31 g) though not different

(P>0.05) from ecotypes of Kakamega (1388±19.19 g), Narok (1227±41.72g) or Bomet (1255±19.22 g). These

observations show that IC ecotypes have potential for meaningful genetic improvement if selection is done at early age

of 8 weeks compared to 20 weeks.


Heritability for egg weight and body weight

In a number of studies, growth trend parameters have been found to be highly heritable and have been successfully

used in selection programs (Merrit, 1974). The high heritability estimate of 0.93±0.21 for egg weight was within the

values reported for IC in Kenya (0.95) by Magothe et al. (2006). Although h2 was within the reported values, maternal

additive and environmental effects were not accounted for and therefore may have been confounded with the sire

variance, leading to overestimation of the heritability. The sire model was used in this study. In this model, only the

genetic effect of the sire was taken into account. The sire model assumes that all sires are mated to an average group of

dams and that all dams are unrelated. In this study, the dams were average dams and were all unrelated.

Moderate to high heritability for body weights in quails have been reported (Resende et al., 2005) which is

consistent with findings of this study. The high heritability value of 0.56±0.23 at 8 weeks for the IC ecotype was in

agreement with the observations for a heavy ecotype in Nigeria by Adeyinka et al. (2006) and Momoh and Nsowu

(2008). A breeding programme focused on the BW8 as the selection criterion rather than 20 weeks of age would

therefore improve market weights in IC ecotypes. According to Barbato (1991), genetic improvement in growth of

poultry has traditionally proceeded via selection for body weight at a fixed age. Therefore, response to selection at 8th

week of age would be rapid and will improve body weight in subsequent generations. The heritability values of

0.56±0.23 and 0.28±0.18 obtained for the ecotypes at 8 and 20 weeks respectively, corresponds to age for disposing

broilers and start of laying in layer birds (Momoh and Nwosu, 2008), which present opportunities for selecting IC

ecotypes for dual purpose, meat and egg production.

Heritability of growth curve parameters

The potential for genetic manipulation of the growth curve has been receiving increased interest due to increased

maintenance costs and reproductive problems (Barbato, 1991). The moderate heritability estimates for A (0.26±0.15)

indicate that some genetic gain through selection could be achieved and can be used as a selection criterion to control

adult weight (Forni et al., 2006). Mignon-Grasteau et al. (2000) established that, selection on body weight at 8th

week

modified the whole growth curve, as all the parameters describing the growth curve evolved with selection which was

consistent with the findings of this study. Grossman et al. (1985) reported heritability estimates of 0.25 for k in the

Rhode Island Red. The moderate additive genetic variance for parameter k found in this study would be a useful

parameter in selection programs as it relates to the slope of the curve and was consistent with the findings of Forni et al.

(2006). Parameter b relates to the initial conditions of the growth curve, but since hatch weight is usually available,

hatch weight can be used in selection programs without the need for estimating parameter b (Tholon et al. (2006).

Genetic and phenotypic correlations

The negative correlation of -0.83 between A and k could be expected, because a rapid decrease in growth rate after

inflection results in a lower asymptotic body weight (Mignon-Grasteau et al., 2000) which was consistent with the

findings of this study. The genetic correlation estimates between A and k (-0.83), were higher than reported for layer

chickens (-0.59) by Lopez and Quaas (1997). The negative correlations indicate that selection could be applied to

change the shape of the growth curve and improve growth rate. Moderate (-0.31) negative genetic correlation between

A and b showed that the ecotypes with higher asymptotic weight have a lower body weight at day one.

Conclusions

The differences among the ecotypes reflected genetic influences which present potential for genetic improvement

for commercial purposes. Opportunities for genetic improvement of body weight through selection appeared higher in

the egg weight and body weight at 8th

week than at 20th

week as shown by the respective associated heritability

coefficients. Moderate heritability observed for the growth curve parameters A and k indicated that the growth curve

could be altered via genetic manipulation through effective selection. Phenotypic and genetic correlations among the

growth curve parameters in this study advocate the usage of appropriate breeding programs to alter the growth

trajectory of the IC ecotypes.


Impact

Estimates of growth curve parameters inform the biological basis for predicting growth rates, mature sizes (A), rate

of maturing (k), relationship between k and A, feed requirement, responses to selection and assessing genetic potential

of various ecotypes of IC. The parameter estimates are quantitative description of the growth patterns for resolving

genetic antagonism between the desired size and efficient growths versus the maintenance costs and improved intrinsic

efficiency through increased maturation rate and lowered age at first breeding by decreasing time to sexual maturity.

The estimated parameters give insight into the dynamics of growth course curves of each ecotype, which enables

forecasting the related growth law and designing of appropriate genetic interventions for the different growth phases for

improved productivity.

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge Egerton University and Wageningen University for provision of facilities. This project was funded by

the, European Union through the African Union Research Grants.

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Breeding system and reproductive performance of indigenous chickens of

Gomma Wereda Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

M. MESERET1, D. SOLOMON

1 & D. TADELLE

2

1 Department of Animal Sciences, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. P.O. Box

307, Jimma, Ethiopia, 2 International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia


Abstract

This survey was conducted in Gomma Wereda located at 390 km Southwest of Addis Ababa. Six Kebeles were

randomly identified and 30 households randomly selected from each Kebele were used to collect data on the traditional

breeding system and reproductive performance of indigenous chicken of the Wereda, using questionnaire, field visit and

target group discussions. These were followed by conducting on-station trials on internal and external egg quality,

hatchability and chick mortality using fresh and aged market eggs purchased from the study area. The results obtained

showed that poultry production system of Gomma Wereda is characterized by lack of systematic recording, selection

and mating systems. Scavenging resulted in indiscriminate mating system in which aggressive and dominant cocks tend

to be a sire in the large segment of the village. Sickness and frequent broodiness are the two major factors of culling.

The mean percent hatchability calculated from the survey data (22%) was lower than those reported from different parts

of Ethiopia, with the exception of that of Jimma whereas; chick survival to an age of sexual maturity (59%) was higher

for Gomma Wereda compared to the others. Market eggs had lower values in all the quality parameters investigated

attributed to storage conditions. The percentage hatchability calculated from the survey data was similar to that recorded

from the on station trial for both fresh and market eggs. Chick mortality, storage conditions of eggs and low hatchability

are some of the major limitations of household poultry in Gomma Wereda and need further investigations.

Key words: Egg quality, hatchability, Indigenous chickens, reproduction and selection

Système d’élevage et performances de reproduction chez les poulets locaux de la

région de Gomma Wereda Jimma en Ethiopie

Résumé

Cette enquête a été menée à Gomma Wereda situé à 390 km au Sud Ouest d’Addis Abeba. Six Kebeles ont été

identifiés au hasard et 30 ménages sélectionnés au hasard de chaque Kebele ont été utilisés pour collecter les données

sur le système d’élevage et les performances de reproduction chez les poulets locaux de Wereda, en utilisant un

questionnaire, les visites de terrain et les groupes de discussions ciblés. Ces études ont été suivies des essais en Station

sur les qualités externes et internes des œufs, l’éclosabilité et la mortalité des poussins en utilisant les œufs moins frais

et frais achetés dans les marchés de la zone d’étude. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le système de production de

Gomma Wereda est caractérisé par l’absence d’enregistrement systématique des données, sélection et système de

croisement. La divagation résultait d’un système de croisement non discriminant dans lequel les coqs dominants

semblaient être les géniteurs dans une grande portion du village. Les maladies et la couvaison sont les deux principaux

facteurs retenus pour la réforme. Le taux moyen d’éclosion calculé à partir des données d’enquête (22%) était inférieur

à ceux obtenus des autres régions d’Ethiopie à l’exception de celui de Jimma bienque le taux de survie des poussins

jusqu’à l’âge de maturité sexuelle (59%) fut supérieur pour Gomma Wereda comparé à d’autres. Le prix marchant avait

une faible valeur pour tous les paramètres de qualité étudiés à cause des conditions de stockage. Le taux d’éclosion

calculé à partir de l’enquête était comparable à celui obtenu en station expérimentale pour les œufs frais et ceux achetés

au marché. Le taux de mortalité chez les poussins, les conditions de stockage des œufs et le faible taux d’éclosion sont

les contraintes principales observées dans les élevages avicoles des ménages de la région de Gomma Wereda et

solliciterait des recherches ultérieures .

Mots clés: Qualité d’oeuf, taux d’éclosion, poulets locaux, reproduction et sélection



Sistema de cruzamiento y desempeño reproductivo en aves criollas de la Región

de Gomma Wereda, Etiopia

Resumen

Se realizó una encuesta en Gomma Wereda, que está localizada a 390 Km. Al sudoeste de Addis Ababa. Se eligieron a

6 comunidades de forma aleatoria y se seleccionaron a 30 avicultores también aleatoriamente de cada comunidad para

colectar datos sobre su sistema tradicional de cruzamiento y desempeño reproductivo de las gallinas criollas de Wereda,

se empleó un cuestionario, visitas de campo y sesiones de grupo para discusiones. Todo esto fue seguido de encuestas in

situ sobre la calidad interna y externa del huevo, incubabilidad, mortalidad del pollito, empleando huevos frescos y

almacenados colectados en el área de estudio. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el sistema de producción

avícola de Gomma Wereda se caracteriza por la falta de registros, selección y un sistema de apareamiento. El pastoreo

da como resultado un sistema de apareamiento indiscriminado en donde los gallos más agresivos y dominantes tienden

a ser los sementales en un amplio segmento de la comunidad. Las enfermedades y la falta de criadoras suelen ser las

causas más frecuentes de sacrificios. El porcentaje de incubabilidad calculado ´por la encuesta fue el 22% y es menor

que lo que se tiene reportado en diferentes partes de Etiopia, con excepción de las de Jimma; los pollos sobreviven a la

edadeproducción en un 59% y es más alto para Gomma Wereda que para las otras. Los huevos para venta tienen valores

más bajos de calidad, el estudio lo atribuye a mal almacenamiento. El porcentaje de incubabilidad calculado por la

encuesta, fue similar a aquellos que fueron recabados en la localidad tantopara huevos frescos como para los

almecenados. La mortalidad de los pollitos, las condiciones de almacén de los huevos y la baja incubabilidad son

algunas de las mayores limitantes de los avicultores de Gamma Wereda, es necesario realizar investigaciones

posteriores.

Palabras Clave: Calidad del huevo, Gallinas criollas, reproducción, selección.

Introduction

The Ethiopian poultry population is estimated at about 34.2 million of which about 2.18% consists of imported

exotic breeds of chickens. The remaining 97.82% consists of indigenous chickens kept under traditional production

system. (Tadelle et al., 2003). According to Alemu (1995), the traditional production system is characterized by small

flock size, low input and output and periodic devastation of the flock by disease. The indigenous flocks are considered

to be very poor in egg production performance, attributed to their low genetic potential. The low productivity of the

indigenous stock could also partially be attributed to the low management standard. It have been seen that the provision

of vaccination, improved feeding , clean water and night time enclosure improve the performance of the indigenous

chickens, but not to an economically acceptable level (Abebe, 1992 and Burley R. H 1957). Unfortunately however, the

traditional breeding system and reproductive performance of the indigenous chicken is little known. This condition calls

for a scientific study in the area of characterization of the traditional management system of village chicken followed by

the identification of technological interventions. This being the cases, this study was aimed at characterizing the

breeding system and reproductive performance of village chicken in Gomma Wereda of Jimma Zone.


This study was conducted in Gomma Wereda of Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State. Gomma Wereda is located

at about 390 km Southwest of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Gomma Wereda is one of the administrative units

(equivalent to district) found in Jimma Zone. The topography of the study area ranges from gentle sloppy to hilly lands

with ridges and valleys in between. Agro-ecologically, Gomma Wereda is classified as 96% Weina Dega (wet midland)

and 4% Kolla (lowland). The altitude of Gomma Wereda ranges from 1380 to 1680 meters above sea level; however,

some points along the southern and western boundaries have altitudes ranging from 2229 to 2870 meters (IPMS 2007).

The mean annual rainfall is about 1524 mm with bi-modal distribution. There are 36 rural and 3 urban Kebeles (the

smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia) in the Wereda. The total agricultural households of the Wereda are 45,567 of

which 78% and 22% is male and female headed, respectively (IPMS 2007). The total area of the Wereda is 96.4 km2

and the total population of the Wereda is reported to be 216,662 of which 51% are males (IPMS 2007).


Selection of participating households

Multi stage probability random sampling was used to select six Kebeles based on altitude (high, medium and low

lands) and chicken population (1855-1705,1025-1765 and 407-1011 chickens/Kebele respectively) (Table 1 and Figure

1). A total of 30 households were randomly selected from each Kebele and a total of 180 households were used to carry

out the survey using questionnaire, field visit and group discussions. Data on the breeding system and reproductive

performance (selection, mating, incubation, fertility, hatchability, chick survival and sexual maturity) of the indigenous

chicken were collected. These were followed by on-station trials on egg quality and hatchability measurements.

Figure 1: Map of Ethiopia and Gomma Wereda with the selected Kebeles.

Table 1: Sampling frame of participating households in the Kebeles selected.

Poultry Population Kebeles Number of Households

High (1855 - 17051) Belefo Konche 30

Limu Sapa 30

Medium (1025-1765) Bulbulo 30

Koye Seja 30

Low (407 – 1011) Kilole Kirkir 30

Besha sha 30

Total 6 180

Internal and external egg quality

A total of 360 market (60 from each Kebele) and 360 fresh eggs obtained from the study area were individually

weighed using a two digit sensitive balance and carefully opened (broken) onto a flat plate. The yolk, albumen and shell

were carefully separated and weighed. Egg shell thickness was measured using calibrated micrometer screw gauge.

Yolk color was measured using roach color fun. Haugh unit was calculated according to Haugh (1937), using the

formula HU = 100 log (H + 7.57 - 1.7 W 0.37), where, HU= Haugh unit, H= Albumen height (mm) and W = Egg

weight (g).

Hatchability measurement

Six hundred fresh and 600 market eggs purchased from the study area were selected against abnormal shape, size

and shell structure. The incubator was fumigated and the incubation temperature, humidity and turning device were

adjusted according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. The eggs were incubated and candling was done on the

7th and 14th day of incubation. Finally hatchability was calculated as Total Hatchability= 100[Number of chicks

hatched]/ Number of total eggs set. Upon hatching, comparative chick quality, mortality and growth rate were

measured.


Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were calculated and analyzed using SPSS version 16 (2007). The numerical survey data were

subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure of SPSS. On station experimental

data were subjected to ANOVA using the linear model equation of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.2 (SAS

1999). Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was made for mean separation, when there was significant deference

between treatments. The relationship between any two quantitative variables was determined using Spearman

correlation coefficient (Gomez 1984). The following linear model equation was used for the survey

Υijk = μ + τi + βj + εijk

Where

Υijk= the value of the respective variable mentioned above

μ = overall mean of the respective variable

τi = the effect of ith

Kebele (i= 1---6, Bulbulo, Limu Sapa, Beshasha, Kilole Kirkir,

Belfo Konche and Koye Seja) on the respective variable

βj = the effect of jth

age (j= 1---2, Fresh, Aged)

εijk = random error term

Results

Respondent’s profile

About 70% of the interviewed farmers were females and 95.6% of the respondents were fully involved in farming

activities as means of livelihood. The remaining 4.4% of the respondents were merchants. The majority of the

respondents (97.2%) were married and the largest proportion (82.8%) of the respondents was within the age group of 31

-60 years. About 86.1% of the respondents were Muslim whereas; the remaining 12.8% and 1.1% were Orthodox

Christian and Protestants respectively (Figure 2). About 82.2% and 17.8% of the respondents reported to have

experience of 2 to 14 and 15 to 40 years in poultry rearing respectively. About 23.3% of the interviewed farmers were

illiterate while 15% read and write. About 25, 25.6 and 11.1% of the literate respondents had gone through primary first

cycle (1-4), primary second cycle (5-8) and high school (9-12) education respectively. The profile of respondents

encountered in this study tends to agree with that of rural Southwester Oromia Regional State.

95.6%

4.4%

30%

70%

97.2%

2.8%13.9%

82.8%

3.3%12.8%

86.1%

1.1%

Far

min

g

Mer

chan

t

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mar

ried

Sin

gle

15-3

0

31-6

0

>60

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Pro

test

ant

Major

occupation

Sex Marital

status

Age (Year) Religion

Figure 2: Major occupation, sex, marital status age and religion of the respondents.

Traditional breeding system

The results of the survey showed that the traditional poultry production system of the study area is characterized

by lack of record keeping, designed selection and systematic breeding program. Sickness and frequency of broodiness

(lack of persistency in laying) are the two major factors of culling chickens from the flock (Table 2). There is no


purposeful feeding and scavenging seems to have resulted in indiscriminate mating and lack of controlled breeding.

About 47.8% of the respondents reported to share breeding males with their neighbours. The transect walk conducted in

the study area and discussions made with key informants demonstrated that, there is free movement of all birds around

the compounds of the households, irrespective of age and sex, which resulted in a condition in which aggressive and

dominant cocks in the neighbourhood tends to be a sire in the large segment of the village. There has been an

introduction of exotic cocks to the study area aimed at genetic upgrading. Unfortunately all the respondents reported

that the improved cocks were not as lively and active as the local cocks and therefore lost in the mating competition.

About 97.8 % of the respondents reported to incubate eggs using mature broody hen on its 2nd and 3rd clutch during

the dry seasons (October-January). All the respondents said to have thoroughly selected broody hen for incubation

purpose on the basis of body size, plumage cover and previous hatching history (Table 3). About 92.2% of the

respondents reported to place the incubation boxes (nests) in a much protected, quite and dark corner of the family

dwellings with the use of cereal straws as bedding materials. The majority of the respondents (80.6%) incubate home

laid eggs while 78.3% of the respondents reported not to put bathing materials, feed and water near the incubation

boxes, the practice of which might result in low hatchability. These results agree with that of Tadelle et al. (2003), who

stated that many eggs fail to hatch under traditional management system because of disturbances, lack of proper feeding

and watering, and annoying external parasites which make the hen leave the eggs frequently, resulting in low

hatchability.

Table 2: The determinant factors for culling of chickens in Gomma Wereda,

Culling factors Frequency Percent

Sickness 65 36.1

Lack of (broodiness) strong M. Instinct 15 8.3

Old age 13 7.2

Frequenct of broodiness (clutch size) 41 22.8

Lack of broodiness, frequent broodiness & old age 2 1.1

Lack of broodiness, frequent broodiness, sickness, poor, production and old age 4 2.2

Frequent broodiness, sickness, poor productivity & old age 4 2.2

Poor productivity & frequent broodiness 2 1.1

Poor productivity, sickness, lack of broodiness & frequent broodiness 2 1.1

lack of broodiness & frequent broodiness 10 5.6

Sickness and old age 22 12.2

48.9%

18.9%

15.6%

7.8%5%

2.2% 1.7%

Disturbing in the

nest

Hanging the birds

up side down

Hanging birds

down, Disturbing

in the nest &

Moving to

neighbor

Disturbing in the

nest & Moving to

neighbor

Depriving the

birds from food

and water

Hanging the birds

up side down &

Depriving the

birds from food

and water

Move to neighbor

Figure 3: Practices to avoid broody behavior in Gomma Wereda, Ethiopia.

Generally broody hen ceases egg laying, but occupies laying nests. All the respondents reported to force broody

hens to resume laying through disturbing in the nest (48.9%), hanging the birds up side down (18.9 %) and moving to

neighbour households (1.7%) (Fig.3). About 88.3% of the respondents have reported to live eggs to be incubated in the

nest through out the laying period, the practice of which is expected to negatively affect hatchability.


Hatchability, chick mortality and sexual maturity

There was no significant difference between all the Kebeles in hatchability (P>0.05). Mean hatchability calculated

for the indigenous chickens was 22% (Table 4), the value of which is lower than those reported from different parts of

Ethiopia, with the exception of that of Jimma. The majority of the respondents (92%) indicated that hatchability varies

with seasonal variations, the lowest percentage hatchability being reported from eggs incubated during rainy seasons.

Table 3: Management of the broody hen and incubation practices in Gomma Wereda.

Characters Frequency Percent

Position of the eggs

while incubating

Position on side 23 12.8

Do not mind position 157 87.2

Considerations during

selection of hens for

brooding

Hens with large body size 38 21.1

Ample plumage/feather cover 6 3.3

Previous hatching history 12 6.7

Broodiness 35 19.4

Large body size, ample plumage & previous

hatching history

89 49.5

Manageing broody hen

at a time of incubation

Feed & water near to brooding nest 29 16.1

No special treatment other than the usual 141 78.3

Avoid disterbance & good feeding 10 5.6

Sources of eggs for

incubation

Home laid eggs 145 80.6

Purchase from the market & home laid eggs 25 13.9

Purchase from the market, Purchase from

neighbors & home laid eggs

10 5.6

Mean chick mortality (to an age of 8 weeks) was calculated to be 41% without showing significant difference

between the Kebeles (P>0.05), the value of which was lower than that reported from the central highland of Ethiopia

(61%) Tadelle and Ogle (1996a), Dale wereda (55%) Mekonnen G (2007) and from Assela (93%) Brännänng and

Pearson (1990).

Table 4: Hatchability and chick mortality calculated from the survey data

The study area Total Hatchability % Chick mortality %

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD

Bulbulo 20±0.07 39±0.11

Limu Sapa 22±0.09 42±0.12

Beshasha 22±0.09 44±0.12

Belfo Konche 20±0.08 42±0.10

Kilole Kirkir 25±0.09 40±0.11

Koye Seja 21±0.09 40±0.13

Overall Mean ± SD 22±0.09 41±0.12

Range 0 – 42 13 – 70

P – value 0.396 0.500

About 40.6% of the respondents believe that the highest chick mortality occur on the 5th

and 6th

weeks of brooding

which might be attributed to the free movement of chicks accompanying the mother hen (Table 5). The mean sexual

maturity of the indigenous chickens expressed in terms of age at first egg was calculated to be 6.33 months without

showing significant difference between the Kebeles (P<0.05). Mekonnen G (2007) reported age at first egg of 7.07

months from indigenous pullets of Dale Wereda of Southern Ethiopia, the value of which is longer than that of the


Gomma Wereda by 0.73 months.

Table 5: Seasonal variation in hatchability and chick mortality calculated from survey data.

Parameters Character Frequency Percentage

Season of incubation Oct – Jan. 176 97.80

Sept – May 4 2.20

Worst hatchability April – May 2 1.00

June – Sep. 163 99.00

Best hatchability Oct – Jan. 165 100

Highest chick mortality (Weeks) 1st 7 3.90

2nd

25 13.90

3rd

15 8.30

2nd

& 3rd

4 2.20

4th

& 5th

2 1.10

5th

& 6th

73 40.60

3rd

& 4th

54 30.00

Couses of highest chick mortality Predator 25 13.90

Disease 15 8.30

Predator & disease 140 77.80

Discussions

Internal and external egg qualities

Eggs purchased from the markets had lower values for all the quality parameters investigated compared to the

freshly collected eggs, indicating the occurrence of egg quality deteriorations as a result of storage conditions (Table 6).

The quality deterioration recorded from market eggs was pronounced in the case of Haugh Unit (HU) parameter,

followed by egg and albumen weight respectively. This result is similar to that of Samli et al. (2005), who suggested

that HU and egg weight are the parameter greatly influenced by egg storage period and temperature. Egg storage period

of >10 days at 29°C brought egg weight losses of 1.94g (Samli K et al. (2005). Similarly Aini (1990), reported egg

weight loss of 0.57 g from storage period of 14 days at 21°C. The mean weight loss of market eggs of Gomma Wereda

was 3.30g whereas; the HU, albumen weight and yolk height decreased by 7.76 %, 2.46g and 1.97 mm, respectively.

These changes in egg quality could be attributed to water loss through the shell and the escape of carbon dioxide from

albumen, the net effect of which results in progressive loss in egg weight and a continual decline in egg quality (Samli

et al., 2005). Based on the result of this study, the average values of all variables of fresh eggs was higher than that of

market (aged) eggs indicating quality deterioration as a result of longer period of storage at relatively higher

temperature (Table 6).

Table 6: Internal and external quality of market and fresh eggs of Gomma Wereda.

Variables Treatment Significance

Fresh Aged Difference (Two –tailed)

(Mean) (Mean) (Mean)

Egg weight (g) 43.38 40.08 3.30 0.001***

Shell weight (g) 4.61 4.35 0.26 0.001***

Albumen weight (g) 22.60 20.14 2.46 0.001***

Yolk height (mm) 11.06 9.09 1.97 0.001***

Shell thickness (mm) 0.38 0.33 0.05 0.001***

Albumen height (mm) 2.87 2.10 0.77 0.001***

Yolk weight (g) 15.02 14.56 0.46 Ns

Haugh unit (%) 54.50 46.74 7.76 0.001***

Yolk color 10.16 10.15 0.01 Ns

Ns = not significant at P < 0.05, ***

=significant at P < 0.001


Hatchability and chick mortality

Eggs purchased from market places of the study area were incubated along with freshly collected eggs for

comparative evaluation of hatchability and survival rate of the resulting chicks. There was no significant deference

(P>0.05) between the fresh and market eggs in percent hatchability (Table 8). Hatchability recorded from both market

and fresh eggs were very low by any standard (except that of Jimma town), the results of which confounded the

attempts made to measure the freshness of the eggs in terms of hatchability. Gomma Wereda is located at about 50 km

Southwest of Jimma town, both of which share similar climatic features and characterized by low hatchability. Eight

hatches of artificial incubation averaged only 27% hatchability in Jimma as early as the 1950s (Burley, 1957). Solomon

(2000) reported 27-40% hatchability from both White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red eggs incubated in Jimma. Five

hatches of Rhode Island Red and Fayoumi eggs averaged 31% hatchability in Jimma (Solomon 2010, unpublished

data). On the contrary there was no significant difference between fresh and market eggs incubated in chick mortality

after hatching (P>0.05).

Table 7: Total and fertile hatchability of fresh and aged eggs.

Variables Treatment Significant

Fresh (Mean) Aged (Mean) (Two – tailed)

Total hatchability (%) 21.82 14.16 Ns

Fertile hatchability (%) 27.39 17.63 Ns

Ns = not significant at P < 0.05

Conclusion

It is reported that, there is significant decline in the indigenous Ethiopian chicken population, annual egg and

poultry meat production and per capita egg and poultry meat consumption in Ethiopia during the last 50 years attributed

to human population pressure and devastating disease condition (Solomon, 2000) and Gomma Woreda is not exception

to this conditions. The results of this study showed that long reproductive cycle (attributed to natural incubation and

brooding) and high chick mortality caused by disease condition and predations, faulty egg storage conditions and low

hatchability are some of the critical detrimental factors of household poultry in the study area. Thus, intensifications of

health measures and the use of appropriate technologies (such as hay-box) seem to be appealing. Awareness creation

and adoption of change geared- ideas are the first important factors in the area of storage of both table and hatching

eggs. The reason(s) for low hatchability recorded from Gomma Wereda and Jimma are not clearly known and need

further investigation.

Impact

The traditional breeding system at which the indigenous chickens are exposed is little known in Gomma Woreda

of Jimma Zone. The results of this study showed that long reproductive cycle, high chick mortality and low hatchability

are some of the critical detrimental factors of household poultry in the study area. Based on these results, intensification

of health measures, the use of appropriate technologies (such as hay-box) and training in storage and handling of

hatching eggs were identified as technological interventions and communicated to the Ministry of Agriculture and

IPMS farmers project. It was also suggested that the reason(s) for low hatchability recorded from Gomma Wereda and

Jimma are not clearly known and need further investigation. Thus the conduct of this study and the results obtained has

significant positive implication on poultry development strategy of Gomma Wereda of Jimma Zone.

Acknowledgment

IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success of Ethiopian Farmers) project provided the entire financial

requirement of this research undertaking. The authors would like to express their sincere appreciate to IPMS farmers

project for all its contribution.

References

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region and their crosses with the single comb white Leghorn. Meme- Oographed report. Alemaya University of


Agriculture. pp. 22-27.

AINI, I. (1990) Indigenous chicken production in South-East Asia. World’s Poultry Science Journal 46:51-57.

ALEMU, Y. (1995) Poultry production in Ethiopia. World’s Poultry Science Journal 51: 197-201.

BRANNANNG, E., and PEARSON, S. (1990) Ethiopian animal husbandry. A hand book. Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences. International Rural Development Center, Uppsala, Sweden, 127pp.

BURLEY, R.H. (1957) IECA and JATS staff report. Agriculture of Ethiopia, Vol. VI.

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Singapore.

HAUGH, R. (1937) The haugh unit for measuring egg quality. US Egg Poultry. Mag., 43: 522-555, 572-573.

IPMS (IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY AND MARKET SUCCESS OF ETHIOPIAN FARMERS) (2007) Goma

Pilot Learning Wereda diagnosis and program design. IPMS, International livestock research institute, Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia. Unpublished Report.

MEKONNEN, G. (2007) Characterization of smallholder poultry production and marketing system of Dale, wonsho

and loka abaya weredas of southern Ethiopia. Msc. Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Hawassa

University.

SAS, INSTITUTE (1999) Statistical Analytical Systems SAS / STAT user’s guide version 9 cary.NC SAS institute inc.

SAMLI, K. and IBRAMIM, S. (2005) Phenotypic Correlations between Some External and Internal Egg Quality

Traits in the Japanese Quail. Department of Zootechnia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119

Elazig, Turkey.

SOLOMON, D. (2000) Suitability of home-made hay-box chick brooder to the Ethiopian household poultry production

system. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 19, Article #3. Retrieved July 5, 2011, from

www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/1/deme19003.htm

SPSS (STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES) (2007) SPSS for windows. User’s guide: Statistics

version 16. Inc. Cary, NC.

TADELLE, D. and OGLE. B. (1996a) Studies on scavenging poultry production systems in central highlands of

Ethiopia. M.Sc. thesis, presented Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, pp 70.

TADELLE, D., MILLION, T., ALEMU, Y. and PETERS, K.J. (2003) Village chicken production systems in

Ethiopia: Use pattern and performance valuation and chicken products and socioeconomic functions of chicken. Livest.

Res. Rural Dev. 15(1).64

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http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/1/deme19003.htm


Effect of 3-hour day time feed restrictions on performance of broiler chickens

during the finisher phase in a hot climate

H.K. DEI1*, O. BOATENG & A.A. AGBOLOSU

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL1882,

Tamale, Ghana.


Abstract

Fasting (feed restriction) broiler chickens prior to high temperature exposure in the tropics can enhance their thermo-

tolerance. An experiment was conducted during the finishing phase of broiler chickens to determine the effect of 3-h

feed restriction at different periods during the day (9am-12noon, 12noon-3pm and 3pm-6pm) on their growth

performance. At 6 weeks of age, 120 broiler chickens were selected and randomly divided into 12 groups (10

birds/group), and each group with mean initial live weight of 1.7 kg/bird. A completely randomized design was used

with no feed restriction as control. Each treatment was replicated three times. Birds were kept in deep litter pens (0.29

m²/bird/pen) and fed broiler grower mash (200 g/kg CP and 12.5 MJ/kg ME) from 6 to 8 weeks of age. Water was

provided ad libitum and light for 24 h. There was a diurnal rise of 6-13°C in ambient temperatures during the

experimental period that resulted in elevation of cloacal temperatures of all the birds by 0.4-3.9°C above their normal

body temperature for thermo-tolerance. No mortality was recorded in this study. Feed restriction between 3pm and 6pm

improved (P≤0.05) mean total feed intake of birds compared to other day-time periods and control, but no significant

(P≥0.05) differences among the treatments in terms of the mean total live weight gain, gain/feed ratio, carcass dressing

percentage and abdominal fat. It was concluded that feed restriction between 3pm and 6pm had beneficial effect on

broiler feed intake in a hot weather.

Keywords: heat stress, feed restriction, growth performance, broiler chickens

Effet de restriction alimentaire quotidienne de 3 heures sur les performances des

poulets de chair pendant la phase de finition en climat chaud

Résumé

La restriction alimentaire de poulets de chair dans le but de les soumettre à une forte température ambiante peut

améliorer leur thermo-tolérance en zone tropicale. Un essai a été mené pendant la phase finition afin de déterminer

l’effet de restriction alimentaire à intervalle de 3 heures à différentes périodes de la journée (9-12 heures ; 12-15 heures

et 15 – 18 heures) sur leur croissance. Pour se faire, cent vingt poulets de chair d’un poids moyen de 1,7 kg et âgés de

six semaines ont été répartis au hasard en 12 groupes (10 sujets/groupe) selon un dispositif complètement randomisé

avec un traitement témoin n’utilisant pas de restriction alimentaire. Chaque traitement a été répété trois fois. Les

oiseaux ont été élevés sur litière profonde (0,29 m²/sujet/loge) et nourris à l’aliment élevage (200 g/kg PB and12.5

MJ/kg EM) de 6 à 8 semaines d'âge. L'eau a été distribuée ad libitum ainsi qu’une durée de lumière de 24 heures.

Pendant la période expérimentale, une hausse diurne de la température ambiante de 6 à 13°C a été observée ce qui a

abouti à un accroissement de la température rectale au-dessus de la normale de tous les sujets de 0,4 à 3,9°C. Aucune

mortalité n'a été enregistrée au cours de cette étude. Le rationnement alimentaire entre 15 heures et 18 heures a permis

d’améliorer (P ≤0,05) la consommation alimentaire des animaux comparée à celle des autres moments de la journée ;

mais aucune différence significative (P≥ 0,05) n’a été observée entre les traitements pour ce qui concerne le gain total

moyen, l’indice de consommation (le ratio gain/aliment), le rendement de la carcasse et le pourcentage du gras

abdominal. Il a été conclu que la restriction alimentaire de 15 heures à 18 heures a eu un effet bénéfique sur la

consommation alimentaire du poulet de chair en zone chaude.

Mots-clés : stress thermique, restriction alimentaire, performance de croissance, poulets de chair.



Efecto de la reducción de tres horas en la alimentación, en el desempeño de

pollos de engorda, durante la etapa de finalización en clima cálido

Resumen

El empleo de la restricción alimenticia en los pollos cuando se exponen a altas temperaturas en el trópico puede mejorar

su termo-tolerancia. Se condujo un experimento durante la fase de finalización de pollos de engorda, para determinar el

efecto de una restricción de tres horas en la alimentación a diferentes horarios (de 9 am a 12 pm : de 12pm a 3 pm y de

3 pm a 6 pm) en el desempeño del crecimiento. Se seleccionaron al azar 120 pollos de 6 semanas de edad y se

dividieron en 12 grupos de 10 aves cada uno, todos los grupos con un peso inicial de 1.7 Kg. Por pollo. Se empleó un

diseño totalmente al azar, con un lote control sin restricción de alimento. Cada tratamiento fue replicado tres veces. Las

aves fueron alojadas en compartimentos de 0.29 m2

/ave y son alimentados con fórmula de crecimiento (20% de PC. y

12.5 MJ/Kg. de EM) de las 6 a las 8 semanas de edad. El agua se suministró a libre acceso y la luz por 24 hs. Se

presentó un incremento de 6 a 13 ᵒC en la temperatura ambiente diurna durante el periodo experimental, lo que ocasionó

una elevación en la temperatura cloacal de todas las aves de 0.4 a 3.9 ᵒC por arriba de la temperatura corporal normal de

termo-tolerancia. No hubo mortalidad durante el experimento.

La restricción entre las 3 y las 6 de la tarde, mejoró (p ≤0.05) el consumo total de alimento comparado con los otros

horarios de restricción y del lote control, pero no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la ganancia de peso, la

conversión alimenticia ni en el porcentaje de carne, tampoco en la grasa abdominal. Se concluyó que la restricción de

alimento de tres a seis de la tarde mejora el consumo cuando hace calor.

Palabras Clave: Stress calórico, restricción alimenticia, desempeño de crecimiento, pollos de engorda.

Introduction

There has been an increasing proportion of poultry production in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The high

temperatures of warm regions together with high performance of modern broilers are associated with heat stress. Heat

stress causes economic losses every year in diverse forms such as high mortality, lower than expected body weight gain

and poor feed efficiency (Cooper and Washburn, 1998). The recognition of heat stress as a problem for efficient broiler

production in hot weather has led to many research efforts to alleviate the problem. These include genetic, nutritional,

feeding and environmental strategies which have been examined in a review by Linn et al. (2006). They indicated that

feed restriction seems to be one of the most promising management strategies in enhancing the heat resistance of broiler

chickens in the short run.

In warm climates, there exist temperature variations during the day. It is known that fasting birds prior to high

temperature exposure reduces heat increment in the body (Hiramoto et al., 1995). However, there is paucity of

information on the time of onset of heat stress during the day. In order to use feed restriction (fasting) as a management

tool to minimize adverse effects of heat stress, there is a need to determine period of the day when feed restriction will

be effective.

Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the effect of 3-h feed restriction at different periods during the

day (9am-12noon, 12noon-3pm and 3pm-6pm) on growth performance of broiler chickens during the dry season in the

Guinea Savannah climate.


Study site

The study was conducted between January and March in 2009 at Nyankpala in the Northern Region of Ghana.

This period was chosen because of very high diurnal variations of temperature (~32-42°C) often recorded. Nyankpala is

located in the Guinea Savannah zone on latitude 09° 25'N and longitude 00° 58'W at altitude 183 m above sea level.

The average environmental temperatures in this zone are 15°C (minimum) and 42°C (maximum) with an annual mean

temperature of 28.3°C. The mean annual rainfall is 1,043mm with mono-modal pattern, which usually begins by the

mid of April up to late October, and a mean annual day-time humidity of 54% (SARI, 2001). Also, the zone is


characterized by a wide diurnal temperature variation (28-45°C) with low day-time humidity (17-42%) during the dry

season from November to April (Kasei, 1988).

Experimental birds

Two hundred (200) day-old unsexed broiler (HYBRO, Netherlands) chicks were brooded in a deep-litter house for

four weeks on a starter mash that contained 238 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 12.6 MJ/kg metabolisable energy (ME). At

4 weeks of age, the chicks were moved into a deep-litter grower house for two weeks prior to the start of the

experiment. Grower feed and water were provided ad libitum. At 6 weeks of age, 120 broiler chickens of similar live

weights were selected and randomly divided into 12 groups of 10 birds each with mean initial live weight of 1.7

kg/bird. A completely randomized design of 4 treatments: no feed restriction as control and 3-h feed restrictions at

different day-time periods of 9am-12noon, 12noon-3pm and 3pm-6pm with each treatment replicated three times.

Husbandry

The birds were housed in deep-litter pens measuring 1.8 m x 0.9 m (0.16 m2/bird). The birds were fed broiler

grower diet that contained 200 g/kg CP and 12.5 MJ/kg ME (Table 1). Water was given ad libitum and light provided

for 24 h.

Table 1: Composition of the broiler grower diet.

Ingredient Amount (g/kg)

Maize (Zea mays) 620

Fishmeal (660 g/kg CP) 100

Soybean meal 130

Wheat bran 120

Oyster shell 15

Dicalcium phosphate 10

Vitamin/trace mineral premix* 2.5

Salt 2.5

Calculated nutrient composition (g/kg)

Crude protein

Lysine

Methionine

Methionine+Cystine

Calcium

Phosphorus

200.0

11.2

4.0

7.3

13.0

7.6

Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) 12.5

*Composition of vitamin/trace mineral premix per kg diet: Vitamin A, 20,000 IU; Vitamin E, 30 IU; Vitamin B1, 2 mg;

Vitamin B2 , 9 mg; Vitamin B12, 24 mg; Niacin, 50 mg; Fe, 90 mg; Cu, 5 mg; Mn, 120 mg; Co, 1 mg; Zn, 100 mg and

Se, 0.4 mg.

Data collection and analysis

Feed intake was measured by subtracting the left-over feed at the end of the experiment from the amount of feed

provided. Live weights of birds in each replicate were measured by weighing them in batches using a digital electronic

scale (Jadever JPS-1050, Spain). Feed conversion was defined as live weight gain per unit feed consumed. Also,

ambient and cloacal temperatures were recorded in the morning (9am), at noon (12 noon) and evening (5pm) using

mercury-in-glass thermometer. Ambient temperatures were monitored by a thermometer that was hanging in the middle

of each pen. At regular intervals during the study, two birds were randomly selected from each replicate, restrained and

a mercury-in-glass thermometer gently inserted into the cloacae and the temperature recorded after 45-60 s.

At the end of the experiment, two birds (male and female) were randomly selected from each replicate, weighed,

slaughtered, plucked, eviscerated and the carcass weighed by using an electronic weighing scale (Jadever JPS-1050,

Spain). The abdominal fat was removed and weighed. Data were analyzed using GenStat 8th

edition (Lawes

Agricultural Trust, 2005).


Results

The ranges of ambient house temperatures recorded during the hot dry experimental period were: morning (28-

29ºC), noon (35–41ºC) and evening (29-30°C). As expected, there were elevations in cloacal (body) temperatures of all

the birds. The observed range of cloacal temperatures were: no feed restriction (40.8-45.5°C) and with feed restrictions

at 9am-12noon (41.2-42.6°C), 12noon-3pm (42.5-42.7°C), and 3pm-6pm (42.0-43.0°C). There was no mortality in this

study.

The 3-h feed restriction between 3pm and 6pm improved (P≤0.05) feed intake of the birds compared to those of

the other groups with feed restriction and ad lib feeding (control). However, none of the feed restriction regimes had

significant (P≥0.05) effects on growth rate or on the carcass variables measured (Table 2). Nevertheless, carcass yield

of birds whose feed was restricted at 3pm-6pm tended (P≤0.056) to be slightly higher than those of the other feed

restricted and control groups. There was a lower amount of abdominal fat in the feed restricted groups, although it was

not significantly (P≥0.05) different from that of the control group.

Table 2: Effects of 3-h feed restriction periods at different times of the day on performance and carcass

characteristics of broiler chickens (6-8 weeks of age).

SED-standard error of difference, P-probability, Means with different superscripts are significantly different

(P≥0.05)

Discussion

The afternoon temperatures recorded were particularly far above the thermo-neutral zone (12-26°C) of modern

broiler strains (Sturkie, 1999) reared in the tropics. Homoeothermic animals regulate core body temperature by heat

production and heat loss mechanisms, although it remains unknown whether this regulation also applies to the fasting

state. However, several studies with pigeons have shown that fasting and/or feed restriction decreases the metabolic

heat production (Graf et al., 1989; Rashotte et al., 1995). In addition, thermal conductance from the body to the

environment (i.e. heat loss) decreases during fasting (Phillips et al., 1991), which indicates suppression of the heat loss

mechanism and saving of energy. In this study, the fasting regimes decreased body temperature of the birds relative to

the ad lib feeding. However, the observed body temperatures of all the birds were above their normal body temperature

of 41.6°C (Mauldin et al., 1999), indicating that all the birds were heat stressed.

Although a bird’s response to an increase in ambient temperature could be variable, decline in feed intake has been

recognised as the key factor (Potter, 1985). Birds stay off feed in an attempt to avoid metabolic heat increment due to

feeding. As expected, there was reduction in feed intake of birds fed ad libitum relative to their fasted counterparts with

a significant difference between the ad libitum group and 3pm-6pm fasted group. This suggests that onset of heat stress

would occur within this period of the day. It is known that the timing of food consumption primarily is affected by the

light phase segment of the day of the instantaneous metabolic rate, and feeding restricted to a time late in the light phase

depresses metabolic rate early (Rashotte et al., 1995). Thus these birds tended to eat slightly more feed than their

counterparts whose feeding was restricted early in the day.

However, the improved feed intake of birds fasted between 3pm and 6pm did not translate into a significantly

higher live weight gain. Nevertheless, they tended to have higher carcass dress weight. It has been observed that a

reduction in feed intake can be expected in a hot weather, but if nutrient intake is adequate, production efficiency can be

Variable Feed restriction periods

ANOVA

No

restriction

9am-

12noon

12noon-

3pm

3pm-

6pm

±SED P

Initial live-weight

(kg/bird)

1.700 1.697 1.693 1.700 - -

Final live-weight (kg/bird) 2.500 2.510 2.500 2.560 0.0380 0.676

Total weight gain (g/bird) 800.0 813.3 806.7 860.0 53.00 0.676

Total feed intake (kg/bird) 2.26b

2.31b

2.31b

2.40a

0.036 0.023

Gain : Feed ratio 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.019 0.971

Carcass yield (%) 78.3 78.1 77.4 80.6 1.35 0.131

Abdominal fat (g/bird) 40.0 35.0 38.0 34.7 6.18 0.798


good. In this study feed intakes (161-171 g/bird/day) appeared to be adequate for each of the treatment groups, and

gain/feed ratios were similar. It has been reported that even skip-a-day feed restriction of Hybro broilers during the

growing phase improved neither feed conversion nor reduced abdominal fat (Benyi et al., 2009). Generally, the feed

restriction regimes improved meat quality through slight suppression of body fat deposition. There is evidence that

during fasting substrate utilisation shifts from carbohydrate to lipid utilisation (Rashotte et al., 1995).

Absence of mortality in the flock suggests that the rise in body temperatures as a result of the observed ambient

temperatures was not lethal. The recorded body temperatures were below lethal limits (45.0-47.2°C) as indicated by

Mauldin et al. (1999). It has been suggested that heat stress during the day might not be harmful if environmental

temperatures were cool enough during the night to allow the body temperature to return, even temporarily, to normal

(Moody, 1991). Night temperatures below room temperature are characteristic of the Guinea Savanna during the dry

season when the zone is under the influence of the cold North-East trade winds or ‘Harmattan’. Also, Graf et al. (1989)

found that food deprivation in pigeons resulted in lowering of body temperatures in the night.

Conclusion

The results of this study have shown that a 3-h feed restriction had no beneficial effect on the growth performance

of finishing broiler chickens during the dry season.

Impact

One way birds often avoid increasing their body temperature above normal during hot weather is by reducing their

feed consumption. This is done to prevent severe heat stress due to additional heat generated when feed is digested. This

may cause unnecessary suffering of birds, reduction in feed consumed with consequent decrease in growth, and even

death in extreme cases. The findings of this study show that feed restriction or fasting can minimize the effect of

internal heat load of the birds during the hottest period of the day. Fasting of the birds, particularly between 3pm and

6pm proves beneficial for feed consumption and has good enough effects on growth performance and carcass quality.

This strategy to reduce heat stress is easy and simple to apply by farmers to ensure growth and welfare of their birds

during hot periods of the year.

References

BENYI, K., ACHEAMPONG-BOATENG, O., NORRIS, D., MATHOHO, M. and MIKASI, M.S. (2009) The

response of Ross 308 and Hybro broiler chickens to early and late skip-a-day feed restriction. Tropical Animal Health

and Production May 9 (electronic publication).

COOPER, M. A. and WASHBURN, K. W. (1998) The relationships of body temperature to weight gain, feed

consumption, and feed utilization in broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science 77:237–242.

GRAF, R., KRISHNA, S. and HELLER, H.C. (1989) Regulated nocturnal hypothermia induced in pigeons by food

deprivation. American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256: 733-738.

HIRAMOTO, K., SATOH, K. and YANO, Y. (1995) Effect of diurnal fasting on broiler performance reared under

summer condition. Japanese Poultry Science 32: 169-176.

KASEI, C.N. (1988) The physical environment of semi-arid Ghana: In: Challenges in Dryland Agriculture- a global

perspective (Unger, P.W., Sneed, T.V., Jordan, W.R. and Jesen, R., Eds.). Texas Agricultural Experimental Station,

Texas, USA, pp. 350-354.

LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST. (2005) GenStat 8th ed. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.

LINN, H., JIAO, H.O., BUYSE, J. and DECUYPERE, E. (2006) Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry.

World’s Poultry Science Journal 62: 71-86.

MAULDIN, M.J., LACY, M. and CZARICK, P. (1999) Cool management for Hot Chickens.

www.georgiadrought.org.

MOODY, E.G. (1991) Raising small animals. Farming Press, UK.

PHILLIPS, D.L., RASHOTTE, M.E. and HENDERSON, R.P. (1991) Energetic responses of pigeons during food

deprivation and restricted feeding. Physiology and Behaviour 50: 195-203.

POTTER, L.M. (1985) Nutrition of poultry in hot climates. Zootecnica International May issue, pp. 45-50.

RASHOTTE, M.E., BASCO, P.S. and HENDERSON, R.P. (1995) Daily cycles in body temperature, metabolic rate,

http://www.georgiadrought.org/


and substrate utilization in pigeons: influence of amount and timing of food consumption. Physiology and Behaviour

57: 731-746.

SAVANNA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SARI) (2001) Meteorology Department, CSIR,

Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana.

STURKIE, P.D. (1999) Regulation of body temperature. In: Avian Physiology (G.C. Whittow, Ed.). 5th

Edition,

Academic Press

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Newcastle disease control in free-range chickens using I-2 vaccine in selected

districts in Kenya

A.M. WACHIRA

1*, J.W.

WACHIRA

2, R.G. IRERI

3, M.W. WAITHAKA

1 & F.M. MATIRI

4

1KARI Naivasha, P. O. Box 25-20117, Naivasha, Kenya

2KEVEVAPI, P. O. Box 53260-00200, Nairobi, Kenya

3KARI Muguga North, P. O. Box 32-09020, Kikuyu, Kenya

4KARI Embu P.O. Box 27- 60100, Embu, Kenya

*Corresponding author: [email protected]; Tel: +254722443973

Abstract

Control of Newcastle disease (ND) is a major constraint to indigenous chicken production in Kenya and presents special

challenges to improve productivity. Live thermo-tolerant avirulent I-2 ND vaccine was developed to overcome some of

these challenges. In this study, I-2 ND vaccine was adopted, produced and validated under field conditions in free

ranging indigenous chickens in Busia, Naivasha, Nyandarua, Mwea and Mwingi districts in Kenya. Results obtained

show that less than 5% of the indigenous chickens in these districts had protective antibodies against ND virus prior to

vaccination which indicates that chickens in the study districts are highly susceptible to virulent ND virus. However,

twenty-one days post vaccination with a single dose of I-2 ND vaccine the protection level increased to 62%. The

serological response that followed vaccination clearly shows that the administration of the I-2 ND vaccine through the

intra-ocular route is an effective way of controlling Newcastle disease in free ranging indigenous chickens. This vaccine

is currently awaiting registration for commercialization in the country. Economic analysis indicates that I-2 ND

vaccination has the potential to save 15 million indigenous chickens valued at 6 billion Kenya shillings.

Key words: Disease control; indigenous chicken; I-2ND vaccine; Newcastle disease.

Contrôle de la maladie de Newcastle chez les poulets divagants en utilisant le

vaccin I-2 dans certains districts au Kenya

Résumé

La lutte contre de la maladie de Newcastle (ND) est une contrainte majeure à la production de poulets indigènes au

Kenya et présente des défis particuliers à l’amélioration de la productivité. Le vaccin atténué thermo-tolérant de souche

I-2 ND a été conçu pour surmonter certains de ces défis. Dans cette étude, le vaccin de New Castle I-2 a été adopté,

produit et validé sur le terrain pour les poulets indigènes en divagation, allant du district de Busia, Naivasha,

Nyandarua, Mwea au district de Mwingi au Kenya. Les résultats obtenus montrent que moins de 5% des poulets

indigènes dans ces districts avaient des anticorps protecteurs contre le virus de ND avant la vaccination ; ce qui indique

que les poulets dans les zones d’étude sont très sensibles au virus du pseudo peste aviaire virulent. Cependant, vingt et

un jours après la vaccination avec une dose unique de vaccin de NC I-2, le niveau de protection atteint 62%. La réponse

sérologique qui a suivi la vaccination montre clairement que l'administration du vaccin de NC I-2 par voie intraoculaire

est un moyen efficace de lutte contre la maladie de Newcastle chez les poulets indigènes en divagation. Ce vaccin est

actuellement en cours de certification pour sa commercialisation au Kenya. L'analyse économique indique que la

vaccination au NC I-2 a la capacité de sauver 15 millions de poulets indigènes correspondant à une valeur financière de

6 milliards de shillings kenyans.

Mots-clés : Lutte contre les maladies, Poulet local, Vaccin 1-2ND

, Maladie de Newcastle.

Control de la enfermedad de Newcastle en gallinas de pastoreo, empleando la

vacuna I-2 en distritos seleccionados de Kenia

Resumen

El control de la enfermedad de Newcastle (ND) es el asunto más importante para la producción de gallinas criollas en



Kenia y representa un reto especial para mejorar la productividad. La vacuna a virus vivo termotolerante y avirulenta I-

2 ND fue desarrollada para superar algunos de estos retos. En este estudio la vacuna I-2ND fue adoptada, producida y

validada en condiciones de campo con gallinas criollas en pastoreo en los distritos Kenianos de Busia, Naivasha,

Nyandarua, Mwea y Mwingi. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que menos del 5% de las gallinas criollas de estos

distritos presentaban anticuerpos contra el Newcastle antes de ser vacunadas, lo que implicaba una alta suceptibilidad al

virus de ND. Así, 21 días después de aplicada la vacuna, con una sola dosis de I-2ND se elevó el nivel de protección al

62%. La respuesta serológica que siguió a la vacunación, demostró claramente que después de la administración de la

vacuna I-2ND por via intra-ocular, es una manera efectiva de controlar al ND en gallinas criollas en pastoreo. La

vacuna está esperando su registro para comercializarse en el país. Un análisis económico señala que la vacuna I-2ND

tiene el potencial de salvar a 15 millones de gallinas criollas que tiene un valor de 6 billones de shillings kenianos.

Palabras Clave: Control de Enfermedades, Gallinas Criollas, Vacuna I-2ND, Enfermedadde Newcastle.

Introduction

In Kenya, it is estimated that over 80% of the total poultry population (32 million birds) are indigenous chickens

mostly found in rural areas (Kenyan population Census, 2009). These birds are usually produced under an extensive

free range system, where they scavenge for feed with little or no supplementation, housing or disease control. Such a

system is perceived to be profitable based on the low level of inputs. Productivity of indigenous chickens under a free

range system is constrained by frequent incidences of virulent Newcastle disease virus. The disease causes heavy losses

through deaths, which reduce productivity and market access (Alders and Spradbrow, 2001). This in effect reduces local

food production and income. It is estimated that over 80% of all unvaccinated chickens are lost to Newcastle disease

annually (Njue, et al., 2001).

Newcastle can effectively be controlled and managed through vaccinations using conventional vaccines such as

LaSota B1, F and NDV4-HR which are commercially available (Spradbrow and Copland, 1996, Spradbrow and Samuel,

1991). However, these vaccines present several challenges when used under rural settings, particularly with regard to

cost and cold storage which render vaccination programs difficult and inefficient to support.

An I-2 ND Newcastle disease vaccine has been developed for local and regional production and is used in the

control of Newcastle disease in indigenous chickens (Spradbrow, 2005, Bensink and Spradbrow, 1999, Wambura et al.,

2000, 2007). The suitability of I-2 ND in indigenous chickens is due to its thermal tolerance, safety, spread between

chickens through contact while provoking an antibody response similar to that achieved with NDV4-HR ND virus

(Spradbrow, 1992). I-2 ND vaccine master seed is free of commercial ownership (Young et al., 2002).

The objectives of the current study were to validate and demonstrate the protection provided by I-2 ND vaccine

under varying local conditions in Kenya for the purpose of registration and consequently commercialization.

Methodology

Vaccine production

Strain I-2 master seed, an avirulent Australian Newcastle Disease (ND) virus isolate was obtained by Kenya

Veterinary Vaccine Production Institute (KEVEVAPI) from the University of Queensland, Australia. A working seed

was developed using Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) eggs and the vaccine produced for trial using minimum pathogen

free eggs according to Spradbrow et al. (2002) with a titre of Egg Infective Dose (EID50) of 108.5

per mL. The vaccine

was freeze-dried and the stabilizer used was skimmed milk at 8%.

Vaccine application

The vaccine was administered to chickens using the eye-drop method by means of an eye-dropper previously

calibrated to deliver 0.1 ml dose of vaccine which is equivalent to EID 107.3

per drop, as described by Alders and

Spradbrow (2001).

Study sites

Five districts were selected based on indigenous chicken population, Newcastle disease endemicity, and lack of

vaccination history against Newcastle disease 6 months prior to the trial. The districts were: Busia (Western), Mwingi

(Eastern), Mwea (Central), Naivasha (Rift valley) and Nyandarua (Central). These sites represented the main Agro-


Ecological Zones (AEZs) in the country. After selection of the districts a representative village was selected for

validation of the vaccine.

Sampling

Each village had an estimated indigenous chicken population of 800 birds. A sample size of 60-70 chickens was

selected and identified using wing tags from 30 randomly selected households. Two to three chickens in each of the

selected households were bled from the wing vein to obtain the pre-vaccination serum. All the 800 chickens were

vaccinated using the test vaccine. Fourteen days post vaccination the identified 60-70 chickens were bled again to

obtain post-vaccination serum.

Serology

A total of 670 serum samples were collected from the chickens in this study. The serum samples were tested for

ND antibody titres to establish the pre and post-vaccination sero-status using the Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test

(Allan and Gough, 1974).

Cost benefit and potential Economic analysis of the vaccine

Using the indigenous chicken population in the selected villages and the prevailing market prices of chickens and

the vaccine, cost benefits and potential economic analysis of the vaccine was calculated.

Statistical method analysis

All laboratory data was recorded and processed using MS Excel 2007 to give the descriptive statistics, charts and

graphs and SPSS v11.5 was used for inferential statistics.

Results

The results presented in Table 1, show that less than 5% of the indigenous chickens were protected before

vaccination while 62% were protected 14 days post-vaccination.

The prevalence of protective antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus was 4.2% pre-vaccination and 61.6%

post-vaccination. This difference was significant (p<0.05). The pre-vaccination antibody titre was not significantly

different (p>0.05) across the districts viz, Naivasha, Mwea, Mwingi and Nyandarua, but Busia had a significantly

higher antibody titre compared to the other districts (Table 1). However, the post-vaccination antibody titre was not

significantly different across the districts (p>0.05).

Potential social economic gains due to I - 2 ND vaccine

Indigenous chicken populations will vary across regions and hence with the 62% protection against Newcastle

disease offered by the I-2 ND vaccine in the current study, the economic potential resulting from vaccinating will also

vary. The Rift Valley and Nairobi provinces will have the highest and lowest gains respectively (Table 2). The capacity

of the vaccine to protect indigenous chickens at a proportion of 62% of the total population implies that the vaccine has

a likelihood of saving over 15 million indigenous chickens worth approximately KES 6 billion annually.

Households will have improved nutrition from the additional chickens and improved incomes from the sale of

more eggs and chickens to the local markets. Unvaccinated chickens will be wiped out by outbreaks of Newcastle

disease and this will convince more farmers that the thermo tolerant vaccine works well. This will create more business

for all service providers and actors/players along the indigenous chicken value chain.


Table 1: Newcastle disease virus HI antibody titres in chickens in the five study districts.

District

Unvaccinated n=337 Vaccinated n=333

Titre < 23 Titre ≥ 2

3 Titre < 2

3 Titre ≥ 2

3

Busia 55/69 (79.7%) 14/69(20.3%) 25/62(40.3%) 37/62(59.7%)

Mwingi 68/68 (100%) 0/68(0%) 3/65(4.6%) 62/65(95.4%)

Mwea 69/69 (100%) 0/69(0%) 23/64(35.9%) 41/64(64.1%)

Nyandarua 66/66(100%) 0/66(0%) 22/59(37.3%) 37/59(62.7%)

Naivasha 64/64(100%) 0/64(0%) 55/83(66.3%) 28/83(33.7%)

Totals 323/337(95.8%) 14/337(4.2%) 128/333(38.4%) 205/333(61.6%)

Table 2: Economic analysis of the vaccine in Kenya.

Region/Province Indigenous

Chicken pop.

(millions)**

No. of

chickens

(millions)

protected by

vaccine (62%)

Vaccine

cost/year

(KES)

Annual

Vaccine cost

per region

(KES)

(millions)

Estimate

chicken

price

(KES)

Potential Gross

Revenue due to

vaccine (KES)

(millions)

Eastern 4.1 2.54 32 131.2 400 1,016

Nyanza 5.6 3.47 32 179.9 400 1388

Rift Valley 6.6 4.09 32 211.2 400 1636

Western 4.1 2.54 32 131.2 400 1016

Coast Central 1.6 0.99 32 51.2 400 396

Central 3.0 1.86 32 96.0 400 744

Nairobi 0.3 0.19 32 9.6 400 76

North Eastern 0.4 0.25 32 12.8 400 100

TOTAL 25.7 15.93 NA 822.4 NA 6,372

National Potential Economic Gains due I-2 ND Vaccine in Indigenous poultry


Discussion

In free range poultry a Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) titre of 1 in 8 or > 23 is an indication of protection

against potentially lethal virulent virus of Newcastle disease (Allan and Gough, 1974, Rehmani, 1996, Spradbrow,

1990). Thus this estimate was used to determine the proportion of free range chickens protected either as a result of

vaccination or exposure to an ND field virus.

HI antibody titres of pre-vaccination serum suggest that there is minimal or no vaccination/exposure to the

Newcastle virus for indigenous chickens in all the study areas six months prior to the baseline or a very virulent

velogenic strain circulates and therefore kills most of the infected birds before they sero convert. This indicates that

chickens in the study sites are highly susceptible to virulent virus and this justifies routine vaccination. Lack of

significant variability in the prevalence in HI antibody titre level across the study areas may represent the national

outlook of the indigenous poultry industry in Kenya with regard to Newcastle Disease. The difference in the pre-

vaccination and post-vaccination HI titre clearly shows that the administration of the I-2 ND vaccine through the intra-

ocular route is efficient as described by (Alders and Spradbrow, 2001).

In Busia, a border town where farmers are able to access well stored vaccines from the local agro vet stores, the

pre vaccination titre levels were significantly different from the other study districts. Busia district also has an active

poultry project funded through the Ministry of Livestock Development. The project has developed the capacity of local

indigenous chicken producers in disease control through vaccination. But since only 20% of the sampled chicken

population had protective antibody titres pre-vaccination which rose to about 60% post-vaccination, there is still need to

give a booster vaccine (Wachira et al., 2011) as the HI titre levels decrease with time to below protective levels of ≥ 23

after three months.

The study clearly shows that free ranging chickens from varying ecological zones vaccinated with I-2 ND vaccine

developed protective antibodies against a virulent Newcastle disease. This is in agreement with other trials with I-2 ND

vaccine in Vietnam (Mai, 1998), Mozambique (Dias et al., 2001) and Tanzania (Wambura et al., 2000).

Reports from other field trials show that the vaccine can successfully be administered via different routes with the

highest titres achieved in birds where the vaccine was administered via eye-drop (Alders et al., 2000) and hence the

adoption of the eye drop method in the current study. Although eye-drop administration requires that each bird be

restrained, this would be the method preferred because of the better protection observed. As farmers gain confidence in

the ND control activities, they should be encouraged to improve other management practices including housing, feeding

and biosecurity for indigenous chickens. Improved housing will facilitate the restraining of birds for eye-drop

administration of the ND vaccine and should reduce losses due to predation. Improved housing for indigenous chickens,

especially for young chicks up to four weeks of age, as this is the group that suffered the highest losses from predation

and diseases (Bell et al., 1995).

Conclusion

The study shows that vaccination of free-ranging indigenous chicken in Kenya using the I-2 ND vaccine confers

protection against virulent Newcastle disease. The intra-ocular means of vaccine administration is effective and easy-to-

use for most rural farmers wishing to vaccinate their chicken. The vaccine therefore has potential for protecting free-

ranging chicken against Newcastle disease among resource-poor farmers who own 90% of the 23 million chicken in

Kenya. Its registration for commercial production will greatly impact on livelihoods.

Impact

The study findings will inform the government and relevant institutions on the potential benefits of the I-2ND

vaccine in the Kenyan poultry industry. This will in turn translate to the registration and consequent commercialization

of the vaccine. Making the vaccine widely available to resource-poor farmers in rural areas at an affordable price thus

protecting their chicken against the deadly Newcastle disease. This will enhance indigenous chicken productivity

leading to improved food and nutrition security among resource poor farmers.

References

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Pakistan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 25: 241- 248

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305-307.

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chickens. In: Spradbrow PB (ed.), Proceedings of International Workshop on Newcastle disease in village chickens,

control with thermostable oral vaccines, ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, 39: pp.11-14.

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In: Alders, R.G., Spradbrow, P.B., and Young M.P. (ed.), Proceedings of an international conference on village

chickens, poverty alleviation and the sustainable control of Newcastle disease held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 5–7

October 2005.

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countries. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 29: 157- 159.

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Comparison with other routes. Australian Veterinary Journal. 68: 114-115.

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Electronic Conference on Family Poultry. Free communication 10

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virus (stain I-2) in raw, baked, oiled white rice at ambient temperatures. Journal of Veterinary Science, 8: 303-305.

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Controlling Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens: A Laboratory Manual. ACIAR Monograph No. 87.

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Free communications | Communications libres | Comunicaciones libres

Constraints to adoption and sustainability of improved practices in scavenging

poultry systems

EMMANUEL BABAFUNSO SONAIYA

Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

There are three well recognized scavenging production systems (SPS): Free-range extensive system; Backyard

extensive system and Semi-scavenging system. These SPS especially the “low input-low output” systems face the

challenges of chick production and mortality, feed availability and use, and a lack of knowledge among stakeholders. In

response to these challenges, innovations, developments and interventions (IDI) have been produced. Examples of IDI

discussed are: The Kuroiler breed development in India; Hay Box Chick Brooder in Ethiopia; and Range and Pasture

Usage in Sri Lanka and Nigeria. For all IDI, the first constraint to adoption and sustainability is the small flock size of

SPS which relates directly to the cost and scale of operation that the IDI entails. In most developing countries, it will be

very difficult to replace traditional SPS with a semi-confined or confined system. Creating the necessary conditions for

a semi-intensive, semi-confined model (such as the Bangladesh Semi-Scavenging Model) will incur high costs and

great risks to the smallholder farmers. Since there are abundant opportunities for improving the traditional SPS with

very simple and low-cost technologies, IFAD has recommended that SPS improvement models should not require a

large initial investment. This paper shows, from the examples discussed, that adoption and sustainability are

handicapped by the cost of the IDI to the farmers; the lack of full and adequate information about the IDI; the lack or

difficulty of partnerships and collaborations among the different value chain actors in the innovation platform. It is also

shown that adoption and sustainability of IDI will be promoted by a high participation rate of small holders in the

research process, availability of IDI that are compatible and adapted to the social, economic and cultural needs of small

holders, as well as partnership activities that emphasise institutional capacity development and sharing of technologies,

protocols and materials.

Key words: Scavenging poultry systems; improved practices; adoption; constraints; sustainability

Contraintes à l’adoption et à la durabilité des pratiques améliorées dans les

systèmes divagants en aviculture

Résumé

Il existe trois types de système de divagation bien reconnus de production (SDP): Système de libre parcours, système de

basse-cours extensif et système semi extensif. Ces systèmes et plus spécialement les systèmes « faible intrant-faible

extrant » font face aux défis en rapport avec la production des poussins et de mortalité, la disponibilité et utilisation des

aliments et absence de connaissance entre les auteurs avicoles. En réponse à ces défis, des innovations, des

développements et interventions (IDI) ont été développés. Des exemples de IDI discutés sont: le développement de

poulets Kuroiler en Inde, Hay Box Chick Brooder en Ethiopie, l’utilisation du range et du pâturage au Sri Lanka et au

Nigéria. For tous les IDI, la première contrainte à l’adoption et sa durabilité est le petit nombre de cheptel de SDP qui

est en rapport direct avec le cout et l’échelle de l’opération que l’IDI veut mettre en place. Dans la plupart des pays en

développement, il sera très difficile de remplacer les systèmes traditionnels divagant de production par des systèmes

semi intensif ou intensif. En créant les conditions nécessaires pour un modèle d’élevage semi-intensif, semi-confiné

(comme le modèle en semi-divagant Bangladeshi) devront engendrer le surplus de coûts et des risques considérables

pour les petits aviculteurs. Puisqu’il y a de nombreuses possibilités pour améliorer les SDP par des technologies simples

et abordables financièrement, le FIDA a recommandé que les modèles améliorés ne devraient pas solliciter un

investissement initial onéreux. Cet article montre, à partir des exemples cités, que l'adoption et la durabilité sont

défavorisées par le coût de l'IDI pour les aviculteurs, le manque d'informations complètes et adéquates sur l'IDI,




l'absence ou la difficulté de partenariats et de collaborations entre les différents acteurs de la chaîne de valeur dans la

plate-forme d'innovation. Il est également montré que l'adoption et la durabilité de l'IDI seront encouragées par un taux

élevé de participation des petits exploitants dans le processus de recherche, la disponibilité de l'IDI qui sont compatibles

et adaptés aux besoins sociaux, économiques et culturels des petits exploitants, ainsi que les activités en partenariat qui

mettent l'accent sur le développement des capacités institutionnelles et le partage des technologies, des protocoles et des

documents.

Mots clés: Systèmes avicoles divagants, Gestions améliorées; adoption; Contraintes, Durabilité

Limitantes para adoptar practicas de mejoramiento y sustentabilidad en

sistemas de pastoreo avícola

Resumen

Existen tres sistemas de pastoreo reconocidos (SPS); Libre pastoreo extensivo; Traspatio extensivo y Semi-pastoreo.

Estos (SPS) especialmente los de baja inversión-baja producción, encuentran retos de producción y mortalidad, acceso a

alimento, y falta de conocimiento de los avicultores. En respuesta a estos retos, las innovaciones, desarrollos, e

intervenciones (IDI) se han llevado a cabo. Ejemplos de (IDI) que hemos tratado son la raza desarrollada en la India

“Kuroiler”, la caja para criar “Hay” en Etiopia, y el sistema de pastoreo y pastura de Sri Lanka y Nigeria. Para todas las

(IDI) la limitante para adoptarlas y dar sustentabilidad es el reducido tamaño de las parvadas (SPS) que incurre

directamente en el costo y en la escala de la operación donde se aplica la(IDI). En la mayoría de los países en

desarrollo, es muy complicado reemplazar el sistema tradicional (SPS) hacia uno de semi-confinamientopara o de

confinamiento. Las condiciones para la creación de un modelo semi-intensivo, semi-confinamiento (como el de semi-

pastoreo de Bangladesh) pueden incurrir en altos costos y grandes riesgos para los avicultores en pequeño. Existen

muchas oportunidades para mejorar los (SPS) con tecnologías muy simples y de bajo costo. (IFAD) ha recomendado

que las mejoras en los (SPS) sean modelos que no necesiten una gran inversión inicial. Este papel demuestra que de

ejemplos discutidos, la adopción y sustentabilidad van de la mano con el costo de la (IDI) para los granjeros, la falta

total y adecuada de información acerca de las (IDI), la falta o dificultad para encontrar socios y colaboradores atravéz

de la larga cadena de participantes en la plataforma de la innovación. Siempre se ha demostrado que la adopción y

sustentabilidad de (IDI) debe de ser promovida para que un alto número de avicultores participen en los procesos de

investigación, la disponibilidad de (IDI) que sean compatibles y adaptables a las condiciones económicas, sociales y

culturales, según las necesidades de los avicultores, también las actividades en sociedad dándole énfasis al desarrollo de

capacidades institucional y compartiendo las tecnologías, protocolos y materiales.

Palabras Clave: Pastoreo, Prácticas de mejoramiento avícola, Adopción, Limitantes, Sustentabilidad.

Introduction

There are two types of landscapes on which poultry scavenge: one that contains households (the farmstead or

village) and the other without households (e.g. pasture or range). Hence, there are three well recognized scavenging

production systems (SPS) as identified by Sonaiya and Swan (2004):

(a) Free-range extensive system where poultry are not confined, but roost in trees and nest in bushes and no

supplements are deliberately given.

(b) Backyard extensive system where poultry are housed at night and scavenge during the day in the backyard;

complete feed, grains, grain by-products or kitchen wastes are provided in the morning and evening to supplement

scavenging.

(c) Semi-scavenging system where poultry are allowed outside the backyard for six to eight hours for scavenging and

complete or supplementary feeding is provided.

These SPS are “low input-low output” systems but are thought to be a reliable approach to food security, income

generation, and therefore an excellent step in poverty alleviation due to their quick turnover and low investment

requirement (Rangenekar and Rangenekar, 1996; Sonaiya, 1996; Branckaert and Guèye, 2000; Permin et al., 2001).

Scavenging poultry systems are economic and ecologically sustainable. In Vietnam, the feed cost per kg body weight

was reported to be 29% lower for scavenging systems compared with confined systems and feed cost per kg eggs was

31-41% lower for scavenging systems (Do Viet Minh, 1999). The scavenging chickens convert leftover grains, human


food leftovers and insects into poultry meat and eggs. Their manure encourages the development of earthworms in the

soil, which, together with termites and other insects, form an additional source of feed. Poultry eat young grass, green

leaves and other vegetation and hence are useful in insect and weed control.

Challenges to SPS Development

The first challenge is that of chick production and mortality. The level of chick production by unimproved birds is

very low compared to that of commercial hybrids in high-input systems (FAO Sectors 1 and 2). For example, a

scavenging chicken hen lays only 30 - 80 eggs per year, while an industrial chicken hen lays 320 eggs annually. The

low output in chick production relate to genetic resources, brooding management, lack of supplementary feeding,

predators and diseases. Disease prophylactic measures developed specifically for SPS are scarce and high chick

mortality rates are frequently reported in Africa (Wilson et al., 1987; Bessin et al., 1998; Dakpogan et al., 2011).

The second challenge is that of feed resources availability and use. The use of the range for scavenging by poultry

can generate unforeseen problems. For example, in Australia, emus (which are flightless birds) forage in paddocks and

consume fodder intended for sheep and cattle. The birds are hungry and aggressive enough to chase sheep away from

grain put out by farmers. However, this reported behaviour is related to the movement of thousands of emus into the

State of Victoria’s north-west from drought-stricken areas of western New South Wales and Queensland in search of

food and water (World Poultry, 2002a).

The third challenge to SPS development is a lack of knowledge among poultry owners, marketers, extension

personnel, researchers, government policy makers and project development officers on one hand, and a non-supportive

educational system, on the other hand (Sonaiya , 2009). A case in point is the Catholic Relief Service (CRS) provision

through a local NGO of assistance for poultry keeping to three pilot communities in the Koya chiefdom in northern

Sierra Leone. Ten improved cocks were supplied to each pilot community for cross breeding with the local hens and the

crossbreds were to be distributed to other communities in the Chiefdom. On average, 20 hens were to be served by one

cock with all the 21 birds confined in a small room. Saw dust was used as the bedding material with only one water

trough and one feed trough provided in each room. The feed was locally made out of rice husk, bulgur wheat and a

small quantity of smoked fish skin. Water and tetracycline were administered to sick birds. Most of the cocks died

because the feed was inadequate, the water was contaminated with sawdust, there was no vaccination and the rooms

were too small to accommodate the number of birds. There was a glaring lack of knowledge of poultry management by

all concerned.

These three levels of challenge to the development of SPS have been faced and innovations, developments and

interventions (IDI) have been produced to meet the challenges.

Examples of IDI in SPS

The Kuroiler breed development in India

The development of “Kuroilers” by Keggfarms Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi was to meet the challenge of availability of

suitable germplasm with reasonable productivity under the SPS. Kuroilers are dual purpose, multi-colored & hardy

birds that produce 200 eggs (4-5 times more than non-descript hens) and grow faster; a Kuroiler cock reaches 1 kg

weight in 6-7 weeks compared to 18-20 weeks by non-descript cocks (Sharma, 2004). Every year Keggfarms distributes

about 10 million Kuroiler chicks to 800,000 poor families across Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam,

Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar and the North-eastern states through 1500 “mother units”. These mother units

buy 400-2,000 birds at a time, rear them till 3-4 weeks and then supply them to the nearby villages through mobile

vendors on cycles. Typically, a mother unit entrepreneur and a mobile vendor each make a profit of Rs 3 per bird

(Sharma, 2007). An FAO survey showed that Kuroilers have made substantial contribution to poor peoples’ livelihoods

in terms of increased income, women’s empowerment and enhanced nutritional status of households. Galukande et al.,

(2011) reported that the Ugandan National Animal Genetic Resource Centre and Data Bank (NAGRC & DB) in

collaboration with United States’ Arizona State University had imported Kuroiler hatching eggs in 2010 and compared

their hatchlings with those of Ugandan native chickens. The result of the study demonstrated that Kuroilers represent a

133 percent increase in meat production and a 462 percent increase in egg production. These figures also point to a 341

percent increase in income for rural poultry farmers. Keggfarms has also exported Kuroilers and hatching eggs to

Ethiopia on the initiative of Flow Equity, a U.S. based financial institution. Flow Equity has plans to import 100,000

Kuroiler chicks per month within the next few years.


Hay Box Chick Brooder in Ethiopia

The general indication is that broody hens in the SPS cease egg laying for 81 days for the purpose of rearing 2.8

chicks to 84 days of age during which predators cause premature death of chicks (Solomon Demeke, 2007). If artificial

brooding is adopted, chick mortality of 60% is reduced, the hen is relieved from the long broody periods and can come

into lay again within a short period and hence productivity of SPS is increased.

The Ethiopian national poultry development programme was initiated in the early 1950s and concentrated on the

distribution of 84-days old exotic pullets and cockerels. The aim was to promote small scale production of exotic

poultry breeds within the rural farming population and to up-grade the indigenous chickens by crossing their hens with

exotic males. However, the supply of improved pullets and cockerels from the government poultry multiplication and

breeding centers has never been commensurate with the demand due to the lack of the huge requirement of brooding

facilities, even though there was adequate hatching capacity.

The hay-box chick brooder in which no artificial heat is used was developed by Prof. Solomon Demeke at Jimma

University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM) with financial support from the Ethiopian

Science and Technology Commission (ESTC). The hay box brooder is a low-input technology that releases the mother

hen to go back to laying, increases small scale poultry production in general and egg productivity in particular. It is easy

to construct, use and modify with the use of locally available skills and materials. To promote adoption and

sustainability of the hay-box brooder, operational manuals were prepared with the financial support of the Food and

Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa (FAO-SREA). The manuals are

available in English and all local Ethiopian languages (www.ju.edu.et/jucavm/node/65?q=node/225).

Within the “Agricultural Sustainability” project funded by the Canadian International Development Agency

(CIDA), the hay- box brooder was extended to hundreds of farmers in the Jimma Zone. The project funds were

provided from 2005 to 2009 to distribute brooder boxes, day old chicks of improved breeds and starters feed and to

deliver short, companion training to beneficiaries. In addition, JUCAVM students got to practice community

development skills by assisting farmers in hay box brooder construction. The technology was extended to Gambella and

Asossa states with the support of ESTC and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). With further

sponsorship by FAO-SREA, the hay box brooder is now available in Kenya and Tanzania and is helping SPS farmers

solve the problem of high chick mortality rates within the first 56 days of life. In Kenya, the brooder costs just Ksh100

(€1) to make . To enable adoption in other countries, details of the hay box brooder were published in a news article in

the International Ag-sieve Newsletter of the Rodale Institute, USA, and also in Spore Bulletin of the European Union

Technical Committee on Agriculture (CTA).

Range and pasture usage in Sri Lanka and Nigeria

Whether and how chickens will make proper use of the range or pastures is a problem experienced by all SPS

producers: traditional free-range, intensive free-range and organic chickens systems. For all the three types of

producers, an estimation of the quantity and quality of scavengable feed available on the range will help them to

optimize range or pasture use and reduce the cost of feed supplementation if supplements are used or allowed. Roberts

and Gunaratne (1992) and Sonaiya (2004) have reported on the scavengeable feed resources for poultry production in

Southeast Asia and West Africa, respectively.

De Vries (2000) studied the behaviour of local chickens in the backyards in a Nicaraguan village by recording

their activities at 15 minutes intervals for a period of 12 hours once a week for five weeks. At the end of this monitoring

period, chickens were caught and slaughtered between 10 and 12 noon after having scavenged all morning. The hens

were recorded to have spent 46% of the 12 hours scavenging for feed. Of the time spent eating, 37% and 25% were

spent consuming insects and weeds, respectively. Crop contents of the hens had 11.5% CP, similar to the value of

11.2% CP reported by Roberts and Gunaratne (1992) in Sri Lanka, but higher than 9.2% CP reported by Sonaiya (2004)

in Nigeria.

Range usage has been studied in Europe in the context of commercial free-range systems. A 4-year study

(Hegelund et al., 2005) was conducted in Denmark on 29 flocks of layers in 5 commercial organic egg production

system with 500 to 6000 ISA Brown hens.

Number of hens outdoors was estimated 8-40 times throughout the production period along with information on

climatic conditions. The average number of hens outside varied from 2 to 24 % between flocks. In general, the percent

of hens outside decreased, when the flock size increased. There was a significant effect of farm, age, time of day,

season, wind, rain and temperature while the presence of tents did not significantly affect the number of hens going

http://www.ju.edu.et/jucavm/node/65?q=node/225


outside. The majority of hens were recorded outside before noon and the number steadily decreased until evening.

Harlander-Matauschek (2002) in Germany carried out 2 experiments. Experiment 1 studied three groups of ISA-Brown

laying hens, containing 250, 500 and 1000 birds each which were kept on deep litter with a stocking of 5 birds/m2. Each

group had access to a 20m X 225m free-range area. The areas were separated by wire mesh, which allowed visual

contact between the groups. Marks were placed at 25m intervals to create nine different zones on the range, after 2

weeks of adaptation the number of hens in each zone was counted hourly from 7 am to 7 pm 3 days a week. The trial

lasted 3 weeks and was repeated after regrouping of hens. In experiment 2, 8 groups of ISA-Brown laying hens, of 256

birds each, were kept in deep litter compartments with a stocking density of 5 birds/m2. Each compartment had 2 pop-

holes leading onto the range. Range surface available was 10 m2/bird. Five different pop-holes dimensions were tested

(20cm X 30, 60, 90, 120,150cm). The number of hens on each range was counted hourly from 7am to 7pm on 35 days

over a period of 3 months. The percent of birds using the range decreased from 38% in the group of 250 to 35% in the

group of 500 to 22% in the group of 1000 laying hens. 60% of the hens on range remained within a distance of 50m of

the building. More hens of the group of 1000 moved further away from the house as compared to the smaller groups

(P<0.001). Pop-hole dimensions had no significant (P>0.05) effect on number of birds on the range. It was concluded

that increasing group size seems to decrease the percentage of hens using the range while pop-hole dimensions did not

influence the number of hens on range.

In a study in the UK (Gordon and Forbes, 2002), pasture usage was measured using a system of transponders and

receivers located at key points below ground in the paddocks. This was done for female Ross 308 birds grown to day 56

in winter, and ISA 657 birds grown to day 81 in summer. Treatments were either standard or enriched brooding, with

pasture only or enriched pasture. Standard brooding was in a controlled environment house until day 42. Enriched

brooding was in naturally ventilated houses in which birds had sight of pasture from an early age and access from day

21. Enriched pasture included artificial shelter, with straw bales and a conifer “wigwam” used to provide natural shelter.

Stocking density on the range was 2m2 per bird. Pasture usage was affected by weather conditions with fewer birds

being detected outdoors in windy and wet weather. Multiple regression analysis produced the following equation,

relating the number of transponders detections on range to weather conditions:

N = 67.9-10.8Tmin + 4.63Tmax – 0.061W + 2.37R Where:

N = number of detections per day;

Tmin = minimum ambient temperature (oC);

Tmax = maximum ambient temperature (oC);

W = wind run, km; R = rainfall, mm. r2 = 0.39, p<0.05.

Constraints to adoption and sustainability of IDI in SPS

These range use methods are an example of IDIs that are not adopted by small scale SPS. The question that arises

is why are some IDIs not widely adopted and if adopted, are they sustainable?

With regards to the Scavenging Feed Resource on the range, since it is made up of materials from the surrounding

environment, by-products from harvesting and processing of grains and cultivated and wild vegetation (Sonaiya, 2004),

the first constraint to adoption is that there are serious problems of quality control, assessment and maintenance of the

range. Improvement in productivity of SPS requires improvement in the nutritional balance of the diet. Range use

methods alone do not provide information on what feeds and nutrients are scavenged from the free range. Secondly,

there are health and food safety implications of scavenging that are equally of importance. One of the health problems is

worm infestation of the birds leading to inefficient feed conversion and lowered production. A survey by the Scottish

Agricultural College showed that 96% of free-range layer flocks in the UK were infested by worms (World Poultry,

2002b). In the Netherlands, the Dutch Platform Biologica reported that organically produced chickens contained higher

levels of campylobacter and dioxins than birds kept in confined conditions (World Poultry, 2002c).

Generally, for all IDI, the first constraint to adoption and sustainability is the small flock size of SPS which relates

directly to the cost and scale of operation that the IDI entails. SPS have small flock sizes with non-homogenous flock

structure. For example, Ochieng et al. (2010) reported that in the Western Kenya region, flock size is an average of 23

chickens per household.

The flock structure is dominated (80%) by chicks, hens and pullets. In addition, very few farmers accessed

institutional support services such as extension services, training, credit and veterinary services. Utilization of hired

labour is associated with intensification from free range to semi-free range production system.

Although, farmers had knowledge of the benefits of housing, adoption of housing remained very low with majority


of them (72%) having no housing for chicken. In terms of feed supplementation, home-made rations were popular

among farmers. About 86% reported challenges with Newcastle Disease with very few farmers vaccinating their flock.

It was concluded that there is low adoption of IDI among smallholder farmers due to a lack of resources.

From research conducted in Udaipur district of Rajasthan, and in Trichy District of Tamil Nadu states of India,

Conroy et al. (2005) concluded that there are abundant opportunities for improving the traditional SPS with very simple

and low-cost technologies but that it will be very difficult to replace traditional SPS with a semi-confined or confined

system. This means that an “improved SPS” is easier and cheaper to realize than a large scale shift to a semi-SPS or

confined poultry system.

In many developing country situations, creating the necessary conditions for a semi-intensive, semi-confined

model will incur high costs, so if anything goes wrong the consequences could be more serious than they would be in

scavenging systems. For example, high mortality rates have been a problem in some projects promoting semi-intensive

systems, and have resulted in delinquency in credit repayments. IFAD has recommended, therefore, that SPS

improvement models “should not require a large initial investment” (Hajime Nabata, 1997).

Conroy et al. (2005) recommend the following pathway for improving SPS. Since most unimproved SPS are

characterised by high chick mortality and relatively poor hatchability, it would be sensible to begin any poultry

development programme by addressing these two problems, with measures requiring little, if any, cash (Step 1).

Subsequently, ways of improving the marketing of birds could be identified (Step 2); and, once effective market

channels had been identified or established, interventions requiring higher expenditure or levels of organisation (e.g.

supplementation using commercial feeds, ND vaccination) could be considered (Step 3). These 3 steps are very similar

to the 5 step pathway recommended by the FAO for rural poultry development (Bessei, 1987; 1990; 1993).

Probably the best known attempt at a wholesale shift from traditional SPS to semi-confined SPS is the

Bangladeshi Semi-Scavenging Model - BSSM (Jensen, 1996), which was jointly developed by the Bangladesh

Department of Livestock Services (DLS) and an NGO, the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) with

sponsorship from the World Food Programme and has been promoted by Asian Development Bank, FAO, IFAD and

the Danish Development Agency, DANIDA, among many supporters, local and international. The BSSM does produce

substantially higher returns than any Improved SPS model, but it requires several times more resources and more

support components to be in place; and hence can only be adopted effectively where these conditions are satisfied or

where strong political support is available to create the conditions (Sonaiya, et al., 2002). The requisite components

include: formation of village groups, the existence of a credit and savings facility/system, input supply services

(vaccine/medicine, feed, parent stock), breeders and hatcheries. In the BSSM, the major risks to sustainability have been

identified as: the economic sustainability of the “model rearer” cadre, a weak link in the value chain; and insufficient

capacity utilisation of the output of the mini hatcheries cadre, another weak link in the value chain (Alam, 1997).

The most important assumptions for the adoption of semi-confined SPS models are related to the inputs and materials

required to be sourced from outside the village. These are: supply of appropriate breed and parent stock free of specific

diseases, availability of ingredients for quality feed, and availability of vaccines and medicines. For appropriate parent

stock, there is complete dependence on government breeding farms whether the breed is locally developed (e.g.

Fayoumi in Egypt, Sonali in Bangladesh and the Shika Brown in Nigeria) or commercially imported (e.g. Kuroiler in

Uganda). It must be emphasised that availability of appropriate parent stock is the bedrock of SPS development.

Lessons Learned and Conclusions

IDI adoption and sustainability are handicapped by the cost of the IDI. Farmers in developing countries,

particularly if they are traditional in production practices, are hesitant to pay for an outcome that depends on many other

factors such as weather. Another constraint is the lack of information about the IDI. Full and adequate information is an

important factor for potential new adopters to make decisions (Chaudhry, 2011).

All IDI involve something new and novel for the stakeholders other than the developers. IDI adoption and

sustainability requires that people are made familiar with the various technological solutions that are available, as well

as their potential and their limitations. For this the role of the so called 'innovation brokers' can be extremely helpful, the

tasks of such innovation brokers include: 1) Demand articulation, 2) Network composition, and 3) Innovation process

management which must also provide guidance in complying with regulatory requirements (Klerkx et al., 2009).

These innovation brokers help reduce the transaction costs for engaging in partnerships, and make sure that actors at

different levels (countries, labs, individuals, private sector, etc.) interact. Innovation brokers help to maintain flexibility

to be able to have a well-composed partnership. They also may help signal problems related to inadequate incentives

(e.g. researchers are rewarded for academic publications rather than working with stakeholders) and make connections


to policy makers and decision makers to help resolve all structural problems hindering innovation.

Many organizations may take such an innovation broker role.

Klerkx (2011) gave two examples of institutional brokers in agricultural technology:

The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA), a non-profit organisation

established to broker access for developing country research institutes to technologies, genes and protocols

owned by the private sector or held in public laboratories in developed countries; and

The African Agricultural Technology Foundation, a non-profit organisation that negotiated a royalty-free licence

with Monsanto to develop a transgenic cowpea variety resisting the pod-boring insect, Maruca vitrata, a serious

field pest of cowpea.

A third example of an institutional broker is:

The dissemination of New Agricultural Technologies in Africa (DONATA) project, which promotes the use of

Innovation Platforms for Technology Adoption (IPTAs) in several countries in West, East and Central Africa

(Mayanja, 2011).

The innovation broker may not necessarily be an institution. It may be a well trained and experienced technology

transfer professional representing the public research institutions who is able to “grease the wheels” of the adoption

process. The technology transfer professional can ensure roles were understood, manage the feedback loops, negotiate

understandings of path to market and appropriate rewards and then put in place appropriate documentation (Jones,

2011).

For an agricultural innovation to be successfully adopted and sustained at the smallholder level requires

partnerships between stakeholders such as: locally functioning non-political association of farmers; non-political

regional association of informed farmers’ representatives; agricultural university / research institute (to evaluate the

trials and assess the performance of crops or animals), agricultural extension system / non-governmental organization

(NGO) involved in this sector (to mediate training from various quarters and provide advice on a day-to-day basis to

farmers); financial institution (to provide credit finance to the smallholders); government department (to fix fair prices,

monitor progress, offer guarantee to farmers, collect data and pass on the information to government); village level

administrative body (for effective assistance in local administration related problems); along with a functional

marketing system (Seshadri, 2011).

To create trustworthy partnerships, early discussions will be mandatory to agree on elements like funding

mechanisms, roles and responsibilities, intellectual property rights or commercialization schemes. It also necessitates

that policies and the legal environment facilitate the development of technology through effective administrative

framework, predictable and science based regulation and a pragmatic liability regime (Mondy, 2011).

The Bolivian Alliance for Sustainable Development (Alianza Boliviana sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible - ABDES)

is a network of NGO networks that works in Bolivia on the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), particularily MDG

1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger to MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability and MDG 8: Global

Partnership. Between 2008 and 2010, ABDES carried out a very large study reported by José Campero Marañón (2011)

comparing the production of small farmers with commercial businesses. The survey sample was 7,962 families (10.2%

of the population) distributed over 961 communities and 29 rural municipalities. The study showed that though small

holder farmers have adopted applied technologies for livestock production, brand new technologies have not yet been

massively and sustainably adopted for normal production, despite the efforts of international cooperation and triangular

cooperation.

So, even in partnerships that worked, the main problems are a low participation rate of small holders in the

research process and the fact that in most cases researchers focused their research on topics related to their academic

background (deepening of research related to their Master's thesis or PhD, topics that do not tackle the complex

problems around smallholder farming). This shows the need for technologies that are compatible and adapted to the

social, economic and cultural needs of small holders. The partnership activities likely to be most beneficial for

smallholders are institutional capacity development and sharing of technologies, protocols and materials.

"What are the hurdles that can prevent effective international collaboration and how can they best be overcome?"

Often, collaboration for innovation through partnerships (also often called innovation platforms, innovation networks) is

hindered by gaps or divides, of a cultural or institutional nature. Such divides may be caused, for example, by different

incentive systems for public and private actors, differences between local indigenous knowledge systems and formal

scientific knowledge systems, social differences that cause exclusion of certain actors and ideological differences

amongst different non-governmental organisations (NGO). Also, people may be unaware of interesting cooperation


partners, so a partnership may not form in the first place.

A combination of researchers, farmers, processors, traders and other private sector players who provide services to

the value chain actors (as platform members) has proven very useful in many instances. Translating research findings

for the consumption and commercialization of smallholder farmers is a daunting task without partnerships. But what is

also crucial is to clearly spell out the terms of the partnership and realize that membership of such partnership is fluid,

with partners moving in and out.

Impact

There are abundant opportunities for improving the traditional scavenging poultry system with very simple and

low-cost technologies, innovations, developments and interventions. Examples include: The Kuroiler breed developed

in India; Hay Box Chick Brooder developed in Ethiopia; and Range and Pasture Usage methods developed in Sri Lanka

and Nigeria. The adoption of these developments in a sustainable way can be hindered by the cost of the technology to

the farmers and the lack of full and adequate information about the development. On the other hand, adoption and

sustainability of such developments can be promoted by partnerships and collaborations among the different value chain

actors. Such partnerships allow all value chain actors to have a say in the research and development process and so

ensure that the result of the research process will be innovations that are compatible and adapted to the social, economic

and cultural needs of all the partners.

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Family poultry production and the Millennium Development Goals in

developing countries of Latin America, Asia Pacific and Africa1

E.F. GUÈYE*

Regional Animal Health Centre for Western and Central Africa, B.P. 1820, Bamako, Mali

[Current address: Livestock Production Systems Branch, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome,

Italy]

*Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected]

Abstract

Despite the substantial progress made by commercial poultry production over the last sixty years in developing

countries of Latin America, Asia Pacific and Africa (LAAPA), its sustainable development is constrained in many

countries. Family poultry (FP), which make up more than 80% of poultry stocks in most developing countries of

LAAPA, are still important. However, FP are facing many constraints, including high mortality (mainly due to

Newcastle disease and currently also to the highly pathogenic avian influenza in some countries since its occurrence in

Asia in late 2003 and its introduction in Africa in early 2006). The FP sector contributes significantly to food self-

sufficiency, poverty alleviation and the promotion of gender equality. It is a noticeable source of employment and well-

being, especially in disadvantaged groups and less-favoured areas. Nevertheless, significant improvements in FP

production systems can be achieved through well-designed and implemented research and development programmes

that endow FP actors with necessary knowledge, skills and resources. In addition to the need for substantial

improvement in human and institutional capacity building, planners and policy makers must be sensitized about the

potential of FP production. This paper highlights the importance of FP production as a tool in poverty reduction, food

security and the promotion of gender equality strategies in developing countries of LAAPA and discusses its

contributions towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the world leaders in 2000, and reiterated

during the MDG Review Summit in September 2010.

Key-words: Family poultry, MDG, developing countries

L’aviculture familiale et les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement dans

les pays en voie de développement d’Amérique Latine, d’Asie Pacifique et

d’Afrique

Résumé

En dépit du progrès substantiel fait par l’aviculture commerciale au cours des soixante dernières années dans les pays en

voie de développement d’Amérique latine, d’Asie Pacifique et d’Afrique (ALAPA), son développement durable est

entravé dans beaucoup de pays. Les volailles familiales, qui constituent plus que 80% des effectifs de volailles dans la

plupart des pays en voie de développement d’ALAPA, sont encore importantes. Cependant, l’aviculture familiale (AF)

fait face à de nombreuses contraintes, dont une forte mortalité (principalement dû à la maladie de Newcastle et

actuellement aussi à l’influenza aviaire hautement pathogène dans quelques pays depuis son apparition en Asie en fin de

l’année 2003 et son introduction en Afrique au début de 2006). Le secteur de l’AF contribue significativement à

l’autosuffisance alimentaire, à la lutte contre la pauvreté et la promotion de l’égalité genre. Il st une source appréciable

d’emplois et de bien-être, surtout chez les groupes vulnérables et les régions les plus défavorisées. Néanmoins, des

améliorations considérables dans les systèmes d’AF peuvent être obtenues à travers des programmes de recherche et de

développement bien conçus et adéquatement mis en œuvre qui fournissent aux acteurs de l’AF des connaissances

nécessaires, des compétences et des ressources. En plus du besoin d’une amélioration substantielle des capacités

humaines et institutionnelles, les planificateurs et décideurs politiques doivent être sensibilisés sur les potentialités de

l’AF. Ce papier met en exergue l’importance de l’AF comme un outil dans la réduction de la pauvreté, la sécurité

1 Paper first presented at the XXIV World’s Poultry Congress, 5-9 August 2012, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil




alimentaire et la promotion des stratégies de l’égalité genre dans les pays en voie de développement d’ALAPA et

discute ses contributions aux Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMDs) adoptés par les dirigeants du

monde en 2000, et réitérés lors du Sommet de Révision des OMDs en septembre 2010.

Mots-clés : aviculture familiale, OMD, pays en voie de développement

Avicultura familiar y las Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en los países en

vías de desarrollo de América Latina, Asia Pacífico y África

Resumen

A pesar de los importantes avances alcanzados por la producción avícola comercial durante los últimos sesenta años en

los países en desarrollo de América Latina, Asia Pacífico y África (LAAPA), su desarrollo sostenible está restringido en

muchos países. Aves de corral familiar (PF), que representan más del 80% de las poblaciones de aves de corral en la

mayoría de los países en desarrollo de LAAPA, siguen siendo importantes. Sin embargo, una nueva PF frente a muchas

limitaciones, incluyendo una alta mortalidad (principalmente debido a la enfermedad de Newcastle y en la actualidad

también a la influenza aviar altamente patógena en algunos países desde su aparición en Asia a finales de 2003 y su

introducción en África a principios de 2006). E l sector PF contribuye significativamente a la autosuficiencia

alimentaria, la mitigación de la pobreza y la promoción de la igualdad de género. Es una fuente notable de empleo y

bienestar, especialmente en los grupos desfavorecidos y las zonas menos favorecidas. Sin embargo, las mejoras

significativas en los sistemas de producción de PF, se puede lograr a través de bien diseñados e implementados

programas de investigación y desarrollo que dotan a los agentes de PF con los necesarios conocimientos, habilidades y

recursos. Además de la necesidad de una mejora sustancial en la creación de capacidad humana e institucional, los

planificadores y los encargados de formular políticas deben ser sensibilizados sobre el potencial de producción de PF.

Este trabajo destaca la importancia de la producción de PF como instrumento de reducción de la pobreza, la seguridad

alimentaria y la promoción de estrategias de igualdad de género en los países en vías de desarrollo de LAAPA y discutir

sus contribuciones hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) adoptados por los líderes mundiales en el año

2000, y reiterado en la Cumbre de Revisión de los ODM en septiembre de 2010.

Palabras claves: Familia de aves de corral, los ODM, los países en desarrollo

Introduction

The world human and domestic animal populations in the developing countries of Latin America2, Asia Pacific

3

and Africa (LAAPA) have increased considerably over the last three decades, but at different rates (Table 1). While the

vast majority of all domesticated species are found in Asia, growth in human and domestic animal populations is both

higher in Latin America, Asia and Africa than in Oceania. Numbers of poultry (mainly due to chickens) have increased

at a much higher rate, when compared to ruminants and pigs. This increase is most noticeable in Asia, followed by

Latin America.

Table 1: Human and domestic animal statistics in 1980 and 2010 (millions).

Humans† Large

ruminants1, ‡

Small ruminants2,

‡

Pigs‡ Poultry

3, ‡

1980-2010 (% increase)

World 4451.5-6906.6

(+55.2)

1338.5-1622.8

(+21.2)

1,563.0-2000.4

(+28.0)

797.8-965.9

(+21.1)

7950.9-21455.5

(+169.8)

Latin

America

242.3-397.7

(+64.2)

242.5-351.4

(+44.9)

121.2-96.6

(–20.3)

52.0-58.4

(+12.2)

737.8-2148.3

(+191.2)

Asia 2635.7-4166.3 465.0-660.3 592.5-1005.7 382.0-582.8 2603.5-12081.5

2 Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru,

Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. 3 The Asia-Pacific region varies in size depending on the context, but it typically includes at least much of East Asia, Southeast Asia,

and Oceania.


(+58.1) (+42.0) (+69.7) (+52.6) (+364.0)

Oceania 22.9-35.5

(+55.3)

35.0-37.3

(+6.8)

205.1-105.6

(–48.5)

4.3-5.2

(+20.7)

59.7-111.9

(+87.6)

Africa 479.8-1032.0

(+115.1)

174.9-287.1

(+64.2)

325.9-611.3

(+87.6)

10.2-29.7

(+191.8)

570.9-1624.6

(+184.6) 1 Cattle and buffaloes;

2Sheep and goats;

3Chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowls and turkeys

Source: †UN Population Division,

‡FAO

Family poultry (FP) are still important in most developing countries of LAAPA. These birds, which make up

around 80% of poultry stocks and contributing up to 90% of poultry products in most developing countries of LAAPA

(Pym et al., 2006), are also valued in the religious and socio-cultural lives of local communities. Thus, more than 85%

of rural families in sub-Saharan Africa (Guèye, 2003) and more that 80% of rural households in most LAAPA

developing countries keep one or more species of poultry. All ethnic groups tend to be involved in FP production

(Guèye, 2003), and household poultry flock size ranges from 1 to 95 in Africa, from 5 to 35 in South America, from 30

to 2000 in Asia (Guèye, 2003), and from 3 to 20 in rural areas of Asia Pacific. Although requiring low levels of inputs,

FP contribute significantly to food security, poverty alleviation, employment and the well-being of resource-poor small

farmers, especially women (Sonaiya et al., 1999; Guèye, 2003).

Direct and indirect contributions of FAO to the MDGS

The international community adopted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 (Table 2). Through

support to FP production in LAAPA, FAO has been contributing towards the achievement of these goals, especially

MDGs 1, 3 and 5. Nevertheless, there is still much to do to eradicate poverty and hunger, as about 100 million people

have been pushed into hunger and undernourishment worldwide in 2009, most of them were from LAAPA countries

(FAO, 2009). Thus, the world leaders, Heads of State and Government, reiterated their commitment to making every

effort to achieve all the MDGs by 2015, during the MDG Review Summit held at the United Nations Headquarters in

New York from 20 to 22 September 2010.

Table 2: Millennium development goals adopted in 2000.

Goal Objective

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Achieve universal primary education

Promote gender equality and empower women

Reduce child mortality

Improve maternal health

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Ensure environment sustainability

Develop a global partnership for development

Source: United Nations (2008)

The current numbers of poor and malnourished people in developing countries of LAAPA leave a challenge for all

agricultural sectors, including the poultry sector, to reflect on the contribution they can make to achieve the MDGs,

especially MDGs 1, 3 and 5. Since the wellbeing of small-scale poultry farmers, who represent the majority in

developing countries of LAAPA, is not improved through the CP poultry sub-sector, FAO has been committed to

support FP production (Branckaert and Guèye, 2000). Its mandate targets the poorest and most disadvantaged groups in

developing countries.

Poultry sector studies and value chain analyses

Sustainable development of the poultry sector in LAAPA requires its full understanding and the clear

identification of its constraints, which include high mortality (mainly due to Newcastle disease and recently to the avian

influenza also in many countries since its occurrence in Asia in late 2003), housing, feeding, breeding, marketing,

training/education and credit. Significant improvements in FP production systems can be achieved through well-


designed and implemented research and development programmes that endow FP actors (i.e. FP-keeping farmers,

extension workers, communicators, livestock specialists, etc.) with necessary knowledge and skills, in addition to

substantially improving human and institutional capacity building. It is also needed to adequately sensitize planners and

policy makers about the potential of poultry as a tool in poverty reduction and food security strategies.

Since 2005, FAO has been conducting poultry sector country reviews in selected developing countries of LAAPA

(Reports available at: www.fao.org/avianflu/en/poultryproduction.html). Other technical papers on various aspects on

poultry husbandry systems are also published under the auspices of FAO. The aim of these decision-support tools is to

collect, analyse and disseminate useful data and information on the poultry value chains in specific environments that

help to develop appropriate interventions in poultry production.

FAO special programmes for FP

The FAO has always been supporting FP development activities. For many years, the importance of FP production

has been the subject of various international workshops, seminars and conferences. Many of them have, totally or

partially, been sponsored by FAO and have often taken place in developing countries of LAAPA. Since 1997, improved

household poultry production - either peri-urban or rural was identified as a key element in the overall approach of the

FAO Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS). Furthermore, for more than thirty years, FAO has identified,

formulated, backstopped and monitored projects to support FP development activities under different programmes such

as Technical Co-operation Programme (TCP), Trust Funds and FAO-Government Cooperative Programme (TF/GCP).

Budgets of such projects have been ranging usually from around US$ 100,000 to 3,000,000 per country for 1-4 year/s.

Since 1997, another important support has been provided by Telefood; between US$ 3,000 and 10,000 per group have

been distributed for small-scale poultry projects. Most of these activities have been focusing on poverty alleviation and

food security among rural women and their families, and many LAAPA countries benefitted from the interventions.

Information dissemination and networking for sustainable FP

Information dissemination and networking efforts can help FP actors to acquire knowledge and skills that enable

them to make appropriate decisions and interventions in order to optimise low-input/low-output FP husbandry systems

and the management of their flocks (Guèye, 2009). FAO encouraged and supported the setting-up of of the ANRPD

(African Network for Rural Poultry Development) in November 1989 in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, which became the

International Network for Family Poultry Development (INFPD, www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/home.html)

in December 1997 in M’Bour, Senegal. INFPD and other networks have been established to enable an exchange of

views, experiences and research and development results among people engaged in FP keeping in developing countries,

especially in LAAPA. Activities of INFPD include the publication of newsletters and the organization of conferences,

symposia or workshops, which are all important for circulation of information, sensitization of all actors and advocacy

of decision makers.

Conclusions

In developing countries of LAAPA, FP are a valuable asset to local populations as they contribute significantly to

food security, poverty alleviation and the well-being, especially in disadvantaged human communities and less-favoured

areas. This activity constitutes also an appropriate tool for promoting gender equality. Through the most cost-effective

targets, FAO’s Technical Assistance has been focusing on poverty alleviation among rural women and their families,

which helps achieve MDGs 1, 3 and 5 directly and other MDGs indirectly in developing countries of LAAPA.

Impact

This paper highlights the importance of family poultry (FP) production as a tool in poverty reduction, food

security and the promotion of gender equality strategies in developing countries of Latin America, Asia Pacific and

Africa (LAAPA). It also discusses and shows how FP birds, which make up more than 80% of poultry stocks in most

LAAPA developing countries and are kept by resource-poor small farmers, especially women, can contribute towards

the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the world leaders in 2000 and reiterated in

September 2010. This however requires to identify and overcome major constarints facing this FP sector in various

fields such as poultry health, housing, feeding and breeding, through well-designed and implemented research and

development programmes that endow FP actors with necessary knowledge, skills and resources. Planners and policy

http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/poultryproduction.html

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/home.html


makers must also be sensitized about the status and potentials of FP production.

References

BRANCKAERT, R.D.S. and E.F. GUÈYE (2000) FAO’s programme for support to family poultry production, in:

DOLBERG, F. & PETERSEN, P.H. (Eds) Proceedings of a Workshop on Poultry as a Tool in Poverty Eradication and

Promotion of Gender Equality, Tune, Denmark, pp. 244-256.

FAO (2009) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009. Rome, Italy.

GUÈYE, E.F. (2003) Poverty alleviation, food security and the well-being of the human population trough family

poultry in low-income food-deficit countries. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 1(2): 12-21.

GUÈYE, E.F. (2009) The role of networks in information dissemination to family poultry farmers. World’s Poultry

Science Journal 65(1): 115-124.

PYM, R.A.E., GUERNE BLEICH, E. and HOFFMANN, I. (2006) The relative contribution of indigenous chicken

breeds to poultry meat and egg production and consumption in the developing countries of Africa and Asia.

Proceedings of the XII European Poultry Conference, 10-14 September 2006, Verona, Italy, CD-ROM.

SONAIYA, E.B., BRANCKAERT, R.D.S. and GUÈYE, E.F. (1999) Research and development options for family

poultry, in: GUÈYE, E.F. (Ed) The First INFPD/FAO Electronic Conference on the Scope and Effect of Family Poultry

Research and Development, www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/econf_scope.html [Accessed 29 March 2012].

UN (2008) The Millennium Development Goals Report 2008, United Nations, New York, USA.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/econf_scope.html


INFPD’s news | Nouvelles du RIDAF| Información de RIDAF

Minutes of the INFPD Executive Committee Meeting

Prepared by E. FALLOU GUÈYE, INFPD Coordinator, Md. A. SALEQUE, INFPD Secretary and BRIGITTE

BAGNOL, INFPD Ex-Officio

1. Purpose of the meeting

The INFPD Executive committee meeting was held on Tuesday, 7th August 2012 in the Bahia Convention Center

during the XXIV World’s Poultry Congress (WPC), 5-9 August 2012, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. The agenda of the

INFPD Executive Committee Meeting was as follows:

1. Strategic plan of actions for INFPD over the next 4 years focusing on:

i) Planned interventions and expected outcomes

ii) Source/s of funding

iii) Persons responsible for each intervention

2. Other issues

a) Update of constitution of INFPD

b) Country wise INFPD structure and its activities

c) Way to build up strong linkage/s with WPSA

d) Organizing meeting at country and regional levels

e) Policy dialogue with governments, policymakers and donors for promoting family poultry (FP)

f) Collecting information on development and research activities related to FP

g) Linkage/s with Universities/research institutes

h) Publication of Family Poultry Communications and inputs to regular update of website

i) Update the member list and enrolment of new members

g) What are the new interventions to be undertaken for the next 4 years and how it will be funded and executed?

h) Sustainability of INFPD - How?

i) Coordination among INFPD executive members and others

2. Participants

Participants were INFPD Executive Committee Members (Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, INFPD Coordinator/Chair; De.

Md. A. Saleque, INFPD Secretary; Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Editor-in-Chief, Family Poultry Communications; Pr. J.

Oluwasola Agbede4, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Family Poultry Communications & Dr. Brigitte Bagnol, INFPD Ex-

Officio) and Special Invitees (Pr. Emmanuel B. Sonaiya1, Dr. Olaf Thieme, Dr. Alan M. Gibbins, Dr. Bob Pym & Dr.

Robyn Alders).

During the meeting all the members gave their valuable suggestions and comments on different issues. They are as

follows:

3. Issues addressed and outcomes

3.1 Current status and funding

Regarding the present status of funding, Dr Olaf Thieme, FAO, informed the meeting that presently IFAD has

been funding the INFPD to maintain some of its activities, but project is finishing in August 2012. Besides, sponsoring

program by FAO would not be possible through the regular fund but small grants from general fund (USD 10,000) may

be possible for some activities (e.g. training, information sharing and study). Most of the works need to be done

voluntarily. Bob Pym (WPSA President) informed about the use of fund where WPSA can actively help as in the travel

4 They could not participate directly in the meeting but were able to comment on the draft meeting minutes.


allowances, young programs and also arranging regional meetings.

It was also discussed and agreed to look for sponsorship from private companies and/or organizations for INFPD

activities in different countries.

3.2 Structure of INFPD and opening of a bank account

It was discussed in the meeting that there is no legal structure of INFPD. Everyone emphasized the importance of

formulating the constitution of INFPD and that it maybe difficult to open a separate Bank account for INFPD in some

member countries because of heavy bank charges that will render its management so difficult. So there is a need to look

at the local financial system so that money can be moved around. The possibility should be explored to have an account

in a country from where it is possible to send the money somewhere when necessary. May be there is the possibility to

have an account within the WPSA. Participants suggested that, if there would be no legal structure of INFPD, separate

bank account would not be possible to get funds from the different sources. But, as a working group of WPSA, it might

be possible to open and maintain separate account of INFPD because WPSA has its legal entity. Bob Pym mentioned to

explore some funds from WPSA to be placed in the INFPD account for its activities. It was discussed that there is a

need to attract donor agencies through different ways. One of them is the website of INFPD. Little information is

available in the current website maintained by Poultry Research and Training Centre (PRTC), Chittagong Veterinary

and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh. So, detailed discussions were held on how the website could

be made more attractive, rich and informative. Different members gave different proposals. Every member was

requested to post information, research papers to the website for the enrichment of website. To avoid posting conflicting

information, it was suggested the editing of non published information/research results by the Family Poultry

Communications (FPC)’s editors before it can be posted on the website.

3.3 Information dissemination

To disseminate information about the INFPD, it was decided that the aim of the INFPD would be circulated to the

different networks to promote and popularize its activities. Moreover, it was agreed on the need to develop a higher

profile for the Network. Every participant gave their consents to develop the profile of this network where key issues

would be discussed, Moreover, it was suggested that more researchers from different countries working on fields such

as waterfowl, feedstuffs, aflatoxin production in different agro-climatic zones should be attracted into INFPD.

3.4 Membership

Dr E. Fallou Guèye, INFPD Coordinator, informed that all INFPD members should become members of WPSA

from now on. But it should be clarified which WPSA members are interested in INFPD membership. Besides this, it

was also proposed that membership fees should be paid by the INFPD members, but it was not accepted because it

would not be feasible to collect extra membership charges for the INFPD due to uncomfortable financial situation of

most members. In INFPD, only 200 members are active in the long list of members. A lot of people are members of

WPSA and not of INFPD. Possibility to be a member of INFPD should be suggested to all WPSA members when doing

the inscription and on the WPSA website. Some members of INFPD are not members of WPSA. A mail needs to be

sent to INFPD members so that they subscribe to WPSA. But for people to subscribe we need to be more specific what

we want to achieve and what is the advantage of being an INFPD member.

Dr Md. Saleque, INFPD Secretary, proposed in the meeting to think about the selection of one focal point of

INFPD at branch level. It was also discussed how the activities of the INFPD would be geared up. Either, it would work

as a working group of the WPSA or as a forum or federation like Asia Pacific Federation (APF). Finally it was agreed

that it will work as a working group of WPSA like other working groups. However information about INFPD and list of

the newly elected executives’ members must be posted in WPSA website.

It was also suggested that INFPD should be represented in the next 10th Asia Pacific Poultry Conference (APPC)

in 2013 in South Korea and in the 23rd Latin-American Poultry Congress to be held in 2013 in El Salvador to be more

visible and gather more members and active participants in the network. This is a good opportunity to show cases of

INFPD activities.


4. Decisions taken

1. INFPD will work as a central working group of WPSA and explore the possibilities to get funding/grants.

2. The list of executive members will be posted in WPSA website and INFPD will be added in WPSA website as a

working group. It will function actively.

3. The list of INFPD members will be sent to WPSA for crosschecking to identify the exact number of those who

are also WPSA members. The current INPFD members, who are not WPSA members, need to be encouraged to

become members of WPSA. If someone shows his/her unwillingness to become a member of WPSA, decision

about his/her membership will be taken, after consultation with all INFPD members. WPSA members who are

interested in family poultry activities will also be encouraged to be INFPD members. However, everybody feels

that every INFPD member should be clearly identified and asked whether s/he is still interested in INFPD and its

activities.

4. INFPD should be represented in the next APPC to be held in 2013 in South Korea and in the 23rd Latin-

American Poultry Congress which will take place in El Salvador in 2013.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Rapport de la réunion du Comité exécutif du RIDAF

Préparé par E. Fallou Guèye, coordonnateur RIDAF, Md. A. SALEQUE, RIDAF secrétaire et BRIGITTE

Bagnol, RIDAF d'office

1. Objet de la réunion

La réunion du Comité exécutif du RIDAF a eu lieu le mardi 7 Août 2012 au Palais des Congrès de Bahia au cours

de la tenue du XXIVème Congrès Mondial Avicole (WPC) du 5-9 Août 2012 à Salvador de Bahia, au Brésil. L'ordre du

jour de la réunion du Comité exécutif du RIDAF se présente comme suit:

1. Le plan stratégique d'actions du RIDAF pour les 4 prochaines années en se concentrant sur:

i) les interventions prévues et les résultats escomptés

ii) Source/s de financement

iii) les personnes responsables de chaque intervention

2. Autres questions

a) Mise à jour des statuts du RIDAF

b) Structure nationale de chaque pays et ses activités

c) Voies de bâtir des liens solides avec la WPSA

d) Les réunions d'organisation au niveau national et régional

La concertation politique

e) avec les gouvernements, les décideurs et les bailleurs de fonds dans le cadre de la promotion de l'Aviculture

Familiale (AF)

Collecte de l'information

f) sur les activités de recherche et de développement liées à l’AF

g) Lien / s avec les universités / instituts de recherche

h) Publication de Communications en Aviculture Familiale et les contributions pour les mises à jour régulières du site

Internet

i) Mettre à jour la liste des membres et l’inscription de nouveaux membres

j) Les nouvelles interventions à entreprendre pour les 4 prochaines années et les sources de financement et de leurs

exécutions

h) La durabilité du RIDAF - Comment?

i) La coordination entre les membres du bureau exécutif du RIDAF et d'autres

2. Les participants

Les participants ont été les membres du Comité Exécutif du RIDAF (Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, Coordonnateur RIDAF

/ Président; Dr. Md. A. Saleque, RIDAF secrétaire, Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Rédacteur-En-Chef, Communications en

Aviculture Familiale;Pr. J. Oluwasola Agbede, Rédacteur- En-Chef adjoin , Communications en Aviculture Familiale et

Dr. Brigitte Bagnol, Ex Officio du RIDAF et des invités spéciaux (Pr. Emmanuel B. Sonaiya, Dr. Olaf Thieme, Dr.

Alan M. Gibbins, Dr. Bob Pym & Dr. Robyn Alders).

Au cours de la réunion, tous les membres ont donné leurs précieuses suggestions et commentaires sur différentes

questions ci-après:

3. Les questions abordées et les retombées

3.1 Situation actuelle et le financement

En ce qui concerne l'état actuel de financement, Dr. Olaf Thieme de la FAO, a informé au cours de la réunion qu'à

l'heure actuelle le FIDA a financé le RIDAF pour maintenir certaines de ses activités et a relevé que le projet a pris fin

en Aout 2012. En outre, le parrainage du programme de la FAO ne serait pas possible à travers un fonds régulier, mais

il peut y avoir de possibilités de petites subventions à partir du Fonds général (USD 10.000) pour le financement de

certaines activités (à l’exemple du partage des informations pour les études et la formation). La plupart des activités se

feront sur la base du volontariat. Dr. Bob Pym (WPSA président) a informé l’assistance sur l'utilisation des fonds de la

WPSA pour financer les déplacements et les programmes de jeunes et aussi pour organiser des réunions régionales.


Il a également été discuté et convenu de chercher des soutiens financiers des entreprises privées et / ou des organisations

pour financer les activités du RIDAF dans différents pays.

3.2 Structure du RIDAF et l'ouverture d'un compte bancaire

Il a été discuté lors de la réunion qu'il n'y a pas de structure juridique du RIDAF. Tout le monde a souligné

l'importance de l'élaboration d’une constitution pour le RIDAF et qu'il peut être difficile d'ouvrir un compte bancaire

séparé pour le RIDAF dans certains pays membres, car les charges bancaires sont lourdes et peuvent rendre sa gestion

difficile. Donc, il est nécessaire de considérer le système financier local afin que l'argent puisse y être transféré. La

possibilité d'avoir un compte dans un pays à partir duquel il serait possible d'envoyer de l'argent quelque part lorsque

cela est nécessaire devrait être étudiée. Probablement il y aurait une possibilité d'avoir un compte au sein de la WPSA.

Les participants ont suggéré que, sans statut juridique du RIDAF et avec un compte bancaire séparé, il ne serait pas

possible d’avoir des fonds en provenance de différentes sources. Mais, étant un groupe de travail de la WPSA, il

pourrait être possible d'ouvrir et de maintenir le compte séparé du RIDAF dans la mesure où la WPSA a son existence

légale. Bob Pym a mentionné qu’il serait possible d’explorer certains moyens financiers issus de la WPSA pour le

compte du RIDAF afin de financer ses activités. Il a été discuté que l’attraction des bailleurs de fonds pourrait se faire

de différentes manières. L'une d'elles est le site du RIDAF. Peu d'informations sont disponibles dans le site Web actuel

qui est maintenu par Poultry Research and Training Centre (CFPR), Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences

University (CVASU) au Bangladesh. Ainsi, des discussions approfondies ont porté sur la manière de rendre le site plus

attractif, riche et instructif. Différents membres ont fait des propositions variées. Il a été demandé à chaque membre de

publier des informations, des articles scientifiques de recherche sur le site Web afin de l’enrichir davantage. Pour éviter

la publication des informations contradictoires, il a été suggéré de faire d’abord éditer les résultats non encore publiés

par les éditeurs de Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF) avant de le poster sur le site Web.

3.3 Diffusion de l'information

Pour diffuser des informations sur le RIDAF, il a été décidé que l’objectif du RIDAF sera distribué aux différents

réseaux pour promouvoir et vulgariser ses activités. En outre, il a été convenu de la nécessité de développer une plus

grande visibilité du réseau. Chaque participant a donné son point de vue sur l’élaboration du profil de ce réseau où les

questions clés seraient examinées. En outre, il a été suggéré que de chercheurs de différents pays travaillant dans des

domaines tels que les volailles aquatiques, les aliments pour animaux, la production de l’aflatoxine dans les différentes

zones agro-climatiques soient attirés dans RIDAF.

3.4 Adhésion

Dr E. Fallou Guèye, coordonnateur du RIDAF, a informé que tous les membres du RIDAF devraient désormais

être membres de la WPSA et ce à partir de maintenant. Mais il convient de préciser quels seraient les membres de la

WPSA intéressés par une adhésion au RIDAF. En outre, il a également été proposé que les cotisations doivent être

payées par les membres du RIDAF, mais il n'a pas été accepté parce qu'il ne serait pas possible de percevoir les frais

d'adhésion supplémentaires pour le RIDAF en raison de la situation financière inconfortable de la plupart des membres.

Au RIDAF, seulement 200 membres sont actifs dans la longue liste des membres. Plusieurs personnes sont membres de

la WPSA et non du RIDAF. La possibilité de devenir membre du RIDAF doit être proposé à tous les membres WPSA

lors de son inscription et sur le site de la WPSA. Certains membres du RIDAF ne sont pas membres de la WPSA. Un

mail doit être envoyé aux membres du RIDAF afin qu'ils souscrivent à la WPSA. Mais pour que les gens s'abonnent,

nous devons être davantage plus précis sur l’objectif à atteindre et l'avantage qu’on en tire lors qu’on est membre du

RIDAF.

Dr Md. Saleque, secrétaire du RIDAF, a proposé lors de la réunion de penser à la sélection d'un point focal du

RIDAF au niveau de la branche. Il a également expliqué comment les activités du RIDAF serait conduites. Soit, il

pourrait fonctionner comme un groupe de travail de la WPSA ou comme un forum ou d'une fédération comme la

Fédération de l'Asie-Pacifique (APF). Enfin, il a été convenu qu'il fonctionnera comme un groupe de travail de la

WPSA tout comme d'autres groupes de travail. Cependant, les informations sur le RIDAF et la liste des membres des

exécutifs nouvellement élus doivent être postés dans le site Web de la WPSA.

Il a également été suggéré que le RIDAF devrait être représenté à la 10ème Conférence Avicole Asie-Pacifique

prochaine (APPC) qui se tiendra en 2013 en Corée du Sud et au 23ème

Congrès latino-américain avicole, qui se tiendra

au Salvador de la même année afin d’être plus visible et de rassembler plus de membres et des participants actifs dans le

réseau. Ce sera une bonne occasion de présenter certaines facettes d'activités du RIDAF.


4. Les décisions prises

1. Le RIDAF fonctionnera comme un groupe de travail central de la WPSA et explorera les possibilités d'obtenir

du financement / subventions.

2. La liste des membres exécutifs sera postée dans le site Web de la WPSA et le RIDAF sera ajouté dans le site

Web de la WPSA comme étant un groupe de travail. Il fonctionnera activement.

3. La liste des membres du RIDAF sera envoyée à la WPSA pour vérifier et identifier le nombre exact de ceux qui

sont aussi membres de la WPSA. Les membres actuels du RIDAF, qui ne sont pas membres de la WPSA,

doivent être encouragés à le devenir. Si quelqu'un montre son / sa réticence à devenir un membre de la WPSA, la

décision au sujet de sa qualité de membre sera prise, après consultation de tous les membres du RIDAF. Les

membres de la WPSA qui sont intéressés par les activités de l’Aviculture Familiale seront également encouragés

à devenir membres du RIDAF. Cependant, tout le monde devra savoir et avoir le sentiment que chaque membre

du RIDAF devra être clairement identifié et savoir si il/elle a toujours en cœur le RIDAF et ses activités.

4. Le RIDAF devrait être représentés au prochain Congrès Avicole du Pacifique et du Caraïbe (APPC) qui se

tiendra en 2013 en Corée du Sud et au 23ème

Congrès latino-américain avicole qui aura lieu à El Salvador en

2013.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Acta de la reunión del Comité Ejecutivo RIDAF

Preparado por E. FALLOU GUÈYE, Coordinador RIDAF, Maryland A. SALEQUE, Secretario RIDAF y

BRIGITTE BAGNOL RIDAF Ex-Oficio

1. Objetivo de la reunión

La reunión del Comité Ejecutivo RIDAF se celebró el Martes, 07 de agosto 2012 en el Centro de Convenciones de

Bahía durante Aves del Mundo XXIV Congress (WPC), 5-9 de agosto de 2012, Salvador-Bahia, Brasil. La agenda de la

reunión del Comité Ejecutivo RIDAF fue el siguiente:

1. Plan estratégico de acciones para RIDAF durante los próximos 4 años que se centraban en:

i) Las intervenciones planeadas y los resultados esperados

ii) Fuente / s de financiación

iii) Las personas responsables de cada intervención

2. Otros temas

a) Actualización de la constitución de RIDAF

b) País sabio RIDAF estructura y sus actividades

c) La manera de construir fuerte vínculo / s con WPSA

d) Organizar reuniones a nivel nacional y regional

e) El diálogo sobre políticas con los gobiernos, los políticos y los donantes para la promoción de las aves de

corral familiar (PF)

f) La recogida de información sobre el desarrollo y la investigación actividades relacionadas con la FP

g) Vinculación / s con universidades / centros de investigación

h) Publicación de Comunicaciones avicultura familiar e insumos para actualización periódica del sitio web

i) Actualización de la lista de miembros y la inscripción de nuevos miembros

g) ¿Cuáles son las nuevas intervenciones que se realizarán durante los próximos 4 años y cómo será financiado y

ejecutado?

h) La sostenibilidad de RIDAF - ¿Cómo?

i) La coordinación entre los miembros de la ejecutiva RIDAF y otros

2. Los participantes

Los participantes fueron RIDAF miembros del Comité Ejecutivo (Dr.E. Fallou Guèye, Coordinador RIDAF /

Presidente; Dr. A. Saleque Md., RIDAF Secretario, Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Editor en Jefe de la Avicultura Familiar

Comunicaciones; Pr. J. Oluwasola Agbédé, el diputado Editor en Jefe de Comunicaciones de la Avicultura Familiar

YDr. Brigitte Bagnol, RIDAF Ex-Officio) e invitados especiales (Pr. Emmanuel B. Sonaiya 1, Dr. Olaf Thieme, Dr.

Alan M. Gibbins, Dr. Bob Pym y Dr. Alders Robyn).

Durante la reunión todos los miembros dieron sus valiosas sugerencias y comentarios sobre diferentes temas. Son

los siguientes:

3. Los temas abordados y los resultados

3.1 Corriente y financamiento

En cuanto al estado actual de financamiento, Dr Olaf Thieme, la FAO, informó a la reunión que en la actualidad,

el FIDA ha financiado la RIDAF para mantener algunas de sus actividades, pero el proyecto está acabado en agosto de

2012. Además, el patrocinio del programa de la FAO no sería posible a través del fondo regular, pero pequeñas

donaciones de fondo general (USD 10.000) puede ser posible para algunas actividades (por ejemplo, capacitación,

intercambio de información y estudio). La mayoría de las obras se deben hacer voluntariamente. Dr Bob Pym (WPSA

Presidente) información sobre el uso de fondo en el WPSA puede ayudar activamente como en los gastos de viaje,

programas de jóvenes y también organizar reuniones regionales. También se discutió y acordó que buscar el patrocinio

de empresas privadas y / u organizaciones para actividades RIDAF en diferentes países.


3.2 Estructura de RIDAF y la apertura de una cuenta bancaria

Se discutió en la reunión que no existe una estructura legal de RIDAF. Todo el mundo hizo hincapié en la

importancia de la formulación de la constitución de RIDAF y que tal vez difícil abrir una cuenta bancaria separada para

RIDAF en algunos países miembros, debido a los gastos bancarios fuertes que hacen que su manejo tan difícil. Así que

hay una necesidad de mirar el sistema financiero local para que el dinero se puede mover alrededor. La posibilidad debe

ser explorada tener una cuenta en un país donde es posible enviar el dinero en alguna parte cuando sea necesario. Tal

vez existe la posibilidad de tener una cuenta en el WPSA. Los participantes sugirieron que, si no habría ninguna

estructura legal de RIDAF, cuenta bancaria por separado no sería posible obtener fondos de las diferentes fuentes. Pero,

como grupo de trabajo de WPSA, podría ser posible abrir y mantener cuentas separadas de RIDAF porque WPSA tiene

su entidad jurídica. Bob Pym mencionó a explorar algunos fondos de WPSA que se colocarán en la cuenta RIDAF para

sus actividades. Se comentó que existe la necesidad de atraer a los organismos donantes a través de diferentes wa s y.

Uno de ellos es el sitio web de RIDAF. Hay poca información disponible en el sitio web actual mantiene Investigación

Avícola y Capacitación (PRTC), Chittagong Veterinaria y Ciencias Animales University (CVASU), Bangladesh. Por lo

tanto, las discusiones se llevaron a cabo detalladas sobre cómo el sitio web podría ser más atractivo, interesante e

informativo. Diferentes miembros dieron diferentes propuestas. Cada miembro se pidió a publicar la información,

documentos de investigación a la página web para el enriquecimiento de la página web. Para evitar la publicación de

informaciones contradictorias, se sugirió que la edición de los no publicados información / resultados de la

investigación de la Avicultura Familiar Comunicaciones (FPC) 's editores antes de ser publicado en la página web.

3.3 Difusión de la información

Difundir información sobre el RIDAF, se decidió que el objetivo de la RIDAF se distribuirá a las diferentes redes

para promover y popularizar sus actividades. Por otra parte, se convino en la necesidad de desarrollar una mayor

visibilidad de la red. Todos los participantes dieron su consentimiento para desarrollar el perfil de esta red donde los

temas principales que se discutieron, Además, se sugirió que un mayor número de investigadores de diferentes países

que trabajan en campos como las aves acuáticas, los piensos, la producción de aflatoxinas en diferentes zonas

agroclimáticas deberían ser atraídos en RIDAF.

3.4 Composición

Dr E. Fallou Guèye, Coordinador RIDAF, informó que todos los miembros RIDAF deben ser miembros de WPSA

partir de ahora. Pero hay que aclarar que los miembros WPSA está interesado en calidad de miembro RIDAF. Además

de esto, también se propusó que las cuotas de afiliación deben ser pagadas por los miembros RIDAF, pero no fue

aceptado porque no sería factible cobrar cargos adicionales de membresía para el RIDAF debido a la incómoda

situación financiera de la mayoría de los miembros. En RIDAF, sólo 200 miembros activos en la larga lista de

miembros. Una gran cantidad de personas son miembros de WPSA y no de RIDAF. Posibilidad de ser miembro de

RIDAF debe sugerir a todos los miembros WPSA al hacer la inscripción y en la página web WPSA. Algunos miembros

de RIDAF no son miembros de WPSA. Un correo debe ser enviado a los miembros RIDAF para que se suscriban a

WPSA. Pero para que la gente se suscriba tenemos que ser más específico lo que queremos lograr y cuál es la ventaja de

ser un miembro RIDAF.

Dr Md. Saleque, RIDAF Secretario, propuso en la reunión que pensar en la selección de un punto focal de RIDAF

a nivel de rama. También se discutió cómo las actividades de la RIDAF se preparaban. O bien, que funcionaría como un

grupo de trabajo de la WPSA o como un foro o federación como Asia Pacífico Federation (APF). Finalmente se acordó

que va a trabajar como un grupo de trabajo de WPSA al igual que otros grupos de trabajo. Sin embargo la información

sobre RIDAF y la lista de los miembros de los ejecutivos recién elegido debe ser publicado en el sitio web WPSA.

También se sugirió que RIDAF deben estar representados en el próximo 10 de aves de corral de Asia-Pacífico

Conferencia (APPC) en 2013 en Corea del Sur y en el 23 º Congreso Latinoamericano de Avicultura, que se celebrará

en 2013 en El Salvador para ser más visible y reunir a más miembros y participantes activos en la red. Esta es una

buena oportunidad para mostrar los casos de actividades RIDAF.

4. Decisións tomadas

1. RIDAF funcionará como un grupo de trabajo central de WPSA y explorar las posibilidades de obtener

financiación / grants.

2. La lista de los miembros de la ejecutiva se publicarán en la página web WPSA y RIDAF se agregará en el sitio


web WPSA como grupo de trabajo. Funcionará de manera activa.

3. La lista de miembros RIDAF será enviado a WPSA para la verificación cruzada para identificar el número

exacto de los que también son miembros WPSA. Los actuales miembros INPFD, que no son miembros WPSA,

deben ser alentados a convertirse en miembros de WPSA. Si alguien muestra su / su falta de voluntad para

llegar a ser un miembro de WPSA, la decisión acerca de su / su membresía se tomarán, previa consulta con

todos los miembros RIDAF. WPSA miembros que estén interesados en las actividades de las aves de corral de

la familia también se les animará a ser miembros RIDAF. Sin embargo, todo el mundo siente que cada miembro

RIDAF deben estar claramente identificados y preguntó si s / él todavía está interesado en RIDAF y sus

actividades.

4. RIDAF deben estar representados en el próximo APPC que se celebrará en 2013 en Corea del Sur y en el

Congreso Avícola 23a Latinoamericano, que tendrá lugar en El Salvador en 2013.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


INFPD 4-year Plan of Actions for INFPD

Prepared and adopted by INFPD Executive Committee5

August 2012–August 2016

1. Background information and introduction

The International Network for Family Poultry Development (INFPD), which is a typical Information Exchange

Network, was set up in November 1989 in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, as the African Network for Rural Poultry Development

(ANRPD), with the encouragement and support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(FAO) and other international organizations such as the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation

(CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands, and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada.

The current name and other appropriate resolutions were adopted by the ANRPD General Meeting held on 13

December 1997 in M'Bour, Senegal. The network is an independent voluntary association administered by a five-

member Executive Committee. It has three official languages (English, French and Spanish), and members include

researchers, policy makers, educators, staff of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and development agencies, aid

donors and smallholder farmers. Information collected by members is disseminated through a trilingual (English,

French and Spanish) publication, Family Poultry Communications (FPC), which is a peer-reviewed scientific

publication produced twice a year and distributed electronically to members. In September 2002, INFPD was accepted

as a Global Working Group within the World's Poultry Science Association (WPSA) without changing its name, logo

and acronym. Since March 2007, the INFPD publication has been collaborating with the World's Poultry Science

Journal (WPSJ) to publish, twice a year, articles in a new section of WPSJ called “Small-scale Family Poultry

Production”. Moreover, INFPD, in collaboration with FAO and sometimes the International Fund for Agricultural

Development (IFAD), run successful electronic conferences on family poultry (FP), with the themes “The Scope and

Effect of Family Poultry Research and Development” (December 1998 - July 1999) and “The Bangladesh Model and

other Experiences in Family Poultry Development” (May - July 2002), “Opportunities of poultry breeding programmes

for family production in developing countries: The bird for the poor” (24 January - 18 February 2011), “Family poultry

interactions with other production systems (forestry, tree crops, annual crops, large animals, fisheries, etc): Nutritional

opportunities and constraints” (16 January - 17 February 2012), and “Strategic interventions for family poultry in

developing countries” (28 May - 15 June 2012). Furthermore, the INFPD Directory for FP Development is regularly

updated and made available to INFPD members and non-members. This facilitates contacts and collaboration among

members as well as between members and non-members. The current subscriber list (as of 31st July 2012) reveals that

there are presently 955 members from 104 countries in five continents. Out of these members, 63.7% are from Africa,

14.3% from Europe, 9.6% from Asia, 6.3% from Middle/South America and the Caribbean, 2.9% from Oceania, 2.0%

from North America, and 1.2% from the Middle East. It is noted, with pleasure, increasing memberships from Asia,

Middle East and Africa. It can however be assumed that the readership of the newsletter is much larger, as the

newsletter is also available on the Internet.

Furthermore, FAO is currently implementing the project, entitled “Smallholder Poultry Development

Programme”, with funds from IFAD to strengthen and further develop the INFPD so as to enable it to continue to raise

the international profile of family poultry production throughout the world, especially in developing countries. This is

being done through the selection and training of young poultry scientists from twelve developing countries as

‘Associate Poultry Advisors’; development and dissemination of technical information (family poultry development

toolkits) and development of the organizational structure of the INFPD. As a part of the project activities, it was

planned to organize three stakeholders’ workshops. Accordingly, the first meeting was arranged on 26 August 2010

during the 13th European Poultry Conference (EPC), held from 23 to 27 August 2010 in Tours, France, with members

of INFPD and other interested WPSA (World’s Poultry Science Association) members from Africa and Europe. The

project sponsored and invited 10 young poultry experts from Africa to the EPC. The second meeting was organized and

5 The current INFPD Executive Committee members were elected on 2nd February 2012 and officially installed on 8th August 2012 in

Salvador-Bahia, Brazil:

Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, INFPD Coordinator/Chair

Dr. Md. A. Saleque, INFPD Secretary

Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Editor-in-Chief, Family Poultry Communications

Prof. J. Oluwasola Agbede, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Family Poultry Communications

Dr. Brigitte Bagnol, INFPD Ex-Officio.


successfully held on 26 March 2011 for INFPD members from Asia Pacific during the 7th International Poultry Show

and Seminar of the WPSA-Bangladesh Branch, which took place from 25 to 27 March in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Members

of INFPD, WPSA and senior officials of FAO and IFAD attended the meeting and participated in the discussions.

Thereafter, the third stakeholders’ workshop was arranged on 08 August 2012 during the World’s Poultry

Congress (WPC) held from 5 to 9 August 2012 at the Bahia Convention Centre, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil, with selected

INFPD members and interested WPSA members from all over the world. There were 16 participants, including the 5

newly elected INFPD Executive Committee Members. After the official installation of the current INFPD Executive

Committee, the following strategic plan of actions for INFPD was adopted and will be implemented over the next 4

years.

2. Planned activities

2.1. Strengthen INFPD structure and sustainability

2.1.1 Promote and support the identification of INFPD focal points within WPSA national branches

2.1.2 Prospect possible funding opportunities to ensure the smooth implementation of planned activities

Identify international/local funding bodies to support the INFPD Publication (Family Poultry Communications),

the website (www.infpd.net) as well as local activities

2.1.3 Analyze adequate possibilities for establishment of a INFPD bank account

Different options and alternatives should be explored such as through WPSA or through national branches

2.1.4 Carry out regular Skype meetings of the executive committee (e.g. one every three months)

Regular Skype meetings will ensure the monitoring of and update on the implementation of the 4-year plan of

activities

2.1.5 Regular six-month progress reports

Reports will be produced and shared on the activities implemented, every six months

2.2 Promote INFPD visibility

2.2.1 Write an INFPD statement to raise the organization profile

2.2.2 Ensure the comprehensiveness, update, functionality and relevance of INFPD website

Populate the website with useful information and update it regularly;

Establish links to other websites;

Make use of opportunities for interactive websites, e.g. WPSA, INFPD, IRPC/Kyeema, Poultry Hub;

Develop a list of family poultry experts and keep it updated;

Identify a web master and ensure that the website is updated regularly.

2.2.3 Promote and support the participation of INFPD members in national and regional meetings and

sharing of useful information through public events

2.2.4 Ensure INFPD presence in poultry-related public events

In each of the regional conferences and meetings as well as in the next XXV World’s Poultry Congress to be held

in Beijing, China, from 5 to 9 September 2016 (WPC2016) promote and support official space devoted to family

poultry issues in the main program in the form of a family poultry session and a discussion panel, in addition to a

special meeting to discuss INFPD-specific issues to make sure that members are involved in the Network activities and

contribute actively to its life.

2.3 Facilitate training, research and publication

2.3.1 Develop and disseminate basic information for INFPD members

Promote the development of Family Poultry definitions, a systematic review of the situation of Family Poultry

sector, the DTFPD manual

2.3.2 Publish INFPD Newsletter, Family Poultry Communications

Publish two issues of the INFPD Newsletter per year maintaining a high quality of papers and research reports

2.3.3 Mentor former Associate Poultry Advisors (APA) to publish papers and develop research proposals

2.3.4 Support and facilitate access to scholarships, research funds and training opportunities for INFPD

members

2.3.5 Arrange training sessions



APA training program will be made available electronically on the website and the possibility to carry out the

training when necessary made possible.

3. Expected outcomes

3.1 INFPD structure and sustainability are strengthened

3.2 INFPD visibility is promoted

3.3. Training, research and publication are facilitated

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Plan d’Actions du RIDAF pour 4 ans

Élaboré et adopté par le Comité exécutif du RIDAF6

Août 2012-Août 2016

1. Informations générales et présentation

Le Réseau International pour le Développement de l'Aviculture Familiale (RIDAF), qui est un réseau

d'information typique d’Exchange, a été mis en place en Novembre 1989 à Ile-Ife au Nigeria, le Réseau Africain pour le

Développement de l'Aviculture Rurale (RADAR), avec l'encouragement et le soutien de l'Organisation pour

l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture des Nations Unies (FAO) et d'autres organisations internationales telles que le Centre

technique de coopération agricole et rurale (CTA) de Wageningen au Pays-Bas, et pour le développement international

(CRDI) d’Ottawa au Canada . Le nom actuel et d'autres résolutions appropriées ont été adoptées par l'Assemblée

Générale du RADAR qui eu lieu le 13 Décembre 1997 à M'Bour au Sénégal. Le réseau est une association

indépendante volontaire administrée par un comité exécutif composé de cinq membres. Il a trois langues officielles

(anglais, français et espagnol), et ses membres comprennent des chercheurs, des décideurs, des éducateurs, du personnel

des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) et les organismes de développement, les donateurs et les petits

aviculteurs. Les informations recueillies par les membres sont publiées dans un journal trilingue (anglais, français et

espagnol) intitulé Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF), qui est une revue de publications scientifiques

produites deux fois par an et distribuée par voie électronique à ses membres. En Septembre 2002, le RIDAF a été

accepté comme un groupe de travail mondial d’aviculture au sein de la Fédération Mondiale des Sciences Avicoles

(WPSA) sans changer de nom, de logo et de sigle. Depuis Mars 2007, la publication du RIDAF a collaboré avec le

World’s Poultry Science Journal (WPSJ) pour publier, deux fois par an, des articles dans une nouvelle section de de la

WPSJ intitulée «production de l’Aviculture Familiale à petite échelle ". En outre, le RIDAF, en collaboration avec la

FAO et parfois le Fonds international de développement agricole (FIDA), a exécuté avec succès des conférences

électroniques sur l'aviculture familiale (PF), sur les thèmes "La portée et l'effet de la recherche et du développement de

l'aviculture familiale" (Décembre 1998 - juillet 1999) et «Le modèle du Bangladesh et d'autres expériences dans le

développement de l'aviculture familiale" (Mai - Juillet 2002), «Opportunités des programmes de sélection avicole pour

la production familiale dans les pays en développement: L'oiseau pour les pauvres" (24 Janvier - 18 Février 2011) ,

"Interaction de l’aviculture familiale avec d’autres systèmes de production (sylviculture, l'arboriculture, cultures

annuelles, gros bétails, la pêche, etc): opportunités et contraintes nutritionnelles" (16 Janvier - 17 Février 2012), et les

«Interventions stratégiques pour l'aviculture familiale dans les pays en voie de développement » (28 mai - 15 Juin

2012). Par ailleurs, le Répertoire du RIDAF pour le développement de l’Aviculture Familiale (AF) est régulièrement

mis à jour et mis à la disposition des membres et non-membres du RIDAF. Cela facilite les contacts et la collaboration

entre les membres, ainsi qu'entre les membres et non-membres. La liste actuelle des membres (au 31 Juillet 2012)

montre qu’il existe actuellement 955 membres provenant de 104 pays répartis sur les cinq continents. Parmi ces

membres, 63,7% sont originaires d'Afrique, 14,3% d’Europe, 9,6% d’Asie, 6,3% de la moyenne et Sud Amérique et des

Caraïbes, 2,9% de l'Océanie, 2,0% d’Amérique du Nord, et de 1,2% du Moyen-Orient. Il est à noter, avec plaisir,

l’observation de l’augmentation d’adhésion provenant de l’Asie, du Moyen-Orient et d’Afrique. On peut cependant

supposer que les lecteurs du Journal sont plus nombreux dans la mesure où il est disponible sur l’Internet.

En outre, la FAO met actuellement en œuvre le projet intitulé «Programme de développement de l'aviculture

familiale", avec les fonds du FIDA pour renforcer et développer davantage le RIDAF afin de lui permettre de continuer

à rehausser le profil international de l'aviculture familiale dans le monde entier, en particulier dans les pays en

développement. Cela se fait par la sélection et la formation de scientifiques de jeunes aviculteurs issus de douze pays en

développement qui seront considérés comme des « conseillés avicoles associés » ; de développement et de la diffusion

de l'information technique (outils de développement avicoles familiaux) et de développement de la structure

organisationnelle du RIDAF. Dans le cadre des activités du projet, il était prévu d'organiser trois ateliers des acteurs. En

6 Les membres actuels du Comité Exécutif du RIDAF ont été élus le 2 Février 2012 et officiellement installés le 8 Août 2012 à

Salvador de Bahia, Brésil:

Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, Coordonnateur/Président RIDAF

Dr. Md. A. Saleque, Secrétaire du RIDAF

Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Rédacteur- en-Chef de Communications en Aviculture Familiale

Prof. J. Oluwasola Agbede, Rédacteur-en-Chef adjoint de Communications en Aviculture Familiale

Dr. Brigitte Bagnol, Ex-Officio du RIDAF..


conséquence, la première réunion a été organisée le 26 Août 2010 lors de la Conférence Avicole Européenne 13 (CBE),

qui s'est tenue du 23 au 27 Août 2010 à Tours, en France, avec les membres du RIDAF et autres membres intéressés de

la WPSA (World’s Poultry Science Association) en provenance d'Afrique et d’Europe. Le projet a parrainé et a invité

10 jeunes experts avicoles venant d'Afrique au CEA (EPC). La deuxième réunion a été organisée avec succès le 26

Mars 2011 pour les membres du RIDAF de l'Asie-Pacifique lors du 7ème

Salon International Avicole et du Séminaire de

la Branche Bangladeshi de la WPSA, qui s’est tenu du 25 au 27 Mars à Dhaka au Bangladesh. Les membres du RIDAF,

de la WPSA et des Officiels de la FAO et du FIDA ont assisté à la réunion et ont participé aux discussions.

Par la suite, le troisième atelier des acteurs a été organisé le 08 Août 2012 lors du Congrès Avicole mondial

(WPC) qui s’est tenu du 5-9 Aout 2012 au Palais des Congrès de Bahia au Salvador de Bahia au Brésil avec certains

membres sélectionnés du RIDAF et certains membres intéressés de la WPSA venus de par le monde. Il y a eu 16

participants incluant les cinq nouveaux membres élus du bureau exécutif du RIDAF. Après l'installation officielle du

Comité exécutif du RIDAF actuel, le plan d'actions stratégiques suivant du RIDAF a été adopté et sera mis en œuvre au

cours des 4 prochaines années.

2. Les activités prévues

2.1 Renforcer la structure du RIDAF et sa durabilité

2.1.1 Promouvoir et soutenir l'identification de points focaux au sein du RIDAF au sein des branches

nationales de la WPSA

2.1.2 Explorer les opportunités de financements pour assurer la bonne mise en œuvre des activités prévues

Identifier les organismes de financement internationaux / locaux pour soutenir le journal du RIDAF

(Communications en Aviculture Familiale), le site (www.infpd.net) ainsi que des activités locales

2.1.3 Analyser les possibilités adéquates de création d'un compte bancaire du RIDAF

Différentes options et des alternatives doivent être explorées soit par le biais de la WPSA par l’intermédiaire des

branches nationales

2.1.4 Tenir régulièrement des réunions du comité exécutif à travers Skype (par exemple une fois tous les trois

mois)

Des réunions régulières de Skype assurera le suivi et mise à jour sur la mise en œuvre du plan d’activités de 4

ans

2.1.5 Des rapports d'étape semestriels

Des rapports seront produits et diffusés tous les six mois portant sur les activités mises en œuvre

2.2 Promouvoir la visibilité du RIDAF

2.2.1 Rédiger une déclaration du RIDAF pour relever le niveau de l'organisation

2.2.2 Veiller à l'exhaustivité, la mise à jour, la fonctionnalité et la pertinence du site Web du RIDAF

Fournir le site Web avec des informations utiles et sa mise à jour plus régulièrement;

Établir des liens vers d'autres sites Web;

Assurer les possibilités d’utilisation des sites interactifs tels que : WPSA, RIDAF, IRPC / Kyeema,

Hub volaille;

Dresser une liste des experts avicoles familiaux et le mettre à jour;

Identifier un web master et s'assurer que le site est mis à jour régulièrement.

2.2.3 Promouvoir et soutenir la participation des membres du RIDAF lors des réunions nationales et

régionales et le partage d'informations utiles par le biais des événements publics

2.2.4 Assurer la présence du RIDAF lors des fora avicoles publics

Dans chacune des conférences et réunions régionales ainsi que lors de la tenue du XXVème congrès mondial

Avicole qui se tiendra à Beijing en Chine du 5-9 Septembre 2016 (WPC2016), promouvoir et soutenir le stand officiel

réservé aux questions sur l’aviculture familiale dans le programme principal sous forme d’une session de l’Aviculture

Familiale et un panel de discussion, en plus d’une réunion spéciale pour discuter des sujets spécifiques au RIDAF afin

de s'assurer que les membres se sont bien imprégnées des activités du réseau et participer activement à son existence.

2.3 Faciliter la formation, la recherche et la publication

2.3.1 Élaborer et diffuser des informations fondamentales pour les membres du RIDAF



Promouvoir le développement des définitions de l'aviculture familiale, une revue systématique de la situation du

secteur de l'aviculture familiale, le manuel DTFPD

2.3.2 Publier le Journal du RIDAF, Communications en Aviculture Familiale

Publier deux numéros par an du Journal du RIDAF en maintenant le standard et la publication des articles de

recherche de haute facture

2.3.3 Rappeler aux anciens Conseillers Avicoles Associés (CAA) de publier des articles et d’élaborer des

projets de recherche

2.3.4 Soutenir et faciliter l'accès aux bourses, les fonds de recherche et des possibilités de formation pour les

membres du RIDAF

2.3.5 Organiser des séances de formation

Le programme de formation APA sera disponible en version électronique sur le site Internet et sur la possibilité

de rendre possible le déroulement de la formation en cas de besoin.

3. Les résultats attendus

3.1 La structure du RIDAF et la durabilité sont renforcées

3.2 La visibilité du RIDAF est promue

3.3 Formation, recherche et publication sont facilitées

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


INFPD de 4 años el Plan de Acciones para RIDAF

Elaborado y aprobado por el Comité Ejecutivo RIDAF7

Agosto 2012 hasta agosto 2016

1. Antecedentes e introducción

La Red Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar (RIDAF), que es una red de intercambio de

información típica, se creó en noviembre de 1989 en Ile-Ife, Nigeria, como la Red Africana para el Desarrollo Rural

Avícola (ANRPD), con el aliento y el apoyo de la Organización para la Alimentación y la Agricultura de las Naciones

Unidas (FAO) y otras organizaciones internacionales, como el Centro Técnico de Agricultura y Cooperación Rural

(CTA), Wageningen, Países Bajos, y el International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canadá . El

nombre actual, y otras resoluciones pertinentes fueron adoptados por la Junta General de Accionistas celebrada ANRPD

el 13 de diciembre de 1997 en M'Bour, Senegal. La red es una asociación independiente voluntario administrado por un

Comité Ejecutivo de cinco miembros. Tiene tres lenguas oficiales (Inglés, francés y español), y los miembros incluyen a

investigadores, responsables políticos, educadores, personal de organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) y los

organismos de desarrollo, los donantes de ayuda y los pequeños agricultores. La información recopilada por los

miembros se difunde a través de una trilingüe (Inglés, francés y español) la publicación de Comunicaciones de la

Avicultura Familiar (FPC), que es una revista revisada por la publicación científica publica dos veces al año y se

distribuye electrónicamente a los miembros. En septiembre de 2002, RIDAF fue aceptado como un Grupo de Trabajo

Global en la Asociación Avícola Mundial de la Ciencia (WPSA) sin cambiar su nombre, el logotipo y acrónimo. Desde

marzo de 2007, la publicación RIDAF ha estado colaborando con aves de corral Diario el Mundo de la Ciencia (WPSJ)

publicar, dos veces al año, los artículos en una nueva sección de WPSJ llamada "la pequeña producción avícola

familiar". Por otra parte, RIDAF, en colaboración con la FAO y en ocasiones el Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo

Agrícola (FIDA), ejecutar con éxito las conferencias electrónicas en las aves de corral familiar (PF), con los temas "El

alcance y los efectos de la Investigación y el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar" (diciembre de 1998 - julio de 1999)

y "El Modelo de Bangladesh y otras experiencias en el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar" (mayo - julio de 2002),

"Oportunidades de programas de cría de aves de corral para la producción familiar en los países en desarrollo: El

pájaro de los pobres" (24 enero-18 febrero, 2011) , "interacciones familiares de aves de corral con otros sistemas de

producción (forestales, cultivos arbóreos, cultivos anuales, los animales grandes, la pesca, etc): oportunidades y

limitaciones nutricionales" (16 enero-17 febrero 2012), e "intervenciones estratégicas para la avicultura familiar en los

países en desarrollo "(28 mayo-15 junio 2012). Por otra parte, el Directorio RIDAF para el Desarrollo FP se actualiza

regularmente y puesto a disposición de los miembros y no miembros RIDAF. Esto facilita los contactos y la

colaboración entre los miembros, así como entre los miembros y no miembros. La actual lista de abonados (a 31 de

julio de 2012) revela que en la actualidad hay 955 miembros procedentes de 104 países de los cinco continentes. Fuera

de estos miembros, el 63,7% son de África, el 14,3% de Europa, el 9,6% de Asia, el 6,3% de media / América del Sur y

el Caribe, el 2,9% de Oceanía, el 2,0% de América del Norte, y el 1,2% de Oriente Medio . Se observa, con mucho

gusto, el aumento de membresías de Asia, Oriente Medio y África. No obstante, se puede suponer que los lectores de

este boletín es mucho más grande, como el boletín también está disponible en Internet.

Además, la FAO está llevando a cabo el proyecto, titulado "Programa de Desarrollo de Pequeños Productores

Avícola", con fondos del FIDA para fortalecer y desarrollar aún más el RIDAF a fin de que pueda continuar para elevar

el perfil internacional de la producción avícola familiar en todo el mundo, especialmente en los países en desarrollo.

Esto se está haciendo a través de la selección y formación de científicos jóvenes de aves de corral procedentes de doce

países en vías de desarrollo como "Asesores Asociados aves de corral", el desarrollo y la difusión de información

técnica (familia kits de herramientas de desarrollo de las aves de corral) y el desarrollo de la estructura organizativa de

la RIDAF. Como parte de las actividades del proyecto, se ha previsto la organización de tres talleres de las partes

interesadas. En consecuencia, la primera reunión se organizó el 26 de agosto de 2010 durante la Conferencia de aves de

7 Los actuales miembros del Comité Ejecutivo INFPD fueron elegidos el 2 de febrero de 2012 y oficialmente instalado el 8 de agosto

de 2012 en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil:

Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, Coordinador/Presidente del RIDAF

Dr. Md. A. Saleque, Secretario del RIDAF

Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Editor en Jefe de Comunicaciones de la Avicultura Familiar

Prof. J. Oluwasola Agbede, Diputado Editor en Jefe de Comunicaciones de la Avicultura Familiar

Dr. Brigitte Bagnol, Ex-Officio del RIDAF


corral 13 Europea (CPE), que se celebró 23-27 agosto de 2010 en Tours, Francia, con los miembros del interesado

WPSA RIDAF y otros (aves de corral del mundo Science Association) miembros de África y Europa. El proyecto

patrocinado e invitó a 10 expertos de aves de corral jóvenes de África hasta el EPC. La segunda reunión se organizó y

celebró con éxito el 26 de marzo de 2011 para los miembros RIDAF de Asia Pacífico durante el Salón Internacional

Avícola y séptimo Seminario del Poder WPSA-Bangladesh, que tuvo lugar del 25 al 27 de marzo en Dhaka,

Bangladesh. Los miembros de RIDAF, WPSA y altos funcionarios de la FAO y el FIDA asistió a la reunión y participó

en las discusiones.

A partir de entonces, el taller de las partes interesadas de terceros se organizó el 08 agosto 2012 durante congreso

avícola del mundo (WPC), celebrada 5-9 agosto de 2012 el Centro de Convenciones de Bahía, Salvador, Bahía, Brasil,

con una selección de los miembros RIDAF y miembros interesados WPSA de todo el mundo. Hubo 16 participantes,

entre los 5 miembros recién elegidos del Comité Ejecutivo RIDAF. Después de la instalación oficial de la Comisión

Ejecutiva RIDAF actual, el siguiente plan estratégico de acciones para RIDAF fue adoptado y se implementará en los

próximos 4 años.

2. Las actividades previstas

2.1 Fortalecer la estructura RIDAF y mantener la sostenibilidad

2.1.1 Promover y apoyar la identificación de puntos focales dentro de RIDAF WPSA ramas nacionales

2.1.2 Prospectar las oportunidades de financamiento posibles para asegurar la correcta ejecución de las

actividades previstas

Identificar los organismos de financamiento internacionales / locales para apoyar la publicación RIDAF (Family

Communications aves de corral), el sitio web (www.infpd.net), así como las actividades locales

2.1.3 Analizar las vías adecuadas para el establecimiento de una cuenta bancaria RIDAF

Diferentes opciones y alternativas deben ser exploradas por ejemplo a través WPSA o a través de filiales

nacionales

2.1.4 Llevar a cabo reuniones periódicas de Skype de la junta directiva (por ejemplo, una cada tres meses)

Las reuniones periódicas de Skype se asegurará la vigilancia y actualizar en la aplicación del plan de cuatro años

de actividades

2.1.5 Periódicas cada seis meses informes sobre la marcha

Los informes serán producidos y compartidos por las actividades realizadas, cada seis meses

2.2 Promover la visibilidad RIDAF

2.2.1 Escriba una instrucción RIDAF para elevar el perfil de la organización

2.2.2 Asegurar la integridad, actualización, funcionalidad y pertinencia de la página web RIDAF

Rellenar el sitio web con información útil y actualizarlo periódicamente;

E stablecer enlaces a otros sitios web;

Hacer uso de las oportunidades para los sitios web interactivos, por ejemplo WPSA, RIDAF, IRPC/

Kyeema, Hub aves de corral;

Elaborar una lista de expertos en avicultura f amilia y mantenerlo actualizado;

Identificar un web master y asegurarse de que el sitio web se actualiza regularmente.

2.2.3 Promover y apoyar la participación de los miembros en RIDAF en reuniónes nacional y regional y el

intercambio de información útil a través de eventos públicos

2.2.4 Asegurar la presencia RIDAF en aves de corral - relacionados con eventos públicos

En cada una de las conferencias regionales y reuniones, así como en el Congreso Avícola el próximo Mundial de

la XXV, que se celebrará en Beijing, China, del 5 a 9 septiembre 2016 (WPSA 2016) promover y apoyar espacio oficial

dedicado a las cuestiones de las aves de corral de la familia en el programa principal en la forma de una sesión familiar

de aves de corral y un panel de discusión, además de una reunión especial para discutir RIDAF cuestiones específicas

para asegurarse de que los miembros están involucrados en las actividades de la Red y contribuir activamente a su vida.



2.3 Facilitar, la investigación y la publicación

2.3.1 Elaborar y difundir información básica para RIDAF miembros

Promover el desarrollo de las definiciones de la avicultura familiar, una revisión sistemática de la situación del

sector de la avicultura familiar, el manual DTFPD

2.3.2 Publicar Newsletter RIDAF, Comunicaciones de la AviculturaFamiliar

Publicar dos números del Boletín RIDAF por año manteniendo una alta calidad de los documentos e informes de

investigación

2.3.3 Promover el Antiguo mentor Asesores Asociados Avícolas (APA) para publicar trabajos y desarrollar

propuestas de investigación

2.3.4 Apoyar y facilitar el acceso a la erudición, los fondos de investigación y oportunidades de capacitación

para los miembros de RIDAF

2.3.5 Organizar sesiones de lluvia de camisetas

Programa de capacitación APA estará disponible en formato electrónico en el sitio web y la posibilidad de llevar

a cabo la capacitación cuando sea necesario posible.

3. Los resultados esperados

3.1 RIDAF estructura y la durabilitad se fortalecen

3.2 visibilidad RIDAF se promueve

3.3 Formación, investigación y publicación se facilitan

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Activity report | Rapport d’activités | Informe de actividades

E-Conference on “Family Poultry interactions with other production systems

(forestry, tree crops, annual crops, large animals, fisheries, etc.): Nutritional

opportunities and constraints”

S.D. CHOWDHURY1, D. LUSEBA

2 & O. THIEME

3

1 Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh,

E-mail: <[email protected]> 2 Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa,

E-mail: <[email protected]> 3 Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy, E-mail: <[email protected]>

A second e-conference was organized between 16 January and 17 February 2012 by the International Network for

Family Poultry Development (INFPD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with

the theme “Family Poultry interactions with other production systems (forestry, tree crops, annual crops, large

animals, fisheries, etc): Nutritional opportunities and constraints”. The following aspects of family poultry (FP)

production were discussed during the conference:

1. Climate change and the future availability of the scavengeable feed resource base (SFRB) for family poultry.

2. Recent development in assessing feed resources for family poultry production including the scavengeable feed

resource base (SFRB).

3. Nutritional opportunities and constraints of integrating family poultry with other production systems (forestry,

tree crops, annual crops, large animals, fisheries, etc).

4. Opportunities and constraints of using commercial feed for family poultry.

5. Developing and promoting improved family poultry feeding systems.

A total of 210 participants registered for the conference and forty seven messages and four short papers were

received from 20 countries which were distributed to the participants both in English and in French. In addition to the

specific topics that were addressed, some general comments from the participants in relation to family poultry

production system and their nutritional aspects were also considered important and therefore included in the summary

document.

Although being an issue of global importance and affecting family poultry production, few participants responded

to the sub-topic about climate change and the future availability of the scavengeable feed resources (SFRB). While the

participants generally agreed that the impact of climate change is quite visible, there is a paucity of information in this

regard and viable data in relation to the impact of climate change on availability of SFRB are still to be generated. This

should be a continuous process in order to better judge how FP production systems cope under changing situations. The

impact of climate change should better be addressed by identifying new feed resources and using different feeding

techniques.

The participants found that assessing feed resources including the scavengeable feed resource base is an important

topic for family poultry production. It was suggested that the old methods of such assessment need to be improved by

using birds’ performance in order to make it more accurate. Seasonal factors/influence should also be taken into

account. Recommendations from a recent seminar held in Bangladesh provide information for a better assessment of the

locally available/produced feed resources with an emphasis of indigenous poultry production based mostly on

indigenous resources.

Concerning nutritional opportunities and constraints of integrating family poultry with other production systems,

in particular, forestry, tree crops, annual crops, large animals, fisheries, etc., few responses were obtained from the

participants. Chicken/duck-cum-fish farming appeared to be problematic from the environmental point of view.

Integration of ducks to rice production system in Asia seemed to be fruitful and that of geese to crop to suppress weed

growth was suggested. Indian experience showed integration of FP with horticulture by utilizing droppings for vermin




compost and earthworm production as sources of proteins for birds. However, farmers’ knowledge on integrated system

is required to exploit such an endeavor.

The discussions on opportunities and constraints of using commercial feed for family poultry received the largest

interest and contribution with more than half of the contributions addressing it. The knowledge and attitudes of FP

farmers towards commercial feeds, the types of commercial feeds normally purchased/used by FP farmers, the source of

raw materials or ingredients used in feed formulation and the profitability of using commercial feeds were the specific

points of discussion. The knowledge of the FP farmers about commercial feeds in general, was considered poor with the

exception of those who are producing with commercial strains of poultry. Commercial feeds are being used either by

commercial farmers in the interest of ensuring profits or by FP farmers who have native stocks and financial

opportunities to buy. The commercial farmers always try to purchase the right type of feed for their birds, but it is not

unusual that an incorrect type of feed is purchased to save their birds from starvation at the time of unavailability of

alternatives. For the second group of FP producers, the selection of the type of feed is not always professional. Usually,

there are two sources of raw materials for commercial feed formulation: agro-industrial products/byproducts of local

origin and those of imported origin. Importation makes commercial feeds costly and in developing countries they

sometimes suffer from quality in the absence of a strong quality control system.

There were differences of opinion among the participants whether using commercial feeds for FP can be

profitable. Out of the 24 messages on this theme, 17 participants supported the use of commercial feed. The others were

opposed to its use mainly because of economic reasons but also because of limitations coming from the genetic

potential of the local poultry. A number of constraints have been identified for using commercial feeds for FP farmers.

The indigenous (native) stocks are highly valued because of their brooding and scavenging traits but their low genetic

potentiality puts a question on the use of commercial feeds and its profitability. There were reports that feeding

commercial feeds for FP can be profitable since the birds are always priced higher (more than double) compared to

commercial strains. However, there were also reports about constraints in doing that like wastage of feeds, variation in

feed quality, prolonged storage, rodent contamination, lack of access to readily available feeds, alternative feed

ingredients or markets, lack of appropriate transport for feeds and high cost. Education and training along with FP

rearing information would help in overcoming these constraints and consequently, profits could be ensured. It was

concluded that in general due to economic viability, full feeding with commercial feed cannot be recommended.

Instead, using home-made mixtures from locally available feedstuffs prepared under the guidance of extension workers

is recommended.

The last topic of discussion was how to develop and promote improved family poultry feeding systems. Different

strategies, although not extensive, were suggested by the participants to develop and promote feeding systems for FP.

These feeding strategies need to be developed based on the conditions in specific locations (regions) so that homestead

leftovers, grains, agricultural by-products can better be utilized. There is a need to educate farmers about commercial

feeds, particularly regarding types and quality and to create awareness among them. They should be trained on

collecting, mixing and feeding of home-made/home-grown feed ingredients. Minimizing wastage during feeding could

economize feeding procedure and improve feed conversion ratio (FCR). Particular attention is needed to consider the

situation of indigenous (local) breeds. Inclusion of vitamin-mineral premix or individual mixture (either vitamin or

mineral) with local ingredients could be practiced to improve the production. Supplementary feeding of nutritionally

balanced feeds to young scavenging birds of chicks/ducklings up to three or four weeks at home in confinement will

help gain weight and reduce early mortality. Total confinement of birds for meat and/or egg production by providing

balanced diet could be practiced under specific conditions. However, the participants emphasized the need to consider

the cost effectiveness of such efforts for birds reared under both scavenging and confinement systems. There were

proposals to use locally produced feed ingredients as alternatives to imported ones depending on country and locations.

Extension methods and approaches can play a vital role in developing and promoting improved family poultry feeding

systems. This can be implemented by establishing a model village with facilities for training of FP farmers and

dissemination of technologies generated by scientists.

By synthesizing the different views that were expressed by the participants, the following conclusions and

recommendations can be made:

Strengthening research that includes studying the possible impacts of climate change on FP production and ways

of mitigating its consequences;

updating the current method of assessment of SFRB;

supplementary feeding of nutritionally balanced diets depending on location, seasons, and availability of SFRB;

increased use of household wastes and crop residues in feeding practices;


utilization of local feed resources as much as possible as this would result in better production and improved

profitability;

assessment of nutritional needs of different types of FP;

development of feed formula locally, based on nutritional needs;

practicing creep feeding of chicks and supplementary feeding of growing chicks and layer birds to achieve

higher productivity;

determination of cost-benefit ratio of feeding commercial/home-made feed to ensure sustainability;

Training of FP farmers regarding feeds, nutrition and related poultry husbandry practices to achieve higher

outputs;

conduction of adequate FP research with respect to nutritional aspects, feeds and feed management;

holding local, regional and international conferences in developing countries to determine future development

strategies; and

planning all development models cautiously and executing those in collaboration with local consultants/experts

so that the FP farmers can benefit from the technologies that are generated by research.

The full report can be downloaded from the following electronic link:


conference_Summary.pdf

It is also available from the authors and can be provided upon request.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/documents/infpd/econf_family_poultry/Family%20Poultry%20feeding%20e-conference_Summary.pdf



Conférence électronique sur “Interactions de l'aviculture familiale avec d'autres

systèmes de production (la sylviculture, l'arboriculture, les cultures annuelles, le

gros bétail, la pêche, etc.): opportunités et contraintes nutritionnelles”


2 & O. THIEME

3

1 Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh,

E-mail: <[email protected]> 2 Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, Afrique du Sud, E-mail:

<[email protected]> 3 Division de la Production et de la Santé Animales, FAO, Rome, Italie, E-mail: <[email protected]>

Une deuxième conférence électronique a été organisée du 16 Janvier au 17 Février 2012 par le Réseau

International pour le Développement de l'Aviculture Familiale (RIDAF) et l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour

l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture (FAO) sur le thème “Interactions de l’aviculture familiale (AF) avec d'autres systèmes

de production (la sylviculture, l'arboriculture, les cultures annuelles, le gros bétail, la pêche, etc.): opportunités et

contraintes nutritionnelles”. Les aspects suivants de l'aviculture familiale ont été discutés durant la conférence:

1. Le changement climatique et disponibilité future des ressources alimentaires de base picorables (RABP) pour

l'aviculture familiale.

2. Le développement récent dans l'évaluation des ressources alimentaires pour l'aviculture familiale, y compris les

ressources alimentaires de base picorables (RABP).

3. Les opportunités et contraintes nutritionnelles de l'intégration de l'aviculture familiale avec d'autres systèmes de

production (la sylviculture, l'arboriculture, les cultures annuelles, le gros bétail, la pêche, etc.)

4. Opportunités et contraintes de l'utilisation d'aliments commerciaux en aviculture familiale.

5. Développer et promouvoir l'amélioration des systèmes d'alimentation des volailles familiales.

Un total de 210 participants s'étaient inscrits à la conférence et quarante-sept messages et quatre articles courts ont

été reçus de 20 pays et ont été distribués aux participants en anglais et en français. En plus des sujets spécifiques qui ont

été abordés durant la conférence, quelques observations générales des participants en ce qui concerne le système de

production familiale de volaille et de leurs aspects nutritionnels ont également été considérées comme importantes et

donc inclues dans le document de la synthèse.

Même si elle est une question d'importance mondiale qui affecte l'aviculture familiale, peu des participants ont

répondu à la question sur le changement climatique et la disponibilité future des ressources alimentaires de base

picorables (RABP). Toutefois, les participants ont généralement convenu que l'impact du changement climatique est

tout à fait visible, mais qu’il y a un manque d'informations à cet égard. L'impact du changement climatique devrait être

mieux traité par la recherche de ressources alimentaires nouvelles et en utilisant des techniques alimentaires différentes.

Des données viables en ce qui concerne l'impact du changement climatique sur la disponibilité de la RABP devront

encore être générées. Cela devrait être un processus continu afin de mieux juger de la façon dont les systèmes d’AF font

face aux situations changeantes. L'impact du changement climatique devrait être mieux adressé en identifiant de

nouvelles ressources alimentaires et en utilisant des techniques différentes d’alimentation.

L’évaluation des ressources alimentaires pour l'aviculture familiale, y compris les ressources alimentaires de base

picorables, a été ressentie par les participants comme un thème important. Il a été suggéré que les anciennes méthodes

d’une telle évaluation devraient être améliorées en utilisant les performances des oiseaux, afin de rendre l’évaluation

plus précise qu'auparavant. Les facteurs/influences saisonniers doivent être pris en compte. Les recommandations d'un

séminaire qui s'est tenu au Bangladesh a mentionné l'évaluation correcte des ressources alimentaires localement

disponibles / produites et a souligné la production de volaille indigène reposant essentiellement sur les ressources

indigènes.

En ce qui concerne les possibilités et les contraintes nutritionnelles de l'intégration de l'aviculture familiale avec

d'autres systèmes de production, en particulier, de la sylviculture, l'arboriculture, les cultures annuelles, les gros

animaux, la pêche, etc., quelques réponses ont été obtenues à partir des participants. L’intégration poulet / canard-cum-

pisciculture semble être problématique du point de vue environnemental. L’intégration des canards au système de

production du riz en Asie semble être fructueuse et celui des oies avec le riz pour supprimer la croissance des mauvaises

herbes a été suggéré. L’expérience Indienne a montré que l'intégration de l’AF à l'horticulture en utilisant des

excréments pour le compost et la production des vers de terre et la vermine comme sources de protéines pour les




oiseaux. Cependant, les connaissances des fermiers sur le système intégré est nécessaire pour exploiter une telle

expérience.

Les discussions sur les possibilités et les contraintes de l'utilisation d'aliments commerciaux pour l'AF a reçu le

plus grand intérêt, et la plus de la moitié des participants l’ont abordé, la connaissance et l'attitude des éleveurs de l'AF

envers les aliments commerciaux, les types d’aliments commerciaux normalement achetés / utilisés par les éleveurs de

volailles familiales, la source des matières premières ou des ingrédients utilisés dans la formulation des aliments et la

rentabilité de l'utilisation des aliments commerciaux ont été les points spécifiques de la discussion. La connaissance sur

les aliments commerciaux des éleveurs de l'AF, en général, a été signalée comme pauvre, à l'exception de ceux qui

élèvent des souches commerciales de volailles. Les aliments commerciaux sont utilisés soit par les aviculteurs

commerciaux dans l'intérêt d'assurer des bénéfices ou par les aviculteurs familiaux qui ont de fortes capacités

financières et sont impliqués dans la production de cheptels indigènes; mais pour ce dernier groupe, le type

d'alimentation n'est pas si important. Les aviculteurs commerciaux essayent toujours d'acheter le bon type d'aliments

pour leurs oiseaux mais il n'est pas rare que le mauvais type d’aliment soit acheté au moment de l'indisponibilité pour

sauver les oiseaux contre la famine. Habituellement, il y a deux sources de matières premières pour la formulation des

aliments commerciaux: les produits agro-industriels ou des sous-produits d'origine locale et ceux d'origine importée.

L’importation rend les aliments commerciaux coûteux. Les aliments commerciaux dans les pays en développement

souffrent parfois de la qualité en l'absence d’un système de contrôle de qualité fort.

Il y avait des divergences d'opinion entre les participants concernant la rentabilité ou non de l’utilisation des

aliments commerciaux pour l’AF. Sur les 24 messages sur le thème principal, 17 participants ont appuyé l'utilisation

d'aliments commerciaux tandis que les autres se sont opposés à son utilisation principalement pour des raisons

économiques ou en raison des limitations provenant du potentiel génétique de la volaille locale. Un certain nombre de

contraintes ont été identifiées dans le cas de l'utilisation des aliments commerciaux pour les aviculteurs familiaux. Les

cheptels indigènes (natifs) sont hautement appréciés à cause de leurs traits comme bonnes couveuses et leurs aptitudes

de divagation ; mais leur faible potentiel génétique a créé un doute quant à l'utilisation d’aliments commerciaux et sa

rentabilité. Des rapports démontrent également que nourrir les volailles familiales avec des aliments commerciaux peut

être rentable car les oiseaux sont toujours plus chers (plus du double) par rapport aux souches commerciales.

Cependant, d’autres rapports évoquent des contraintes telles le gaspillage d'aliments, la variation de la qualité des

aliments, une conservation prolongée, la contamination par des rongeurs, le manque d'accès à des aliments facilement

disponibles, des ingrédients alimentaires alternatifs ou des marchés, le manque de transport approprié pour les aliments

et le coût élevé. L'éducation et la formation ainsi que des informations sur l'AF pourraient aider à surmonter ces

contraintes et, par conséquent, les bénéfices pourraient être assurés. Il a été conclu qu’en général, nourrir les volailles

familiales uniquement avec les aliments commerciaux ne peut pas être recommandé en raison de la viabilité

économique. Par contre, utiliser des mélanges faits à la ferme avec des produits alimentaires localement disponibles

sous la direction d'agents de vulgarisation est recommandé.

Le dernier sujet de discussion était de savoir comment développer et promouvoir l'amélioration des systèmes

d'alimentation en AF. Différentes stratégies, bien que pas très variées, ont été suggérées par les participants pour

développer et promouvoir des systèmes d'alimentation pour l'AF. Les stratégies d'alimentation doivent être déterminées

en fonction des lieux (régions) de telle sorte que les restes de ménages, les céréales, les sous-produits agricoles peuvent

être mieux utilisés. Il y a une nécessité d'éduquer les fermiers sur les aliments commerciaux, en particulier sur les types

et la qualité et de partager la connaissance entre eux. Ils devraient être formés sur la collecte, le mélange et

l'alimentation avec des ingrédients alimentaires ménagers/cultivés par eux-mêmes. Minimiser le gaspillage lors de

l'alimentation pourrait rendre économique la procédure d'alimentation et améliorer l’indice de conversion alimentaire.

Une attention particulière doit être accordée aux races autochtones (locales). L’inclusion de vitamines et de minéraux

pré-mélangés ou d'un mélange particulier (soit des vitamines ou des minéraux) avec des ingrédients locaux pourrait être

pratiquée pour améliorer la production. L'alimentation complémentaire d'aliments nutritionnellement équilibrés pour

jeunes oiseaux en divagation (poussins ou canetons) jusqu'à trois ou quatre semaines dans la maison en isolement aidera

le gain pondéral et pourrait réduire la mortalité précoce. Le confinement total d'oiseaux pour la production de viande et /

ou d'œufs en fournissant une alimentation équilibrée pourrait être pratiqué dans des conditions spécifiques. Toutefois,

les participants ont insisté sur le besoin de considérer la rentabilité de ces efforts pour les oiseaux élevés dans les deux

systèmes de confinement et de divagation. Il y avait des propositions à employer des aliments produits localement

comme alternatives à ceux importés en fonction des pays et localités. Les méthodes et approches de vulgarisation

peuvent jouer un rôle vital dans le développement et la promotion de l'amélioration des systèmes d'alimentation de

l’AF. Ceci peut être mis en œuvre par l'établissement d'un village modèle avec des installations pour la formation des

aviculteurs familiaux et la diffusion des technologies générées par les scientifiques.


En faisant la synthèse des différentes opinions exprimées par les participants, les conclusions et recommandations

suivantes sont fournies dans le présent rapport:

de renforcer les études qui comprennent l'étude des impacts possibles du changement climatique sur l’AF et les

moyens d'atténuer ses conséquences;

de mettre à jour la méthode actuelle d'évaluation des RABP;

d’assurer l’alimentation complémentaire des régimes alimentaires équilibrés et nutritifs en fonction de

l’emplacement, les saisons, et la disponibilité des RABP;

d'utiliser plus de déchets ménagers et de résidus de récolte dans les pratiques d'alimentation;

d'utiliser des ressources alimentaires locales autant que possible, car cela se traduirait par une meilleure

production et une rentabilité améliorée;

d’évaluer les besoins nutritionnels des différents types d’AF;

de développer la formule alimentaire au niveau local, en fonction des besoins nutritionnels;

de pratiquer l'alimentation de sevrage de poussins ("creep-feeding") et l'alimentation complémentaire des

poussins en croissance et des pondeuses pour atteindre une meilleure productivité;

de déterminer le rapport coût-bénéfice de l'utilisation d'aliments commerciaux /ménagers pour assurer la

durabilité;

de former les aviculteurs familiaux concernant les aliments, la nutrition et les pratiques relatifs à l’élevage de

volailles pour atteindre de meilleurs rendements;

de conduire des recherches adéquates sur les aspects nutritionnels, les aliments pour bétail et la gestion des

aliments pour animaux;

d’organiser des conférences locales, régionales et internationales dans les pays en développement afin de

déterminer les stratégies de développement à venir; et

de planifier tous les modèles de développement avec précaution et de mettre en œuvre ceux qui, en collaboration

avec des consultants locaux et des experts, permettront que les aviculteurs familiaux puissent tirer parti des

technologies qui sont générées par la recherche.

Le rapport intégral peut être téléchargé à partir du lien électronique suivant:

www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/documents/infpd/econf_family_poultry/Aviculture%20familiale_Alimentation%20des

%20volailles_%20Synthèse_Conférence%20électronique.pdf

Il est aussi disponible auprès des auteurs et peut être obtenu à la demande.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/documents/infpd/econf_family_poultry/Aviculture%20familiale_Alimentation%20des%20volailles_%20Synthèse_Conférence%20électronique.pdf



Conferencia electrónica sobre “Interacciones de la avicultura familiar (AF) con

otros sistemas de producción (forestales, cultivos arbóreos, cultivos anuales,

ganadería, pesca, etc.): oportunidades y limitaciones nutricionales”


2 & O. THIEME

3

1 Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, E-mail:

<[email protected]> 2 Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, Sudáfrica, E-mail:

<[email protected]> 3 División de Producción y Sanidad Animal, FAO, Roma, Italia, E-mail: <[email protected]>

Una segunda conferencia electrónica fue organizada entre el 16 de enero y el 17 de febrero del 2012 por la Red

Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar (RIDAF) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la

Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) con el tema “Interacciones de la avicultura familiar (AF) con otros sistemas de

producción (forestales, cultivos arbóreos, cultivos anuales, ganadería, pesca, etc.): oportunidades y limitaciones

nutricionales”. Los siguientes aspectos de la avicultura familiar (AF) se discutieron durante la conferencia:

1. El cambio climático y la futura disponibilidad de recursos para la alimentación en aquéllos sistemas de

avicultura familiar en los que las aves deambulan libremente (SADL).

2. El reciente desarrollo en la evaluación de los recursos alimenticios para la producción de la avicultura familiar,

incluidos los recursos para la alimentación en aquellos sistemas en los que las aves deambulan libremente

(SADL).

3. Oportunidades y limitaciones nutricionales de la integración de avicultura familiar con otros sistemas de

producción (forestales, cultivos arbóreos, cultivos anuales, ganadería, pesca, etc.).

4. Oportunidades y limitaciones del uso de alimentos comerciales para aves de corral en la avicultura familiar.

5. El desarrollo y la promoción de la mejora de los sistemas de alimentación de aves de corral en la avicultura

familiar.

Un total de 210 participantes se inscribieron para la conferencia. Se recibieron 47 mensajes y siete artículos breves

de 20 países que fueron distribuidos a los participantes en inglés y en francés. Además de los temas específicos

abordados, algunos participantes hicieron comentarios generales en relación con la avicultura familiar y sus aspectos

nutricionales los cuales fueron también considerados significativos y por lo tanto incluidos en el documento de

resumen.

A pesar de ser un tema de importancia mundial y que afecta la avicultura familiar, pocos participantes

respondieron a las cuestiones relacionadas con el cambio climático y sobre la disponibilidad futura de recursos para la

alimentación en aquellos sistemas en los que las aves deambulan libremente (SADL). Si bien los participantes estaban

generalmente de acuerdo en que el impacto del cambio climático es bastante notable, hay escasez de información al

respecto y todavía no se han generado datos fiables al respecto. Esto debería ser un proceso continuo con el fin de

juzgar mejor cómo los sistemas de AF afrontan este tipo de situaciones. El impacto del cambio climático en los sistemas

de AF debería abordarse de forma adecuada, mediante la identificación de nuevos recursos de alimentación y mediante

el uso de diferentes técnicas de alimentación.

Los participantes consideraron que evaluar los recursos para la alimentación en aquellos sistemas en los que las

aves deambulan libremente es importante en la avicultura familiar. Se sugirió que los métodos tradicionales de

evaluación deberían ser mejorados mediante el uso del rendimiento de las aves con el fin de aumentar el grado de

precisión de éstos. Los factores y/o las influencias estacionales deberían también tenerse en cuenta. Las

recomendaciones provenientes de un reciente seminario en Bangladesh proporcionan información para una mejor

evaluación de los recursos alimenticios disponibles/producidos localmente, con énfasis en el uso de razas autóctonas en

la producción avícola familiar.

Fueron recibidas pocas respuestas de los participantes en relación a las oportunidades y limitaciones nutricionales

de la integración de la avicultura familiar con otros sistemas de producción, particularmente sistemas forestales, cultivos

arbóreos, cultivos anuales, ganadería, pesca, etc. La integración de pollos/patos y peces parece ser problemático desde

el punto de vista ambiental. La integración de los patos al sistema de producción de arroz en Asia parece ser rentable y

fue sugerido el uso de gansos en el cultivo para reprimir el crecimiento de malezas. La experiencia de la India demostró

la integración de la avicultura familiar con la horticultura mediante la utilización de excrementos avícolas para la




lombricultura y producción de lombrices como fuente de proteínas para las aves de corral. Sin embargo, es necesario un

conocimiento sobre el sistema integrado por parte de los agricultores para hacer uso de estas opciones.

Los debates sobre las oportunidades y limitaciones del uso de alimentos comerciales en la AF suscitaron el mayor

interés, y más de la mitad de las contribuciones se dirigieron a abordar esta cuestión. Los puntos de debate específicos

fueron los conocimientos y las actitudes de los productores de AF respecto a los alimentos comerciales, el tipo de

alimentos comerciales que compran/utilizan, la proveniencia de las materias primas o ingredientes utilizados en la

formulación de estos y la rentabilidad del uso de alimentos comerciales. En general, se consideró que los productores de

AF tienen conocimientos limitados sobre este tipo de alimentos, excepto aquellos que trabajan con líneas comerciales

de aves de corral. Los alimentos comerciales están siendo utilizados por avicultores comerciales cuyo interés es

asegurar las ganancias y/o por productores de AF que tienen poblaciones nativas y recursos financieros para comprar

este tipo de alimento. Los avicultores comerciales siempre tratan de proveerse del mismo tipo de alimento para sus

aves, pero no es raro que se compren otros tipos de alimentos menos apropiados si no existe otra alternativa para salvar

a sus aves del hambre. Para el segundo grupo de productores de AF, la selección del tipo de alimento no es siempre

profesional. Por lo general, hay dos fuentes de materias primas para la formulación de alimentos comerciales: agro-

industriales, productos/subproductos de origen local y los de origen importado. La importación hace que los alimentos

comerciales sean costosos y a veces, en países en desarrollo donde no suelen existir sistemas adecuados de control, de

baja calidad.

La discusión sobre la rentabilidad de la compra de alimentos comerciales para la avicultura familiar ha generado

diferencias de opinión entre los participantes. De los 24 mensajes recibidos sobre este tema, 17 participantes apoyaron

el uso de alimentos comerciales, mientras que los otros se opusieron a utilizarlos, principalmente debido a razones

económicas pero también debido a las limitaciones que provienen del potencial genético de las aves de corral locales.

Se han identificado una serie de problemas relacionados con el uso de alimentos comerciales para la avicultura familiar.

Las aves de corral autóctonas son muy apreciadas por su instinto de incubación (cloquera) y por su capacidad de

alimentarse de desechos, pero su bajo potencial genético pone en duda la rentabilidad del uso de alimentos comerciales

en este tipo de aves. Hay quién defiende que alimentar las aves de corral autóctonas con alimentos comerciales puede

ser rentable, ya que éstas son siempre vendidas a un precio más alto (más del doble) en comparación con las líneas

comerciales. Además, se argumentó sobre las desventajas de alimentar las aves con alimentos comerciales debido a los

desperdicios de alimentos, la variabilidad de la calidad de éstos, el inconveniente que supone su almacenamiento

prolongado, la contaminación por roedores, la falta de acceso a alimentos disponibles y a alimentos o mercados

alternativos, la falta de transporte adecuado para los alimentos y el alto costo. La educación y la formación, además de

una mayor diseminación de la información existente sobre la crianza de las aves de corral en los sistemas de AF,

ayudaría a superar estas limitaciones y en consecuencia, a garantizar los beneficios generados por este tipo de

avicultura. En general, se concluyó que la alimentación basada completamente en alimentos comerciales no es

recomendable, pues no es económicamente viable. En su lugar, se recomienda el uso de mezclas de fabricación casera

usando alimentos disponibles localmente y preparado bajo la dirección de los agentes de extensión.

Por último se discutieron varias opciones para desarrollar y promover la mejora de los sistemas de alimentación en

la avicultura familiar. Diferentes estrategias, aunque no muy variadas, fueron sugeridas por los participantes. Estas

estrategias de alimentación deben estar basadas en los requisitos desarrollados en ubicaciones específicas (regiones) de

modo que las sobras domésticas, granos y subproductos agrícolas puedan ser mejor utilizadas. Es necesario educar a los

avicultores en el uso de alimentos comerciales, especialmente sobre el tipo y calidad, y que se compartan los

conocimientos existentes. Deberían de ser formados en la recolección, la mezcla y el uso en la alimentación de

ingredientes hechos en casa o cultivados en casa. Reducir al mínimo el desperdicio en la alimentación podría permitir

ahorrar en el procedimiento de alimentación y mejorar el índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA). Se necesita prestar

especial atención a la situación de las razas autóctonas (locales). La inclusión de premezcla de vitaminas y minerales o

mezcla individual (vitamina o mineral) con ingredientes locales podría usarse para mejorar la producción. La

administración suplementaria durante tres o cuatro semanas (en confinamiento) de alimentos balanceados para

pollitos/patitos que se alimentan con desechos del hogar, ayudará a aumentar el peso y reducirá la mortalidad temprana

de éstos. El confinamiento de aves para la producción de carne y/o huevos mediante el suministro de alimentos

balanceados, podría ser practicado en condiciones específicas. Sin embargo, los participantes hicieron hincapié en la

necesidad de considerar la rentabilidad de la cría de aves en condiciones de confinamiento y en sistemas en los que

éstas se alimentan con desechos. Hubo propuestas para utilizar ingredientes producidos localmente en la alimentación

como alternativa a la importación, dependiendo del país y de la localidad. Enfoques y métodos de extensión agraria

pueden desempeñar un papel vital en el desarrollo y la promoción de la mejora de los sistemas de alimentación en la

avicultura familiar. Esto se puede lograr mediante el establecimiento de una aldea modelo con instalaciones para la


capacitación de los productores de AF y la difusión de las tecnologías generadas por los científicos.

Los diferentes puntos de vista expresados por los participantes, se resumen en las siguientes conclusiones y

recomendaciones:

promover la investigación, incluyendo los posibles impactos del cambio climático sobre los sistemas de

avicultura familiar y como mitigar sus consecuencias;

actualizar el método actual de evaluación de los recursos para la alimentación en aquellos sistemas en los que las

aves deambulan libremente;

asegurar la alimentación suplementaria y el uso de una dieta balanceada dependiendo de la ubicación, las

estaciones, y la disponibilidad de recursos para la alimentación en aquellos sistemas en los que las aves

deambulan libremente;

mayor uso de los residuos domésticos y residuos de cultivos en las pautas de alimentación;

utilización de los recursos alimentarios locales tanto como sea posible, ya que esto se traduce en una mayor

productividad y mejor rentabilidad;

evaluación de las necesidades nutricionales de los diferentes tipos de aves de corral;

desarrollo de formulaciones alimentarias a nivel local, basándose en las necesidades nutricionales;

practicar la alimentación selectiva para los pollitos y la alimentación suplementaria de los pollitos en crecimiento

y gallinas ponedoras para lograr una mayor productividad;

determinación de la relación costo-beneficio de la alimentación comercial/casera para asegurar la sostenibilidad;

capacitación de los productores dedicados a la AF en temas específicos de alimentación, nutrición y otras

prácticas relacionadas para lograr mayores resultados;

llevar a cabo investigaciones adecuadas en relación a los aspectos nutricionales, los alimentos y la gestión de los

piensos;

celebrar conferencias locales, regionales e internacionales en los países en desarrollo para determinar futuras

estrategias de desarrollo, y

desarrollar la planificación de todos los modelos de desarrollo con cautela y ejecutarlos en colaboración con los

consultores/expertos locales para que los productores de AF pueden beneficiarse de las tecnologías generadas

por la investigación.

El informe detallado se puede transferir del acoplamiento electrónico siguiente en inglés y francés:


conference_Summary.pdf

www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/documents/infpd/econf_family_poultry/Aviculture%20familiale_Alimentation%20des

%20volailles_%20Synthèse_Conférence%20électronique.pdf

Está también disponible de los autores y puede ser proporcionado a petición.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~






E-Conference on “Strategic interventions for Family Poultry – What can be

achieved through Research & Development activities”

E.B. SONAIYA1, G. DE BESI

2 & O. THIEME

2

1 Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria,

E-mail: [email protected] 2Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy, E-mail: <[email protected]>

A third e-conference was organized between 28 May and 15 June 2012 by the International Network for Family

Poultry Development (INFPD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with the theme

“Strategic interventions for Family Poultry – What can be achieved through Research & Development

activities”. Discussions were conducted in three languages (English, French and Spanish) and focused on the following

eight major issues under the subtopics:

1. The contribution of research to the development of family poultry production systems.

2. The development for livelihoods through family poultry — cost and opportunities.

3. Competing or complementing commercial poultry production systems?

4. Single versus multiple (integrated) interventions for sustainable development of family poultry.

5. Good organizational models for sustainable family poultry development.

6. Women empowerment through sustainable family poultry development.

7. Influencing policy for family poultry.

8. The future contribution of INFPD and other networks to family poultry development.

A total of 220 participants registered for the conference and sixty one messages were received from 23 countries

which were distributed to the participants in either English or French

In discussing the first subtopic of the conference (What is the contribution of research to the development of

family poultry production systems?), there was agreement among the participants that family poultry research, though

not taking place in all the countries that need it most, contributes to the development of family poultry systems (FPS) as

shown most clearly in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and other countries in Asia, and in Burkina Faso, Senegal,

Mozambique, Tanzania, Togo and other countries in Africa. The greatest results were obtained in the development of

new genetic breeds, strains and hybrids particularly in Asia, where breeds were reported to be developed in India, Sri

Lanka, Indonesia etc. Different supplementary feeding resources and thermostable vaccines (V4, I2, D58) were

investigated and sustainable vaccination protocols were developed. It should be mentioned that a significant number of

research and development (R&D) activities were supported by donor funds from outside the recipient countries. This is

an important point that retards research from being done in sufficient quantity and quality and makes application of the

results (i.e. development) more difficult. There is need to promote FPS R&D with in-country funds and to link such

activities with the national extension system.

Discussants of the second subtopic (The cost and opportunities of family poultry development for livelihoods)

agreed that livelihoods, especially of women and children, benefit from keeping family poultry. The issue of

sustainability was raised and the threat to FPS posed by rising urbanization and changing lifestyles was also

countenanced. The opportunities for FPS from organic farming tendencies were highlighted and the warning sounded of

the danger of extinction of native breeds due to FPS development schemes. FPS will contribute more to livelihoods if

cooperative activity and micro-financing help to diversify farming business.

In addressing the third subtopic (Is family poultry competing with or complementing commercial poultry?)

participants indicated that the two systems may pose dangers to one another. For example, during the highly pathogenic

avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic, a lot of family poultry (FP) birds were destroyed as they were seen as a source of the

virus. On the other hand, the high consumer preference for FP in most countries trims the market for commercial

poultry among certain consumers. On the positive side, the advances made in commercial poultry systems (CPS) benefit

FPS while the “green or organic” name of FPS gives CPS more acceptability than other livestock products. This tension

between the two systems may not go away and may be beneficial to both systems.

Subtopic 4 (Single vs. multiple intervention) was decided in favour of integrated interventions. Where resources

were limiting, it was recommended that single interventions be sequential in an additive way. It was agreed that the

priority should be on health (with housing) and nutrition before genetic intervention. A value chain approach was

recommended with emphasis on market development, input supplies and training as well as access to credit and



markets.

On subtopic 5 (Good organizational models for sustainable family poultry development), different models were

identified. The “African model” is based on vaccination as the lead intervention but in a holistic programme. The

“Asian model” adopts a more market-based approach with the private sector (commercial and NGO) playing a

prominent role in model implementation. A “Latin American model” was mentioned but details were not provided.

Three other models were listed arising from private companies, international development assistance and even

individuals and institutions. Successful and sustainable models shared a common interest in value chain approach and

group involvement.

Discussants did not hesitate to state that subtopic 6 (Women empowerment through sustainable family poultry

development) was a real issue and gave examples of how women were empowered through FP. The most significant

empowerment occurred when women acted as vaccinators and poultry advisers which assured them an income and

enhanced their prestige within the village and gave them greater opportunities to have a say in family decision making.

The role of policy in FP development (subtopic 7: Influencing policy for family poultry) is becoming clearer.

Examples from FP programmes in countries like India, Ethiopia, Uganda and Swaziland confirm the influence of

generating the right policies. Discussants mentioned international organizations and programmes (e.g. FAO, IFAD,

ILRI, World Bank, INFPD, DAD-IS) to have influenced policy on FP in various countries. Some countries (e.g.

Indonesia) have developed a policy against FP (in the wake of the HPAI epidemic) which is neither to be encouraged

nor emulated.

The final subtopic (The future contribution of INFPD and other networks to family poultry development) stumped

most participants. However, the clear influence of INFPD and other networks on the development of policies and

programmes in developing countries shows the way ahead. There is need for INFPD and other networks to collaborate

more closely with country level policy makers for the benefit of FP development.

The full report can be downloaded from the following electronic link:

www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/documents/infpd/Strategic_interventions_for_Family_Poultry/Family%20Poultry%20S

trategies%20e-conference%20Summary_en_es.pdf

It is also available from the authors and can be provided upon request.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/documents/infpd/Strategic_interventions_for_Family_Poultry/Family%20Poultry%20Strategies%20e-conference%20Summary_en_es.pdf



Conférence électronique sur “Interventions stratégiques pour l’aviculture

familiale - Accomplissements possibles à travers les activités de recherche et de

développement?”


2 et O. THIEME

2


E-mail: [email protected] 2 Division de la Production et de la Santé Animales, FAO, Rome, Italie, E-mail: <[email protected]>

Une troisième conférence électronique a été organisée du 28 Mai au 15 Juin 2012 par le Réseau International pour

le Développement de l'Aviculture Familiale (RIDAF) et l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et

l'agriculture (FAO) sur le thème «Interventions stratégiques pour l’aviculture familiale Accomplissements

possibles à travers les activités de recherche et de développement?». Les discussions focalisées sur les huit

principaux sous-thèmes suivants:

1. La contribution de la recherche au développement des systèmes d’aviculture familiale.

2. L’amélioration des moyens de subsistance à travers l’aviculture familiale – coûts et opportunités.

3. Le système de production familiale face au système de production commerciale: Compétition ou

complémentarité?

4. Les interventions pour le développement du système de l’aviculture familiale: interventions uniques ou multiples

(intégrées).

5. Les modèles organisationnels pour le développement durable de l’aviculture familiale.

6. Affranchissement des femmes à travers le développement durable de l’aviculture familiale.

7. Influencer la politique vis à vis de l'aviculture familiale.

8. La contribution future du RIDAF et d’autres réseaux pour le développement de la production familiale de

volaille.

Un total de 220 participants s'étaient inscrits à la conférence et soixante-un messages ont été reçus de 23 pays et

ont été distribués aux participants en anglais ou en français.

Dans la discussion du premier sous-thème de la conférence (Quelle est la contribution de recherche au

développement de systèmes d’aviculture familiale?), les participants se sont mis d’accord que la recherche sur

l’aviculture familiale, bien que n’étant pas menée dans tous les pays qui en ont le plus besoin, contribue au

développement des systèmes d’aviculture familiale (SAF) comme précisé en Inde, au Bangladesh, au Pakistan et

d'autres pays en Asie; mais aussi au Burkina Faso, au Sénégal, au Mozambique, en Tanzanie, au Togo et dans d'autres

pays en Afrique. Les résultats les plus importants ont été obtenus dans le développement de nouvelles races génétiques,

souches et hybrides particulièrement en Asie, d’où il a été rapporté que les races venaient de l'Inde, du Sri Lanka, de

l'Indonésie, etc. Des recherches ont été menées afin d’identifier des ressources d’alimentation supplémentaires ainsi que

des vaccins thermostables (V4, I2, D58). Des protocoles de vaccination efficients ont été développés. Il est à souligner

qu'un nombre important d’activités de recherche et développement (R/D) ont été soutenues par des bailleurs de fonds

extérieurs des pays destinataires. Ceci est un point important, qui freine le développement d’une recherche efficiente et

de qualité et rend également l'application des résultats (c'est-à-dire leur vulgarisation) plus difficile. Ainsi, il est

nécessaire de promouvoir la R/D sur les SAF avec des fonds nationaux et de coupler de telles activités de recherche

avec le système national de vulgarisation agricole.

Les participants du deuxième sous-thème (coûts et opportunités de développement pour l’aviculture familiale

comme moyen de subsistance) ont reconnu que l’aviculture familiale est un moyen de subsistance, particulièrement

pour les femmes et les enfants. La question de la durabilité a également été soulevée de même que la menace que

constituent l'urbanisation galopante et le changement de modes de vie. Les opportunités pour les SAF par rapport aux

tendances de l'agriculture biologique ont été mises en évidence. Néanmoins, une mise en garde a été soulignée sur le fait

que des races de volailles locales pourraient être en danger d’extinction, en raison des plans (schémas) de

développement des SAF. Les SAF contribueront plus comme moyens de subsistance, si les activités coopératives et la

microfinance les aident à diversifier leurs exploitations agricoles.

Dans leur intervention au niveau du troisième sous-thème (l’aviculture familiale est-elle en compétition ou

complémentaire de l’aviculture commerciale?), les participants ont indiqué que les deux systèmes peuvent



mutuellement être des menaces l’un en direction de l’autre. Par exemple, lors de l’épizootie de l’Influenza aviaire

hautement pathogène (IAHP), beaucoup de volailles de l’aviculture familiale (AF) ont été détruites, parce que

considérées comme une source potentielle de virus. Par ailleurs, la forte préférence des consommateurs pour les

volailles familiales dans la plupart des pays, réduit le marché de l’aviculture commerciale pour certains consommateurs.

Sur un plan positif, les avancées notées dans le domaine des systèmes d’aviculture commerciale (SAC), profitent aussi

aux SAF ; tandis que les qualificatifs « verts ou biologiques » attribués aux SAF, profitent également aux SAC par

rapport à d’autres produits animaux. Le conflit entre ces deux systèmes pourrait ne pas disparaitre. Cela pourrait même

profiter au deux systèmes.

Les débats sur le sous-thème 4 (l’intervention isolée par opposition à l’intervention intégrée) se sont prononcés en

faveur de l’intégration des interventions. Dans les zones où les ressources sont limitées, les interventions isolées menées

de façon séquentielle avec des actions additives, sont recommandées. Il a été convenu que la priorité d’intervention

devrait concerner sur la santé, l’alimentation et l’habitat, avant de considérer la génétique. L’approche chaîne des

valeurs a été recommandée, avec un accent particulier sur le développement du marché, l’approvisionnement en intrants

et la formation, tout comme l’accès au crédit et au marché.

Lors des discussions au tour du sous-thème 5 (modèles organisationnels appropriés pour le développement durable

de l’aviculture familiale), différents modèles ont été identifiés. Le « modèle africain » repose sur la vaccination comme

intervention majeure ; mais dans le cadre d’un programme holistique. Le « modèle asiatique » adopte une approche plus

axée sur le marché avec l’implication du secteur privé (commercial et ONG) qui joue un rôle de premier plan dans la

mise en œuvre du modèle. Un « modèle latino-américain » a été mentionné, mais des détails n'ont pas été fournis. Trois

autres modèles mis en œuvre par des entreprises privées, avec l'aide au développement international et même des

actions individuelles et institutionnelles, ont été répertoriés. Les modèles réussis et durables partagent un intérêt

commun dans l'approche de la chaîne des valeurs et l'implication du groupe.

Les participants n'ont pas hésité à affirmer que le sous-thème 6 (le renforcement du pouvoir des femmes à travers

le développement durable de l’aviculture familiale) a été une problématique réelle et ont donné des exemples sur la

façon dont les femmes ont été autonomisées grâce à l’AF. L’exemple le plus significatif du pouvoir des femmes le plus

significatif survient lorsque celles-ci interviennent comme vaccinatrices et conseillères dans les SAF; ce qui leur

assurait un revenu et augmentait leur prestige dans le village et leur offrait plus de possibilités d'avoir un mot à dire dans

les décisions familiales.

Le rôle de la politique dans le développement de l’AF (sous-thème 7: Influencer les politiques pour l'aviculture

familiale) est devenu plus clair. Des exemples de programmes de développement de l’AF dans des pays comme l'Inde,

l'Éthiopie, l'Ouganda et le Swaziland confirment l'influence de la mise en place de politiques adéquates. Les

intervenants ont mentionné que des organismes et programmes internationaux (comme la FAO, le FIDA, l'ILRI,

Banque mondiale, RIDAF, DAD-IS) ont influencé les politiques de développement sur l’AF dans différents pays.

Certains pays (p.ex. l’Indonésie) ont mis en place une politique de lutte contre l’AF (à la suite de l’IAHP) qui n'est ni à

encourager ni à émuler.

Le dernier sous-thème (La contribution future du RIDAF et d’autres réseaux au développement de l'aviculture

familiale) laisse perplexe la plupart des participants. Cependant, l'influence évidente du RIDAF et d’autres réseaux sur

l'élaboration de politiques et de programmes dans les pays en développement montre la voie à suivre. Il est nécessaire

que le RIDAF et les autres réseaux collaborent plus étroitement avec les décideurs politiques au niveau des pays en

faveur du développement de l’AF.

Le rapport intégral peut être téléchargé à partir du lien électronique suivant:

www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/fr/infpd/Strategic_interventions_for_Family_Poultry.html

Il est aussi disponible auprès des auteurs et peut être obtenu à la demande.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/fr/infpd/Strategic_interventions_for_Family_Poultry.html


Conferencia electrónica sobre “Las intervenciones estratégicas para la

avicultura familiar de los países en desarrollo”


2 y O. THIEME

2


E-mail: [email protected] 2 División de Producción y Sanidad Animal, FAO, Roma, Italia, E-mail: <[email protected]>

Una tercera conferencia electrónica fue organizada entre el 28 de mayo y 15 de junio 2012 por la Red

Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar (RIDAF) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la

Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) con el tema “Strategic interventions for Family Poultry – What can be

achieved through Research & Development activities”. Las discusiones se llevaron a cabo en tres idiomas (inglés,

francés y español) y se enfocaron en los siguientes ocho puntos principales de los subtemas:

1. La contribución de la investigación para el desarrollo de la avicultura familiar.

2. El desarrollo de los medios de vida a través de la avicultura familiar - costos y oportunidades.

3. ¿Competir o complementar los sistemas comerciales de producción de aves de corral?

4. Intervenciones únicas versus intervenciones múltiples (integradas) para el desarrollo sostenible de la avicultura

familiar

5. Los buenos modelos de organización para el desarrollo sostenible de la avicultura familiar.

6. Empoderamiento de las mujeres mediante el desarrollo sostenible de la avicultura familiar.

7. Influir en las políticas para la avicultura familiar.

8. La contribución futura de RIDAF y otra redes para el desarrollo de la avicultura familiar.

Un total de 220 participantes se inscribieron en la conferencia y sesenta y un mensajes se recibieron de 23 países

que fueron distribuidos a los participantes ya sea en inglés o francés.

Al examinar el primer subtema de la Conferencia (¿Cuál es la contribución de la investigación para el desarrollo

de los sistemas familiares de producción avícola?), hubo un acuerdo entre los participantes de que la investigación

avícola familiar, aunque no tiene lugar en todos los países que más lo necesitan, contribuye al desarrollo de los sistemas

de avicultura familiar (SAF) como se muestra más claramente en la India, Bangladesh, Pakistán y otros países de Asia,

y en Burkina Faso, Senegal, Mozambique, Tanzania, Togo y otros países de África. Los mejores resultados se han

obtenido en el desarrollo de nuevas razas, líneas e híbridos en particular en Asia, donde el desarrollo de razas es citado

en la India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, etc. Diferentes recursos de alimentación suplementaria y de vacunas termoestables

(V4, I2, D58) fueron investigados y los protocolos de vacunación sostenibles fueron desarrollados. Cabe mencionar que

un número importante de actividades de investigación y desarrollo (I + D) fueron financiadas de fondos de donantes de

fuera de los países receptores. Este es un punto importante que retarda la investigación que se realiza en cantidad y

calidad suficiente y hace que la aplicación de los resultados (es decir, desarrollo) sea más difícil. Existe la necesidad de

promover la I + D de SAF con fondos en el país y vincular esas actividades con el sistema nacional de extensión.

Comentaristas del segundo subtema (El costo y las oportunidades del desarrollo de la avicultura familiar para los

medios de vida) coincide en que los medios de vida, especialmente de mujeres y niños, se benefician de la avicultura

familiar. El tema de la sostenibilidad fue levantado y la amenaza a los SAF planteada por la creciente urbanización y

cambiantes estilos de vida fue evaluada. Las oportunidades para los SAF por la tendencia de cultivos orgánicos se

destacaron y la advertencia del peligro de extinción de las razas autóctonas debido a los planes de desarrollo de SAF.

SAF contribuirá más con los medios de vida si la actividad cooperativa y micro-financiación ayudarán a diversificar el

negocio de la agricultura.

Al abordar el tercero subtema (¿La avicultura familiar compite o complementa la avicultura comercial?) los

participantes indicaron que los dos sistemas pueden poner en peligro a otros. Por ejemplo, durante la influenza aviar

altamente patógena (IAAP), una gran cantidad de aves de AF fueron destruidas, ya que fueron vistos como una fuente

del virus. Por otro lado, la preferencia de los consumidores por las AF en la mayoría de países recorta el mercado de

aves de corral comerciales entre algunos consumidores. En el lado positivo, los avances logrados en los sistemas

comerciales de producción de aves de corral (SCA) benefician a los sistemas de avicultura familiar (SAF), mientras que

el nombre "verde o orgánico" de SAF da a los SCA más aceptación que otros productos ganaderos. Esta tensión entre

los dos sistemas no puede desaparecer y puede ser beneficioso para ambos sistemas.

Subtema 4 (Intervenciones únicas versus intervenciones múltiples) se decidió en favor de intervenciones



integradas. Cuando los recursos son limitados, se recomendó que las intervenciones individuales serien secuencial de

manera aditiva. Se acordó que la prioridad debe ser la salud (con alojamiento) y la nutrición antes de la intervención

genética. Se recomendó un enfoque de cadena de valor con énfasis en el desarrollo de mercados, suministro de insumos

y capacitación, así como el acceso al crédito y a los mercados.

En el subtema 5 (Buenas modelos de organización para el desarrollo sostenible de la avicultura familiar),

diferentes modelos fueron identificados. El "modelo africano" se basa en la vacunación como la intervención principal

pero en un programa integrado. El "modelo asiático" adopta un enfoque más basado en el mercado con el sector privado

(comercial y ONG) desempeñando un papel importante en la implementación del modelo. Un "modelo

latinoamericano" fue mencionado, pero no se proporcionaron detalles. Tres modelos fueron listados, otros derivados de

las empresas privadas, la asistencia internacional para el desarrollo e incluso los individuos y las instituciones. Los

modelos exitosos y sostenibles compartían un interés común en el enfoque de cadenas de valor y la participación del

grupo.

Comentaristas no dudaron en afirmar que la subtema 6 (empoderamiento de las mujeres mediante el desarrollo

sostenible de la avicultura familiar) era un problema real y dieron ejemplos de cómo las mujeres fueron empoderadas a

través de la avicultura familiar. El empoderamiento más significativo se produjo en las mujeres como vacunadores y

asesores en avicultura que les aseguraban un ingreso, aumentando su prestigio dentro de la aldea y les dio mayores

oportunidades de tener voz y voto en la toma de decisiones en la familia.

El papel de la política en el desarrollo de la AF (subtema 7: influir en las políticas para la avicultura familiar) es

cada vez más clara. Ejemplos de programas de planificación familiar en países como India, Etiopía, Uganda y

Suazilandia confirman la influencia de generar las políticas adecuadas. Comentaristas mencionaron organizaciones

internacionales y programas (como la FAO, FIDA, ILRI, Banco Mundial, RIDAF, DAD-IS), que han influido en la

política por la AF en varios países. Algunos países (por ejemplo, Indonesia) han desarrollado una política en contra de

la avicultura familiar (a raíz de la epidemia de la influenza aviar), que no es ni debe fomentarse ni emular.

El subtema final (la contribución futura de RIDAF y otras redes para el desarrollo de la avicultura familiar) ha

dejado perplejos la mayoría de los participantes. Sin embargo, la influencia de RIDAF y de otras redes en el desarrollo

de políticas y programas en países en desarrollo es clara y muestra el camino a seguir. Hay necesidad que RIDAF y

otras redes colaboren más estrechamente con los formuladores de políticas a nivel local para el beneficio del desarrollo

de la avicultura familiar.

El informe detallado se puede transferir del acoplamiento electrónico siguiente en Inglés:

www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/documents/infpd/Strategic_interventions_for_Family_Poultry/Family%20Poultry%20S

trategies%20e-conference%20Summary_en_es.pdf

Está también disponible de los autores y puede ser proporcionado a petición.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




Instructions to authors | Recommandations aux auteurs | Instrucciones par autores

Instructions to authors

The following formatting instructions must be followed carefully. Authors are responsible to ensure the correct

formatting before the submission of the manuscripts of their papers. Manuscripts that do not meet the requirements will

not be considered.

Contents

Family Poultry Communications (FPC) publishes reviews and original papers on all aspects of family poultry science,

reports on the development of family poultry production from all over the world, reports from conferences, seminars,

symposia and known scientific working groups, as well as book reviews, news and a listing of forthcoming events of

the INFPD (International Network for Family Poultry Development) and other relevant organisations. An original paper

must be based on relevant research and development activities. It must at least have the following sections:

Introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion and conclusions. A review paper should be comprehensive

within the area defined by its title, the structure should be logical and the citations should be subjected to critical

appraisal just like the methodology and statistical analyses of results. When preparing a review paper, sound deductive

and constructive processes should be used to produce valid, useful and clearly presented conclusions. It is encouraged to

use appropriate figures, tables, formulas and illustrations. The objective must always be to produce a worthwhile

addition to the body of available literature.

Preparation of manuscript

Submitted papers, which will be subject to scrutiny by independent referees and editorial revision, should normally not

exceed 8-10 pages (or approximately 6000 words) including tables, illustrations and references. Longer papers can be

accepted but it is advisable for authors to contact the editor before submission.

Papers should be presented in Word format, in an A4 layout, using Times New Roman 12 point font, line spacing must

be double, margins 2.5 cm and with consecutive line numbering (continuous over pages) along the left margin. Pages

must be numbered in the upper right-hand corner.

The first page of the manuscripts should contain the following features:

Title: Directly relating to the topic of the paper.

Name(s) and postal address(es) of author(s).

E-mail address of the corresponding author.

Abstract should be 100-300 words and be translated into the two other official languages (English, French and/or

Spanish).

Keywords: Up to 8

Use of italics

Latin phrases, e.g. in vivo, et al. should be italicised. Species names should be italicised only if the full name is used

(e.g. Chlamydia psittaci) or if suffixed by “spp” (Gossypium spp.) when referring to multiple or undefined species. The

first part of the species name has to be capitalised, and the second in lower case, without exception (e.g. Eimeria

tenella, Trichomonas gallinarum). All references to bacterial, animal or plant family names must be formatted as

regular text (e.g. “chickens belong to the family of phasianidae”).

Note: Provide a paragraph of no more than 150 words explaining to INFPD’s non-specialists the importance of your

research findings. These points will be published at the end of the article under the sub-section "Impact"

References

Authors must be careful when citing references, especially regarding the formatting (bold, italicised, etc.) and giving the

full names of the publication that should not be abbreviated (give full journal title, no abbreviation!). References must

include only those cited in the body of the text.

Reference to previous work must concern those relating to the topic of the paper and should be cited in the text with the

author’s name and the year of publication in parentheses, e.g. “Guèye (1998) found that…” or as “Sonaiya and Agbede


(2002) confirmed the recent conclusions of Fotsa et al. (2012) showing...”

In the references list, references must be sorted in alphabetical order of the surnames of the first author with all authors

cited. The full name of journals should be written including the first and last page numbers of the papers concerned:

GUÈYE, E.F. (2009) Paper title. Journal Title Vol. (Nr): page numbers (see examples below).

Examples


Science Journal 65 (1): 115-124.

AGBEDE, J.O., KLUTH, H. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2009) Studies on the effects of microbial phytase on

amino acid digestibility and energy metabolisability in caecectomised laying hens and the interaction with the

dietary phosphorus level. British Poultry Science 50 (5): 583-591.

GUNARATNE, S.P., CHANDRASIRI, A.D.N., HEMALATHA, W.A.P.M. and ROBERTS, J.A. (1993) The feed

resource base for scavenging village chickens in Sri-Lanka. Tropical Animal Health and Production 26: 249-257.

FOTSA, J.C. (2012) Genetic diversity of Indigenous Chickens in Cameroon. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production

in Africa 60 (1): 63-70.

ACAMOVIC, T., SINURAT, A., NATARAJAN, A., ANITHA, K., CHANDRASEKARAN, D., SHINDEY, D.,

SPARKS, N., ODUGUWA, O., MUPETA, B. and KITALYI, A. (2005) Poultry. In: Livestock and Wealth

Creation: Improving the Husbandry of Animals Kept by Resource-poor People in Developing country (Owen, E.,

Kitalyi, A., Jayasuriya, N. & Smith, T., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, England, pp: 301-324.

CAMACHO, E.M., LIRA T.I., RAMÍREZ, C, LÓPEZ, P.R. y ARCOS, G. J. (2006) La avicultura de traspatio en la

costa de Oaxaca, México. Ciencia y Mar 28: 3 – 11.

DESSIE, T. (1996) Studies on village poultry production systems in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. MSc Thesis,

Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.

The author/s is/are totally responsible to ensure the accuracy and the correct citation of the references. The editors of

FPC cannot take any responsibility for incorrect citations.

Tables, line drawings and photographs

Titles of figures and tables must be brief with enough information for it to be understood far away from the text. Tables

can be displayed inside the text. Larger tables can be put in separate pages at the end of the paper, while their

approximate location will be indicated in the text. All tables should follow the specific “table” creation function in

Word software, and, tabs and spaces should not be used. Tables spacing must be appropriate, and column headings as

brief as possible, with a self-explanatory legend, if required. Statistical significances between means in columns or rows

must be indicated by superscript letters, and accompanied by a standard statement underneath the table or figure, e.g.

“Means with different superscript letters in the same row (or column) are significantly different at P < 0.05”. Graph

figures should be created as Excel charts that will be sent in a separate file along with the text. Bitmap or picture files of

graphs or tables will not be accepted. The use of photographs must be discussed directly with the editor for final

submission format. Line drawings should be sent in a separate file, must be scanned black and white, and each image

should be accompanied by legend and reference. Scanned photographs with larger memory size (> 1 MB) should be

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images at the printed image size. Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw or PowerPoint can be used to submit drawings.

Footnotes

Where the utilisation of footnotes is essential, they should be indicated by asterisks (*), daggers (†) and double daggers

(‡) in that order. However, footnotes must be avoided wherever possible. Footnotes must be located at the bottom of the

page on which it is referred to and separated from the main text by a horizontal line above the footnote. Footnotes to

table must be placed underneath the table to which they refer.


Revising your articles

When submitting a revised version of your paper in response to the referee’s comments, you should accompany it with

detailed changes made suitable for transmission to the referee. Where changes have been in response to the referee’s

remarks, it is important to mention this and indicate where they can be found. It is strongly requested to send in a

second copy of your paper with the changes marked or underlined.

Recommendations

The referee’s comments must be taken into consideration. Please make sure that you send the revised copy of your

paper and not simply the original version again. By complying with the following guidelines, you will be assisting the

FPC’s editors and reviewers who give their time to review manuscripts. If you carefully prepare your manuscript, this is

a tremendous help given to the editors of FPC that save their time and enhance the publication process.

Appeal of decision

The editors of Family Poultry Communications (FPC) will welcome the appeal of decision made by authors who would

like to do so. This should be done by e-mail with a detailed explanation for the purpose of appealing decision of the

editors.

Proofs

The senior author will be provided with page proofs and will be responsible to contact the possible co-authors in

checking the proofs. Typesetting errors only may be corrected at this level while additional matter and alterations may

be accepted only at the indulgence of the Editors. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the author(s) to ensure the correct

submission format required. Within 07 days of receipt, proofs must be corrected and returned.

Submission of papers

Papers must be submitted in one of the three INFPD working languages (English, French and

Spanish) with abstract translated into the other two languages by e-mail to the Editors of Family Poultry

Communications, Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa and/or Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede.

Back volumes

Back issues of Family Poultry Communications are available at the following link:

www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/newsletters.html

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Research for

Development (IRAD), P. O. Box: 125, Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon


Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede, Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal

University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Recommandations aux auteurs

Les instructions de mise en forme doivent être suivies attentivement. Les auteurs ont la responsabilité d’assurer la mise

en forme correcte avant la soumission des articles. Les articles non conformes aux instructions seront retournés.

Contenu

Le Journal Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF) publie des articles originaux ainsi que ceux de synthèse sur

tous les aspects de la science de l’aviculture familiale. Le bulletin publie aussi des rapports sur le développement de la

production en aviculture familiale à travers le monde entier, des rapports de conférences, séminaires, symposia, ateliers,

des rapports de groupes de travaux scientifiques constitués, ainsi que des manuels de synthèse, des nouvelles, des notes

d’informations provenant des associations, en même temps qu’une liste des événements futurs concernant le RIDAF

(Réseau International pour le développement de l’Aviculture Familiale) et autres organisations pertinentes. Un article


original soumis pour publication doit se porter sur les activités de recherche et de développement. Il doit comporter les

grandes sections suivantes: Introduction, matériels et méthodes, résultats, discussion et conclusion. Un article de

synthèse doit être exhaustif dans le domaine défini par le titre, la structure doit être logique et les citations doivent être

sujettes à des révisions critiques, tout comme la méthodologie et l’analyse statistique des résultats. En préparant un

article de synthèse, des déductions et des démarches constructives doivent être employées afin d’aboutir à des

conclusions valides, utiles et clairement présentées. Il est encouragé d’utiliser des figures, tableaux, formules et

illustrations appropriés. L’objectif est toujours d’apporter une contribution appréciable à la littérature déjà disponible.

Préparation du manuscrit

Les articles soumis, qui seront sujets à une évaluation minutieuse par des évaluateurs spécialisés indépendants ainsi

qu’une révision de l’équipe éditoriale ne doivent normalement pas dépasser l’équivalent de 8-10 pages du bulletin (ou

approximativement 6000 mots), y compris les tableaux, les illustrations, et les références bibliographiques. Des articles

plus longs peuvent être acceptés mais il est préférable de contacter l’éditeur avant leur soumission.

Les articles doivent être présentés sous le logiciel Word, avec une feuille de dimension A4, en utilisant la police Times

New Roman de traille 12, l’interligne doit être double, les marges à 2,5 cm et avec une numérotation consécutive des

lignes (en continue au delà des pages), le long de la marge gauche. Les pages doivent être numérotées à droite et en

haut.

La première page des manuscrits doit contenir les informations ci-après:

Titre: Doit être directement lié au thème de l’article

Nom(s) et adresse(s) postale(s) de(s) auteur(s)

Adresse électronique de l’auteur pour correspondance.

Le résumé doit comporter 100-300 mots et sera traduit dans les deux autres langues officielles (Anglais, Français et/ou

Espagnol)

Mots clés: Jusqu’à 8 mots.

Utilisation des italiques

Les expressions latines telles que in vivo, et al. doivent être écrites en italique. Les noms d’espèces ne doivent être en

italique que si le nom entier est utilisé (p.ex. Chlamydia psittaci) ou bien si accompagné du suffixe “spp” (Gossypium

spp.) lorsqu’il fait référence à des espèces indéfinies ou multiples. La première partie du nom d’espèce doit être en

majuscule, et la seconde en minuscule, sans exception (p.ex. Eimeria tenella, Trichomonas gallinarum). Toutes

références à des noms de familles pour les bactéries, les animaux ou les végétaux doivent apparaître sous une forme

identique au texte régulier (p.ex. “les poules appartiennent à la famille des phasianidaes”)

Important

Prévoir un paragraphe d’au plus 150 mots expliquant aux non spécialistes du RIDAF l’importance de vos résultats

trouvés. Ces points seront publiés sous le sous-titre ‘Impact’ à la fin de l’article.

Références bibliographiques

Les auteurs prendront les précautions lors de la citation des références, en particulier pour ce qui concerne la mise en

forme (gras, italique, etc.) et en donnant le nom entier de la publication qui ne doit pas être abrégée (écrivez les noms

des journaux en entier, pas d’abréviation!). Les références bibliographiques listées ne comprendront que celles citées

dans le corps du texte.

Les références concernant les travaux antérieurs doivent tenir compte de celles qui sont en relation avec le thème de

l’article. Elles doivent être citées dans le texte par le nom de l’auteur suivi de l’année de publication entre parenthèses,

p.ex. “Guèye (1998) a trouvé que… ” ou “Sonaiya et Agbede (2002) ont confirmé les récentes conclusions de Fotsa et

al. (2012) montrant...”

Dans la liste des références, les différents travaux doivent être classés par ordre alphabétique du nom de famille du

premier auteur, tous les auteurs devant être cités. Le nom du journal doit être écrit en entier, y compris les numéros de la

première et de la dernière page de l’article concerné:


GUÈYE, E.F. (2009) Titre de l’article. Nom du journal Vol. Nr: numéros des pages (voir l’exemple ci-dessous).

Exemples


Science Journal 65: 115-124.







in Africa 60 (1): 63-70.

BONKOUNGOU, G.F.X. (2002) L’amélioration de l’élevage traditionnel de la volaille locale en zone Sahélienne du

Burkina Faso. Proceedings of the 10th

International Conference of AITVM, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 207-217.

FAO (2004) Economie de la production. Dans: Production en Aviculture Familiale (Sonaiya, E.B. & Swan, S.E.J.,

Eds.). Production et Santé Animale, Rome, Italie, pp. 82-82.

HODGETTS, B. (1981) Dealing with dirty hatching eggs. MAFF Information for Flock Farms and Hatcheries: Hatch

Handout No.17.

CAMACHO, E.M., LIRA T.I., RAMÍREZ, C., LÓPEZ, P.R. y ARCOS, G. J (2006) La avicultura de traspatio en la


BOUSSINI, H. (1995) Contribution à l’étude des facteurs de mortalité des pintadeaux au Burkina Faso. Thèse de

Médecine Vétérinaire, EISMV, Dakar, Sénégal.

Le(s) auteur(s) est(sont) pleinement responsable(s) de la véracité et la correcte citation des références bibliographiques.

Les éditeurs n’endossent aucune responsabilité sur les citations bibliographiques inexactes.

Tableaux, dessins et photos

Les titres des figures et tableaux doivent être brefs avec assez d’informations les rendant compréhensibles en dehors du

texte. Les tableaux peuvent être insérés dans le texte. Les tableaux plus larges peuvent être placés séparément à la fin du

document sur de nouvelles pages et leur emplacement approximatif sera indiqué dans le texte. Tous les tableaux doivent

suivre la fonction spécifique de création de “tableau” du logiciel Word. En outre, les tabs et les espacements ne doivent

pas être utilisés. Les espaces des tableaux doivent être appropriés, et les titres des colonnes aussi brefs que possible,

avec une légende explicative, si nécessaire. Les signifiances statistiques entre les moyennes à l’intérieur des colonnes

ou des lignes doivent être indiquées par des lettres en exposant, et accompagnées par une note explicative standard au

bas du tableau ou de la figure concerné(e), p.ex. “Les moyennes ayant des lettres différentes en exposant sur la même

ligne (ou colonne) sont significativement différentes à P < 0.05”. Les graphiques doivent être crées sous forme de

diagramme Excel, et devront être envoyés sous fichier séparé, au moment de la soumission du texte. Les fichiers de

graphiques et tableaux photographies ne seront pas acceptés. En cas d’utilisation d’images photos, discuter directement

avec l’éditeur sur le format final à envoyé. Les dessins en ligne doivent être envoyés sous fichier séparé, et doivent être

scannés en noir et blanc, et chaque image doit être accompagnée d’une légende et d’une référence. Les photos scannées

dont la mémoire est supérieure à 1MB doivent être envoyées sous forme de fichiers attachés séparés. La résolution des

images doit être de 250 dpi pour les images en noir et blanc et de 300 dpi pour les images en couleur à l’impression de

l’image. Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw ou PowerPoint peuvent être utilisés pour la soumission des dessins.

Notes de bas de page

Les notes de bas de page, en cas de nécessité, doivent être indiquées dans le texte par des astérisques (*), des croix (†)

et des doubles croix (‡), dans cet ordre. Néanmoins, l’utilisation des notes de bas de page doit être évitée, à chaque fois

que c’est possible. Dans le manuscrit, une note de bas de page doit être placée au bas de la même page où elle est

indiquée, et doit être séparée du reste du texte par une ligne horizontale. Les notes de pieds de page relatives à un

tableau doivent être placées immédiatement sous le tableau concerné.


Révision des articles

Lors de la soumission d'une version révisée de votre manuscrit en réponse aux observations de relecteurs, vous voudriez

bien l'accompagner des corrections détaillées apportées pour être transmises aux relecteurs. Si des changements ont été

en réponse aux remarques du relecteur, il est important de le mentionner et indiquer où les retrouver. Il est fortement

recommandé d’envoyer une deuxième version de votre manuscrit portant les modifications marquées ou soulignées.

Recommandations

Les commentaires du relecteur doivent être pris en considération. Veuillez, s'il vous plaît, vous assurer que la copie

révisée de votre manuscrit a été envoyée et pas simplement l’envoi à nouveau de la version originale. En vous

conformant aux instructions aux auteurs, vous aiderez les Editeurs et relecteurs de CAF qui donnent de leur temps pour

éditer les manuscrits. Si vous préparer soigneusement votre manuscrit conformément à ces recommandations, vous

aurez aidé les Editeurs des CAF à économiser de leur temps pour se consacrer à l’amélioration du processus de

publication de vos articles.

Appel de la décision

Les éditeurs de Communications en Aviculture familiale (CAF) admettront l'appel aux décisions par ceux des auteurs

qui le souhaiteraient. Dans ce cas, vous voudrez bien le faire par courrier électronique muni des explications détaillées

des raisons pour lesquelles vous faites appel aux décisions des éditeurs.

Epreuves

Les observations et corrections sur le manuscrit seront renvoyées à l’auteur principal qui aura la responsabilité de les

partager avec les éventuels co-auteurs de l’article pour leur prise en compte. À ce stade, seules les petites erreurs de

frappe pourront être corrigées. Des changements majeurs sur le document pourront être acceptés sur indulgence de

l’éditeur. Par conséquent, le(s) auteur(s) doi(ven)t s’assurer d’envoyer la version finale de l’article, mis en forme selon

le format requis. Le manuscrit doit être corrigé et envoyé dans les 7 jours suivant la réception des observations et

corrections.

Soumission des articles

Les manuscrits doivent être soumis dans l’une des trois langues de travail du RIDAF (Anglais, Français et Espagnol),

par email, aux éditeurs de Communications en Aviculture Familiale, Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa et/ou Pr. Oluwasola Johnson

Agbede.

Anciens numéros

Les anciens volumes de Communications en Aviculture Familiale sont disponibles sur le site:


Éditeur-en-Chef: Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Station Polyvalente de Recherches de Mankon, Institut de Recherche

Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), B.P. 125, Bamenda, Cameroun


Éditeur-en-Chef Adjoint: Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede, Dept. of Animal Production and Health, Federal University

of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




Instrucciones para autores

Las siguientes instrucciones de formato deben seguirse con mucha precaución. Los autores son responsables y deben

asegurarse de que el formato sea el correcto antes de enviar sus trabajos. Los manuscritos que no llenen los

requerimientos no serán considerados.

Contenido

Comunicaciones de Avicultura Familiar publica revisiones, trabajos originales de todos los aspectos de la ciencia

avícola familiar, reportes sobre el desarrollo de la producción avícola familiar de todas partes del mundo, reportes de

conferencias, seminarios, simposios y equipos de trabajo científico conocidos, al igual que revisiones de libros, noticias

y un listado de próximos eventos de la Red Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar (INFPD-

International Network for Family Poultry Development) y otras organizaciones relevantes. Los trabajos originales

deben basarse en investigaciones relevantes y actividades de desarrollo. Debe por lo menos tener las siguientes

secciones: Introducción, materiales y métodos, resultados, discusión y conclusiones. Un artículo de revisión debe ser

integral en el ámbito definido por su título, la estructura debe ser lógica y las citas sujetas a evaluación crítica al igual

que la metodología y el análisis estadístico de los resultados. En la preparación de un documento de revisión, el toque

deductivo y procesos constructivos deben ser utilizados para producir conclusiones válidas, útiles y puedan ser

presentadas con claridad. Se alienta a utilizar las figuras apropiadas, tablas, fórmulas e ilustraciones. El objetivo

siempre debe ser producir una adición valiosa para el cuerpo de la literatura disponible.

Preparación del manuscrito

Trabajos enviados, los cuales serán sujetos a escrutinio por árbitros independientes y revisión editorial, normalmente no

deben exceder 8-10 páginas (o aproximadamente 6000 palabras) incluyendo tablas, ilustraciones y referencias. Trabajos

más extensos pueden ser aceptados pero se sugiere a los autores contactar al editor antes de enviar los trabajos.

Los trabajos deben ser en formato Word, en un diseño A4, usando letra Times New Roman 12, doble espacio, márgenes

de 2.5 cm y con número de línea consecutivo (continuo sobre páginas) de lado del margen izquierdo. Las páginas deben

ser numeradas en la esquina superior derecha.

La primera página del manuscrito debe tener las siguientes características:

Titulo: directamente relacionado con el tema del trabajo

Nombre(s) y dirección(es) postal de los autor(es)

Correo electrónico del autor correspondiente

Resumen: debe ser de 100-300 palabras y traducido a las otras dos lenguas oficiales (Inglés, Francés y/o Español).

Palabras clave: hasta 8 palabras

Uso de itálicas

Frases en Latin, por ejemplo, in vivo, et al. deben estar en itálicas. Nombres de Especie deben ser en itálicas solo si se

utiliza el nombre completo (p.e. Chlamydia psittaci) o si se utiliza el sufijo por ¨spp¨(Gossympium spp.) cuando se

refiere a múltiples o especies indefinidas. La primera parte del nombre de la especie debe ser con letra mayúscula, y la

segunda en minúscula, sin excepción (p.e. Eimeria tenella, Trichomonas gallinarum). Todas las referencias a nombres

de la familia de origen animal, bacteriana o planta deben tener el formato de texto normal (por ejemplo, "los pollos

pertenecen a la familia de phasianidae").

Nota: Proporciona un párrafo de no mas de 150 palabras explicando a la INFPD que no son especialistas, la

importancia de los hallazgos de tu investigación. Estos puntos serán publicados al final del artículo en la sub-sección

¨Impacto¨

Referencias

Los autores deben tener cuidado cuando citan las referencias, especialmente con respecto al formato (negritas, itálicas,

etc.) y anotar el nombre completo de la publicación que no debe ser abreviado (anotar el titulo completo de la revista,

no abreviaciones!). Se deben de incluir solo las referencias citadas en el cuerpo del texto.

La referencia a trabajos anteriores sólo podrán referirse a las relacionadas con el tema del artículo y deben ser citadas en

el texto con el nombre del autor y el año de publicación entre paréntesis, p.e. ¨Gueye (1998) encontró que…¨ o como

¨Sonaiya y Agbede (2002) confirmaron la reciente conclusión de Fotsa et al. (2012) mostrando…¨

En la lista de referencias, las referencias deben estar ordenadas por orden alfabético de los apellidos del primer autor

con todos los autores citados. El nombre completo de las revistas debe ser escrito con los números de página inicial y


final de los documentos de que se trate:

GUEYE, E.F. (2009) Titulo del trabajo. Titulo de la revista Vol. (Nr): número de páginas (ver ejemplos abajo)

Ejemplos


Science Journal 65 (1): 115-124.







in Africa 60 (1): 63-70.

ACAMOVIC, T., SINURAT, A., NATARAJAN, A., ANITHA, K., CHANDRASEKARAN, D., SHINDEY, D.,

SPARKS, N., ODUGUWA, O., MUPETA, B. and KITALYI, A. (2005) Poultry. In: Livestock and Wealth

Creation: Improving the Husbandry of Animals Kept by Resource-poor People in Developing country (Owen, E.,

Kitalyi, A., Jayasuriya, N. & Smith, T., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, England, pp: 301-324.

CAMACHO, E.M., LIRA T.I., RAMÍREZ, C, LÓPEZ, P.R. y ARCOS, G. J. (2006) La avicultura de traspatio en la


DESSIE, T. (1996) Studies on village poultry production systems in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. MSc Thesis,

Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.

El autor / s es / son totalmente responsables de garantizar la exactitud y la correcta citación de las referencias.

Los editores del FPC no pueden asumir ninguna responsabilidad por las citas incorrectas.

Tablas, dibujos lineales y fotografías

Los títulos de las figuras y tablas deben ser breves con información suficiente para que se entienda muy lejos del texto.

Las tablas pueden aparecer dentro del texto. Tablas más grandes se pueden poner en páginas separadas al final del

artículo, mientras que su ubicación aproximada se indica en el texto. Todas las tablas deben seguir la función de

creación específica "tabla" de software en Word, y, las tabulaciones y espacios no deben ser utilizados. El

espaciamiento de las tablas debe ser adecuado, y los encabezados de columna lo más breve posible, con una leyenda

fácil de entender, si es necesario. Significancias estadísticas entre las medias de las columnas o filas deben indicarse por

letras en superíndice y acompañado de una declaración estándar por debajo de la tabla o figura, por ejemplo, "Medias

con diferentes superíndices en la misma fila (o columna) son significativamente diferentes a P <0.05." Figuras gráficas

deben ser creadas como gráficos de Excel que se pueden enviar en un archivo separado junto con el texto. Archivos de

Bitmap o imágenes de gráficos o tablas no serán aceptados. El uso de fotografías debe ser discutido directamente con el

editor para el formato de presentación final. Los dibujos deben ser enviados en un archivo separado, deben ser

escaneados en blanco y negro, y cada imagen debe ir acompañada de la leyenda y la referencia. Fotografías escaneadas

con un tamaño de memoria más grande (> 1 MB) deberán enviarse como archivos adjuntos individuales. La resolución

de las imágenes debe ser de 250 dpi para imágenes en blanco y negro y 300 dpi para imágenes a color del tamaño de la

imagen impresa. Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw o PowerPoint pueden ser utilizados para enviar los dibujos.

Pie de página

Cuando la utilización de las notas es esencial, deben ser indicadas por un asterisco (*), dagas (†) y dagas dobles (‡) en

ese orden. Sin embargo, las notas deben evitarse siempre que sea posible. Notas al pie deben estar situadas en la parte

inferior de la página en la que se hace referencia y separadas del texto principal por una línea horizontal por encima de

la nota. Notas al pie de la tabla deben ser colocadas debajo de la tabla a la que se refieren.

Revisión de sus artículos

Al presentar una versión revisada de su trabajo en respuesta a los comentarios del árbitro, deberá ser acompañado con

las modificaciones detalladas realizadas para su transmisión al árbitro. Cuando los cambios han sido en respuesta a las

declaraciones del árbitro, es importante mencionar esto e indicar dónde se pueden encontrar. Se ruega encarecidamente

enviar una segunda copia de su documento con los cambios marcados o subrayados.


Recomendaciones

Los comentarios del árbitro deben ser tomados en consideración. Por favor, asegúrese de enviar la copia revisada de su

papel y no simplemente la versión original de nuevo. Al cumplir con las siguientes pautas, usted estará ayudando a los

editores de la FPC y críticos que toman su tiempo para revisar los manuscritos. Si prepara cuidadosamente su

manuscrito, es una gran ayuda que le da a los editores de la FPC y que les permite ahorrar tiempo y mejorar el proceso

de publicación.

Apelación de la decisión

Los editores de Family Poultry Communications (FPC) dan la bienvenida a las apelaciones acerca de la decisión hecha

por los autores que deseen hacerlo. Esto se debe hacer por correo electrónico con una explicación detallada del

propósito por el cual se esta apelando la decisión de los editores.

Pruebas

El autor principal contará con pruebas de imprenta y será responsable de contactar a los posibles coautores en la

verificación de las pruebas. Errores de composición tipográfica sólo podrán ser corregidos en este nivel mientras que la

materia adicional y modificaciones sólo podrán ser aceptados con la indulgencia de los editores. Por lo tanto, es

responsabilidad del autor(s) asegurar el formato correcto de presentación requerido. Dentro de 07 días de recepción, las

pruebas deben ser corregidas y devueltas.

Presentación (envío) de trabajos

Los trabajos deben ser enviados en uno de los tres idiomas de trabajo de la INFPD (Inglés, Francés y Español) con los

resúmenes traducidos a los otros dos idiomas por correo electrónico a los Editores de Family Poultry Communications,

Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa y/o Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede.

Volúmenes anteriores

Las ediciones anteriores de Family Poultry Communications están disponibles en el siguiente link:


Editor-en-Jefe: Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Research for

Development (IRAD), P. O. Box: 125, Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon

Correo electronico: <[email protected]>

Suplente Editor-en-Jefe: Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede, Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal

University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria

Correo electronico: <[email protected]>

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/newsletters.html



faammiil lyy yppoouulttrry ccoo ...résumé des deuxième et troisième conférences électroniques...

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