gadasaweri magazin 12 - elkana · udidesia. aq cadebulia biomravalferovnebis konservacia, dacva da...

biomeurneBIOFARMER

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biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas~ perioduli gamocema

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manana gigauri

mariam jorjaZe

Tamaz dundua

daviT doliZe

besik kalandaZe

biZina feraZe

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kkkkoooommmmppppiiiiuuuutttteeeerrrruuuulllliiiiuuuuzzzzrrrruuuunnnnvvvveeeellllyyyyooooffffaaaa

nodar ebraliZe

manana gigauri

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direqtorisgan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2FOREWORD FROM THE DIRECTORV

Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi - - - - - - - - - - - -6MEETINGS, WORKGHOPS, CONFERENCES

Cveni Jurnalis stumrebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -12GUESTS OF OUR MAGAZINE

saTemo mobilizeba da soflis ganviTareba - - - - - - - - -17COMMUNITY MOBILISATION & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

rCevebi biomeurneebs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -19ADVICES FOR BIO-FARMERS

agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -32PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL DIVERSITY

fermerTa uflebebis dacva - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -36PROTECTION OF FARMERS RIGHTS

Cveni biomeurneebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -40OUR BIO-FARMERS

sertificireba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -42CERTIFICATION

TanamSromloba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4COOPERATION

4 biomeurne 1 (12)

TanamSromloba

dasavleT evropaSi komerciuli biowarmoeba saboloodCamoyalibda XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac samomxmare-blo bazari sabolood gajerebuli aRmoCnda - mravalimwarmoeblisaTvis biowarmoebaze gadasvla naklebkonkurent-ian bazarze gasvlis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. cxadia, essaqme momgebiani iyo, magram biowarmoeba gacilebiT rTu-lia, vidre Cveulebrivi: biomeurneobaze gadasvlisaTvisfermers sami weli mainc sWirdeba - swored am droSi xdebaniadagidan adre Setanili qimiuri sasuqebisa da sxva qimiurimetabolitebis gamodevna. amasTan, biowarmoeba gulisxmobsxarisxis gacilebiT mkacr kontrols warmoebis yvelaetapze. sertifikatis misaRebad biomewarmes gacilebiTmkacri moTxovnebis Sesruleba uwevs, vidre Cveulebriviproduqciis mwarmoebels.

axali produqciis mimarT momxmarebelTa interesisgasaRviZeblad (Tumca es produqcia ukve gamoirCeoda Tavi-si SesaxedaobiT - sada SefuTva, brendis gareSe), spe-cialuri gamyidvel-konsultantebi momxmarebels acnobdnenaxali produqciis warmoebis wessa da mis Semadgenlobas,mouTxroben maTi sasargeblo Tvisebebisa da adamianisjanmrTelobaze gavlenis Sesaxeb - es yvelaferi produqciismaRal fass, momxmarebelsaTvis misaRebad aqcevda.

bioproduqciis gasaRebis seriozuli samarketingo iara-Ria sasertifikacio programa. dReisaTvis evropaSi yovelmilion adamianze 150 biosupermarketi muSaobs da bioin-dustriis saqmianoba mTlianad efuZneba momxmareblisndobas: myidveli xom maRaziis daxlze ver Seamowmebs pes-ticidebisa da kancerogenuri nivTierebebis Semcvelobas.amasTan, momxmarebels umetesad ara aqvs Sesabamisi codna,raTa imsjelos sakvebis vargisianobaze da Seafasos meur-nis meTodebi. sertifikacia uzrunvelyofs informaciisswraf gavrcelebas momxmareblis dasarwmuneblad da misindobis mosapoveblad. sertifikaciis gamo produqcia ga-moirCeva sxva garegnulad msgavsi produqciisgan, igigansakuTrebulia...

dRevandel evropaSi bioproduqciis bumia - miuxedavadsiZvirisa, mas yidulobs sxvadasxva SeZlebis adamiani: mil-ioneri, pensioneri, studenti. isini mzad arian dasvenebasa

da garTobaze dazogili TanxebiT, Tundac kvi-raSi erTxel, SeiZinon bioproduqcia. evropismomxmareblis aseT ganwyobaze miuTiTebs isfaqtic, rom SveicariaSi daixura `makdonaldis~qseli (Sveicaria aranaturaluri produqtebis wina-aRmdeg erT-erTi yvelaze Seurigebeli mebrZolia)da evropaSi gaZlierda Fast Food-is (swrafi kve-bis) alternativa - Slow Food-is (neli kvebis)qseli.

evropaSi bioproduqtebis popularoba sarek-lamo bazris gajerebulobamac gamoiwvia - sarek-lamo informaciis siuxvem iseT masStabebsmiaRwia, rom momxmarebeli TiTqmia uyuradRebodtovebs ama Tu im cnobil brends, mas mxolod isainteresebs, aris Tu ara etiketze warwera `bio~.eqspertebis azriT (naxevrad xumrobiT), Tu bio-produqtebis popularoba kidev gaizrdeba, bazarze

qarTuli bioproduqcia -adgilobrivi biobazris

formireba da evropul bazarze

integraciis perspeqtiva

Tamaz dundua programis menejeri

simpoziumi Biofach-ze

`bioproduqciis warmoebisa da realizaciis zrdis per-

speqtivebi evropaSi~

Tanamedrove evropeli momxmarebeli daiRala

brendebiTa da reklamebiT - igi ufro da ufro

met yuradRebas aqcevs xarisxs, usafrTxoebasa

da bunebriobas. `kargi kosmetika isaa, romel-

ic iWmeva~, - ixumra erTma evropelma mwarmoe-

belma niurnbergSi gamarTul bioproduqciis

saerTaSoriso gamofenaze (Biofach) marTlac,

bunebrioba da xarisxi - ai is Tvisebebi, rac

axasiaTebda gamofenaze warmodgenil yvela

produqcias: sursaTs, kosmetikas, tansacmels

da avejsac ki.

saqarTvelos delegacia bioproduqciis msoflio

gamofenaze (Biofach) germaniaSi

biomeurne 1 (12)

TanamSromloba

5

Tumca 2004 wels germaniaSi, qalaq niurbergSi CatarebulmsoflioSi udides gamofenaze èlkanam~ mainc moaxerxa war-moedgina qarTuli bioproduqcia, kerZod, ramdenime saxisRvino, sunelebis nairsaxeoba, Txili, wvenebi, Tafli, Cai.produciam didi interesi gamoiwvia, ramac kidev erTxeldaadastura is faqti, rom evropaSi arsebobs garkveuliinteresi qarTuli bioproduqciis mimarT.

dResdReobiT Camoyalibebulia da funqcionirebs ekolo-giuri sertificirebis damoukidebeli organo ,,kavkasserti",romelic saerTaSoriso akreditacias savaraudod 2006 wlisSemodgomaze miiRebs.

amasTan, seriozulimsjelobis sagani gaxda,Tu rogori unda yofil-iyo bioproduqciis baz-ris CamoyalibebaSièlkanas~, rogorc sa-konsultacio organiza-ciis, roli. am sakiTxismogvarebas Cveni orga-nizacia damoukidebladver SeZlebda. sworedamitom gaCnda komerci-ul struqturasTan Tanam-Sromlobis idea, romlisSedegadac Seiqmna kom-pania `beReli~ - èlka-

nasa~ da `saqarTvelos xilisa da bostneulis~ erTobliviproeqti, romlis mizania bioproduqciis bazris Camoyalibebada ganviTarebis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi da aseve zrunvaqarTuli bioproduqciis evropis bazarze damkvidrebisaTvis.

`beRelis~ ZalisxmeviT èlkanas~ wevri biofermerebisproduqcia ukve iyideba hipermarket `gudvilSi~; am produqci-am ukve moipova popularoba, mas ukve hyavs sakuTari momx-marebeli. `gudvilSi~, specialur daxlze, romelsac aweria`bio~, momxmarebels SeuZlia SeiZinos: Tafli, Rvino, natu-raluri wvenebi, Cai, nigozi, lobio, muxudo, culispira, ZaZa,ospi.

imeds gamovTqvamT, rom TanamSromlobis es programawarmatebuli iqneba da sabazro standartebis Sesabamisisasaqonlo saxis mqone, xarisxiani bioproduqcia Tavis adg-ils daimkvidrebs adgilobriv da, SemdgomSi, evropul ba-zarzec; amasTan gaizrdeba Cven wevr biomeurneTaSemosavali da moTxovna maT mier warmoebul produqciaze.

darCeba mxolod ori brendi: `bio~ da àrabio~; Se-sabamisad, Tanamedrove marketings mouwevs Tavisipolitikis gadaxedva.

asea evropaSi. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi bio-bazris ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs, jer Cven SorsvarT evropuli modelisagan, magram ramdenime da-maimedebeli niSani ukve aSkaraa: Tbilisis maRa-ziebi da supermarketebi gajerebulia sxvadasxvawarmoSobisa da xarisxis produqciiT; saqarT-veloSi, kerZod ki TbilisSi, ukve SeimCneva mom-xmarebelTa fenis Camoyalibeba, romelic jansaRi

kvebis momxrea da mzad aris gadaixados gansxvave-buli fasic; meti moTxovnaa adgilobrivi warmoe-bis produqtebze - momxmarebels miaCnia, rom isininaklebad Seicaven konservantebsa da sxva mavnenivTierebebs; miT umetes, rom mosaxleobisSemosavlebi nela, magram mainc izrdeba.

aRsaniSnavia pozitiuri cvlileba saxelmwifosagraruli politikis sferoSic; kerZod, soflismeurneobis saministro dainteresda qveyanaSi bio-produqciis warmoebisaTvis Sesabamisi sakanonmde-blo bazis CamoyalibebiT. saqarTvelos kanonisproeqti biologiuri agrowarmoebis ganxorcielebisSesaxeb, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentma pirvelimosmeniT jer kidev 2002 wels miiRo, xelaxlagadaisinja, Casworda, SesabamisobaSi movida axlax-ans miRebul kanonTan `produqciis da momsaxurebissertifikaciis Sesaxeb~, Seusabamda evrogaerTia-nebis kanonmdeblobas. kanonproeqti ukve mzadaaparlamentSi meore mosmenaze gasatanad, vime-dovnebT, rom ganaxlebuli kanonis proeqti parla-ments gansaxilvelad uaxloes momavalSi waredgine-ba.

saqarTveloSi biobazris Camoyalibebis xel-Sewyoba, èlkanam~ jer kidev 1998 wlidan daiwyo,rac gulisxmobda bioproduqciis popularizacias,mosaxleobis gacnobierebas, gamofena-bazrobebismeSveobiT momxmareblisa da biomeurneebisdakavSirebas. Seswavlili iqna rogorc adgilobrivi,aseve evropuli bazris tendenciebi, SemuSavdabiofermerTa mier warmoebuli produqciisaTvissasaqonlo saxis micemisa da gasaRebis sqemebi.unda aRiniSnos, rom es sakmaod rTuli etapi iyoda bevri faqtoris gaTvaliswineba gaxda saWiro. amperiodSi seriozuli samuSao Catarda bioproduqci-is sertifikaciis sistemis Camoyalibebaze, romel-ic saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda da misi ararsebobisgamo aqamde ver moxerxda saqarTveloSi arsebulibiomeurneobebis sertificireba, ramac xeli SeuSalaqarTuli bioproduqciis evropul bazarze moxvedras.

saqarTveloSi bioproduqcia iyideba

hipermarket `gudvilSi~

biosupermarketebis qseli germaniaSi - beisiki yoveldRiuri bazroba bonis centrSi

6 biomeurne 1 (12)

Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi

2005 wlis 15-16 seqtembers, q. axalcixeSi

Catarda proeqtis - `saqarTvelos agrobio-

mravalferovnebis aRdgena, konservacia da mdgra-

di gamoyeneba~ - sazedamxedvelo sabWos

gasvliTi sxdoma.

sxdomis axalcixeSi, anu proeqtis ganxorcie-

lebis adgilze Catareba mariam jorjaZis ini-

ciativiT moxda da misi erT-erTi mizani sabWos

mxridan proeqtis farglebSi Catarebuli samu-

Saoebis Sefaseba da saqmiani, sasargeblo reko-

mendaciebis miReba iyo.

dRis wesrigiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo proe-

qtis farglebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis rogorc

sityvieri wardgena, ise uSualod nakveTis daT-

valiereba, proeqtis monawileebTan da konsul-

tantebTan Sexvedra.

sabWos wevrebma daaTvalieres wnisis sakole-

qcio nakveTebi, Sexvdnen da esaubrnen proeqtis

monawile adgilobriv fermerebs.

nakveTebis daTvalierebis Semdeg monawileeb-

ma erTmaneTs STabeWdilebebi gauziares. intere-

si gamoiwvia samomavlod selis Tesvisa da mis-

gan zeTis warmoebis perspeqtivam. gamoiTqva

mravali saintereso mosazreba, maT Soris proe-

qtis mdgradobaze. fermerebi dainteresdnen xi-

lis saSrobiT, romelic am nakveTze sul axlaxan

damontaJda.

sazedamxedvelo sabWos sxdoma Catarda axal-

cixeSi, `elkanas~ regionul ofisSi. sxdomis

dawyebamde sabWos wevrebma daaTvalieres ofisi,

romlis remonti da mowyoba axlaxans damTavrda.

proeqtis direqtorma, mariam jorjaZem sazedam-

xedvelo sabWos warudgina proeqtis mimdinareo-

bis angariSi, isaubra miRweul Sedegebsa da sa-

momavlo gegmebze.

proeqtis mimdinareoba sazedamxedvelo sab-

Wos wevrebis mxridan dadebiTad iqna Sefase-

buli: maTi azriT, Zalze didi da saintereso saq-

me keTdeba, Sedegebi saxezea. kargi dagegmva,

swori menejmenti, profesionali konsultantebi

da Semsruleblebi, enTuziasti fermerebi - es

yvelaferi warmatebis sawindaria.

gTavazobT ramdenime interviius, romlebic

sazedamxedvelo sabWos wevrebisa da stumrebis-

agan, sxdomis Semdeg CaviwereT

ras fiqroben sazedamxedvelo

sabWos wevrebi

biomeurne 1 (12)


7

soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademia

guram aleqsiZe

samcxe-javaxeTis gamgeoba

Salva kaveliZe

Caiweres: biZina feraZem da Teona kakabaZem

didi xania, am proeqts vicnob da yovelTvis

mainteresebda, Tu praqtikulad ra keTdeboda da sia-

movnebiT miviRe sazedamxedvelo sabWos sxdomaze

mariam jorjaZis SemoTavazeba - sabWos morigi

sxdoma proeqtis ganxorcielebis adgilze - axal-

cixeSi Cagvetarebina. vfiqrob, Zalian saintereso

sxdoma Catarda - Zalian momewona eqsperimentuli

nakveTebi axalcixeSi, wnisSi. 5 ha farTobi kar-

gadaa dagegmili da gaSenebuli. Zalian momewona

xexilis sanerge - axlad gaSenebul sanergeSi

TiTqmis yvela adgilobrivi jiSi iyo. es Zalian

mniSvnelovania - es regioni istoriulad cnobilia

swored mexileobis kuTxiT da iq aris bevri adg-

ilobrivi jiSi, romlebic ikargeba. Zalian kargi

wamowyebaa `elkanasgan~ maTi gamravleba da Sem-

dgomSi maTi gavrceleba ara marto mesxeT-

javaxeTis soflebSi, aramed SesaZloa saqarTvelos

sxva raionebSic.

adgilobrivi jiSebis aRdgena da gavrceleba

TavisTavad erovnuli saqmea da mogebis miRebis

mizniT ar keTdeba, magram es saqmianoba eko-

nomikuradac gamarTlebulia - adgilobrivi jiSebi

Tavisi TvisebebiT SesaZlebelia ufro maRali

xarisxis iyos, vidre Semotanili jiSebi. SemdgomSi

isini SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT axali maRal-

xarisxovani seleqciuri jiSebis misaRebad.

axalcixeSi sakmaod saintereso sxdoma da disku-

sia gaimarTa. Zalze momewona axalcixis regionuli

ofisi. am ofisSi SeiZleba fermerebis miReba

swavlebisaTvis - SesaZlebelia Teoriuli kursebi

Catardes ofisSi da sanerge meurneobaSi praqtiku-

lad vaCvenoT. me vnaxe fermerebi, romlebic Zalian

dainteresebulni arian da unda gaZlierdes muSaoba,

raTa fermerebTan meti da myari kavSirebi gvqon-

des.

`elkanas~ wamowyeba Zalze kargia da minda vusur-

vo am organizacias, rom sxva regionebSic daiwyos

analogiuri sakiTxebis Seswavla.

Cveni mxarisaTvis marTlac drouli

da misaRebi proeqtia. samcxe-javaxeTi

cnobili iyo Tavis resursebiT,

gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneobisa

da memcenareobis dargSi da es proe-

qti zustad miesadageba Cveni region-

is problemebs, gansakuTrebiT adg-

ilobrivi jiSebis moZiebas, aRdgenasa

da gavrcelebas. mogexsenebaT, arc

sabWoTa da arc Semdgom periodSi am

mimarTulebas yuradReba ar eqceoda da

axla misasalmebelia, rom es proeqti

muSaobs da Sedegi TiTqmis ukve sax-

eze gvaqvs. aqve minda aRvniSno, rom

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac es

wamowyeba gamarTlebulia - es produq-

cia, jer erTi, gamorCeuli, gansakuT-

rebuli iqneba, da, meore mxriv, igi

ekoproduqciis statusis matarebelic

gaxdeba. amasTan, Tu gadamamuSavebeli

warmoebac aewyoba, aseTi Rirsebebis

matarebeli produqciis gasaRebas win

ra daudgeba.

sasurvelia, ufro meti fermeri

CaerTos am proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi

da Tu warmatebasac mivaRwevT, sxva

fermerebic mogvbaZaven da namdvilad

sasargeblo, erovnul saqmesac gava-

keTebT da glexsac fexze davayenebT.

8 biomeurne 1 (12)


rogorc profesionali, vityodi, rom am proeqtis mniSvneloba, albaT,

udidesia. aq Cadebulia biomravalferovnebis konservacia, dacva da

aRdgena, aseve misi qmediTi gamoyeneba, ekologiuri testebis dacva da,

rac mTavaria, ekologiurad sufTa produqtis miReba. rogorc profesion-

ali, me Sevexeba samkurnalo mcenareebis sakiTxs, rac aseve asaxulia am

proeqtSi. saqarTvelo gamoirCeva samkurnalo mcenareebis mravalfe-

rovnebiT, romelic dRes nadgurdeba, samwuxarod, nadgurdeba yovelgvari

parametrebis dacvis gareSe; amitom yvela RonisZieba, romelic

mimarTulia amis mowesrigebisken, aqtualuria da amitom am proeqtis

mniSvneloba udavod udidesia saqarTvelosTvis. garda amisa, me TviTon

aqtiuri adamiani var, da kargad mesmis da vici, ras niSnavs, rom

dRevandel pirobebSi samuSao garemo Seqmna axalcixeSi. am patara

oaziss, rac Cven davaTvaliereT, udavod Zalian didi Zalixsmeva,

saqmisadmi didi siyvaruli da udidesi pasuxismgebloba sWirdeba.

proeqti mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac - aq xdeba im

ZiriTadi ZirZveli kulturebis aRdgena da gafarToeba, romlebic Cvens

ekologiur pirobebs Seesabameba da, aqedan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda,

gaizrdeba produqtiulobac da ekonomikuri mxare. garda amisa, dasaqmde-

ba uamravi adamiani, rac pirveli rigis problemaa qveynisTvis. me kidev

erT sakiTxs Sevexebi: Cven gavesaubreT fermerebs da momewona, es

proeqti imdenad `SeWrilia~ maTSi, rom fermerebi TviTon sTa-

vazobdnen, es kultura kargad modis, esa da es kultura Semosavlianiao

da a.S. aviRoT Tundac iseTi ZirZveli kultura Cveni mravafle-

rovnebisTvis, rogoricaa seli. swored fermerebis idea iyo selis moy-

vana. Zalze perspeqtiuli kulturaa da udidesi ekonomikuri datvirTva

eqneba momavalSi.

roca adamiani raRacas akeTebs, iq SeniSvnebi yovelTvis iqneba -

imdenad bevria gakeTebuli da imdenad karg donezea gakeTebuli, rom

SeniSvnebi, albaT, ar meqneba. sxva ra meTqmis, udides saqme akeTebT

da kidev erTxel vimeoreb, momavali ocdameerTe saukune ekologiurad

sufTa produqtebs ekuTvnis, da es didi saqmea.

agraruli universitetis sakvebwarmoebisa da

samkurnalo mcenareebis kaTedra

Tamar kaWarava

qea saerTaSoriso saqarTveloSi

regionisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi proeq-

tia, dawyebis dRidan Sedegebi saxezea da amas adgilo-

brivi mosaxleobac xedavs. adgilobriv mosaxleobas

ukve aRarc axsovs mravali kultura, romelTa aRdge-

nasac proeqti xels uwyobs. am kulturebis nawili

TiTqmis dakarguli iyo an uaxloes momavalSi daikarge-

boda. amdenad erTmniSvnelovnad minda avRniSno, rom

`elkana~ did da sasargeblo saqmes akeTebs da me,

rogorc sabWos wevri, kmayofili var am procesebSi

monawileobiT. rac Seexeba am kulturebis aRdgena-

gavrcelebis ekonomikur efeqts, jerjerobiT am

mimarTulebiT mxolod varaudebi SeiZleba gamoiTqvas

- adgilobrivi kulturebis maRali xarisxi,

gansakuTrebuloba da ekologiuroba imis winapirobaa,

rom isini Rirseul adgils daikaveben bazarze da

Semosavlis momtani gaxdebian rogorc fermere-

bisaTvis, ise mTlianad regionisaTvis.

rogor sabWos wevrs, maqvs ramdenime rekomendacia

- sasurvelia, meti fermeri moicvas am proeqtma da

ufro metma adamianma icodes am proeqtis Sesaxeb. es

ar niSnavs, rom cota fermeria amJamad CarTuli,

magram rac ufro meti iqneba, miT ukeTesi Sedegebi

gveqneba.

guram jinWvelaZe

biomeurne 1 (12)


9

i. n. lomouris saxelobis miwaTmoqmedebis

samecniero-kvleviTi instituti

gulnara CxutiaSvili

mebaReobis, mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis

samecniero-kvleviTi instituti

proeqtis ganxorcieleba Zalze aucilebeli da

drouli iyo, raTa raRaca mainc SevinarCunoT

qarTuli, tradiciuli. irgvliv bevri ram gvengreva -

Semotanilma produqtebma wagvleka da aRar gvaqvs

Cveni araferi. Cveni, erovnuli Cven Tu ar

gadavarCineT, sxva amas ar gaakeTebs - sakuTars,

ra Tqma unda, Semogvitans. ekonomikuri Tval-

sazrisiT ver getyviT, rom didad gamogvadges es

kulturebi, radganac imdeni mosavali ar iqneba. me

TviTon TavTaviani kulturebis specialisti var da

axalcixis wiTel dolze vambob, rom ar aris iseTi

mosavliani, magram samagierod xarisxiania da

yuaTiani.

rekomendaciis saxiT minda aRvniSno, rom kargi

iqneboda wnisis nakveTebze Teslbrunvis dagegmva,

sideratebis gamoyenebac ar iqneboda urigo.

amasTan, kargi iqneba, Tu mecxoveleobac gan-

viTardeba paralelurad, rac niadagis nayofierebis

amaRlebas Seuwyobs xels.

garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros

biomravalferovnebis dacvis samsaxuri

giorgi lebaniZe

samsaxurebrivad momeTxoveba, rom gavecno

im proeqtebs, romlebic exeba agrobiom-

ravalferovnebis dacvis sakiTxebs, da moxaruli

var, rom monawileoba miviRe èlkanas~ proe-

qtis sazedamxedvelo sabWos gasvliT sxdomaSi

da Cemi TvaliT vnaxe mravali ukve daviwyebuli

kulturis naTesebi. mimaCnia, rom didi erovnuli

saqme keTdeba da Cemi samsaxurebrivi movaleo-

bisgan damoukideblad, rogorc moqalaqe,

mivesalmebi èlkanas~ wamowyebas. magram patri-

otuli datvirTvis garda am saqmes ekonomikuri

safuZvelic unda hqondes, raTa daainteresos

fermerebic da momxmarebelic. marTalia, dRevan-

del qarTul bazarze aseT produqtebze moT-

xovna naklebia, magram es ufro ucodinarobis

bralia da ara am kulturebis arakonkurentunari-

anobisa. saqarTvelo agrobiomravalferovnebis

TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi cxeli wertilia msof-

lioSi, rac aseTi produqtebiT msoflios dain-

teresebis winapirobaa. amasTan unda aRiniSnos,

rom es kulturebi biomeTodebis gamoyenebiT

mohyavT, rac momxmareblis dainteresebis kidev

erTi saSualebaa.

rac Seexeba fermerebs, sasiamovnod ganmacv-

ifra maTTma dainteresebam - miuxedavad imisa,

rom dReisaTvis ekonomikuri motivacia nak-

lebia, isini mzad arian CaerTon am proeqtSi da

daiwyon Zveli kulturebis moyvana da xeli

Seuwyon maTs aRdgenasa da Senaxvas. warmateba

minda vusurvo fermerebsac da èlkanasac~ am

did da saintereso saqmeSi.

erovnul mniSvnelobaze saubars Tavi rom

davaneboT, am proeqts, Cemi azriT, udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs dRevandel saqarTveloSi, da

kerZod, mesxeT-javaxeTSic. bolo wlebSi faq-

tobrivad daingra soflis meurneoba, xalxi

ukiduresad gaWirvebulia da am proeqtiT èlka-

na~, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadarCenis Sanss aZlevs

glexebs. soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli

xalxi, visac miwebi daurigda, am movlenas ca-

rieli xelebiT Sexvda - arc saTesle masala,

arc teqnika da arc sxva saSualebebi. axla

èlkana~ faqtobrivad ufasod uwvdis xels -

sTavazobs sargav masalas, uwevs konsulta-

ciebs. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom yvela

pirobaa Seqmnili imisaTvis, glexma xeli

mohkidos perspeqtiul saqmes da awarmoos

damoukidebeli meurneoba.

dabolos, am mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi ende-

muri kulturebi miviwyebuli da TiTqmis dakar-

guli iyo - maTi saxelebic xalxs Zlivs axsov-

da da maTi aRdgenis dawyeba ukve niSvne-

lovani Sedegia.

kukuri Zeria

10 biomeurne 1 (12)


2005 wlis 16 dekembers, sastumro Seraton-

metexSi, biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia

èlkanam~ Caatara prezentacia proeqtisa - `saqar-

Tvelos agrobiomravalferovnebis aRdgena, kon-

servacia da mdgradi gamoyeneba~, romelic dafi-

nansebulia globaluri garemosdacviTi fondis

(GEF) mier, gaeros ganviTarebis programis

(UNDP) xelSewyobiT.

proeqtis mizania adgilobrivi kulturebis sax-

eobebisa da jiSebis farTo gamoyenebis xel-

Sewyoba mcire da saSualo meurneobebSi dan-

ergvis, konservaciisa da mdgradi gamoyenebis

saSualebiT.

prezentaciaze damswreebma moismines infor-

macia Zveli qarTuli adgilobrivi jiSebis

aRdgenis sferoSi arsebuli problemebisa da

proeqtis farglebSi èlkanas~ mier ganxorciele-

buli saqmianobis Taobaze. amasTan monawileeb-

ma gasinjes xorblis, fetvis, Romis, cercvisa da

bardis adgilobrivi jiSebisagan damzadebuli

qarTuli tradiciuli kerZebi.

prezentacia proeqtisa - `saqarTvelos

agrobiomravalferovnebis aRdgena, kon-

servacia da mdgradi gamoyeneba~

am kiTxvebze pasuxs iZleva èlkanas~ mier

agraruli mravalferovnebis dacvis programis

farglebSi momzadebuli da gamocemuli broSura -

`Zveli qarTuli kerZebi~, romlis SeZenac

SegiZliaT èlkanas~ ofisSi.

saqarTveloSi kerZebis mravalferovnebiT veravis gaakvirvebT, magram ras miirTmevdnen Cveniwinaprebi? albaT, aseTi kiTxva xSirad mogsvliaT TavSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dResCveni yoveldRiuri menius didi nawili Semotanili kulturebisgan damzadebuli kerZebisganSedgeba, marTlac sainteresoa, ra kerZebs amzadebdnen Zvelad?

biomeurne 1 (12)


11

2005 wlis 20 dekembers, `elkanas~ ofisSi,

saqarTvelos bunebis mkvlevarTa kavSirma "orqisma"

Caatarda prezentacia - `gadaSenebis safrTxeSi

myofi samkurnalo mcenareebis konservacia da

mdgradi gamoyeneba samcxe-javaxeTSi~.

"orqisi", elkanas agrobiomravalferovnebis

dacvis programis (GEF/UNDP) farglebSi axor-

cielebs samcxe-javaxeTSi gavrcelebuli iSviaTi da

gadaSenebis safrTxeSi myofi samkurnalo/deko-

ratiuli mniSvnelobis mcenareebis monitorings da

cdilobs SeimuSavos rekomendaciebi maTi dacvisa

da mdgradi gamoyenebis mizniT.

prezentaciaze warmodgenili iyo 2005 wels

Catarebuli RonisZiebebi da ZiriTadi Sedegebi.

gadaSenebis safrTxeSi myofi

samkurnalo mcenareebis konserva-

cia da mdgradi gamoyeneba samcxe-

javaxeTSi

12 biomeurne 1 (12)

Cveni Jurnalis stumrebi

iyuCe da ismine...

meoce saukunis gamoCenili

germanili filosofosi, karl

iaspersi naSromSi: "istoriis

azri da daniSnuleba", kaco-

briobis istoriis dawyebis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faq-

torad miiCnevs cxenis

dakavSirebas adamianis

cxovrebasTan, uZvelesi kul-

turebis warmoqmnasTan. cxen-

ma gamostaca adamiani Cveul

garemos, gadauSala axali

sivrceebi da mis moZraobas

silaRe mianiWa; Seaqmnevina

axali, Zvelis mjobni samxe-

dro teqnika, Camoayaliba

axali, mZlavri socialuri

fena, romelsac SeeZlo cxe-

nis gaxedna, adamianis

nebisTvis damorCileba da am

pirutyvis SemweobiT mxe-

druli siqvelis gamovlena,

cxovelis mSvenierebis aRqma

da Sefaseba...

nodar ebraliZe

dRes saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mamuls, miwas

mokidebuli xalxi, SeZlebisdagvarad, cdilobs, damxmared

iyolios es erTguli pirutyvi. cxenis SeZenis erT-erTi

gza cxensaSenebis, fermebis garda, sxvadasxva regio-

nebSi arsebuli tradiciuli da axali bazrobebia. zamTarSi

da gazafxulobiT ufro eSureba meurne kaci cxenis yid-

vas.

gTavazobT mokle rCeva-darigebas cxeniT vaWrobis

Sesaxeb. masala amoRebulia revoluciamdeli ruseTis

gamoCenili mecxenis, sergi urusovis "cxenis wignidan",

romelic didi germaneli ipologis, vrangelis naSromis

rusul variants warmoadgens. zogi ram dRevandelobi-

saTvis moZvelebulic aris, magram, vfiqrobT, maTi gac-

noba sasargeblo iqneba XXI saukunis damdegs cxenis

sayidlad gasuli qarTveli meurnisaTvis.

� Audi, vide, tace (usmine, ucqire, Cumad iyavi) da

mxolod imas erwmune, risi danaxva da SegrZneba

SegiZlia - cxenis yidvisas am wesis dacva aucilebe-

lia.

� gamocdili veterinaris daxmarebas miT meti

mniSvneloba eqneba, rac naklebi piradi gamocdileba

gaqvs, magram ar unda dagaviwydes, rom yvelaze dax-

elovnebul veterinarsac gasayidad gamoyvanili cxe-

nis mxolod sxeulis agebulebis, asakisa da jan-

mrTelobis gansazRvra SeuZlia. pirutyvis var-

gisianoba ama Tu im miznisTvis ki Tqvenve unda

SeafasoT. Tu am saqmisTvis aucilebeli codna

gakliaT, gadawyvetilebis gamotana gamocdil cxenis

mesaidumles, cxenenjs miandeT.

� dalalebs (brokerebs) unda eridoT. maTi interesebi

moiTxovs, cxeni gaiyidos - myidvelis sazaralodac

ki. muStari dalalisaTvis SemTxveviTi kacia, xolo

cxenis patroni - mudmivi klienti.

� arasodes iyido sneuli cxeni. tyuilad rodi uTqvamT

arabebs: "vai mas, vinc saaqimod yidulobso".

� Tu ginda iseTi cxeni gyavdes, romelsac sakvebs ar

daamadlian, nu iyidi 6 wlisaze axalgazrda pirutyvs.

kargi 10 wlis cxeni ufro saimedod Seasrulebs

mZime samuSaos, vidre 4 an 5 wlis, jafaSi gamouc-

deli cxoveli.

� nu mogxiblavs garegnoba. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,

ai, ras gvirCevdnen asi wlis winaT

gamocdili da

mzrunveli specialitebi:

biomeurne 1 (12)


13

umSvenieresi nakvTebi mxolod imedia, romelic momavalSi unda gagimarTldes.

� nu geSinia iseTi naklisa, romelic arafers uSlis cxenis muSaobas. gaxsovdes Zveli arab-

uli, cota xepruli Segoneba: "is kaci, vinc eZiebs unaklo diacs da bedaurs, verc cxens

eRirseba TavlaSi da verc qals - ojaxSi".

� arasodes dagaviwydes atestatis moTxovna, radganac igi Seicavs sarwmuno miTiTebas cxe-

nis warmomavlobisa da asakis Sesaxeb.

� Sesabmeli cxenebis yidvisas ar daeTanxmo da erTbaSad erTze meti ar gasinjo. mxolod

cal-calad gasinjvis Semdeg daayene cxenebi gverdigverd.

� sanam daapirebde saferxe an Sesabmeli cxenis yidvas, aucilebelia, TviTonve gaataro

orive, radganac gamyidvelebi sakuTari mxedrobiT an marTviT axerxeben cxenis koWlobis

SeniRbvas.

� aucilebelia cxenze amxedrebisas misi yvela svliT gatareba an Weneba, Tanac magarsa da

rbil savalzec, yru da xmaurian quCebSic. isic gamoscade, rogor dadis cxeni sxva cxe-

nebSi da advilad Sordeba Tu ara maT.

� gamoscade, rogor adis cxeni aRmarTSi, rogor eSveba Tavqve, rogor Cerdeba da rogor

iZvris adgilidan, rogor moqmedebs Soltis gadaWera. Tu wyvilis calad ginda,

gaiTvaliswine, esadageba Tu ara meore cxens feriT, agebulebiT, svliT.

� rogorc saferxed, ise Sesabmelad gasinjvisas gaiTvaliswine xangrZlivi umoqmedobis

gamo cxenis sificxe da TamaSis survili.

� eride gacvlas, radganac igi mxolod gamobrZmedili vaWrebisaTvis aris xelsayreli.

� xmamaRla augi ar dagcdes cxenze. Tu igi samarTliania, patroni daiboRmeba, xolo Tu

mcdaria, umalve Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenebs Tqvens ucodinarobas.

� Tu gadawyvite da cxens aRar yidulob, maSinve ukan Seayvanine, TavlaSi da ar Seecado,

uari cxenis nakliT axsna. vaWars ar uyvars, mis saqonels xinji gamounaxon. uamisodac

gulsatkenia, rom ver morigdiT.

dainteresebuli mkiTxveli mixvdeba, rom cxenis SerCeva, Sefaseba dakavSirebulia misi

aRnagobis, wafvis xerxebis, Sromisunarianobis, asakis Setyobis codnasTan.

vecdebiT, gulnakluli ar dagtovoT da sistematurad mogawodoT praqtikuli da

Teoriuli codnisaTvis aucilebeli cnobebi.

14 biomeurne 1 (12)


stevia momcro buCqia, romlis samSobloa samxreT ameri-

ka. igi ZiriTadad xarobs zomierad nestiani subtropikuli

klimatis pirobebSi da gvxvdeba paragvaiSi, braziliaSi,

argentinaSi. indielebi mkacrad asaidumlebdnen am mcenares,

amitom msofliom igi mxolod 1887 wels gaicno, samxreT

amerikeli naturalistis antonio bertonis meSveobiT.

gamoirkva, rom amerikaSi 300-mde saxeoba arsebobs, magram

maTgan mxolod Stevia Rebaudina da ori sxva, ukve

gadaSenebul saxeobas axasiaTebs bunebrivi sitkbo. am

gamorCeuli Tvisebis saidumlo steviaSi nivTiereba ste-

viozidis arsebobaSia, romelic glikozids warmoadgens da

Sedgeba glukozis, saqarozis da steviolisagan. amasTan

stevia Seicavs vitaminebs (B1, B2, C, P, F, PP, B-karotins),

mineralebs (K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu da sxv.), Seucvlel cximJavebs,

17-mde aminomJavas da sxv.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi steviozidi yvelaze tkbili bune-

brivi produqtia da igi Saqris idealur Semcvlelad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos. steviis foTlebi daaxloebiT 10-15-jer, xolo

steviadan miRebuli steviozidis eqstraqti - 100-300-jer

tkbilia Cveulebriv SaqarTan SedarebiT. amasTan, mraval-

ricxovani gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom stevias regu-

laruli moxmareba adamianis organizmSi Saqrisa da qoles-

terinis dones dabla swevs, aumjobesebs qsovilebis

aRdgenis unars da sisxlis Sededebas, xels uSlis kuWis

wylulis warmoqmnas da sxv. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

Cveulebrivi Saqrisagan gansaxvavebiT, steviozidi TiTqmis

ar Seicavs kaloriebs da xasiaTdeba msubuqi antibaqteriuli

moqmedebiT. swored amitom, steviozidis gamoyeneba

rekomendebulia rogorc janmrTeli, ise hipertoniiT,

nivTierebaTa cvlis darRveviT, simsuqniT, diabetiT

daavadebuli adamianebisaTvis. arsebobs mosazreba, rom

steviozidis moxmareba amcirebs nikotinisa da alkoholis

moTxovnilebasac.

yvela am Tvisebis gamo, dietologebi da farmakologe-

bi Saqrisa da misi xelovnuri Semcvlelebis nacvlad ste-

viozidis gamoyenebas afaseben rogorc adamianis

gajansaRebis saSualebas diabetis, simsuqnis da nivTiere-

baTa cvlis sxva daavadebebis profilaqtikis gziT.

1954 wlidan iaponelebma xeli mohkides steviis seri-

ozul Seswavlas da daiwyes misi moyvana saTburSi, xolo

70-iani wlebidan iaponiis mrewvelobaSi ukve farTod

damkvidrda stevia - mas iyeneben marinadebis, xmeli xilis,

mSrali zRvis produqtebis, Tevzisa da xorcis produqtebis,

soiis sousebis, xilis wvenebis, ualkoholo sasmelebis,

nayinis, saReWi rezinis da sxv. damzadebisas. dReisaTvis

iaponia steviaze adgilobrivi bazris moTxovnis 90%-s

steviis warmoebis

perspeqtiva saqarTveloSi

Zvel droSi, rodesac xalxi

Saqars jer ar icnobda, xolo

amerika jer kidev ar iyo

aRmoCenili, samxreT amerikis

guaranis tomis indielebi

iyenebdnen saocar balaxs - am

balaxis ramdenime foTlis

damatebiT, sasmeli saocrad

tkbili xdeboda. indielebi am

balaxs `kaa-exes~ eZaxdnen, rac

`tkbil balaxs~ an `Taflovan

foTlebs~ niSnavs. am saocari

mcenaris samecniero saxelwode-

baa stevia (Stevia Rebaudina).

vaxtang kikabiZe anaseulis Caisa da subtropikuli

kulturebis s/k institutis aspiranti

biomeurne 1 (12)


15

akmayofilebs, xolo iaponiis janmrTelobis saministros cnobiT, qveyanaSi

Semcirda iseTi daavadebebis ricxvi, rogoricaa: diabeti, raqiti, kuW-nawlavisa

da sisxZarRvaTa zogierTi daavadeba da sxv. amasTan, iaponiaSi sicocxlis

saSualo xangrZlivoba 70-dan 85 wlamde gaizarda.

dReisaTvis, steviis ZiriTadi mwarmoeblebi arian: paragvai, brazilia,

iaponia da CineTi. igi agreTve mohyavT wynari okeanis auzis qveynebSic,

aseve meqsikasa da samxreT ontarioSi. saocaria, magram igi warmatebiT

gaaxares kaliforniasa da inglisis samxreTSic. 80-iani wlebidan steviis

CiTilebis gamoyvana da saTburis pirobebSi misi gaxareba daiwyes ukrainaSi,

ruseTSi. iseT rTul socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynisaTvis,

rogoric saqarTveloa, araxelsayrelia iseTi Zviri da, amave dros, nakleb

sasargeblo produqciis importi, rogoric Saqaria. erovnuli ekonomikis intere-

sebidan gamomdinare, rekomendebulia alternatiuli gzebis moZieba da am mxriv

Sors wasvla ar gvWirdeba - mezobeli ukraina ukve awarmoebs stevias da mis-

gan damzadebul sakonditro da farmacevtul produqcias.

rac Seexeba steviis adgilobriv warmoebas, am mxriv dasavleT saqarTvelos

bunebrivi pirobebi xelsayrelia am mcenaris mosayvanad. unda aRiniSnos, rom

steviis moyvanaze saqarTveloSic Catarda warmatebuli kvlevebi, magram

ratomRac am kulturam saTanado aRiareba ver moipova da misi gavrceleba ar

moxda. Tumca erTeuli adamianebi mas Tesaven sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis.

aseTi arapopularobis mizezi albaT is aris, rom stevias saqarTveloSi

praqtikulad ar icnoben; cotam Tu icis misi sasargeblo Tvisebebis da imis

Sesaxeb, rom, steviis produqciis warmoeba ufro iafi (2-3-jer) jdeba, vidre

Saqrisa. gagacnobT ramdenime cifrs: 1 kg steviis mza produqcias SeuZlia

Secvalos 150-200 kg Saqari. 1kg steviis produqciis warmoeba daaxloebiT 20-

30$ jdeba, xolo 200 kg Saqris warmoebis danaxarjebi ki 60-80$-ia. rac Seexeba

saqarTvelos, romelic Saqris imports eweva, misTvis 200 kg Saqris Rirebuleba

daaxloebiT 100$-ia.

vinaidan Cven qveyanaSi sxva alternatiuli damatkbobeli ar arsebobs, Saqris

importi erovnuli ekonomikisTvisa da mosaxleobisaTvis mZime tvirTia, rom

araferi vTqvaT, im avadnyofebze, romelTac alternatiuli damatkbobeli esa-

WiroebaT.

da, bolos, minda kidev erTxel avRniSno steviis didi upiratesoba SaqarTan

da sxva damatkboblebTan SedarebiT da mTavrobas movuwodo, rom Tamamad

miiRon siaxleebi, xeli Seuwyon steviis produqciis imports da momavalSi mis

adgilze warmoebasac.

rac Seexeba mosaxleobas, man kargad unda gaicnos es unikaluri mcenare,

darwmundes misi produqciis sikeTesa da moyvanis sargeblianobaSi da Semdeg

SesaZlebeli iqneba misi adgilze moyvana-warmoeba.

stevia -

Taflovani mcenare

16 biomeurne 1 (12)


valdebuleba msoflio

sazogadoebis winaSe

Teimuraz jinWaraZe arasamTavrobo kavSiris

`soflis ganviTarebis institutis~ Tavmjdomare

am bolo dros aRiniSneba agrarikos mecnierTa da praq-

tikosTa mniSvnelovani daintereseba saqarTveloSi agrokon-

saltingis ganviTarebasaTvis, rac ar aris SemTxveviTi. aseTi

struqturebis Seqmnis istoria TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi em-

Txveoda ekonomikuri krizisebis periods, radgan maTs Seqm-

nasTan dakavSirebuli iyo agraruli seqtoris aRorZineba da

stabilizaciis damyareba. soflis meurneobis inovaciuri gaZ-

Rolis praqtikam istoriulad daamtkica Tavisi aucilebloba da

mniSvneloba. magaliTad, XIX saukunis Sua periodSi irlandiaSi,

SimSilobis dros, SimSilTan sabrZolvelad Seiqmna swavluli

agronomebis mobiluri jgufi, romelmac warmatebiT gaarTva

Tavi dakisrebul movaleobas da dRes irlandias msoflioSi

erT-erTi saukeTeso konsaltinguri struqturebi moepoveba,

xolo centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi ki daiwyo sasoflo-

sameurneo codnis gavrceleba specializebul sasoflo-sameur-

neo skolebis bazebze.

amave periods ekuTvnis specialist-agronomebis gamoye-

nebis praqtika fermerTaTvis axali informaciebis gadasace-

mad. am praqtikasTan erTad evropaSi aRmocenda erovnuli agro-

konsaltinguri da sakonsultacio samsaxurebi; maTi ganvi-

Tarebis aucilebloba damtkicebulia im maRali efeqtiT, romel-

ic maTi funqcionirebiTaa miRebuli.

es procesebi gardauvalia saqarTvelosTvisac, vinaidan

agrokonsaltingi aris soflis meurneobis Tanamedrove relse-

bze gadayvanis realuri inteleqtualuri bazisis Camoyalibeba

politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis prob-

lemaTa gadawyvetis procesebis momsaxurebisTvis.

1997 wlis aprilSi gaeros garemosa da ganviTarebis kon-

ferenciaze aRniSnuli iyo programuli midgomebi msoflio

sazogadoebisaTvis:

_ ekonomikuri zomebis gamoyeneba soflis meurneobis

myari gaZRolisaTvis;

_ axali efeqturi teqnologiebis damuSaveba da gadacema;

_ adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis mizniT informaci-

ul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba da informaciis

gacvla;

_ siRaribis masStabebis Semcirebis mizniT sasoflo-

sameurneo da sxva sawarmoebSi dakavebis uzrunvely-

ofa;

_ garemos dacvis interesebis mizniT bunebrivi resurse-

bis racionaluri gamoyeneba;

_ pirvelxarisxovani yuradRebis mipyroba uSualod fer-

merebze, rogorc mamakacebze, aseve qalebze.

es erTxel kidev amtkicebs, rom agrokonsaltingi

saqarTvelos agrosamrewvelo kompleqsisaTvis warmoadgens ara

mxolod Sida politikis saqmes, aramed msoflio mniSvnelobis

amocanaa.

jer kidev 1862 wels prezidentma

linkolnma xeli moawera morilis aqts, rom-

lis Sedegadac aSS-Si ganxorcielda miwis

reforma.

aqtis Tanaxmad yvela Stats, garda imisa,

rom eZleoda maT sazRvrebSi arsebuli mi-

webis gayidvis ufleba, saxelmwifo mxar-

daWeriT unda daearsebina sasoflo-sameur-

neo universiteti, xolo miwis myidveli

valdebuli iyo gaevlo sasoflo-sameurneo

swavleba. am universitetebs ewoda `land-

grant~ universitetebi, xolo TviT mo-

rilis aqts ki `revoluciuri~. amas mohyva

1887 wlis heCis aqti, romelic avaldebuleb-

da `land-grant~ universitetebs Caetare-

binaT samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi da

maTi Sedegebi gaevrcelebinaT fermerTa

miwebze. wlebis ganmavlobaSi `land-

granti~ gadaiqca sasoflo-sameurneo ga-

naTlebis, samecniero kvlevebisa da maTi

danergva-gavrcelebis mZlavr sistemad, ro-

melmac aSS-is soflis meurneoba umaRles

mwvervalze aiyvana.

es mcire istoriuli mimoxilva dakav-

Sirebulia saqarTvelos soflis meurneo-

baSi revoluciuri gardaqmnis aucileblo-

basTan. is, rac 300 wlis win xdeboda

amerikaSi, amJamad aris saqarTveloSi.

mTlianad moSlilia sasoflo-sameurneo

sawarmoo infrastruqtura, praqtikulad Sew-

yvetilia niadagis nayofierebis SenarCu-

nebis, mcenareTa dacvis, veterinaruli, sa-

seleqcio da sanaSene samuSaoebi, darRveu-

lia agroteqnika, dakninebulia mecnierebis

roli sursaTis warmoebis amaRlebaSi,

ramac pirdapiri gavlena iqonia mosavlia-

nobaze, romelic Zalian dabali paramet-

rebiT xasiaTdeba.

gamomdinare Seqmnili rTuli viTare-

bidan, romelic aseve axasiaTebs aRmosav-

leT evropasa da postsabWour sivrces

mTlianad, agraruli reformebis erT-erT

ZiriTad mimarTulebad miCneulia fermeruli

meurneobebis mecnierul-teqnikuri donis

mniSvnelovani amaRleba, rac SeuZlebelia

Tanamedrove agrokonsaltingis struqture-

bis gareSe.

biomeurne 1 (12)

saTemo mobilizeba da soflis ganviTareba

17

sofeli axalsofeli mdebareobs qarelis raionSi,

md. mtkvris marjvena napirze. raionuli centridan

11 km-iT, xolo sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo magis-

tralidan 1,5 km-iT daSorebiT.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi soflis mosaxleoba ayeneb-

da sakiTxs centralur magistralTan damakavSirebeli

xidis mSeneblobis Taobaze, magram uSedegod. 2004

wels, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis xelSewyobiT, dai-

wyo mSenebloba, Catarda ZiriTadi samuSaoebi,

magram arasakmarisi saxsrebis gamo xidi ver das-

rulda.

problema aqtualuri iyo mosaxleobisaTvis,

radgan saxnav-saTesi farTobebis garkveuli raode-

noba, kerZod 88 heqtari savarguli da 100 heqtarze

meti saZovari mdebareobs mtkvris gaRma. soflis

mosaxleobas aRniSnul adgilamde misvla uxdeboda

SemovliTi gziT, 35 kilometri manZilis gavliT.

adre komunikaciis erT-erT saSualebas warmoad-

genda borani, romelic 10 welia aRar funqcio-

nirebs, ris gamoc miwis nakveTebis 90% rCeboda

daumuSavebeli, ar gamoiyeneboda saZovrebi. so-

felSi ramdenime tragikuli SemTxvevac momxdara,

romlebic mdinaris gadalaxvas ukavSirdeboda.

2005 wlis gazafxulze sofelSi muSaoba daiwyo

`elkanas~ saTemo mobilizebisa da soflis

ganviTarebis samsaxurma. mosaxleobis saerTo kre-

drois xazi

pirveli Casaxleba, XIX s.

koleqtivizacia1923-1930 ww

2005 w axali saSualo skolis gaxsna

2005 w abanos mSeneblobis dawyeba

1941-1945 ww. samamulo omSi daiRupa 100 kaci

1940 w skra-qarelis sarwyavi arxis gayvana

1950 w 8-wliani skolis gaxsna

1968 w kolmeurneoba gadakeTda mexileobis

meurneobad

1989 w aWarlebis Camoaxleba

1991w meurneobis daSla

2001 w miwebis pasportizacia

2004 w ,,elkanas" Semosvla

2005 w xidis dasruleba, xidamde misasvleli

gzis remonti da moxreSva

demografia

69

158

96109

176

saskolo asakis vaJi

saskolo asakis gogo

pensioneri kacipensioneri qali

Sromisunariani kaci

Sromisunariani qali

qarelis raioni

axalsoflis sakrebulo

manZili Tbilisidan - 112 km

teritoria - 8910 ha

komlTa raodenoba - 168

87

xidi da abano

axalsofelSi

1 2 3 4 5 6

1

2

34

5

6

saTemo mobilizebisa da soflis

ganviTarebis samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli

daTo doliZe

18 biomeurne 1 (12)

saTemo mobilizeba da soflis ganviTareba

baze gamoikveTa, rom aqtualur problemad rCe-

boda xidis dasrulebis sakiTxi. mosaxleobis

mobilizebiT, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis aqtiuri

CarTviT da `,elkanas~ xelSewyobiT dasrulda xi-

dis mSenebloba.

xidis dasrulebis da centraluri magistralidan

xidamde misasvleli gzis SekeTebis Semdeg dai-

niSna axlomdebare raionul centrebamde mimavali

mikroavtobusebi.

proeqtis warmatebulad dasrulebis Semdeg mo-

saxleobam damoukideblad daiwyo sayofacxovre-

bo pirobebis gaumjobesebaze zrunva. wamowyebu-

li iniciativis waxalisebis mizniT `elkanam~

gadawyvita xeli Seuwyos meore proeqtis (abanos

mSeneblobis) ganxorcielebasac.

gare faqtorebismniSvneloba

ssssaaaakkkkrrrreeeebbbbuuuulllloooo

aaaaxxxxaaaallllssssooooffffeeeelllliiiissssaaaakkkkaaaarrrrmmmmiiiiddddaaaammmmoooo

xxxxaaaaSSSSuuuurrrriiiissss

bbbbaaaazzzzaaaarrrriiii

qqqqaaaarrrreeeelllliiiissss

bbbbaaaazzzzaaaarrrriiii

Semosavali

35%

17%40%ojaxis

Senaxva

sameurneo xarjebi

ganaTleba

8%janmrTeloba

gasavali

35%

20%

25% mexileoba

mebostneoba

memarcvleoba

15% mecxoveleoba5%pensia/xelfasi

proeqti daiwyo 2005 wlis gazafx-ulze, damTavrda - 2005 wlisSemodgomaze

proeqtis (abano da xidi) saerToRirebulebaa - 36500 lari`elkanas~ wili - 8500sofeli da sakrebulo - 28000 lari

- soflis mosaxleoba daamuSavebs 88 ha saxnav-saTesmiwas, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobis Semosavali 70%-iTgaizrdeba.

- mosaxleoba miwebis 100 heqtars saZovrad gamoiyenebs.

efeqturoba

biomeurne 1 (12)

rCevebi biomeurneebs

19

sademonstracio

biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia "elkana" did yuradRebas aqcevs

Tavis wevr fermerebTan sacdeli da sademonstracio modelebis

Seqmna-danergvas. 2005 wels "elkanas" samrCevlo samsaxurma fondi

novib-is daxmarebiT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi `elkanas~

wevr fermerTa meurneobebSi moawyo Svidi sxvadasxva saxis mod-

eli. aRniSnuli modelebis mizania biologiur meurneobaSi sxvadasx-

va meTodebis danergva, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyos fermerebs

meurneobaSi aamaRlon niadagis nayofiereba, racionalurad da efe-

qturad gamoiyenon miwis mcire farTobebi, gadaamuSaon sufTa pro-

duqcia da miiRon damatebiTi finansuri Semosavali, agreTve sxva

fermerebmac danergon Tavis saqmianobaSi aRniSnuli meTodebi.

mokled aRvweroT da davaxasiaToT is modelebi, romlebic dainer-

ga mimdinare sameurneo wels:

samrCevlo samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli

besik kalandaZe

ekologiur soflis meurneobaSi aqtualur problemebad

miiCneva brZola sarevelebTan, niadagidan wylis intensiuri

aorTqleba, niadagis Carecxva da gadarecxva. aRniSnuli prob-

lemebis mosagvareblad biomeurneobaSi arsebobs agrote-

qnikuri RonisZieba - mulCirebis meTodi, romlis

saSualebiTac garkveulwilad xdeba aRniSnuli problemis mog-

vareba. aRniSnuli proeqti ganxorcielda novib-is samodelo

proeqtis farglebSi gurjaanis raionSi, fermer oleg

nikoleiSvilis meurneobaSi. proeqti gulisxmobda 1000 m3

farTobze vazis Zirebsa da rigTaSorisebSi niadagis

dafarva-mulCirebas xorblis namjiT, romelic Caixvneboda

SemodgomiT. es proeqti amJamad Sesrulebulia.

mulCireba biomevenaxeobaSi

Semdegi modeli gulisxmobda "sxvadasxva bostneuli kul-

turebis warmoebas biomeTodebiT". proeqtis mizani iyo

biomeurneobebSi maRalSemosavliani bostneuli jiSebis dan-

ergva. aRniSnuli modeli ganxorcielda mcxeTis r-ni sof.

misaqcielSi, `elkanas~ wevri organizacia "soflad TemTa

ganviTarebis saagentos" meurneobaSi. proeqti gulisxmobda

1000 m3 farTobze sxvadasxva bostneuli jiSebis (brokoli,

zafrana, nesvi, wiTeli wiwaka, pekinuri kombosto,

sxvadasxva sunelebi) movla-moyvanas biomeTodebiT, rac

warmatebiT ganxorcielda.

sxvadasxva bostneuli kulture-bis warmoeba

modelebi

20 biomeurne 1 (12)


mimdinareobs TianeTis r-nis sof. TolenjSi, fermer

leqso qavTaraZis meurneobaSi. proeqtis mizania niadagis

nayofierebis amaRleba da mdgradi SenarCuneba, tradiciul

wesTan SedarebiT farTobis erTeulze meti produqciis war-

moeba, ekologiurad sufTa produqciis miRebis

SesaZlebloba, wlis ganmavlobaSi kartofilis ori da

mwvanilis ramdenime mosavlis miReba.

kartofilis, bostneuli kulturebisda biohumusis warmoeba specialuriCarCo-konteinerebis gamoyenebiT

proeqtis ganxorcieleba erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad

mimdinareobs lagodexis r-ni sof. saqoboSi fermer gior-

gi nikuaSvilis meurneobaSi da qarelis r-ni sof.

axalsofelSi fermer Tamaz gelaSvilis meurneobaSi.

aRniSnuli modelebi gulisxmobs 7 m3 miwis farTobze

sakomposte sacavisa da mcire saCiTilis mowyobas, kom-

postis warmoebas da niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebas.

aRniSnuli sakomposte sacavebi mowyobilia da periodulad

maT organuli masiT avseben.

kompostis damzadeba miwiszeda damiwisqveSa specialur sacavSi

samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi mcxovreb "elkanas" wevr fer-

merebs, romlebsac didi raodenobiT mohyavT sxvadasxva

suneli, yovelTvis problemad hqondaT dafqva-damuSaveba,

Sesabamisi dafasoeba da sxv. amitom "elkanas" samrCevlo

samsaxuris gadawyvetilebiT aRniSnuli samodelo sawarmo

moewyo zugdidis r-nis sof. ingirSi - rezo cxadaias

meurneobaSi. aRniSnuli modelis mizania ekologiurad

sufTa produqciis warmoebis gziT Semosavlis gazrda

samegrelo-zemo svaneTis im fermerebisaTvis, romlebsac

mohyavT sxvadasxva sunelebi.

xmeli sunelebis dasafqvav-dasafa-soebeli mcire sawarmos mowyoba

biomeurne 1 (12)


21

zemoT CamoTvlili proeqtebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, ganx-

orcielda novib-is proeqtis farglebSi. `elkanas~ samrCevlo

samsaxuri momavalSic gaagrZelebs aqtualuri, fermerebisaT-

vis saWiro modelebis danergvas.

)dRevandel Cvens agrarul sinamdvileSi, rodesac glexis

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli mcirefarTobiani da danawevrebuli

nakveTebis damuSaveba ZiriTadad xeliT xdeba, iseTi agrote-

qnikuri RonisZieba, rogoric Tesvaa, gansakuTrebul problemas

warmoadgens. garda maRali SromiTi danaxarjebisa, xeliT Tesvisas

sakmaod rTulia farTobis erTeulze saTesle masalis saWiro

odenobiT ganawileba da glexisaTvis wamgebiania. amisaTvis

novib-is samodelo proeqtis farglebSi samrCevlo samsaxurma

vanis r-nis sof. WaganWyviSSi fermer avTandil Sengelias

daukveTa ori tipis saTesi: pirvelia erTdiskoiani xelis saTesi,

romelzec SesaZlebeli iqneba saTesi diskoebis Secvla; meorea

minitraqtorze misabmeli ordiskoiani saTesi, romelic ZiriTadad

simindisa da parkosnebis (soia, lobio da sxv.) dasaTesad

gamoiyeneba. proeqtis mizania fermerisTvis Sromis Semsubuqeba

mciregabaritiani xelisa da motoblokze misabmeli saTesis

gamoyenebiT.

mciregabaritiani xelis da minitraq-torze misabmeli saTesis damzadeba

22 biomeurne 1 (12)


xorbalibiomeurneobaSi

ra unda gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom xorbalibiologiuri wesiT moviyvanoT?

biomeTodebiT moyvanil xorbals gansakuTrebiT

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba (jerjerobiT gansa-

kuTrebiT sazRvargareT). yvelaze Zvirfasi da

Zvirad Rirebuli puri swored aseTi xorblis

fqvilisagan cxveba. CvenSi xorblis biomeTo-

debiT moyvana rig problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,

romelTa mogvarebac meurnis survilis SemTxve-

vaSi sulac ar aris SeuZlebeli.

pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema is

aris, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi xorbali iTeseba

gancalkevebul nakveTze, Teslbrunvis gareSe, rac

TavisTavad TviT Cveulebriv meurneobaSic ki

problemas warmoadgens. aseve problemaa niadagis

sworad damuSaveba, ganoyiereba da sarevelebTan

da daavadebebTan brZolac.

xorbali upiratesobas aniWebs sakvebi nivTierebebiT mdidar Savmiwa

niadagebs, is kargad modis aseve Tixnar niadagebze. xorblis moy-

vana msubuq niadagebzec SeiZleba, Tumca aseT niadagebze mas

mosavlianobiT qeri sWarbobs da miRebuli mosavlis xarisxic dabalia.

marcvleuls Soris xorbali yvelaze momTxovnia Teslbrunvis mimarT.

rogorc wesi, is TeslbrunvaSi sakvebi an marcvlovani parkosnebis,

anda saToxni kulturebis (mag., kartofili, Warxali, bostneuli) Semdeg

dgas. xorblis moyvana marcvlovnebis Semdeg daavadebebis

saSiSroebisa da xarisxis problemebis gamo mxolod iSviaT

SemTxvevebSia dasaSvebi.

vvvvaaaannnnoooo lllloooollllaaaaZZZZeeee

biomrCeveli

niadagi

adgili

TeslbrunvaSi

Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs droul Tesvas - Zalian adre anda gvian

daTesva amcirebs mosavals. normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis

saSemodgomo xorbals yinvebis dadgomamde sWirdeba 40-50 dRe.

praqtikulad Tesvis vada emTxveva periods, rodesac garemos saSualo

temperatura aRwevs 16 graduss. yvelaze kargi gamosavali optimaluri

aRmonacenisa da mosavlis miRebisaTvis aris maRalxarisxiani Teslis

gamoyeneba.

Tesva

winamorbedi kulturebi (parkosnebi) amdidreben niadags azotiT. Tu

arsebobs SesaZlebloba, niadagi SeiZleba ganoyierdes nakeliT

(40t/ha), wunwuxiT an sxva organuli sasuqiT. adre gazafxulze

ganoyiereba xels uwyobs mosavlis gazrdas. sxva saxis ganoyiereba

(kaliumi, fosfori, kalciumi) Teslbrunvis farglebSi unda ganxor-

cieldes niadagis gamokvlevis Semdeg.

niadagis

ganoyiereba

biomeurne 1 (12)


23

Cvens pirobebSi dasarevlianebis ZiriTadi mizezi niadagis cudi

damuSavebaa. imisaTvis, rom dasarevlianeba naklebi iyos, saWiroa,

wina kulturis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg, niadagis msubuqi aCeCva, raTa

moxdes arsebuli sarevelebis Teslis CaTesva da aRmoceneba, amas ki

unda mohyves xvna, sasurvelia winmxvneliani guTniT, rac

mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs dasarevelianebas.

sarevelebis

regulireba

saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT didi zians xorblis naTesebs gudafSuta

ayenebs, "elkanas" samrCevlo samsaxuris mier fermerebisaTvis

miwodebuli iyo am sokovan daavadebasTan brZolis biologiuri

meTodi, kerZod ki Cveulebrivi pirSuSxas (Õðåí) nayenis gamoyeneba,

romelsac aqac gTavazobT:

" aviRoT 2 kg. gasufTavebuli pirSuSxas fesurebi da gava-

taroT xorcsakep manqanaSi

" miRebuli fafiseburi masa movaTavsoT tilos naWerSi da kar-

gad gavwuroT wnexSi

" Semdeg es nawuri gavazavoT 5 litr wyalSi, gavaCeroT 45

wuTi da miRebuli nayeniT Tanabrad SevwamloT saTesle

masala. 5 litri nayeni yofnis 100 kg Tesls

" nayenis gamoyeneba unda moxdes damzadebisTanave; is ar

inaxeba.

daavadebebTan

brZola

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom damuSavebis dros pirSuSxa gamoyofs

eTerzeTebs, rac iwvevs Tvalebis gaRizianebas, amitom sasurvelia,

vimuSaoT damcavi saTvaleebiT.

maTTvis, visac zemoT moyvanili

biomeTodi metismetad rTul saqmed

moeCveneba:

"elkanas" erT-erT meurnesTan da sacdel

nakveTze axalcixeSi "elkana" cdis rusuli war-

moebis axal biologiur preparats "eqstrasols".

cdis Sedegebs gagacnobT Cvens Semdeg gamo-

cemebSi.


24 biomeurne 1 (12)

s o i as o i a

yvelaze

`teqnologiuri~

kultura

vvvvaaaassssiiiillll aaaaxxxxvvvvlllleeeeddddiiiiaaaannnniiii

biomrCeveli

zusatad aravin icis, rodis gaCnda kulturuli

soia. termini `soia~ Cinuri warmomavlobisaa da

iTargmneba rogorc `didi parki~. soias pirveli

moxsenieba jer kidev Zv. w. 2838 wliT TariRdeba.

xolo. V saukunis Cinur wignSi soia moixsenieba

rogorc xuTi jadosnuri da samkurnalo mcenareTagan

erT-erTi. oTxi danarCeni mcenarea - brinji, qeri,

xorbali da fetvi. am mcenareTa Tesls CineTis

imperatori, sazeimo ceremoniis dros, Tavisi

xeliT Tesavda.

CineTSi, iaponiaSi, koreasa da manjuriaSi aTasi

wlis win adamianebma icodnen soiisagan sxvadasxva

wamlebis damzadebis receptebi. uZveles dros bud-

istma berebma iswavles soiisagan rZis, yvelis,

sousebis da sxva sasargeblo produqtebis damzade-

ba. jer kidev uZveles dros soia gavrcelda

iaponiaSi, samxreT koreaSi, indoeTSi, ruseTis

Soreul aRmosavleTSi. 200-300 wlis win soiam dai-

wyo gavrceleba saqarTveloSi, ukrainaSi, yubansa da

Cveulebrivi soia erTwliani mcenarea parkosanTa

ojaxidan. vegetaciis periodi, klimatidan gamomd-

inare, grZeldeba 70-250 dRes. soias mTavarfesviani

fesvTa sistemaa aqvs. aRmonacenis gamoCenidan 7-10

dReSi mTavar da gverdiT fesvebze Cndeba koJrebi,

romlebSic xdeba haeris azotis fiqsacia. koJrebi

Cndeba fesvis qsovilebisa da azotfiqsatori baq-

teriis urTierTobis Sedegad. baqteriebis

daxmarebiT soia iRebs damatebiT azotovan kvebas,

xolo baqteria soiisgan - naxSirwylebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom soia qmnis koJrebs mxolod am

baqteriasTan (Rhizobium japonicum) erTad. im

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

dasavleT evropaSi soia cnobili gaxda 1712

wels, xolo 1765 wels igi Setanil iqna CrdiloeT

amerikaSi. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi Catarda pirveli cdebi soiaze.

1878 wels venaSi Catarebul saerTaSoriso

gamofenaze Cinelebma warmoadgines soiisgan

damzadebuli produqtebis farTo asortimenti, ris

Semdegac soia popularuli gaxda dasavleT evropaSi.

XX saukuneSi adamianebma soia Tavidan

aRmoaCines, igi swrafad gavrcelda yvela konti-

nentze da farTo gamoyeneba pova kulinariaSi,

mecxoveleobaSi, warmoebasa da medicinaSi. amis

mizezi mecnierebis ganviTareba gaxda - aRmoaCines

soiis bevri `jadosnuri~ Tviseba, teqnologiurma

progresma ki soia erT-erT yvelaze `teqnologiur~

mcenared aqcia. dReisaTvis soiisagan iwarmoeba 20

000-ze meti sxvadasxva daniSnulebis produqti.

Cveulebrivi soia (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

mcenaris daxasiaTeba

biomeurne 1 (12)


25

adgilebSi, sadac soia velurad izrdeba an Zalze xSirad gamoiyene-

ba TeslbrunvaSi, niadagSi grovdeba didi raodenobiT baqteria da

baqteriisa da mcenaris kontaqti TavisTavad xdeba. iq, sadac soia

pirvelad mohyavT da niadagSi jer kidev ar aris dagrovili am baq-

teriis sakmarisi raodenoba, koJrebi ar warmoiqmneba. maTi

warmoqmnisaTvis aucilebelia niadagSi am baqteriis kulturis

Setana.

mcenaris Rero uxeSi, cilindrulia, simaRliT 15 sm-idan 2 m-mde.

Reros meore muxlTan viTardeba mTliani ovaluri foTlebi, xolo

yvela danarCeni foToli sami firfitisgan Sedgeba. maT ubeSi

viTardeba wvrili TeTri an mowiTalo yvavilebi, romlebic

Cveulebriv TviTdamtverviT mravldebian. ganayofierebis Semdeg

mcenareze warmoiqmneba 400-mde moyviTalo, ruxi an Savi feris

dakiduli parki, romlebic 2-3 burTisebr Tesls Seicaven. Teslis

diametri daaxloebiT 0,6 sm, xolo wona 120-200 mg-ia. Teslis

Seferiloba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia, magram momxmarebelTa Soris

gansakuTrebiT popularulia moyviTalo-moyavisfro Seferilobis

Tesli. dRes soia ZiriTadad mohyavT cilis gamo. miuxedavad

amisa, mcenareuli zeTis warmoebis mixedviT, soias dRes pirveli

adgili uWiravs msoflio bazarze.

unikaluri qimiuri Semadgenlobis gamo soia

farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi. msof-

lioSi marTlac ar aris ufro teqnologiuri kultura,

romelic praqtikulad danakargebis gareSe moixmareba.

soiis cilis ZiriTadi masa Srotis saxiT gamoiyene-

ba sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis sakvebis dana-

matad. soia ara mxolod abalansebs cilis raode-

nobas sakvebis danamatSi, aramed aumjobesebs

aminomJavur Semadgenlobasac. soiis gamoyenebas

memcenareobaSi ekologiuri da energodamzogi efe-

qtic axlavs. ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistemisa da

azotis fiqsaciis unaris gamo igi kargi winamorbe-

dia marcvlovnebisa da sxva kulturebisaTvis. soia

mohyavT ara mxolod marcvlis, aramed mwvane masis

gamoc. mwvane masiT kvebaven Sinaur cxovelebs,

amzadeben Tivas, siloss, balaxeul fqvils da sxv.

soiis mwvane masa ufro nela uxeSdeba, vidre sxva

parkosani mcenareebisa. amasTan igi mdidaria ara

gamoyeneba

qveyana farTobi (aTasi ha) mosavlianoba (c/ha)

aSS 28 300 26,3brazilia 10 950 21,6argentina 6 951 26,9kanada >1 000 23,4CineTi 8 130 16,6indonezia 1 350 11,6italia 390 37,0safrangeTi 82 27,0Serbia 83 21,7ruseTi 490 6,0ukraina 270 13,0belorusia 0,5 11,0

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi soiis farTobebi da mosavlianoba

26 biomeurne 1 (12)


mxolod ciliT, aramed kobaltiT, kalciu-

miT, fosforiT, agreTve karotinoide-

biTa da vitaminebiT. Tumca samarcvled

soiis moyvanas Tavis upiratesoba aqvs,

vinaidan am dros miiReba ufro koncen-

trirebuli sakvebi da produqti, romelic

didxans inaxeba.

soiis gadamuSavebis gavrcelebuli sqema

Semdegia: Teslidan zeTis gamowurva da

miRebuli Srotis sakveb danamatad gamoye-

neba; soiis rZis gamoyeneba goWebisa da

xborebis sakvebad. garda amisa saqonlis

sakvebad gamoiyeneba soiis Tivac. aseTi

Tivis TiToeuli centneri Seicavs 30

sakveb erTeuls da samjer met cilas (3%),

vidre marcvlovnebis Tiva. Tividan, ise

rogorc mwvane masidan, SeiZleba damzad-

des sakvebi fqvili an silosi simindis

mwvane masasTan erTad.

saqonlis sakvebis damzadebis garda,

mniSvnelobis mixedviT meore mimarTu-

lebaa soiis gamoyeneba adamianis sakve-

bad. Tu adre soiiT ikvebebodnen mxolod

aziisa da wynari okeanis regionis xalxe-

bi, dReisaTvis soiis sakvebze moTxovna

msoflioSi yovelwliurad 8-10%-iT izrde-

ba. soiisgan damzadebuli tradiciuli sakve-

bi produqtia soiis xaWo - tofu, soiis

sousi, nato da sxv. Tanamedrove

teqnologiebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda soiis

axali produqtebis - teqsturatebis miReba.

am produqtebma farTo popularoba moipo-

va msoflioSi - dReisaTvis aSS-is xorcis

produqtebis 20 % soiasgan iwarmoeba.

teqnologia ki iseTi daxvewilia, rom

namdvili xorcisagan misi garCeva TiTqmis

SeuZlebelia. jer kidev uZveles dros soia

gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod sakvebad,

aramed samkurnalodac. aziis qveynebSi

soiis aRmonacenebisgan damzadebuli

salaTi efeqtur saSualebadaa miCneuli avi-

taminozis samkurnalod. CineTsa da

vietnamSi soiisgan mzaddeba preparatebi,

romlebic centraluri nervuli sistemis

stimulacias iwveven. soiis parkebs

anTebsawinaaRmdego da sicxisdamwevi

moqmedeba axasiaTebs, maT iyeneben

gaciebis, Tavis tkivilis samkurnalod,

agreTve, rogorc profilaqtikur

saSualebas, aTerosklerozisa da gasuqebis

winaaRmdeg. soiis rZe da misgan damzade-

buli produqtebi rekomendebulia wylulis,

Tirkmlebis daavadebis, Sardsasqeso gze-

bis, muclis tifis, qronikuli infeqciebisa

da sxv. daavadebebis samkurnalod. soiis

rZes iyeneben diaTeziT daavadebuli da alergiuli

bavSvebis sakvebadac. XX saukunaSi soiis gamoyenebam

axali funqcia SeiZina - mas iyeneben radiaciis wina-

aRmdeg organizmis mdgradobis amaRlebis saSualebad.

pirvelad am faqts daakvirdnen iaponiaSi xirosimis

dabombvis Semdeg: afeTqebis epicentris axlos mdebare

wm. franciskis klinikis personali radiaciuli zemo-

qmedebisgan ar dazaralda, ufro metic, moxerxda pacien-

tebis nawilis gadarCenac. klinikis TanamSromlebis

azriT, amis mizezi maTi kvebis racioni iyo - isini

yoveldRiurad miirTmevdnen soias, bostneulTan da

brinjTan erTad. SemdgomSi cxovelebze Catarebuli

mravalricxovani cdebis Sedegad dadginda soiis efeqtur-

oba radiaciis winaaRmdeg organizmis mdgradobis

gazrdaSi. 1981 wels iaponiis kibosTan brZolis

erovnuli centris angariSSi gamoqveynda 30-wliani

dakvirvebis Sedegebi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom

adamianebSi, romlebic yoveldRiurad ikvebebian soiiT

onkologiuri daavadebebis gaCena 33 %-iT naklebia,

vidre sakontrolo jgufSi, romlebic am sakvebs ar

iRebda.

dRes saqarTveloSic mohyavT soia da Tbilisis

maRaziebSic, mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc SexvdebiT

tofus da soiis sxva produqtebs. Tumca glexebsa da

qalaqis mosaxleobas Soris soia ar sargeblobs im

popularobiT, rasac es marTlac unikaluri Tvisebebis

mqone produqti imsaxurebs...

biomeurne 1 (12)


27

xili da bostneuli didi raodenobiT Seicavsim sasargeblo nivTierebebs, romlebic aucile-belia adamianis organizmisaTvis. konservadgadamuSavebis Semdeg (rogor kargadac ar undagadamuSavdes) isini met-naklebad kargaven vita-minebs, amitom didi mniSvneloba aqvs maT Senaxvasnedlad (cocxali saxiT).

xilisa da bostneulis

Senaxva ojaxur

pirobebSi

iiiiaaaaggggoooo bbbbiiiittttaaaarrrriiiiSSSSvvvviiiilllliiii

biomrCeveli

praqtikaSi xilisa da bostneulis nedlad Senaxvis

mravali meTodi arsebobs. ojaxur pirobebSi mosax-

erxebelia dabal temperaturaze Senaxva. umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi xilisa da bostneulis Senaxvis tempera-

turis qveda zRvaria 00, xolo zogierTi xilisa da

bostneulisTvis - 00-ze naklebi. miuxedavad amisa

saSualo temperatura SeiZleba CaiTvalos 00-dan +80-

mde. mkvaxe da gadamwifebuli xil-bostneuli Sesana-

xavad ar varga.

mikroorganizmebs gamravlebis xelsayreli piro-

bebi rom ar Seeqmnas, xil-bostneulis Senaxvisas

temperaturasTan erTad didi mniSvneloba aqvs saTav-

sis sisufTaves da SefardebiT tens.

Senaxvis win sardafi kargad unda dasufTavdes,

Semdeg mcire raodenobiT gogirdi SevaxrColoT

(30g/m3), ganiavdes, SeTeTrdes kiris xsnariT, gau-

keTdes gasaniavebeli sarqvlebi. xil-bostneuli rom

ar moiyinos, zamTarSi fanjrebi da karebi kargad

unda daiketos.

vaSli da msxali xangrZlivad inaxeba vaSlisa da msxlis Semodgomisa

da zamTris jiSebi. yvelaze kargad inaxeba Sampanuri

reneti, kexura, qarTuli sinapi, abilauri, belflori da

sxv.

ojaxis pirobebSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia

naxerxSi Senaxva. am mizniT yuTebi miaqvT baRSi, xils

krefen frTxilad, raTa ar daiJeJos, axarisxeben da saR

nayofs gadaarCeven. yuTis Zirze yrian naxerxs, Semdeg

awyoben nayofs, faraven naxerxiT da ase imeoreben

yuTis gavsebamde; zemodan isev ayrian naxerxs; yuTebi

gadaaqvT mSral da gril adgilas sardafSi, sadac awyoben

Stabelebad.

naxerxi unda iyos mSrali, ar unda Sehyves raime ucxo

suni. am miznisTvis iyeneben mxolod foTlovani xis

naxerxs. erT yuTSi nayofis raodenoba ar unda aRemate-

bodes 20 kg-s.

yuTSi nayofis didxans Sesanaxavad sardafSi temper-

atura unda iyos 0-0.50C.

28 biomeurne 1 (12)


yurZeni

mokrefil yurZens axarisxeben da awyoben na-

xerxCayril yuTSi, Semdeg yoveli mxridan ayrian imden

naxerxs, rom mtevnebi daifaros daaxloebiT 3-5 sm

sisqeze. yuTSi yurZnis raodenoba ar unda aRema-

tebodes 15-26 kg-s. yuTebi gadaaqvT bnel da gril adg-

ilas sardafSi. yurZnis Senaxva SeiZleba, agreTve,

jagnebad (kanafze asxmuli) an akidoebad.

didi xnis Senaxvis mizniT yurZeni aucileblad

unda daikrifos mSral da mzian amindSi. aseTi yur-

Zeni kargad inaxeba 10-ze.

limoni, mandarini, forToxali

citrusovanTa nayofis didi xniT Sesanaxavad

arCeven dauzianebel nayofs, saTiTaod axveven

qaRaldSi da awyoben sufTa yuTebSi Wadrakulad.

Cawyobili nayofis yvela fenas unda gadaefaros

qaRaldi. misi Cafena saWiroa yuTis fskerzec. nay-

ofi umjobesia SeifuTos mokrefis adgilze. limonis

xangrZlivi SenaxvisaTvis, simwifis mixedviT, opti-

malur temperaturad iTvleba +20-dan +80-mde, mandarin-

isa da forToxlisaTvis +10-dan +50-mde. ase rom, Tu

sardafSi saSualo temperatura iqneba +20-dan +40-mde,

limoni inaxeba 4-6 Tve, mandarini 2-3 Tves,

forToxali 3-5 Tves. sardafi droulad unda gani-

avdes, yuTebi Stabelebad unda davawyoT.

gogra

gogra didi raodenobiT Seicavs naxSirwylebs, rki-

nasa da fosfors. igi kargad moqmedebs sisxlis

maRali wnevis mqone adamianebze. sakvebad gamoiyene-

ba rogorc Semwvari, ise moxarSuli. Sesanaxad var-

gisia yvela jiSi; gogra, saerTod, kargad inaxeba

mSral sardafSi +100-dan +140-mde. mas awyoben xis

Taroebze an kideben sardafis Werze. gogris

Senaxvisunarianobaze cudad moqmedebs mzis sxivebi,

amitom mas inaxaven bnel sardafSi, romelic xSirad

unda niavdebodes. Tu es pirobebi daculia, gogra

inaxeba 6-8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

stafilo, Warxali

Zirxvenebs frTxilad iReben miwidan., raTa kani ar

dauziandes, axarisxeben, Sesanaxavad aWrian foTlebs

da awyoben mSral, sufTa silaze (sila dayrilia sar-

dafSi 5 sm sisqeze), Semdeg siliT kargad faraven,

awyoben kidev meore Sres, kvlav faraven siliT da a.

S. sila yovel weliwads unda Seicvalos. stafilosa da

Warxlis Senaxvis optimalur temperaturad iTvleba 00-

dan 10-mde. aseT pirobebSi Zirxvenebi kargad inaxe-

ba sardafSi - Taroze dayrilic.

xaxvi, niori

xaxvisa da nivris mosavals iReben sruli simwifis

periodSi, roca foTlebi iwyeben gayviTlebasa da

Wknobas. miwidan amoRebis Semdeg xaxvsa da niors

ramdenime dRiT Slian gasaSrobad, Semdeg kinZaven

kanafze da hkideben CrdilSi, sadac sabolood kargad

Sreba.

winsawar gamSrali xaxvisa da nivris Senaxva

SeiZleba, agreTve, sardafis Taroze an Stabelebad

dadgmul yuTebSi, rom haeri yovelimxridan xvdebodes.

Senaxvis optimaluri temperaturaa 00-dan 10-is

CaTvliT.

kartofili

zamTris periodSi yinvisagan kartofilis

dasacavad mimarTaven sxvadasxva saSualebebs. iseT

adgilebSi, sadac gruntis wyali Rrmadaa, Txrian

ormos. misi moyvaniloba nebismieria - mrgvali, oval-

uri, oTkuTxedi da a.S. simaRle 1,5 - 2 m-mde. ormos

fskersa da kedlebze afenen mSral Calas, Semdeg

yrian mSral kartofils, gadaafareben Calas an Tivas

da ayrian miwas 50-70 sm sisqeze. Senaxvis optimaluri

temperaturaa +0.50-dan 30-mde.

arsebobs kartofilis Senaxvis meore wesi.

sardafSi moxexebul adgilas afenen Calas, zemodan

ayrian mSral Tivas da masze awyoben mSral da saR

kartofils. am ukanasknels zemodanac afareben Tivas

da ayrian miwas 30-40 sm sisqeze.

mesame wesiT kartofils inaxaven sardafSi

yuTebiT, romlebsac awyoben Stabelebad. am

SemTxvevaSi sardafSi temperatura unda iyos +20,

raTa kartofili ar moiyinos.

xangrZlivi Senaxvis Semdeg kartofilSi saxamebeli

iSleba da Saqrad gardaiqmneba, ris gamoc usiamovno

tkbili gemo dahkravs. mis mosacileblad kartofils 10

dRis ganmavlobaSi aTavseben + 15-dan +200 temper-

aturaze. maRali temperaturis zemoqmedebiT Saqari

isev saxameblad gardaiqmneba da kartofils pirveladi

gemo ubrundeba.

biomeurne 1 (12)


29

Cinuri

aaaalllleeeeqqqqssssaaaannnnddddrrrreeee kkkkuuuurrrrttttaaaannnniiiiZZZZeeee

biomrCeveli

k o m b o s t o

Cinuri kombosto (saxesxvaoba pekin-

uri kombosto) aRmosavleTaziuri kul-

turaa, misi samSobloa CineTi, sadac

igi jer kidev 2000 wlis win mohyavdaT.

amerikaSi gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi,

evropaSi - XX saukunis dasawyisSi, xo-

lo saqarTveloSi am kulturam 5 wlis

win SemoaRwia.

Cinuri kombosto swrafad mzardi,

erTwliani, grZeli dRis mcenarea, yvav-

ilobs gazafxulze da Semodgomaze.

Cinuri kombosto aris jvaredinmtveria,

ikeTebs mrgval an ovalur Tavs (2kg)

da arsebobs SedarebiT mkvrivi da

faSari saxis. mas ar aqvs `kuWi". igi

farTod aris gavrcelebuli aziaSi,

marto iaponiaSi mas 50 000 ha far-

Tobi ukavia.

itans mcire yinvas, misi vegetaciis

periodi 2-2,5 Tvea. mcenaris Tavi

simaRleSi 60 sm-mde izrdeba, sayvavile

Rero ezrdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi, 12

saaTSi, xolo yvavilobs rodesac tem-

peratura xangrZlivi drois ganmav-

lobaSi 120-ze dabalia. Tavis gakeTebis

Semdeg, Tuki temperatura 160-ze maRa-

lia, maSinac aris saSiSroeba, rom

aRerdes, xolo rodesac temperatura 220-

ze maRalia, maSin sayvavile Reros ar

ikeTebs. misi Senaxvis xangZlivoba

Zalian SezRudulia da gacilebiT nak-

lebia, vidre Cveulebrivi Taviani kom-

bostosi.

Cinuri kombostos kvebiTi Rirebuleba rogorc moxarSulis,

aseve nedlis (salaTis saxiT) Zalian maRalia, vinaidan igi

Seicavs iSviaT aminomJavebs da peqtinebs. 100 grami Cinuri

kombosto Seicavs 1,2 gr cilas, 2 gr naxSirwylebs, mineralur

nivTierebebs K, Ca, P, Mg, da agreTve 36 mgr C vitamins (orjer

mets, vidre salaTa). mis naklovanebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom

igi Na-iT Zalian Raribia. igi SeiZleba, agreTve, davamwniloT.

Cinuri kombosto Tavisi SemadenlobiTa da gemovnebiTi Tvi-

sebebiT did konkurencias uwevs rogorc kombostos sxva sax-

eobebs, agreTve salaTebs. amgvari mdidari Semadgenlobis gamo

rekomendebulia bavSvTa kvebisaTvis da samkurnalod, igi die-

turi produqtia.

100 gr. kombostos kvebiTi Rirebuleba

energetikuli Rirebuleba 50 kj

vitamini A 10 mgr

vitamini C 23 mgr

kaliumi 250 mgr

kalciumi 125 mgr

fosfori 45 mgr

mSrali nivTierebebi 2,5 gr

30 biomeurne 1 (12)


Cinuri kombosto - 1kg

tkbili wiwaka - 300 gr

Taviani xaxvi - 300 gr

cxare wiwaka - 1 c

wyali - 1 l

vaSlis Zmari - 100 gr

marili - 50 gr

Cinuri kombostosagan damzadebuli kerZebis receptebi

kombostos gavrecxavT da davWriT mozrdil naWrebad. Tavian

xaxvs gavfcqvniT da davWriT alyad. wiwakas gavrecxavT,

movacilebT yunwsa da Tesls da davWriT grZlad an rgolebad. am

yvelafers mWidrod CavawyobT sterilizebul qilaSi, davasxamT

mduRare marilwyals, Tavze movawyobT cxare wiwakas da

davafarebT xufs. SevinaxavT gril adgilze. mzaddeba 35 wuTSi.

Cinuri kombosto wiwakiTa da Taviani xaxviT

(konservireba)�

Cinuri kombosto - 500 gr

tkbili simindi - 0.5 qila\150-170 gr

forToxali - 1 cali

mwvane xaxvi - 2 Tavi

kiborCxalas Cxirebi - 100 gr

maionezi - 1 sufris kovzi

zeTi - 2 sufris kovzi

soiis sousi - 1 sufris kovzi

Zmari - gemovnebiT

gavWraT Cinuri kombostos foToli

sigrZeze 4 nawilad da Semdeg siganeze 0.5

sm-ian naWrebad. gafrcqvnaT forToxali da

davWraT 1 sm-ian naWrebad. kiborCxalas

Cxirebi unda davWraT Txlad, davamatoT

daWrili mwvane xaxvi da simindi. es yve-

laferi avurioT zeTSi da maionezSi da

davamatoT mcireodeni Zmari da marili

gemovnebiT.

Cinuri kombostos salaTa

forToxliT�

Cinuri kombosto - 1 Tavi

simindis marinadi - 0.5 qila

cocxali wiTeli, yviTeli da mwvane wiwaka - TiTo c

SeiZleba davamatoT cotaodeni zeTi da maionezi

wvrilad daWril kombostos davayriT daWril wiwakas,

davamatebT siminds, movasxamT maionezs da avurevT.

Cinuri kombostos salaTa�

�

biomeurne 1 (12)


31

Cinuri kombosto - 400 gr

kartofili - 300 gr

wiTeli bulgaruli wiwaka - 200 gr

Taviani xaxvi - 100 gr

zeTi an karaqi - 50 gr

gaTlil kartofils davWriT Cxirebad, davasxamT mduRare wyals

da movxarSavT. wvrilad daWril bulgarul wiwakasa da xaxvs

movxrakavT zeTSi an karaqSi. rodesac kartofili moixarSeba,

mas davamatebT msxvilad daWril Cinur kombostos da mwvanils,

vaduRebT 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, davamatebT araJansa da marils.

TiToeul ulufas SeiZleba davamatoT limonis erTi rgoli.

bostneulis supi Cinuri kombostoTi da wiTeli

bulgaruli wiwakiT�

Cinuri kombosto - 20 foToli

karaqi - 1.5 sufris kovzi

kvercxi - 2 c

kombostos davWriT Cxirebad, movayriT marils da

davyriT karaqian tafaze. kombostos mivwevT napire-

bze da centrSi frTxilad davaxliT kvercxs ise, rom

kvercxis guli ar davazianoT.

Cinuri kombosto kvercxiT�

Cinuri kombosto - 1 patara Tavi

stafilo - 1 c

momJavo vaSli - 1 c

maionezi

marili

kombostos, stafilosa da vaSls gavxexavT msxvilad, avurevT

erTmaneTSi da davamatebT maionezsa da marils gemovnebiT. am

salaTas SeiZleba davamatoT kitri da pomidori.

Cinuri kombostos salaTa�

32 biomeurne 1 (12)

agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva

kacobrioba ukve mivida imis gagebamde, rom

es kulturebi daumsaxurebladaa miviwyebuli da

saWiroa maTi TandaTanobiT aRdgena da

msoflio miwaTmoqmedebaSi CarTva. amisaTvis

mcenareuli resursebis saerTaSoriso institut-

ma (IPGRI) ukve Seqmna (2001 w) proeqti,

romelic iTvaliswinebs zogierTi daumsaxure-

blad miviwyebuli kulturis aRdgenas. esenia -

kvixoa, samedicino da aromatuli mcenareebi,

rogoricaa kvliavi, mixaki (sanelebeli), kaparsi

da sxv.

aseTive miznebs emsaxureba proeqti `sa-

qarTvelos agrobiomravalferovnebis aRdgena,

konservacia da mdgradi gamoyeneba~. proeqtis

samoqmedo arealia samcxe-javaxeTi, miviwyebuli

kulturebia: parkosnebidan - muxudo, ospi,

culispira, zeTovani mcenare seli, xorblis

jiSebi - wiTeli doli da dika. proeqts afi-

nansebs garemos globaluri mowyobis fondi

(GEF), gaeros ganviTarebis programis

farglebSi.

proeqti iTvaliswinebs agreTve, adgilobrivi

xexilovani kulturebisa da vazis jiSebis

Segrovebas, gamravlebasa da warmoebis adgilze

fermerebze konservacias.

amJamad ukve 40-ze met fermerma moiyvana

xorblis, muxudos, ospis, culispiras, selis

mosavali. proeqtis bolos 150 fermeri iqneba

CarTuli am saqmianobaSi. adgilobrivi saTemo

organizacia `farezis~ meSveobiT moxdeba am

proeqtis damTavrebis Semdeg fermerebTan

mdgradi urTierTobebis gagrZeleba. Seiqmneba

Teslis sarezervo fondi, romelic moamaragebs

fermerebs samizne kulturebis TesliT.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom 50% kaloriebisa, romelTac

kacobrioba awarmoebs, modis sam kulturaze - xorbali, brin-

ji da simindi. mxolod 150 kulturuli mcenarea globalur

doneze komercializebuli (IPGRI), maSin, rodesac arsebobs

kulturul mcenareTa ramdenime aseuli saxeoba; danarCeni kul-

turuli mcenareebi an sruliad miviwyebulia da ar mohyavT,

anda SemorCenilia anklavebis saxiT sxvadasxva ganviTarebadi

qveynebis teritoriebze. saqarTveloSi saukuneebis manZilze

cnobili kulturuli mcenareebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa mar-

cvlovnebidan endemuri xorblebi - maxa, zanduri, Romi, qvri-

ma, nawilobriv fetvi; parkosnebidan - muxudo, ugrexeli, naw-

ilobriv ospi, zeTovani boWkovani mcenareebidan - seli da

sxv., amJamad sruliad aRar iTeseba, anda umniSvnelod aris

warmodgenili da ara aqvT araviTari ekonomikuri mniSvneloba.

arada, es is kulturebia, romlebic TavianTi TvisebebiT

araTu ar Camouvardebian popularul kulturebs, aramed kidevac

sjobnian maT. ase, magaliTad, muxudos marcvali Tavisi qimi-

uri SemadgenlobiTa da kaloriulobiT gacilebiT sjobnis

lobios, xolo Romi da fetvi - siminds. Tundac aviRoT seli,

romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi da

mohyavdaT boWkosa da selis misaRebad. selis zeTi, rogorc

irkveva uaxlesi gamokvlevebiT, unikaluri Tvisebebis matare-

bvelia. kerZod, igi gamoiyeneba iseTi daavadebebis prevenci-

isa da mkurnalobisaTvis, rogoricaa kibo, gulisa da

gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebebi, diabeti, Tirkmlebis,

saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis, yelis, kanis daavadebebi da

sxv. es ar aris sruli CamonaTvali im daavadebebisa, romelTa

winaaRmdeg efeqturia selis zeTi. maS ram gamoiwvia aseTi

Zvirfasi kulturebis miviwyeba? mizezi mravalia, magram

mTavari mainc adamianis mentalitetia - damatebiT Tavis

Sewuxeba ar gvinda. rodesac vawarmoebT siminds didi

masStabiT, xom SeiZleba iqve mcire farTobze moviyvanoT

Romi, anda lobiosTan erTad davTesoT muxudo; es xom ufro

gaamravalferovnebs ojaxis sasursaTo kalaTas, namati

SeiZleba gatanil iqnes bazarze da momxmarebelic droTa

ganmavlobaSi mieCveva maT.

daumsaxureblad miviwyebuli kulture-

bis aRdgena da mdgradi gamoyeneba

ttttaaaaiiiiuuuullll bbbbeeeerrrriiiiSSSSvvvviiiilllliiii

agrobiomravalferovnebis

dacvis ganyofilebis

TanamSromeli

biomeurne 1 (12)


33

m. axalkaci, m. mosuliSvili, m. qimeriZe, i. maisaia

saqarTvelos bunebis mkvlevarTa

kavSiri "orqisi"

z a f r a n a

`Zvirfasi~samkurnalo mcenare

zafrana, anu kroko (Crocus L.) zambaxisebrTa (Iridaceae)

ojaxs miekuTvneba (sur. 1). Tumca saqarTveloSi xSirad

arasworad xaverdasac, anu yviTel yvavilsac (Tagetes patula

L.) uwodeben, arada xaverda sul sxva mcenarea

rTulyvavilovanTa (Asteraceae) ojaxidan. am or mcenares

saerTo mxolod isa aqvT, rom orive yviTeli feris sunels

warmoadgens. xaverdas suneli miiReba enisebri yvavilebis

yvavilsafrisgan, xolo zafranas fxvnili butkos gamxmari

dingisgan. meore ganmasxvavebeli niSani is aris, rom

zafrana Zalian Zvirad Rirebuli produqtia. evropis

supermarketebSi 1 gr zafranis fxvnili 15 evroze meti

Rirs. komerciuli miznisaTvis zafranis sanelebeli miiReba

Crocus sativus L.-is butkos muqi wiTeli feris dingidan (sur.

2). es mcenare kultivirebulia mTel rig qveynebSi: azerbai-

jani, safrangeTi, saberZneTi, indoeTi, irani, italia,

espaneTi, CineTi, israeli, maroko, TurqeTi, egvipte da

meqsika (Negbi, 1999). mTel msoflioSi yovelwliurad awar-

moeben 50 tona zafranas, romelis sabazro Rirebuleba

Seadgens 50 milion aSS dolars (Negbi, 1999). misi aseTi

maRali TviTRirebuleba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom zafranis

moyvana da Segroveba dRemde warmoebs primitiuli meTo-

debiT, rogorc es xdeboda saukuneebis win. kerZod, gaSlili

yvavilis dingis amputacia xeliT xdeba.

uZvelesi droidan dRevandlamde, zafrana, C. sativus,

gamoiyeneba rogorc suneli, sakvebis Sesaferadebeli

saSualeba, saRebavi da wamali, iyeneben parfumeriaSi,.

Tanamedrove kvlevebma daadgina, rom zafranis eqstraqti da

misi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli naerTebi karotinoidebi kibos

sawinaaRmdego TvisebebiTac gamoirCeva. Tanamedrove med-

icina mas iyenebs mravali daavadebis efeqturi

mkurnalobisaTvis (Zhou et al., 1978). zafranas iyeneben

sxvadasxva daavadebis samkurnalod rogorc mecnierul ise

xalxur medicinaSi. kerZod, potenciis asamaRleblad, rogorc

amosaxvelebel saSualebas (Zargari, 1990), simsivnis

sawinaaRmdegod (Nair et al., 1995; Salomi et al., 1991),

Tavisufali radikalebis gasaneitrale-

blad, hipolipemiis (Abe, Saito, 2000) da

krunCxvis sawinaaRmdegod (Zargari,

1990). igi, agreTve, aumjobesebs swav-

lis unars da mexsierebas (Zhang et al.,

1994; Abe, Saito, 2000).

avTvisebiani simsivne, mTel msof-

lioSi yvelaze saSiS daavadebas wamoad-

gens, romelic yovelwliurad 6 milionze

met sicocxles spobs dedamiwaze

(Abdullaev et al., 2000). qemoTerapia

wamoadgens erT-erT yvelaze perspe-

qtiul meTods simsivnis winaaRmdeg. es

meTodi gulisxmobs, rogorc xelovnuri,

aseve bunebrivi naerTebis gamoyenebas

simsivnis blokirebisaTvis. samkurnalo,

bostneuli da sanelebeli mcenareebi,

romlebic gamoiyeneba tradiciul medici-

naSi, dReisaTvis aRiarebulia simsivnis

qemoTerapiuli mkurnalobisaTvis auci-

lebeli preparatebis damzadebis erTerT

ZiriTad wyarod (Abdullaev, 2001). aqedan

gamomdinare, samkurnalo mcenareebis

Terapevtuli da biologiuri Tvisebebis

samecniero kvlevas didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba, radganac is qmnis maTi

gonivruli gamoyenebis safuZvels.

bolo aTwleulSi zafranis qimiuri

Semadgenloba Seswavlilia ramdenime

samecniero jgufis mier. amJamad mis

eqstraqtSi aRmoCenili 150 fiziologiu-

rad aqtiuri naerTidan identificirebu-

34 biomeurne 1 (12)


lia 40-50 nivTiereba (Winterhalter &

Straubinger 2000). zafrana Seicavs far-

makologiurad aqtiur metabolitebs,

rogoricaa: 1) krocinebi, romlebic war-

moadgenen zafranis feris ganmsaz-

Rvrel nivTierebebs. isini arian wyal-

Si xsnadi karotinoidebi, kerZod,

polien-dikarboqsilazas mono- da

diglikozileTerebi, romlebsac ewodeba

krocetini. zafranis ZiriTadi Semad-

geneli komponentia α-krocini, kroceti-nis digenTiobiozilis eTeri; 2) pik-

rokrocini, romelic ganapirobebs

zafranis mware gemos; 3) safranali,

anu volatilis zeTi, romelic gana-

pirobebs mis suns da aromats. amis

garda, zafrana Seicavs cilebs, Saqrebs,

vitaminebs, flavonoidebs, aminomJa-

vebs, mineralur nivTierebebsa da sxva

naerTebs.

arsebobs ramdenime hipoTeza zafra-

nis kibos sawinaaRmdego, anu antikan-

cerogenuri moqmedebis asaxsnelad. er-

Ti maTganis Tanaxmad, zafranis Se-

madgeneli komponentebi iwveven ujre-

dis dnm-is da rnm-is sinTezis blokire-

bas, Tumca am dros ar xdeba cilis

sinTezis SeCereba (Nair et al., 1995).

meore mosazrebis mixedviT, zafranis

komponentebi moqmedeben, rogorc Ta-

visufali radikalebis gamaneitrale-

blebi. am meqanizmis axsnisas aqcenti

keTdeba karotinoidebis im Tvisebaze,

rom isini ixsnebian lipidebSi da

SeuZliaT CaerTon membranasTan dakav-

Sirebul Tavisufali radikalebis cvlis

procesSi. mesame hipoTeza miiCnevs,

rom mTavari meqanizmi mdgomareobs

retinoidad karotinebis metabolur gar-

daqmnaSi. magram, bolo drois monace-

mebma daadastures, rom karotinis gar-

daqmna vitaminad ar xasiaTdeba anti-

kancerogenuri efeqtiT (Smith, 1998).

meoTxe hipoTezis Tanaxmad zafranas

axasiaTebs citotoqsikuri efeqti, rac

ganpirobebulia karotinebis urTierT-

qmedebiT topo-izomeraza II-Tan, fer-

mentTan, romelic gansazRvravs ujre-

dis dnm-is da cilebis urTierTqmedebas.

zafranis sunelis ZiriTadi ned-

leuli, C. sativus-i, warmoadgens mraval-

wlovan bolqovan, balaxovan mcenares.

igi bunebrivad gavrcelebulia samxreT

evropaSi, yirimSi, centralur iranSi da

samxreT aziaSi. Tumca kultivirebulia

bevr sxva qveyanaSic, maT Soris CineTSi. igi farTodaa

gamoyenebuli tradiciul Cinur medicinaSi imave daniSnulebiT,

rogorc alisarCuli - Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae). Tumca am

ukanasknels ufro Zlieri efeqti aqvs, rogorc wnevis mareguli-

rebel da tkivilgamayuCebel saSualebas.

saqarTveloSi C. sativus-i bunebrivad ar aris gavrcelebuli da

arc misi plantaciebi arsebobs. Tumca aris informacia kerZo

nakveTebze misi arsebobis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarT-

veloSi gvari Crocus-is 7 saxeobaa bunebrivad gavrcelebuli

(qemularia-naTaZe, 1941). maTgan, 4 - C. adamii J. Gay, C. reticulatus

Steven ex Adams, C. speciosus M. Bieb. da C. vallicola Herb. gvxvde-

ba samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi. erTi saxeobis - C. artvinensis

(Philippow) Grossh. arseboba am teritoriaze savaraudoa. xolo,

danarCeni ori saxeobidan erTi, yviTelyvaviliani C. scharojanii

Rupr. mxolod didi kavkasionis dasavleT nawilSi gvxvdeba,

meore ki, C. autranii Albov lokaluradaa gavrcelebuli afxazeTis

teritoriaze. am saxeobebs agreTve aqvT samkurnalo Tvisebebi.

magram C. sativus-is upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas

ufro didi zomis yvavili da intensiurad Seferili butkos

dingi aqvs, rac miuTiTebs masSi bioaqtiuri nivTierebebis

maRal Semcvelobaze.

arsebobs garkveuli safrTxe, rom daiwyeba saqarTveloSi

gavrcelebuli Crocus-is gvaris veluri saxeobebis ukontrolo

Segroveba samkurnalo mizniT, rac Seqmnis am saxeobebis pop-

ulaciebis gadaSenebis safrTxes. meore mxriv, saqarTvelos

gasvla msoflio bazarze, rogorc zafranis komerciuli mwar-

moeblisa, xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTa-

rebas da gamoasworebs mosaxleobis socialur statuss. miT

umetes, rom bunebrivi da klimaturi pirobebi metad xelsayrelia

am mcenaris kultivirebisaTvis saqarTvelos bevr regionSi da

maT Soris samcxe-javaxeTSi, sadac bunebrivad gavrcelebulia am

gvaris oTxi saxeoba.

zafrana advilad mosayvani kulturaa. igi mravldeba vegetatiu-

biomeurne 1 (12)


35

rad, bolqviT. yovelwliurad erTi bolqvi dasabams aZlevs 5-6 axal

mcenares, rac nargavis swraf gamravlebas ganapirobebs. aRsaniSnavia,

rom zafranis plantacias specialuri samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebis Ca-

tareba ar sWirdeba. igi bunebrivad mravldeba mdeloze da ar moiTxovs

damatebiT damuSavebas. am kulturis moyvana gansakuTrebiT mizanSewo-

nilia maRalmTis soflebSi, sadac sxva sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis

moyvana klimaturi pirobebis gamo SeuZlebelia. erTaderTi sirTule, ra

Tqma unda, butkos dingis Segrovebaa, magram produqtis maRali sabazro

fasi kargi stimuli unda iyos mis mosayvanad. sasurvelia, saqarTvelo

SeuerTdes im qveynebis ricxvs, sadac dReisaTvis mohyavT zafrana, rac

mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs mosaxleobis ekonomikur mdgomareobas da

wvlils Seitans iseTi daavadebis gankurnebaSi, rogoricaa avTvisebiani

simsivne.

literatura

1. qemularia-naTaZe l. 1941. Iridaceae. mayaSvili a., sosnovski, d.

(red.) saqarTvelos flora, t. 2, saq. mecn. akademiis gamomcem-

loba.

2. Abdullaev FI, Rivera Luna R, Roitenburd Belacortu V, Espinosa Aguirre

J. 2000. Pattern of childhood cancer mortality in Mexico. Arch Med Res

31(5):526-531.

3. Abdullaev FI. 2001. Plant-derived agents against cancer. In: Gupta SK,

Ed. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in the New Millennium. New Delhi:

Narosa Publishing House, pp. 345-354.

4. Abe, K. Saito, H. 2000. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent

crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother Res,

14:149-152.

5. Nair, SC, Kurumboor, SK, & Hasegawa, JH. 1995. Saffron chemopre-

vention in biology and medicine: a review. Cancer Biother 10:257-264.

6. Negbi M. 1999. Saffron cultivation: past, present and future prospects.

In: Negbi M, Ed. Saffron Crocus sativus L. Amsterdam: Harwood

Academic Publishers, pp 1-19.

7. Salomi, MJ, Nair, SC, & Panikkar, KR. 1991. Inhibitory effects of

Nigella sativa and saffron (Crocus sativus) on chemical carcinogenesis

in mice. Nutr Cancer 16:67-72.

8. Smith T.A.D. 1998. Carotenoids and cancer: prevention and potential

therapy. Br J Biomed Sci 55(4):268-275.

9. Winterhalter P, Straubinger M. 2000. Saffron-renewed interest in an

ancient spice. Food Rev Int 16(1):39-59.

10. Zargari, A. 1990. Medicinal Plants. Tehran, University Press 4:574-578.

11. Zhang, Y, Shoyama, Y, Sugiura, M, & Saito, H. 1994. Effects of Crocus

sativus L. on the ethanol-induced impairment of passive avoidance per-

formances in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 17:217-221.

12. Zhou Q, Sun Y, Zhang X. 1978. Saffron, Crocus sativus L. J Tradition

Chinese Med 28:59-61.

36 biomeurne 1 (12)

fermerTa uflebebis dacva

manana wulaia

- biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas~ erT-

erTi mizania.

2004 wlis gazafxulze holandiuri organizaciis -

NOVIB-is xelSewyobiT organizaciam daiwyo am

mimarTulebiT realuri nabijebis gadadgma.

SegiZliaT mogvmarToT kiTxviT TqvenTvis saintereso

iuridiul sakiTxebze da Cveni Jurnalis saSualebiT

gagiwevT kvalificiur konsultaciebs

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi milionze meti

mciremiwiani glexia, romelTa ekonomiuri mdgo-

mareoba Zalze mZimea. soflis meurneobis marTvis

Zveli sistema daingra, axali ki Seqmnili ar aris.

marTalia, bolo xanebSi saxelmwifos mxridan

SeiniSneba soflad garkveuli reformebis gatare-

bis mcdeloba, magram es ar aris sakmarisi viTa-

rebis gasaumjobeseblad. sakanonmdeblo da, zoga-

dad, informaciuli vakuumis pirobebSi soflis

mosaxleobisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens iuridiuli momsaxureba. swored am mizniT

"elkanam" daiwyo holandiuri organizacia NOVIB-

is proeqtis ganxorcieleba (mimdinareobs 2004

wlidan), romlis erT-erTi komponentia fermerTa

uflebebis dacva. fermerTa uflebebis dacvis

jgufi swavlobs soflis mosaxleobis socialur-

ekonomikur mdgomareobas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

regionebSi. fermerebTan Sexvedrisas warmoCndeba

is ZiriTadi iuridiuli problemebi, romlebic xels

uSlis mcire da saSualo glexuri meurneobebis

ganviTarebas da, zogadad, siRaribis aRmofxvras

soflad.

fermerebs utardeba konsultaciebi da seminare-

bi miwaTmoqmedebis, kreditebis aRebis, same-

warmeo saqmianobis warmarTvis, mmarTvelobis adg-

ilobriv organoebTan urTierTobis, sasoflo-

sameurneo miwebis privatizebis, dazRvevis

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aseve tardeba kon-

sultaciebi kerZo sakiTxebze. ewyoba Sexvedrebi

soflis xelmZRvanelobasTanac (problemebis

gadaWris maTeuli xedvis gasacnobad). regionebis

da soflebis administracias daxmareba eweva

samarTlebriv sferoSi.

dagegmilia agraruli seqtorisa da siRaribis

aRmofxvris saxelmwifo programebis ganxilva

fermerebTan erTad. maT mier mowodebul (da

sakuTar) mosazrebebs da koncefciebs mocemul

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, "elkana" rekomenda-

ciebis saxiT warudgens saxelisuflebo organoebs.

daibeWda fermerTa sainformacio wigni - `sawar-

mos organizaciul-samarTlebivi formis arCevisa

da Seqmnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi~, romelic

xelmisawvdomia Cveni wevri meurneebisaTvis.


biomeurne 1 (12)


fermeris iuridiuli konsultacia

37

bondo alasania

iuristi

gvekiTxebian �� vupasuxebT

`saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli

sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis

privatizebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis

ZiriTadi principebisa da debulebebis

ganxilva

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis

udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos mier soflis

meurneobis sferoSi ganxorcielebul politikas.

miwis fondis aTviseba, misi racionalurad da efe-

qturad gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli

imaze, Tu ra saxelmwifo politikas gaatarebs

xelisufleba da ra damokidebuleba eqneba sazogadoe-

bas am politikis mimarT. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad

mniSvnelovania arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da sax-

elmwifo xelisuflebis TanamSromloba soflis meur-

neobis sferoSi mimdinare nebismier sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT.

arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da saxelmwifo xelisu-

flebis soflis meurneobis sferoSi TanamSrom-

lobis erT-erT magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT

`saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameur-

neo daniSnulebis miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtis ganxilva. aRniSnuli

kanonis parlamentis mier miRebas win uZRoda

oponentTa Soris gamarTuli mravali diskusia da

kamaTi. sabolood, 2005 wlis 8 ivliss saqarTvelos

parlamentma miiRo saqarTvelos kanoni `saxelmwifo

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnu-

lebis miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb~.

azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, yvela eTanxme-

ba im azrs, rom kanonis miReba udides gavlenas

moaxdens ara marto soflis meurneobaSi dasaqme-

bul pirebze, aramed sazogadoebis im nawilzec,

romelsac mxolod kanonis miRebis Semdeg

gauCndeba SesaZlebloba, gaxdes miwis mesakuTre

da daiwyos saqmianoba soflis meurneobis sfe-

roSi. aqedan gamomdinare, udidesi mniSvneloba

eniWeba sazogadoebis farTo fenisaTvis `sax-

elmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo

daniSnulebis miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb~ saqarT-

velos kanonis ZiriTadi debulebebis ganmartebas.

kanonis ganmartebis aucilebloba gamokveTilia

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul pirTa SekiTxveb-

Sic. biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkana~

udidesi gulisyuriT ekideba TiToeuli piris mier

dasmul SekiTxvas da cdilobs, maqsimalurad amom-

wuravi pasuxi gasces maT. SekiTxvebis Sinaar-

sidan irkveva, rom miuxedavad kanonis miniSvne-

lobisa, xSir SemTxvevaSi soflis mosaxleobas ar

gaaCnia zogadi informaciac ki kanonis debulebe-

bisa da moTxovnebis Sesaxeb. amdenad uaRresad

mniSvnelovania gansakuTrebuli yuradReba davuT-

moT `saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-

sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis privatizebis Sesa-

xeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis ZiriTadi moTxovnebis

ganxilvas da gavceT konkretuli pasuxebi dasmul

SekiTxvebs. winamdebare publikaciaSi zogadad

ganvixilavT aRniSnuli kanonis ZiriTad princi-

pebs da SevecdebiT pasuxi gavceT im SekiTxvebs,

romlebic dRes awuxebs mosaxleobis erT nawils.

`saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-

sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis privatizebis

Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni adgens saxelmwifos

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnu-

lebis miwis privatizebas, rac moicavs rogorc

saxelmwifos mier ijariT gacemul, ise ijariT

gaucemel miwis farTobebs. amave dros kanoni

awesebs im kategoriebs, romelTa privatizeba

38 biomeurne 1 (12)


rogorc vxedavT, kanoni mkafiod gansazRvravs im kategoriis sasoflo-

sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis CamonaTvals, romelTa privatizebis ganxor-

cieleba ar SeiZleba. kanonis mier dawesebuli amgvari SezRudva efuZneba, erTi

mxriv, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs da, meore mxriv, sazogadoe-

brivi interesebis dacvas.

kanoni xazgasmiT aRiarebs saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad mis sargeblobaSi arsebul sasoflo-sameur-

neo daniSnulebis miwas. Tumca, amave dros, awesebs saqarTvelos samociqulo

avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis

miwis gadacemis proceduras, romelic gulisxmobs adgilobriv mmarTvelobis

organosTan SeTanxmebis miRwevas.

kanoni aseve awesebs privatizebis sam formas:

auqcionis TiToeuli forma gamoiyeneba yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis,

kerZod:

specialuri auqcionis formiT privatizebas eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo sakuT-

rebaSi arsebuli ijariT gaucemeli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis

nakveTi.

Ria auqcioniT privatizebas eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli

specialur auqcionze gauyidavi da yofili saijaro sasoflo-sameurneo daniS-

nulebis miwis nakveTi.

pirdapiri miyidvis formiT privatizebas eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo sakuT-

rebaSi arsebuli ijariT gacemuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis

nakveTi.

momdevno publikaciaSi ganxiluli iqneba sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatize-

bis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebis ufleba-movaleobani da privatizebis proce-

sis Catarebis procedurebi.

dauSvebelia.

es kategoriebia:

� 1. specialuri auqcioni;

� 2. Ria auqcioni;

� 3. pirdapiri miyidva.

� 1. saZovari;

� 2. pirutyvis gadasareki trasebi;

� 3. wylis fondis miwa, garda meTevzeobis xelovnuri tborebisa da `wylis

Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameurneo daniS-

nulebiT gamoyenebuli saerTo wyalTsargeblobis kategoriis miwisa;

� 4. tyis fondis miwa, romelic gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnu-

lebiT;

� 5. rekreaciuli daniSnulebis miwa;

� 6. istoriis, kulturis, bunebisa da sakulto-religiuri ZeglebisaTvis gan-

kuTvnili miwa;

� 7. daculi teritoriebis miwa;

� 8. aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi reformis fondisaTvis gankuTvnili

sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwa;

� 9. sabiujeto dafinansebaze myofi dawesebulebebisa da sajaro samarTlis

iuridiuli pirebis uzurfruqtis formiT sargeblobaSi arsebuli sasoflo-

sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebi.

biomeurne 1 (12)


39

miwis nakveTis pirdapiri miyidvis formiT

privatizeba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxve-

vaSi, Tu saxelmwifosa da miwis Sesyidvis

msurvels Soris dadgenili wesiT gaformebuli

da sajaro reestrSi registrirebulia saijaro

xelSekruleba. moijare uflebamosilia mimarTos

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis samin-

istros teritoriul organos mis mier gaforme-

buli saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlamde

erTi TviT adre miwis pirdapiri formiT

Sesyidvis moTxovniT.

xazgasasmelia, rom Tu moijare zemoaRniSnul

vadaSi ar mimarTavs Sesabamis organos miwis

gamosyidvis Taobaze, miwis nakveTi gaiyideba

auqcionis wesiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, agreTve,

is garemoeba, rom dauSvebelia miwis nakveTis

nawilis gamosyidva. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ijariT

aRebuli miwis farTobi Sedgeba sxvadasxva,

geografiulad damoukidebeli nakveTebisagan,

maSin moijare uflebamosilia, moiTxovos

misTvis sasurveli nakveTebis gamosyidva. am

SemTxvevaSi danarCen nakveTebze uqmdeba sai-

jaro xelSekruleba da Sesabamisad tardeba auq-

cioni.

Tu miwis nakveTTan dakavSirebiT mimdinare-

obs sasamarTlo dava, sakiTxis saboloo

gadawyvetamde aRniSnuli miwis nakveTebis pri-

vatizeba ar ganxorcieldeba.

ra SemTxvevaSi xdeba sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis pir-

dapiri miyidvis formiT privatizeba?

1

kanoni zustad adgens ijariT gacemuli

sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis gasayid

fass. kerZod, ijariT gacemuli miwis pirdapiri

miyidvis formiT privatizebisas Sesasyidi

fasi tolia gamosyidvis Taobaze gancxadebis

wardgenis droisaTvis saqarTvelos sagadasaxa-

do kodeqsiT dadgenili sasoflo-sameurneo

daniSnulebis miwaze qonebis gadasaxadis

sabaziso wliuri ganakveTis aTmagi odenobisa.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miwis farTze ganTav-

sebulia Senoba-nagebobebi, mravalwliani nar-

gavebi da sxv., miwis fass Sesabamisad daemate-

ba maTi Rirebuleba. aRniSnuli damatebiTi

Rirebulebis gansazRvra ganxorcieldeba saqar-

Tvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis Sesa-

bamisad.

rogor dgindeba ijariT gacemuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis

miwis gasayidi fasi?

2

moijares saijaro miwis privatizebis

Taobaze gancxadebis wardgenidan erTi Tvis

ganmavlobaSi specialur angariSze Seaqvs

SesaZeni miwis nakveTis Rirebulebis 20%. am

Tanxis gadaxdis damadasturebeli sabuTi

waredgineba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis samin-

istros Sesabamis teritoriul organos. moi-

jares SeuZlia Tanxa gadaixados rogorc

mTlianad, ise nawil-nawil - cxra wlis

ganmavlobaSi. Tanxis nawil-nawil gadaxdis

SemTxvevaSi moijare yovel momdevno wels

ixdis mTliani gadasaxdeli Tanxis 10%-s.

Tanxis pirveli nawilis gadaxdisas qoneba

daitvirTeba ipoTekiT saxelmwifos sasarge-

blod gadasaxdeli Tanxis srulad gadaxdamde.

Tanxis srulad dafarvis Semdeg ipoTeka uqmde-

ba.

miwis nakveTi da qoneba gamosyidulad CaiTv-

leba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moijare xelSekrulebis

gaformebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gadai-

xdis mTliani Tanxis 50%-s, 1-dan 3 wlamde -

Tanxis 70%-s, xolo sami wlis Semdeg ki -

Tanxis 100%-s.

ra formiT da ra proceduris Sesabamisad unda ganxorcieldes miwis

safasuris gadaxda?

3

40 biomeurne 1 (12)

Cveni biomeurneebi

gviambeT cota ram TqvensSesaxeb

mec da Cemi meuRlec pedagogebi varT,

magram sakuTari meurneoba yovelTvis

gvqonda - saTburSi mogvyavda kitri, pomi-

dori, gamogvyavda CiTilebi, gvqonda li-

monariumi. èlkanaSi~ gawevrianebamde Ziri-

Tdad gamogvyavda CiTilebi, gvqonda saT-

buri, sadac kitri da pomidori mogvyavda.

cxadia, qimiur preparatebs vxmarobdiT.

èlkanaSi~ gawevrianebis Semdeg Cveni

regionis mrCevlis, aliko kurtaniZis dax-

marebiT gadavediT biomeurneobaze. dRe-

isaTvis mogvyavs limoni, mandarini, Txi-

li, kivi, sxvadasxva xili, gamogvyavs CiTi-

lebic. garda amisa, mrCevlis rekomendaciiT

mecxoveleobis ganviTareba gadavwyviteT,

gvyavs 7 suli Zroxa, romlebsac ZiriTadad

CaliTa da TiviT vkvebavT.

ratom gawevriandiT? ramdagainteresaT „elkanaSi“?

es iyo 1996-97 wlebSi... bavSvebi gvyav-

da da mindoda sufTa, janmrTeli sakvebiT

gamezarda. interesi gamiCnda da Tavidan

literaturis gacnobiT daviwye, Semdeg mrCe-

velic gamoCnda da...

qimiur sasuqebs saerTod ar

iyenebT?

simindis garda, yvelaferi biomeTo-

debiT momyavs, nakelisa da kompostis

garda sxva sasuqs ar vxmarob.

mavnebelsa da daavadebasrogor ebrZviT? TuasxurebT raimes?

citrusebSi mqonda mavneblis problema,

rCeva vkiTxe mrCevels da biopreparati -

fitovermi gamoviyene. xolo pomidorze da kitrze regu-

larulad viyeneb kuproqsats.

Tqveni iniciativiT CamoyalibebulglexTa sakredito kavSirze ras

gvetyviT, gaamarTla?

rogor daiwyo es yvelaferi? citrusis gadasaxuravad

zamTris sezonSi krediti aviRe fondi `ziaridan~ da

aqedan daiwyo Cveni urTierToba `ziarTan~. am fondSi

gavige, rom SesaZlebelia soflad sakredito kavSiris

Camoyalibeba da Tu minimum 50 mepaie mogrovdeba da

TiToeuli 50 lars gaiRebs, `ziari~ grantis saxiT gad-

mogvcems garkveul Tanxas. gavavrcele informacia

regionSi da Segrovda 50 msurveli, ZiriTadad èlkanas~

wevrebi, romlebmac gaiRes 50-50 lari. momzadda saWiro

dokumentacia, Camoyalibda kavSiri da Sepirebisamebr

`ziarma~ gadmogviricxa 15 000 lari.

TiToeul wevrze gasacemi Tanxaa 300 lari. am Tanxas

glexi iyenebs sagazafxulo samuSaoebisaTvis - mosax-

navad, TeslisTvis, Semosakaveblad. es aris 2%-iani ses-

xi, e.i. 100 laridan TveSi 2 laria gadasaxdeli. es pro-

centi SeiZleba Semcirdes kidec, Tu damatebiT resursebs

movipovebT da brunva gaizrdeba.

es kavSiri Seiqmna 2003 wels, aqtiurad amuSavda 2004

wlidan. erTi wlis muSaobam Sedegi gamoiRo - xelSek-

ruleba gvqonda dadebuli msesxeblebTan, yovelTviurad

Semodioda saprocento Senatanebi; rodesac weli dam-

Tavrda maSin mogebis gadasaxadi droulad gadavixadeT,

moxda auditoruli Semowmeba da auditma gaakeTa daskvna.

Semdeg erovnuli bankis warmomadgenlebma Zirfesvianad

Seamowmes Cveni muSaoba, kmayofilebi darCnen da wlis

saukeTeso sakredito kavSirad gvaRiares.

rogoria sesxis gacemis meqanizmi?

sakredito kavSirs hyavs gamgeoba, gamgeobaSi aris sami

wevri, gvyavs sameTvalyureo sabWo, romelic Tvalyurs ade-

vnebs kavSiris muSaobas. sameTvalyureo sabWoSi mepaiee-

bi arian da, cxadia, isini dainteresebuli arian sakredi-

to kavSiris gamarTuli muSaobiT. rogorc ki mepaie Semo-

itans gancxadebas sesxis aRebis Taobaze, Cven ganvi-

icnobdeT

r e v a z c x a d a i a

aaaalllleeeeqqqqssssaaaannnnddddrrrreeee kkkkuuuurrrrttttaaaannnniiiiZZZZeeeemmmm

interviu Caiwera

biomeurne 1 (12)

Cveni biomeurneebi

41

darigeba ar akliaT, JurnalebiT da sxva

literaturiTac droulad maragdebian, magram

biopreparatebis mxriv namdvilad gviWirs -

qimiur preparatebis alternativa Zalze mwiria.

amis gareSe ki mTlianad meurneobis biomeur-

neobad gadaqceva rTulia.

Tqven meurneobaSidamontaJda biogazis aparati.

kmayofili xarT?

axla rom vufiqrdebi, es iyo èlkanasgan~

didi daxmareba, Tavidan ar Canda, iseTi efe-

qturi rom iqneboda, magram yoveldRiurad 8

saaTi Cven gazi gvaqvs. axla, rodesac ele-

qtroenergiis safasuris gadaxda mkacrad kon-

troldeba, gamoCnda, rom visac biogazis

aparati aqvs (10 ojaxi), eleqtroenergiis

gadasaxadi TveSi 8 larze zeviT ar uwevs,

sxvebi ki - 25-30 lars ixdian araCveulebrivi

ram gakeTda èlkanas~ TaosnobiT, damouki-

debeli xar da verc ruseTi Segiwyvets gazis

mowodebas da verc adgilobrivi kompania

gadagiWris.

ras urCevdiT damwyeb bio-

meurneebs?

biomeurneebs pirvel rigSi vurCevdi, rom

Tu biomeurneobis awyoba undaT, aucilebelia

nakelis sakuTari resursi hqondeT, anu

hyavdeT saqoneli; mis gareSe verafers ver

gaakeTebs, 2-3 Zroxa mainc unda hyavdes.

aseve unda agrovebdes balaxeulobas, nar-

Cenebs kompostis dasamzadeblad.

yvelas, Zvel wevrebsac da wevrobis

msurvelebsac unda gvaxsovdes, rom iseTi

organizaciis wevroba, rogoric èlkanaa~,

pativia, magram did Sromasa da gaazrebul

pasuxismgeblobasac gulisxmobs. amitom gaw-

evrianebamde glexebs vurCev, gaecnon èlka-

nas~ literaturas - Jurnalebs, broSurebs.

waikiTxon, Tu ra moeTxoveba biomeurnes da

Semdeg miiRon gadawyvetileba.

xilavT mas da yvela erTad viRebT gadawyvetilebas.

gasatani Tanxa fiqsirebulia?

TiToeul mepaieze daaxloebiT 300 laria gansazRvruli.

Tumca mepaiebs Soris arsebobs Sida SeTanxmeba: Tu

adamiani wesieri gadamxdelia da mas dasWirda 400-500

lari, davuSvaT gamonaklisi. ra Tqma unda, aseTi daSveba

keTdeba maSin, roca fondSi gvaqvs Tanxa. maqsimumi, risi

gacemac aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia, aris 500 laramde.,

meti Tanxa araa CvenTan.

Tanxa ZiriTadad raze gaaqvT?

glexs gansakuTrebiT gazafxulis samuSaoebisTvis

uWirs fuli. Tanxa ZiriTadad gaaqvT saxnav-saTesad da

farTobis Semosakaveblad. moxnavs, daTesavs, mosavals

miiRebs, Semodgomaze gayidis da gadaxdac SeuZlia.

.

Tu Tanxa gaizarda, TiToeul mepaiesSeeZleba metis gatana, Tu mepaieTa

raodenobis gazrdaa aucilebeli?

minimum 50 wevri unda iyos kavSirSi, meti SeiZleba,

magram, magaliTad, 100 an 150 wevri rom gvyavdes, maSin

Zalian cota Tanxa gamodis TiToeulisaTvis. erovnuli

bankidan Segvpirdnen, CagiricxavT garkveul Tanxebso,

magram jer Tavs vikavebT, radgan Cven fond "ziarTan"

vTanamSromlobT, ase rom, jerjerobiT ar gvqonia zedmeti

Tanxis saWiroeba. Tu dagvWirda, jer `ziars~ mivmarTavT.

ratom `ziars~?

es Tanxa rac Cven gvaqvs, mTlianad Cvens sakredito

kavSirSi rCeba. `ziars~ araferi miaqvs, naCuqari fulia,

erovnuli bankidan Tu aviRebT, mas procentic unda

vuxadoT. es ki gaaZvirebs sesxs.

Tqven èlkanas~ gamgeobis wevri xarT.Tqveni azriT ra sWirdebaT yvelaze

metad fermerebs?

ramdenime welia gamgeobis wevri var da yvelafris

saqmis kursSi var, rac èlkanaSi~ xdeba. fermerebs rCeva-

42 biomeurne 1 (12)

sertificireba

sertificirebis

organo `kavkasserti~

`kavkassertis~ miznebia:

� Caataros sainspeqcio da sasertifikacio

samuSaoebi yvela im kerZo Tu iuridiuli piri-

saTvis, romelic dakavebulia biologiuri pro-

duqciis warmoebiT, gadamuSavebiTa da gasa-

RebiT;

� organuli produqciis warmoebis standartebisa

da sertificirebis procedurebis srulyofa.

kavkasserti~ Tavazobs Semdegi saxis

momsaxurebas:

� warmoebis procesis inspeqtireba da sertifi-

cireba;

� gadamuSavebis procesis inspeqtireba da serti-

ficireba;

� gasaRebis obieqtis inspeqtireba da sertifi-

cireba.

sertificirebis organo `kavkasserti~ eweva

biologiuri produqtis warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da

gasaRebis procesebis sertificirebas. momsaxurebis

miReba SeuZlia, rogorc kerZo pirs, aseve iuridiu-

lad daregistrirebul mewarmes an mewarmeTa jgufs.

`kavkassertis~ momsaxureba fasiania, romelic

ganisazRvreba organizaciaSi arsebuli tarifebiT.

`kavkasserts~ moepoveba yvela saxis saSualeba

sertificirebis procesis Casatareblad. organizaciis

struqtura da arsebuli xarisxis sistema iZleva obieq-

turi da miukerZoebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis

garantias.

imisaTvis, rom ganmcxadeblebs hqondeT saSua-

leba, gaitanon TavianTi produqcia saerTaSoriso

bazarze, `kavkassertma~ gaiara saerTaSoriso audi-

tis pirveli etapi, da 2006 wels eqsportiorebs

gauCndebaT amis SesaZlebloba.

sertificirebis procesi gamWvirvalea, is eyrdno-

ba Sesabamis procedurebs, dokumentebs da moicavs

Semdeg nabijebs:

� dainteresebuli piri iRebs srul informacias

xarisxisa da sertificirebis sistemis Sesaxeb;

� ganmcxadebelma unda Seavsos ganacxadis blanki

da waradginos sruli dokumenturi masala sawar-

moo erTeulis Sesaxeb;

� arsebuli dokumentaciis winaswar Sefasebas

awarmoebs `kavkassertis~ direqtori. Tu pasuxi

dadebiTia, ganmcxadebels uformdeba xelSek-

ruleba;

� `kavkassertis~ direqtori niSnavs inspeqtors

inspeqciis Casatareblad;

� inspeqtori ecnoba arsebul dokumentacias, ata-

rebs sawarmoo erTeulis inspeqcias (dagegmili

inspeqtireba) da amzadebs inspeqtirebis

angariSs;

� inspeqtoris angariSis safuZvelze `kavkasser-

tis~ direqtori iRebs sertifikatis gaucemlo-

bis, gardamavali periodis daniSvnis an am peri-

odis gaxangrZlivebis gadawyvetilebas;

� ganmcxadeblis informireba gadawyvetilebis

Sesaxeb;

� ganmcxadeblis Semowmeba standartebis Sesru-

lebaze (gaufrTxilebeli inspeqtireba).

sakontaqto informacia:

q. Tbilisi, marSal gelovanis quCa 2,

tel: 38 06 69

direqtori: daviT bedoSvili

mob: 899 56 02 09

inspeqtori: zurab nadareiSvili

mob: 899 90 08 71

Sveicariis ganviTarebis saagentos xelSewyobiT

xorcieldeba regionuli proeqti `biomeurneobriobis

gaZliereba samxreT kavkasiaSi~, romlis farglebSi

Seiqmna sertificirebis organo `kavkasserti~.

gadasaweri magazin 12 - elkana · udidesia. aq cadebulia biomravalferovnebis konservacia, dacva da...

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