gap va bmp trong nuoi tom

8/3/2019 GAP Va BMP Trong Nuoi Tom

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GAP v BMP trong nui tm ti Vit Nam:

Chnh sch, hin trng v phng phng thc hin

Ts. V Dng Tin 1 v ng Don Griffiths2

Tm tt:

Bi vit ny nu tm tt hin trng ngun lc (iu kin t nhin, kh hu, mi trng v csvt cht) cho nui tm v thng tin chi tit v cc hnh thc nui tm thng phm khc nhau angc thc hin nc ta. Bi vit cng cung cp cc s liu v s pht trin nhanh chng ca nghnui tm nc ta trong thp k qua, tin trin v hin trng p dng cc quy phm Thc hnh nuiftrng thy sn tt (GAP) v Thc hnh qun l tt hn (BMP) v c i chiu vi cc nc khctrong khu vc Chu . Bi vit cng bn v cc kh khn, trngi trong vic trin khai p dng GAPv BMP nc ta. Cc xut c nu v phng hng cho t chc thc hin GAP v BMPv cc hot ng c th m cc cquan chnh ph, cc nh ti trcng nh thnh phn t nhn cn

xc tin y mnh p dng GAP v BMP Vit Nam.

Mc lc

1. Vai tr ca ngnh thu sn: ................................................................................................................ 1

2. Cc hnh thc nui tm Vit Nam .................................................................................................. 4

3. Pht trin thc hnh nui tt (GAP) v thc hnh qun l tt hn (BMP) Vit Nam ................... 5

4. Tnh hnh trin khai p dng GAP, BMP v COC............................................................................11

5. nh hng thc hin GAP, BMP, COC..........................................................................................12

6. Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................................................ 13

Bng 1 - 7 ........................................................................................................................................15-21

1. Vai tr ca ngnh Thy sn

Ngnh thu sn ng gp mt phn quan trng cho vic m bo an ninh lng thc, nguncht dinh dng, sinh k, to thu nhp v vic lm cho ngi dn nng thn.

Theo s liu ca cc cuc iu tra v tiu dng thc phm, c tnh cc sn phm thu sn

cung cp 50% lng protein trong ba n ca ngi Vit Nam. Lng tiu dng cc sn phm thu

1 Ph Gim c thng trc, Hp phn H trpht trin nui trng thy sn bn vng (SUDA), Chng trnh H trNgnh thy sn Giai on II (FSPS II). a ch email [email protected] v [email protected] C vn c p cao (ph trch nui trng thy sn nc mn v nc l), H p phn SUDA, FSPS II. a [email protected].


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sn tnh trn u ngi tng t 13,2 kg vo nm 1990 ln 18,7 kg vo nm 2000 v 19,4 kg nm2020. Tuy nhin, theo kt quiu tra ca U ban Sng Mkng, c s chnh lch rt ln gia ccvng a l khc nhau nh con s ny Min Bc ch l 12kg/ngi/nm trong khi s bnh qun khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long l 30 kg/ngi/nm v tnh Long An th ln ti60kg/ngi/nm.

Theo c tnh, nc ta c khong 4 triu ngi lm vic thng xuyn trong ngnh thy sn,v c khong 8,5 triu ngi (tng ng 10% dn s) c ngun thu nhp chnh trc tip hoc gintip t lnh vc thu sn. Ngoi ra, t nht 10 triu ngi tham gia nh bt thu sn trn bin, trongni a v t cng la.

Trong nn kinh t Vit Nam, thy sn cng l ngnh ang pht trin nhanh chng. Ngnh thysn ng gp 4% cho tng sn phm quc ni (GDP), 8% cho gi tr hng ho xut khu v 10%vic lm trn c nc

T nm 2005 n nm 2008, sn lng thy sn ca Vit Nam tng t 3.456.900 ln

4.574.900 tn (xem Bng 1di). Vng ng bng sng Cu Long ni ring ng gp 50%tng sn lng thy sn. Nm 2007, ln u tin sn lng nui trng thu sn t 2.085.200 tn,vt ln sn lng khai thc thc thy sn ang mc 2.063.800 tn. Ngnh thy sn cng l ngnhng th 4 v xut khu, sau cc ngnh du kh, may mc v giy da. Trong sut thp k qua, xutkhu thy sn tng trng mc 18%/nm. Nm 2008, chng ta xut khu 1.236.289 tn snphm thu sn vi kim ngch l 4,509 t USD. Con s ny tng 51% v khi lng v 61% v gi trso vi nm 2005, khi tng sn phm thu sn xut khu t 626.991 tn t gi tr xut khu 2,739 tUSD3.

Trong giai on t nm 2005 n 2007, tng din tch t c s dng cho nui trng thysn tng 5,8%, t 952.600 ln 1.008.000 ha. Bng 2di cho thy nm 2008, nui thy sn ncmn v nc lchim din tch 702.500 ha (70%) cn nui nc ngt chim din tch 305.500 ha(30%). Trong tng s 702.500 ha nui mn l, c 625.600 (89%) ha dnh cho nui tm. Trong khi ,trong tng s 305.500 ha nui nc ngt trong nm 2008, din tch danh cho nui tm (nc ngt) chl 4.700 ha, tng ng vi 1,5%.

T nm 2004 n 2008, tng sn lng nui trng thy sn tng 102%, t 1.202.500 ln2.430.944 tn, trong 381.728 tn (15,7%) l tm nui (xem Bng 3). Hin nay, cc tnh vng ngbng sng Cu Long ang sn xut ra 74% tng sn lng thy sn nui trng ca Vit Nam.


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HNH 1.BNVITNAMVI63TNHTHNH(CHGHITNCCTNHVENBIN).


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Bng 4 cho thy k t nm 2000, chim u th trong cc sn phm thy sn xut khu ca tatrn th trng quc t l cc cc i tng nui, c bit l tm s (Penaeus monodon) v tm chntrng (Penaeus vannamei). Cc sn phm thu sn xut khu ch yu cc l loi nc l, k c vkhi lng v gi tr. Nm 2008, Vit Nam xut khu tng s 191.553 tn tm, tr gi 1,625 tUSD (s liu ca Vin Kinh t v Quy hoch Thu sn Vit Nam-VIFEP), a tm tr thnh i

tng thy sn xut khu c gi tr nht ca nc ta. Con s ny tng 18,8% v khi lng v7,7% v gi tr so vi nm 2007. Bng 5 cho thy, th trng xut khu chnh cho tm Vit Nam lNht Bn, ni tiu th 31% khi lng, v ng thi 31% gi tr tm xut khu vo nm 2008. NcM (vi 14% v khi lng v 29% vgi tr) v Lin minh Chu u EU (vi 17% v khi lngv 14% v gi tr) l nhng khch hng ln tip theo i vi sn phm tm Vit Nam trong nm qua.Tuy nhin, trong khi th trng Nht Bn kh n nh trong nhng nm gn y th EU v Nga li lnhng th trng quan trng ang c mrng, c tim nng pht trin hn na.

2. Cc hnh thc nui tm Vit NamNui n canh tm cng xanh (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) trong rung la l hnh thc nui

rt ph bin ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long. Sn lng nm 2008 c c tnh t xp x

10.000 tn, trong phn ln c tiu th trong nc.T nm 2004 n nm 2008, sn lng cc loi tm he tng t 281.800 ln 381.728 tn

(xem Bng 3di). Bng 6di cng cho thy 5 tnh ng u v nui tm ca Vit Nam nm2008 theo th t l C Mau (93.920 tn), Bc Liu (63.984 tn), Sc Trng (54.250 tn), Kin Giang(28.601 tn) v Bn Tre (23.950 tn). C 5 tnh trn u thuc ng bng sng Cu Long (xem Hnh1trn). Nm 2008, ng bng sng Cu Long chim 82% sn lng tm nui ca Vit Nam

Bng 7di cho bit tng quan c im a l v kh hu ca Vit Nam. Vng ng bngsng Cu Long c nhit in hnh t 20 n 30oC, cho php ngi dn nui hai v tm trong nm.Tnh C Mau, vi 250.000 ha ao tm, l tnh sn xut tm ln nht nc ta, c bit l tm s. Tikhu vc min Bc, do c mt ma ng lnh r rt ko di t thng 11 n thng 3, nhit dao ng

t 9-39oC, nng dn ch c th nui mt v tm trong nm.B Thy sn, (nm 2007 hp nht vo B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn) , phn

loi cc hnh thc nui tm nc ta thnh 3 cp khc nhau, tu theo cc u vo v mc thmcanh:

Nui tm s qung canh, sn lng ti a ti 0,5 tn/ha/nm khng th tm ging v khngcung cp thc n cho tm, ch thay nc nhthu triu;

Nui bn tm canh, sn lng 1-2 tn/ha/nm; Nui tm s thm canh, sn lng 5-6 tn/ha/nm; v, Nui tm chn trng thm canh, sn lng t t 15-20 tn/ha/nm

Hin nay, phn ln sn lng tm nui, c bit l tm s, c sn xut t cc ao nui qungcanh (90% din tch ao nui vn cn hnh thc nui ny). Tuy nhin, xu hng ca cc h thngnui tm, m c cc cquan ca nh nc, chnh quyn a phng v i ng cn b khuyn ngang tch cc thc y l ngy cng tng cng mc thm canh.

Khc vi cc nc Chu lng ging, ni ch yu nui tm chn trng, ti Vit Nam, tm svn chim 80-90% sn lng tm nui. Nguyn nhn chnh l khu vc nui tm ch yu l minNam, ni nhit nc cho php nui hai v trong nm, v v hnh thc nui qung canh vn chim


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u th. Nhvy, Vit Nam l mt trong s t cc nc vn ang sn xut tm s cto, cht lng caov c rt t i th cnh tranh trc tip ngoi n v Bnglat. Tuy nhin, tnh hnh ny s c thc thay i v iu ny s cp sau.

Tm chn trng (Penaeus vannamei) c ngun gc t Nam M, c du nhp vo Vit Namvo khong cc nm 1997-2000. K t, vic nui tm chn trng pht trin nhanh, ch yu l

ti cc tnh min Trung v min Bc Vit Nam. L do loi tm chn trng tr nn ph bin l 1)chng d sinh sn v thun dng, 2) d nui mt cao, 3) i hi hm lng protein trong thcn thp hn so vi tm s, 4) chu c nhit thp v 5) chu c nc c cht lng km hn sovi tm s.

Sau khi du nhp vo Vit Nam, s pht trin nui tm chn trng c B Thy sn kimsot cht ch. Tuy nhin k t ngy 25/1/2008, tm chn trng c php nui ti cc ao thm canhtrong cc vng nui an ton c chnh quyn a phng ph duyt. Do , sn lng tm chntrng vng ng bng sng Cu Long tng ln ht sc nhanh chng, mc d hin cha c s liuny.

Ngh nui tm ca Vit Nam hin nay ang gp mt s trngi, trong c tc ng tiu ccca vic pht trin nhanh chng din tch nui tm vng nc l, thm ch cch bbin ti 10 km,

lm mn ho nc ngm mt s khu vc, gy nghn bn mt s khu vc ni a, v gim dintch rng ngp mn. Hin nay ngh nui tm s nc ta vn ph thuc vo vic nh bt tm mthnh thc ngoi t nhin sn xut tm ging. Vi nhu cu ngy cng tng trong khi s lng cth khai thc li gim, gi tm s m thnh thc c khi by ln ti chc triu ng/con. Ngoira, ngi ta cng lo ngi rng, vic a tm chn trng vo nui vng ng bng sng Cu Long slm tng s lng tm chn trng trong t nhin do tm thot ra khi ao nui, v c th c s truynbnh t tm chn trng sang tm s v ngc li, c bit l bnh vi rt m trng (WSSV).

3. Pht trin thc hnh nui tt (GAP) v thc hnh qun l tt hn (BMP) VitNam

Ngoi nhng trngi ni trn, cc nh nhp khu ch yu sn phm tm, c bit l EU, Mv Nht Bn, ang a ra nhng yu cu kht khe v truy xut ngun gc (theo phng thc t aonui ti bn n), v chng nhn tiu chun, chng hn nh GLOBAL GAP, bo v mi trng vtrch nhim x hi. C Hip hi bn l ca H Lan v Heiploeg BV, t chc nhp khu tm ln nhtChu u tuyn b s yu cu tt c cc nh cung cp phi c chng nhn GLOBAL GAP k tthng 1/2011. Ti cuc hp GLOBAL GAP 2008, cc thnh vin l cc t chc bn l cng thngnht ku gi tt c cc nh cung cp sn phm thy sn nui trng phi p dng chng nhnGLOBAL GAP vo nm 2012. Walmart, hng bn l ln nht th gii, ang h trLin minh Nuithu sn ton cu v cng mong mun tt c cc nh cung cp thu sn ca hng cng sc chngnhn p dng quy phm Thc hnh nui trng thy sn tt nht (BAP).

Cc yu cu ngy cng kht khe ca th trng khin ngnh nui trng thy sn ca Vit

Nam phi hng ti vic p dng GAP3

/BMP4

trong sn xut rt nhiu hng ha, bao gm c tm vc bin. iu ny t ra 2 th thch ln:

3 Theo khi nim ca quc t, Thc hnh ni trng thy sn tt (GAP) l cc thc hnh qun l hoc hng dn cson tho nhm gim thiu nguy ccc sn phm thy sn c nui ti csb nhim mm bnh, ho cht, cht bn vthuc th y b cm hoc s dng sai quy cch. Quy nh GAP c th hiu l nhng thc hnh cn thit to ra sn phmcht lng cao, p ng yu cu v v sinh an ton thc phm.


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1. Lm th no khuyn khch hng trm ngn csnui thu sn p dng GAP/BMP; v2. Lm th no ngi nui nh lvng nng thn vn c ngun lc hn hp cng tham gia

vo tin trnh ny h khng b mt i nhng li ch x hi t nui trng thu sn.

Nu mun duy tr hoc thm ch mrng th trng xut khu tm th Vit Nam cn tch cc,chng v p ng cc yu cu ca cc nc nhp khu.

Cho n nay, Cc Qun l cht lng v Th thy sn (NAFIQAVED, thuc B Thu sn)l n v hot ng tch cc nht trong vic thc y p dng GAP nc ta thng qua cc hot ngnghin cu th nghim, tp hun v khuyn ng. Vi h trban u ca B Nng nghip M, nm2003, NAFIQAVED khi xng d n p dng th nghim GAP (di y c gi l d n)nhm nng cao cht lng tm ca Vit Nam, cng nh l tng cng tnh bn vng v mi trngv x hi.

Nghin cu kinh nghim ca cc nc khc trong khu vc v phng php trin khai B Quytc ng x ngh c c trch nhim ca FAO, trong cc h thng GAP/COC ca Thi Lan v xemxt iu kin csh tng cho nui tm ca Vit Nam hin nay, NAFIQAVED xc nh rng quyphm Thc hnh Qun l tt hn (BMP) ph hp hn vi cc csnui quy m nh, c ngun lchn ch, bao gm cu t ti chnh, v h c th p dng tu theo iu kin ca mnh, cn quyphm Thc hnh nui tt (GAP) v Quy tc Thc hnh nui trng thu sn c trch nhim (COC) thph hp hn vi cc csnui thm canh v chng i hi u t nhiu hn vo csh tng v chiph hot ng.

Nm 2004, vi ngun kinh ph ca B Thy sn, d n c mrng vi s tham gia ca 5tnh duyn hi (Thanh Ho, Khnh Ho, Bc Liu, Sc Trng, C Mau). Cc hot ng cng din rati cc tnh khc nhng mc thp hn. Cng tng t nh vic chng nhn tin hnh ThiLan, k hoch ca Vit Nam ban u s da trn hai cp : (1) cp GAP, tp trung vo ni dungm bo v sinh an ton thc phm v bo v mi trng; v (2) cp COC, ch trng n chtlng u vo ca cc h thng nui v trch nhim x hi. NAFIQUAVED tham vn cc chuyn

gia trong nc v quc t v l i din ca ngnh thy sn xy dng nn cc ti liu v bi gingv Tiu chun GAP.

Nm 2004, vi s h trca Hp phn SUMA, NAFIQAVED tin hnh cc hot ngxc tin p dng BMP/GAP/COC ti nhiu tnh:

Ti cc tnh Thanh Ho v Khnh Ho, d n tin hnh ti mt csnui quy m trungbnh c tng din tch l 18 ha v mt hp tc x c tng din tch 106 ha.

Ti Sc Trng, Bc Liu v C Mau, c 3 doanh nghip tham gia hot ng d n. Bn Tre c20 csnui tm s thm canh quy m nh ti hai vng nui vi din tch 23 ha, v 37 ha vmt vng nui tm c din tch 74 ha p dng GAP v bc u c chng nhn.

Trong nm 2005, SUMA cng thc y vic p dng GAP ti cc csnui quy m nh ticc tnh Ngh An, H Tnh v cc tri ging ti cc tnh C Mau v Khnh Ho.

Cc hot ng xc tin c tin hnh trong cc d n khc nhau bao gm:

4 Theo khi nim ca quc t, Thc hnh qun l tt hn (BMP) l cc nguyn tc qun l trong pht trin nui trng thysn c th s dng nh l cscho Quy tc ng x nui c trch nhim (COC). T tt hn ph hp hn t tt nht vthc hnh nui trng thy sn lun khng ngng c ci tin.


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Tp hun v GAP/COC cho nng dn v cn ba phng v kim tra v gim st. H trtrang thit b cho cc n v nh cung cp thit b PCR v Elisa cho SThy sn Bn

Tre (nay l SNNPTNT).

Th nghim p dng chng nhn GAP nm 2006 cho 8 doanh nghip v vng nui tnh BnTre, Sc Trng, Bc Liu v C Mau.Nm 2006, vi s h trca NORAD v D n Lut thy sn, NAFIQAVED bt u trin

khai d n th nghim p dng quy phm Thc hnh nui tt vi s hp tc ca cc nhm nng dn tnh Tr Vinh (t chc nhm nng dn) v cc tri ging tm tnh Bnh Thun (sn xut tm ging).Mc ch ca d n p dng quy phm Thc hnh nui trng thy sn tt (GAP) vo nui tm l kim nghim phng thc lm vic vi cc nhm nng dn trin khai GAP v cp chng nhn.Cc s liu ca NAFIQAVED t nm 2006 cho thy sn lng ca cc csp dng GAP cao hncc cskhng p dng GAP t 20- 30%.

Nm 2007, NAFIQAVED m rng cc hot ng xc tin p dng GAP ti 15 tnh, cbit l cc tnh ln cn vi nm tnh c th nghim ban u. Cc tnh ny bao gm Ninh Bnh,Thanh Ho mrng, Tha Thin Hu, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Tin Giang, Tr Vinh, Kin Giang,Long An, ng Thp, An Giang, tnh C Mau mrng, Bc Liu mrng, Sc Trng mrng, inBin, Bc Giang. Hot ng xc tin c thc hin ch yu thng qua t chc tp hun v ph bincc ti liu khuyn ng v GAP. Theo bo co ca NAFIQAD, nm 2007 c 160 h vi tng s650 ngi c tp hun ti cc tnh C Mau, Sc Trng v Bc Liu.

NAFIQAVED t chc cc kho tp hun v GAP cho 175 nng dn t 3 vng nui tm vsau c thm 120 nng dn na c tp hun v GAP nhn rng GAP cc vng nui tmkhc ti tnh Bn Tre v Kin Giang.

Vo thng 10 nm 2006, NAFIQAVED v cc trung tm vng 4, 5 v 6 kim nghim trnthc t v xy dng d tho Tiu chun k thut v Thc hnh nui trng thy sn tt cho nui tms thm canh v bn thm canh v bn d tho ln 2 v Quy ch kim tra, chng nhn csnui tman ton v cc sn phm tm an ton v ho cht v d lng khng sinh. Kt qu l 3 csnui t tiu chun chng nhn l csnui tm an ton, song khng c chng nhn do thiu csphp l. NAFIQAVED v sau ny NAFIQAD d tho Quy ch chng nhn v vn bn ny c B NNPTNT thng qua vo thng 4 nm 2008 ti Quyt nh s 56.

Trong hot ng ca Hp phn H trpht trin nui trng thy sn nc mn (SUMA) thucChng trnh H trngnh Thu sn Giai on I, thng 11 nm 2003, SUMA v Mng li cc trungtm Nui trng thu sn Chu - Thi Bnh Dng (NACA) k mt tho thun hp tc. Vi sphi hp vi NAFIQAVED, cng tc c trin khai ti cc tnh Qung Ninh, Khnh Ho, NghAn, H Tnh v C Mau. Cng tc th y m SUMA v NACA cng hp tc thc hin bao gm xydng v ph bin ti liu khuyn ng v GAP v BMP cho tt c cc khu trong c chui sn xut

tm nh ngi bun tm b m, tri sn xut ging, ngi bun tm ging v nng dn nui thngphm. Cc ch ca ti liu bao gm cht lng tm ging, chun b ao, qun l ao v qun l sckhong vt thy sn. Vi s hp tc ca NAFIQAVED, Vin Nghin cu nui trng thy sn 1,Trng i hc Thy sn Nha Trang (nay l Trng i hc Nha Trang) v cc SThu sn, cc tiliu khuyn ng v BMP v mt cun sch mng v nui tm p dng BMP c xy dng vph bin. Cc quy nh v BMP do SUMA v NACA phi hp xy dng c a vo d thotiu chun sn xut tm ging sinh thi ca Chng trnh Xc tin Nhp khu ca Thy s(SIPPO).


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SUMA v NACA h trthc hin BMP ti 6 tri ging v kt qu l sn lng v gi bntm ging ca cc tri ny cao hn cc tri ging khng p dng BMP.

Ngoi ra SUMA v NACA cn h tr th nghim trin khai p dng BMP ti 7 cng ngnui tm (vi 655 ngi hng li trc tip). Kh nng c li ca nhng nng dn s dng con gingsn xut ti tri ging p dng BMP c kim tra bnh cao gp 7 ln so vi nng dn s dng con

ging ca tri khng p dng BMP v khng kim tra bnh.Cng trong chng trnh ht ng ca Hp phn SUMA thuc FSPS I, mt s ti liu quan

trng lin quan ti GAP v BMP c xy dng, bao gm:

1) Hng dn Quy hoch nui trng thu sn mn lbn vng (c Hp phn SUDA thucChng trnh FSPS II hon thin, B Thy sn ph duyt v ban hnh nm 2007);

2) Hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng (c Hp phn SUDA thuc Chng trnh FSPS IIhon thin, B Thy sn ph duyt v ban hnh nm 2007);

3) S tay nh gi sc ti ca mi trng v sc ti ca cc h sinh thi vng duyn hi Vitnam;

4) Bn quy hoch pht trin nui trng thy sn nc mn v nc lcho mt s huyn.Sau khi Hp phn H trpht trin nui trng thu sn bn vng (SUDA) thuc Chng trnh

FSPS II thu t vn trong nc thc hin hot ng 1.2.4.2 (2006) Hon thin bn ting Vit Hngdn quy hoch nui trng thy sn mn lbn vng, ti liu ny c chnh sa, hon thin vtrnh B trng B Thy sn xem xt, quyt nh ph duyt. Vn bn Hng dn quy hoch nuitrng thy sn mn lbn vng c B Thu sn ph duyt vo ngy 3/4/2007 (theo quyt nhs 447/Q-BTS) v th thng bo c gi ti tt c cc tnh ven bin.

Tng t nh vy, trong hot ng 1.4.1 (2006) Hon thin bn tin Vit ca Hng dnnh gi tc ng mi trng, t vn trong nc c thu chnh sa ti liu ny. Bn Hng

dn nh gi tc ng mi trng cho cc tnh ven bin c B Thy sn ph duyt vo ngy29/01/2007 (quyt nh 133-Q-BTS). Theo quy nh ti Thng t s 08/206/TT-BTNMT ca BTi nguyn v Mi trng, Hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng cho cc tnh ven bin cgi ti tt c cc tnh duyn hi ca Vit Nam p dng ngay.

Ngy 10/4/2006, B Thy sn ban hnh Quyt nh s 06/2006/Q-BTS ph duyt Quych qun l vng v csnui tm an ton.

Ngy 29/4/2008, B NNPTNT ban hnh Quy ch qun l s 56/2008Q-BNN v Quych Kim tra, Chng nhn nui trng thy sn theo hng bn vng. Vn bn ny quy nh hthng kim tra, chng nhn nui trng thu sn.

NAFIQAVED xy dng d tho tiu chun k thut5 v hng dn6 cho nui tm thm

canh v bn thm canh, song cha son tho tiu chun k thut v hng dn cho nui tm qungcanh v qung canh ci tin.

5 Tiu chun l nhng nguyn tc, quy nh hoc quy trnh nu r nhng c tnh m mt sn phm phi t c. Cngngy, tiu chun cng c th hin di dng cc con so lng c th s dng cho bit hot ng (cc kt qu)nhm t c cc nguyn tc v tiu ch c th. Tiu chun c s dng nh gi trnh hot ng v lm chun nh gi xem sn phm c thc chng nhn hay khng.


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Hp phn SUDA thuc Chng trnh FSPS II ti trNACA vi t cch l t vn khu vcthc hin hot ng 3.5.5 (2007) v y mnh p dng BMP, GAP v COC i vi cc m hnhnui tm. Hp phn SUDA cng ti trt vn quc t AquaMarine Limited thc hin hot ng1.4.3 (2008) v Bt u xy dng vng nui an ton ti 2 x.

Sau khi B Thy sn c hp nht vi B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn vo thng 8

nm 2007 v Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun do Quc hi thng qua v c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/2007(theo lut ny th Tiu chun l quy nh vc tnh k thut v yu cu qun l dng lm chun phn loi, nh gi sn phm, hng ho, dch v, qu trnh, mi trng v cc i tng khc tronghot ng kinh t - x hi nhm nng cao cht lng v hiu qu ca cc i tng ny. Tiu chundo mt t chc cng b di dng vn bn t nguyn p dng; Quy chun k thut l quy nh vmc gii hn ca c tnh k thut v yu cu qun l m sn phm, hng ho, dch v, qu trnh, mitrng v cc i tng khc trong hot ng kinh t - x hi phi tun th bo m an ton, vsinh, sc kho con ngi; bo vng vt, thc vt, mi trng; bo v li ch v an ninh quc gia,quyn li ca ngi tiu dng v cc yu cu thit yu khc. Quy chun k thut do cquan nh ncc thm quyn ban hnh di dng vn bn bt buc p dng), B NNPTNT quyt nh cnhng thay i i vi cc tiu chun hin hnh v nui tm.

Hin ti c tng s 75 Tiu chun ngnh v nui trng thy sn. B Nng nghip v Pht trinnng thn c k hoch bi b 27 trong s cc Tiu chun ngnh hin hnh, r sot v chnh sa 39Tiu chun ngnh cn li chuyn thnh tiu chun quc gia. Ngoi ra, Cc Nui trng thy sn sr sot v chnh sa 9 Tiu chun ngnh ban hnh di hnh thc quy chun k thut. Trong sny, 5 tiu chun ngnh v nui tm nc mn v nc l c lit k di y s c BNNPTNT ban hnh di hnh thc cc quy chun k thut bt buc p dng:

1. 28 TCN 92:2005 Cssn xut ging tm bin - Yu cu k thut v v sinh. 2. 28 TCN99-1996- Tm bin Tm s b m Yu cu k thut.

3. 28 TCN 100-1996 Tm bin Tm he b m Yu cu k thut.

4. 28 TCN 190- 2004 Csnui tm iu kin m bo v sinh an ton thc phm.5. 28 TCN 191:2004 Vng nui tm- iu kin m bo v sinh an ton thc phm.

Ngoi vic chuyn i (khng phi sa i) cc tiu chun ngnh v tiu chun k thut, BNN&PTNT cng ang d tho Quy ch kim tra, chng nhn nui trng thu sn theo hng bnvng (sa i)v mt s quy nh iu kin nui cc i tng thy sn chng nhn, bao gm 3cp BMP, GAP v CoC7. Cc ti liu ny (hin ang trong qu trnh d tho v s phi hon thinv cng b vo cui nm 2009) nhm a ra cc tiu chun cp chng nhn

6 Hng dn l cc ti liu hng dn vic trin khai cc B quy tc ng x, Quy tc thc hnh, cc nguyn tc chngnhn, cc tiu ch v tiu chun v.v7 D tho quyt nh v Quy nh viu kin nui tm s v tm chn trng theo hng bn vng.


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4. Tnh hnh trin khai p dng GAP, BMP v COC

Hin nay ti Vit Nam c 3 tiu chun quc tang c p dng trong nui tm, l:

Tiu chun Thc hnh nui thu sn tt nht (BAP) ca Lin minh Nui thu sn ton cudo y bn chng nhn Nui trng thy sn (ADCC) c tr s ti M cp chng nhn. Tiuchun ny hin ang c p dng ti khu nui tm 74 ha ca Cng ty Nng Lm sn Bn Treti tnh Bn Tre.

Chng nhn ca Naturland cho tm nui sinh thi ca Cng ty Lm nghip 184 ti tnh CMau.

Tiu chun GLOBALGAP- EurepGAP trc c th im p dng cho hoa qu v rauti, nay c m rng sang sn phm thu sn. Mt s hot ng th nghim i vi tiu chunGLOBALGAP cho tm ang c tin hnh. Cc bn tham gia trong chng trnh GLOBAL GAP nc ta bao gm SY t, SNNPTNT, U ban Tiu chun v o lng cht lng, SThng mi,SKhoa hc v Cng ngh ti cc tnh.

Gi s mt nng dn c ao ti khu vc c knh cp v thot nc ring, p ng cBMP, GAP v COC, nng dn it nht cng phi u t thm tin ci to ao tt hn nhm ditmm bnh, loi b cc vt trung gian truyn bnh nh cua, lc nc cp v x l nc m bo aokhng c mm bnh, ng thi phi chi thm tin mua tm ging c chng nhn sch bnh, cbit l bnh vi rt m trng (WSSV). Theo s liu ca NAFFIQAVED (2006), chi ph tng do pdng GAP cho nui tm trong mt hot ng th im tnh Bn Tre l 2.352 ng/kg, gm ch yul chi ph phn tch d lng ho cht v thuc khng sinh tm. Tuy nhin, nghin cu ny cho bitmc chi ph tng do u t vo csh tng ca ao khi ao nm trong khu vc khng c knh cp vthot nc ring. Cc nghin cu khc v p dng GAP ti tnh Khnh Ho (ca NAFIQAVED nm2006) xc nh rng chi ph tng do p dng GAP vo nui tm khi lp t h thng cp v thot

nc ring, bao gm c chi ph tp hun v phn tch l 13.700 ng/kg. Con s ny tng ng vi20% gi thnh sn xut ti thi im . S vn u ti ln ny l rt ln. Chnh v th, rt t nngdn tin tng rng s li tng c th b p c phn chi ph tng v do , rt t csnui tm nc ta c chng nhn v y ch l nhng csc din tch sn xut v sn lng hn ch. Chon nay, c tnh c khong 1.500 nng dn c tp hun v GAP (gm 430 nng dn tnh BnTre, 650 nng dn cc tnh C Mau, Sc Trng v Bc Liu vo nm 2007, v 415 nng dn cctnh khc). NAFIQAVED, sau ny l NAFIQAD (sau khi B Thu sn st nhp vi B NNPTNT vonm 2007), c tnh c khong 7.000 nng dn ng k p dng GAP, trong 720 ha din tchsn xut ang trong qu trnh ng k. Hu ht cc csny c quy m ln ch khng phi l csnui quy m nh d hin nay chnh cc csnui quy m nh li chim u th v s lng csnui v sn lng tm nui. Ngoi ra, c thm 1.198 nng dn khc vi tng din tch nui 4.000 ha

c chng nhn c snui tm sinh thi. Tuy nhin con s ny l v cng nh b, ch chim1,1% trong tng s 369.094 ha ao nui tm trong nm 2008.

Kinh nghim n nay cho thy, khi lm vic vi cc nhm nng dn th vic qun l hu hiuv to son kt trong nhm l vn kh khn hn rt nhiu so vi vn k thut trong vic pdng GAP, BMP v COC vo nui tm.


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Cho n nay, sau su nm d dm th nghim tng bc GAP, BMP v COC, v son thocc vn bn php l v GAP, BMP v COC, bng c ngun ngn sch nh nc v vn vin tr, VitNam vn cha c c cc tiu chun, quy chun d hiu v y c th thc y c vic trinkhai p dng GAP, BMP hay COC trn din rng.

Cc b tiu chun v GAP, BMP v COC do NAFIQAVED thuc B Thy sn trc yd tho, nay ang c Cc Nui trng thy sn thuc B NNPTNT r sot xy dng thnh ccQuy chun chnh thc. Tuy nhin cch hiu/din gii GAP, BMP v COC trong cc vn bn doNAFIQAVED son tho khng ph hp vi cc khi nim v GAP, BMP v COC c cng ngquc t chp nhn. Nu khng c chnh sa, cc ti liu ny c th dn ti vic hiu nhm, ln ln,s h nghi chng trnh chng nhn m sau ny sc thit lp nc ta.

5. nh hng thc hin GAP, BMP, COC

1. Tt c cc n v c lin quan ca B NNPTNT bao gm Cc Nui trng thu sn (DAQ),Cc Ch bin v Thng mi nng lm thu sn v ngh mui (DPT), Cc Th y (DAH),NAFIQAD v Trung tm Khuyn nng - Khuyn ng Quc gia (NCAFE) cn t chc cc

cuc hp thng nht v xy dng chin lc tng th trin khai p dng GAP, BMP vCOC, nhm cui cng s dn n cc tiu chun GLOBALGAP v ACC cho th trng EU vM. Chin lc sau khi hon thin phi c B NTPTNT ph duyt.

2. Cc yu cu GAP hin nay qu nghim ngt v phc tp i vi csnui quy m nh v cnphi c n gin ho, ch gi li nhng thng ip v thc hnh chnh, ng thi vn duytr u tin v v sinh an ton thc phm, ngha l a GAP ca Vit Nam ngy cng gn vikhi nim GAP ca quc t.

3. Cc Nui trng thy sn cn th hin vai tr lnh o v cho c qu trnh vi s tham giaca cc thnh phn lin quan nhm xy dng v thng qua cc tiu chun chng nhn ngin, do lng, st vi cc khi nim GAP, BMP v COC m quc t chp nhn cho

nui tm s v tm chn trng trong thi gian sm nht c th.4. Sau , B NNPTNT v cc n v ch cht ca B bao gm Cc Nui trng thu sn, Cc

Ch bin v Thng mi, Cc Th y, NAFIQAD v NCAFE cng cc SNNPTNT cc tnhv i ng cn b, vi s h trca cc nh ti trnh Danida, FSPS II, JICA, USAID vEU, cn phi hp hnh ng y mnh vic p dng GAP, BMP v COC trn c nc.

5. Cc quy nh v GAP, BMP v COC Vit Nam cn phi c xy dng cho tng hp viGLOBALGAP v ACC sn phm c th vo c th trng EU v th trng M.

6. iu ny i hi nng dn phi nhn thc c l do cn tun th cc quy phm thc hnhGAP, BMP v COC, hiu c li ch m n mang li v quy trnh ny cn phi ht sc ngin v r rng. Vic xy dng trang web ph hp v mt vn phng h tr theo cch mt

ca s c tc dng thc y trin khai cng tc ny.7. GAP v BMP phi c thc y, ph bin thng qua vic trin khai rng ri cc chng trnh

o to v tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc. Hin nay, SUDA ang phi h p cht ch viNCAFE xy dng phng php v ti liu tp hun cho tp hun vin (TOT), cp nni dung n gin v qun l mi trng, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm v cch tip cnc nh hng x hi (ngha l lm vic vi cc nhm nng dn).


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8. Cn nng cao kh nng tip cn th trng ca cc csp dng GAP, BMP v COC thngqua xy dng mi lin kt gia nng dn, nh ch bin v cc n v bn l quy m ln tora thm ng lc khuyn khch nng dn p dng thc hnh nui tt hn, to dng quan hhp tc v k kt hp ng di hn.

9. Cn y mnh u t ca Nh nc v t nhn vo cc lnh vc gim st cht lng nc, dlng ho cht (thuc tr su v kim loi nng), phng th nghim PCR kim tra cc bnhvirut cho tm v ELISA phn tch d lng thuc th y (chloramphenicol v nitrofurans)

10.Cc d n th im, sau khi c thit k mt cch thn trng, cn c trin khai kimnghim liu vi iu kin ca ca a phng v h thng php lut, th cch tip cn cpchng nhn theo nhm c kh thi khng. Sau , kt qu ca d n ny sc s dng xy dng chin lc a nng dn nui tm quy m nng h tham gia vo chng trnhchng nhn, hay xc nh phng php khc cho nhm i tng ny.

6. Ti liu tham kho

1. Corsin, F., S. Funge-Smith and J. Clausen (2007) A qualitative assessment of standards andcertification schemes applicable to aquaculture in the Asia-pacific region. Asia-Pacific FisheriesCommission (APFIC), FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.

2. FAO (2003). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper Number 420, Rome, FAO. 58 pp.3. NACA and SUMA (2002). Mangrove and rice shrimp farming.4. NACA/SUMA (2005). Reducing the Risk of Aquatic Animal Disease Outbreaks and Improving

Environmental Management of Coastal Aquaculture in Viet Nam. Final report of theNACA/SUMA projects, FSPS I, December 2005. 67 pp.

5. NACA (2008). y mnh Thc hnh qun l tt hn (BMP), Thc hnh nui tt (GAP) v Thchnh nui c trch nhim (CoC) i vi cc m hnh nui. Bo co ca t vn khu vc cho hot

ng s 3.5.5/2007 ca H p phn H tr pht trin nui trng thy sn bn vng (SUDA),Chng trnh H trngnh thy sn Pha II (FSPS II). 79 trang. Bo co bng ting Vit v tingAnh.

6. NAFIQAVED (2006). Bo co tng kt ti p dng GAP pht trin nui tm bn vng Vit Nam, 29 thng 8 nm 2006, 84 tr.

7. NAFIQAVED (2006). Bo co tng kt d n p dng th im Quy phm thc hnh nui thysn tt (GAP) m bo an ton thc phm cho nguyn liu thy sn nui ti cc vng nui 23 ha,37 ha huyn Bnh i v vng nui K22 huyn Thnh Ph - Bn Tre, thng 12 nm 2006.

8. NAFIQAVED (2006). D tho Quy chun thc hnh nui tt (GAP) v nui c trch nhim(CoC) tm s thm canh, bn thm canh. (Good Aquaculture Practices and Code of Conduct for

Responsible Aquaculture for Intensive and Semi-intensive Farming ofPenaeus monodon).9. NAFIQAVED (2005). S tay hng dn thc hnh nui tt (GAP) i vi nui tm s thm canh

Vit Nam. NAFIQAVED (2006). 35 trang. (Guidelines for Good Aquaculture Practices for IntensiveFarming ofPenaeus monodon in Viet Nam).

10.NRI (2009). Xy dng Chin lc quc gia tng cng chi thng mi cho sn phm tm VitNam (Development of National Strategy to Enhance Trade Opportunities for Vietnamese Shrimp).Bo co ca t vn quc t trong hot ng 1.4.1.3/2008 ca Hp phn Tng cng nng lc sau


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thu hoch v Marketing, thuc Chng trnh H trngnh thy sn Pha II (FSPS II). 129 trang.Bo co bng ting Vit v ting Anh).

11.POSMA (2009). Ti liu tm tt hin trng ngnh thy sn Vit Nam. Bo co ca NAFIQAD, doHp phn Tng cng nng lc sau thu hoch v Marketing, Chng trnh H trngnh Thu snPha II (FSPS II) son tho cho Cuc hp Ban Cho Quc gia ti H Ni ngy 17/6/2009. 50

trang. Bo co bng ting Vit v ting Anh.12.FAO, NACA, UNEP, WB, WWF (2006). B Nguyn tc quc t v nui tm c trch nhim (

International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming(http://www.apfic.org/apfic_downloads/FAO_downloads/fao-naca-wwf_shrimp_principles.pdf ;http://www.apfic.org/modules/wfdownloads/viewcat.php?cid=14)

13.WWF (2007). Benchmarking Study on International Aquaculture Certification Programmes.14. Quy ch kim tra, chng nhn nui trng thy sn theo hng bn vng Ban hnh km theo

Quyt nh s 56/2008/Q-BNN ngy 29 thng 4 nm 2008 ca B trng B Nng nghip vPht trin nng thn

15. Quy ch Qun l vng v c s nui tm an ton (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s:06/2006/Q-BTSngy 10 thng 4 nm 2006 ca B trng B Thu sn)


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BNG1.TNGSNLNGTHYSN,TNHTHEONM

n v: tn

Chia raTng s

Khai thc Nui trng

2005 3.465.900 1.987.900 1.478.000

2006 3.720.500 2.026.600 1.693.900

2007 4.149.000 2.063.800 2.085.200

2008 4.574.900 2.143.900 2.430.944

Ngun: FiCEN/CIS.

BNG2.DINTCHMTNCNUITRNGTHYSN

n v: hec-ta.

2005 2006 2007

Tng s 952.600 976.500 1.008.000

Din tch nc mn, l 661.000 683.000 702.500

Nui c 10.100 17.200 26.400

Nui tm 528.300 612.100 625.600

Nui kt hp v cc sn phm thysn khc

1.22.200 53.400 50.200

Nui sinh sn 400 300 300

Din tch nc ngt 291.600 293.500 305.500

Nui c 281.700 283.800 295.700

Nui tm 4.900 4.600 4.700

Nui kt hp v cc sn phm thysn khc

1.600 1.700 1.600

Nnui sinh sn 3.500 3.400 3.500

Ngun: FiCEN/CIS.


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BNG3.SNLNGCVTMNUI

n v: tn

Tng s C Tm Loi khc

2004 1.202.500 761.600 281.8002005 1.478.000 971.200 327.200

2006 1.693.900 1.157.100 354.500

2007 2.085.200 1.494.800 386.600

2008 2.430.944 1.828.068 381.728 221.148

Ngun: FiCEN/CIS.


16/20

BNG4.KHILNGVGITRXUTKHU,THEOLOITHYSN

Khilng

(tn)

Gi tr(ngn

USD)

Khilng

(tn)

Gi tr(Ngn

USD)

Khilng

(tn)

Gi tr(Ngn

USD)

Khilng

(tn)

Gi tr(Ngn

USD)

Khl

% b

08/2005 2006 2007 2008

Tm ng lnh 159.1911.371.60

0 158.4471.460.58

6 161.2671.508.95

9 191.5531.625.70

7 8

Pangasius 140.707 328.153 286.600 736.872 386.870 979.036 640.8291.453.09

8 2

C ng 52.842 150.939 52.818 188.694

Cc loi thysn khc 134.026 359.547 158.109 408.214 117.555 336.784 131.656 414.087 10

Cephalopodsng lnh 61.944 182.300 69.763 222.190 82.199 282.356 86.704 318.235 7

Thy sn kh 35.910 130.400 35.479 142.195 35.366 146.947 32.676 145.762 11

Cc sn phmkhc 95.214 367.200 103.112 378.234 88.848 357.645 100.107 363.835 9

Tng 626.992 2.739.200 811.510 3.348.291 924.947 3.762.666 1.236.343 4.509.418

Ngun: S liu cng b ca VASEP


17/20

BNG5.XUTKHUTM2005-2008,THEOTHTRNG

Khilng(tn)

Gi tr(ngnUSD)

Khilng(tn)

Gi tr(ngnUSD)

Khilng(tn)

Gi tr(ngnUSD)

Khilng(tn)

Gi tr(ngnUSD)

Khlnbin

08/

2005 2006 2007 2008

Nht Bn 66.852 549.696 66.164 581.195 56.366 492.201 58.533 498.914 1

M 41.443 434.079 35.414 422.921 40.425 481.693 46.629 467.279

EU 17.721 125.149 21.265 154.302 21.663 158.727 32.727 234.231

Nam TriuTin 3.263 20.929 5.131 37.558 10.388 81.710 12.187 84.997

Canada 4.898 47.632 5.279 55.621 5.672 65.430 7.205 72.225

Australia 7.313 56.161 8.584 76.743 6.270 60.367 7.654 70.615

i Loan 7.195 52.743 5.818 39.392 7.702 54.146 10.132 65.684

TrungQuc vHngKng 3.967 28.998 4.275 34.496 4.584 36.790 6.050 48.920

ASEAN 3.159 27.669 2.414 22.058 3.748 35.709 3.463 26.997

Thy Si 1.453 14.065 1.452 15.178 2.118 22.844 2.029 19.855

Khc 1.928 14.436 2.650 21.123 2.333 19.342 4.944 35.990

Tng 159.1921.371.55

7 158.4461.460.58

7 161.2691.508.95

9 191.5531.625.70

7Ngun: S liu cng b ca VASEP


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18

BNG6.SNLNGTMNUITHEOTNH

Tnh 2005 2006 2007 2008C nc 327.194 354.514 386.596 381.728

ng bng sng Hng 8.283 8.774 9.904 8.479H Ni 21 31 31 31Vnh Phc 6 2 6 2Bc Ninh 221 199 188 208H Ty 4 8 11 -Hi Dng 17 18 13 13Hi Phng 2.266 2.800 3.250 2.790Hng Yn 269 192 200 250Thi Bnh 2.201 2.490 2.727 2.278H Nam 129 162 180 208Nam nh 1.904 2.008 2.243 1.900

Ninh Bnh 1.245 864 1.055 799ng Bc 5.294 5.596 6.214 6.597H Giang 4 4 4 6Cao Bng 1 6 5Bc Kn 6 7 7 8Tuyn Quang 13 12 13 14Lo Cai 2 4 5 5Yn Bi 6 6 6 7Thi Nguyn 49 49 48 49Lng Sn 4 3 3 4Qung Ninh 5.038 5.325 5.972 6.287

Ph Th 174 185 150 212Ty Bc 56 84 88 67

in Bin 9 11 12 17Lai Chu 7 7 8 4Sn La 11 26 27 1Ha Bnh 30 40 41 45

Bc Trung B 12.505 13.036 13.185 12.936Thanh Ha 2.208 1.934 2.142 1.965Ngh An 1.180 1.750 1.976 2.078H Tnh 2.517 2.213 1.793 1.315

Qung Bnh 1.585 1.661 1.979 2.081Qung Tr 1.653 1.617 1.636 1.847Tha Thin - Hu 3.362 3.861 3.659 3.651

Duyn hi Nam Trung B 16.315 18.843 19.996 26.772 Nng 505 203 256 272Qung Nam 3.151 2.930 2.950 5.127


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19

Tnh 2005 2006 2007 2008Qung Ngi 3.005 4.160 4.950 5.690Bnh nh 1.709 2.310 2.599 4.000Ph Yn 2.615 2.872 3.170 4.114Khnh Ha 5.330 6.368 6.071 7.569

Ty Nguyn 64 62 57 71k Lk 55 54 48 50k Nng 7 5 5 5Lm ng 2 3 4 16

ng Nam B 18.917 21.283 21.717 22.800Ninh Thun 1.995 3.575 5.412 5.821Bnh Thun 2.496 1.760 2.756 3.810Ty Ninh 3 5 2 1Bnh Dng 2 18 19 1ng Nai 1.531 1.262 1.496 2.326B Ra - Vng Tu 3.702 3.981 2.452 2.220TP. H Ch Minh 9.188 10.682 9.580 8.621

ng bng sng Cu Long 265.761 286.837 315.435 304.006Long An 6.014 7.190 7.085 5.683Tin Giang 7.998 8.273 9.381 10.118Bn Tre 25.090 23.446 25.166 23.950Tr Vinh 19.688 24.142 27.337 20.890Vnh Long 47 34 34 26ng Thp 103 402 834 1.397An Giang 698 815 917 1.080

Kin Giang 18.461 22.847 27.843 28.601Cn Th 75 124 133 81Hu Giang 34 25 33 27Sc Trng 42.837 52.696 58.045 54.250Bc Liu 63.616 58.400 63.751 63.984C Mau 81.100 88.443 94.876 93.920

Ngun: FiCEN/CIS.


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20

BNG7. TMTTCIMALVKHHUCAVITNAM

Cc ch s Ch s ca Vietnam

Din tch t 330.000 km2

ng bin 3.444 kmVng c quyn kinh t 1.000.000 km2Kh hu: Min Bc: 9-390 C

Min Nam: 20-350 C

Lng ma: 2,200 mm/nmAo 160.000 haH v b cha 340.000 haRung la 580.000 haVng ven bin: rng ngp mn,vnh, m ph, vng triu 700.000 ha

Sng ngi Chiu di hng nghn kmCc h thng sng chnh Sng Cu Long, sng Hng v rt nhiu cc h thng sngnh hn

gap va bmp trong nuoi tom

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