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Tr thng minh nhn to khng ph hp vi ... s ngu ngc t nhin Forum ITLAB TECHNICAL CENTER NETWORK CISCO CCENT & CCNA Tng quan v giao thc nh tuyn

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Thread: T ng quan v giao th c nh tuy n

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10-07-2010 04:42 PM#1

itdongnai

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Join Date Jun 2010 Location Bin Ha - ng Nai Posts 236 Credit(s) 0 0 For This Post 29 Total (Thanked System)

T ng quan v giao th c nh tuy n

1. Khi Nim ROUTING inh tuyn la qua trinh router s dung chuyn tip cac packet n mang ich. Router a ra quyt inh da trn ia chi IP ich cua packet. co th a ra c quyt inh chinh xac, router phai hoc cach lam sao i n cac mang xa. Khi router s dung qua trinh inh tuyn ng, thng tin nay se c hoc t nhng router khac. Khi qua trinh inh tuyn tinh c s dung, nha quan tri mang se cu hinh thng tin v nhng mang xa bng tay cho router. Bi vi cac tuyn ng tinh c cu hinh bng tay, nha quan tri phai thm va xoa cac tuyn ng tinh phan anh s thay i cua hinh mang. Qua trinh inh tuyn tinh co nhc im la khng co kha nng m rng nh inh tuyn ng bi vi no oi hoi nhiu cng sc cua nha quan tri. 2. Cc Phng Thc nh Tuyn:

A. STATIC ROUTING Cac bc cu hinh inh tuyn tinh: Nha quan tri cu hinh con ng tinh. Router se a con ng vao trong bang inh tuyn. Con ng inh tuyn tinh se c a vao s dung. Cu phap cu lnh: Router(config)#ip route {destination network} {subnet mask} {nexthop ip address | outgoing interface} Administrative distance (AD) la mt tham s tuy chon, chi ra tin cy cua mt con ng. Con ng co gia tri cang thp thi cang c tin cy. Gia tri AD mc inh cua tuyn ng tinh la 1.

DEFAULT ROUTE Cu phap: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {nexthop ip address | outgoing interface} Default route c s dung gi cac packet n cac mang ich ma khng co trong bang inh tuyn. Thng c s dung trn cac mang dang stub network (mang chi co mt con ng i ra bn ngoai)

KIM TRA CU HINH Router#show running-config Router#show ip route B. DYNAMIC ROUTING Routing Protocol (giao thc nh tuyn) Ngn ng giao tip gia cac router. Mt giao thc inh tuyn cho phep cac router chia se thng tin v cac network. Router s dung cac thng tin nay xy dng va duy tri bang inh tuyn cua minh. Cc loi giao thc nh tuyn: Distance Vector: RIP, IGRP. Hot ng theo nguyn tt "hng xm", ngha l mi router s gi bng routingtable ca chnh mnh cho tt c cc router c ni trc tip vi mnh . Cc router sau o so snh vi bn routing-table m mnh hin c v kim xem route ca mnh v route mi nhn c, route no tt hn s c cp nht . Cc routing-update s c gi theo nh k (30 giy vi RIP , 60 giy i vi RIP-novell , 90 giy i vi IGRP) . Do , khi c s thay i trong mng , cc router s bit c khc mng no down lin. u im : D cu hnh . router khng phi s l nhiu -->CPU v MEM cn rnh lm vic khc . Tuy nhin nhc im th hi b nhiu : - Th nht: h thng metric qu n gin (nh rip ch l hop-count ) nn c th sy ra vic con ng "tt nht" cha phi l tt nht (^-^) . - Th 2: Do phi cp nht nh k cc routing-table , nn mt lng bandwidth ng k s b chim , lm trong thoughput s mt i (mc d mng khng g thay i nhiu) . - Cui cng v trm trng nht l do cc Router hi t chm , s dn n vic sai lch trong bng route-->Routing LOOP!!!!!!. Link-state: Linkstate khng gi routing-update, m ch gi tnh trng [state] ca cc ci link trong linkstatedatabase ca mnh i cho cc router khc, ri t mi router s chy gii thut shortest path first (bi vy mi c OSPF - open shortest path first) , t build bng routing-table cho mnh . Sau khi mng hi t , link-state protocol s khng gi update nh k nh Distance-vector , m ch gi khi no c mt s thay i nht trong

topology mng (1 line b down , cn s dng ng back-up) u im: - Scalable: c th thch nghi c vi a s h thng , cho php ngi thit k c th thit k mng linh hot , phn ng nhanh vi tnh hung sy ra. - Do khng gi interval-update , nn link state bo m c bng thng cho cc ng mng . Khuyt im: - Do router phi s l nhiu , nn chim nhiu b nh ln CPU , -->tng delay . - Mt khuyt im kh ng na l : linkstate kh kh cu hnh chy tt , nhng ngi lm vic c kinh nghim lu th mi cu hnh tt c , do cc k thi cao cp ca Cisco ch trng kh k n linkstate Mt s giao thc inh tuyn: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 1. RIP Mt s tnh cht - Giao thc inh tuyn Distance Vector - S dung hop-count lam metric. Maximum hop-count la 15 - Administrative distance l 120 - Hoat ng theo kiu tin n - Gi update inh ky sau 30 giy. Thng tin gi i la toan b bang inh tuyn - RIP v1 va RIP v2 - RIP v1: classful (khng gi subnetmask) - RIPv2: classless, h tr VLSM(c km theo subnetmask), authentication Cu hnh - Kich hoat giao thc inh tuyn RIP trn router bng cu lnh: Router(config)#router rip - Khai bao cac network cn quang ba cung nh kich hoat cac interface c phep gi va nhn RIP update bng cu lnh: Router(config-router)#network Kim tra hot ng - Show ip protocol - Show ip route - Debug ip rip : quan st vic RIP cp nht bng cch gi v nhn trn router. - No debug ip rip hoc undebug all: tt ch debug - Show ip protocol : xem routing protocol timer - Show protocols: xem cc protocols no c cu hnh trn cc interface 2. IGRP Mt s tnh cht

- Giao thc inh tuyn Distance Vector - S dung kt hp gia bng thng (bandwidth) v tr (delay) lam metric - Administrative distance l 100 - Hoat ng theo kiu tin n - Gi update inh ky sau 90 giy. Thng tin gi i la toan b bang inh tuyn - classful (khng gi subnetmask) - L giao thc ring ca Cisco

Cu hnh - Kich hoat giao thc inh tuyn RIP trn router bng cu lnh: Router(config)#router igrp

- Khai bao cac network cn quang ba cung nh kich hoat cac interface c phep gi va nhn IGRP update bng cu lnh: Router(config-router)#network (*) AS (Autonomous System): l mt mng c qun tr chung vi cc chnh sch nh tuyn chung. Giao thc IGRP s dng AS to cc nhm router cng chia s thng tin tm ng vi nhau. Kim tra hot ng - Show ip protocol - Show ip route - Debug ip igrp events : xem cc cp nht ca IGRP c gi v nhn trn router. - No debug ip igrp events hoc undebug all: tt ch debug - Show ip protocol : xem routing protocol timer - Show protocols: xem cc protocols no c cu hnh trn cc interface - Debug ip igrp transactions: xem cc s IGRP events c x l trn router. 3. EIGRP Mt s tnh cht IGRP.

- Giao thc c quyn cua Cisco. - Giao thc inh tuyn classless (gi kem thng tin v subnet mask trong cac update). - Giao thc distance-vector. - Chi gi update khi co s thay i trn mang. - H tr cac giao thc IP, IPX va AppleTalk. - H tr VLSM/CIDR. - Cho phep thc hin qua trinh summarization tai bin mang. - La chon ng i tt nht thng qua giai thut DUAL. - Xy dng va duy tri cac bang neighbor table, topology table va routing table. - Metric c tinh da trn cac yu t: bandwidth, delay, load, reliability. - Cho phep cn bng tai trn cac con ng co gia thanh khng bng nhau (unequal-cost). - Gia tri AD bng 90. - Khc phuc c vn discontiguous network gp phai i vi cac giao thc RIPv1 va

Cu hnh - Kich hoat giao thc inh tuyn EIGRP: Router(config)# router eigrp - Kich hoat cac interface se gi va nhn update, cung nh khai bao cac network cn quang ba: Router(config-router)# network - Tt chc nng auto-summary tai bin mang: Router(config-router)# no auto-summary - Cac cu lnh troubleshoot: show ip route, show ip route eigrp, show ip eigrp neighbors, show ip eigrp topology. 4. OSPF Mt s tnh cht - Chun m. - Giao thc link-state. - Chi h tr giao thc IP. - Gom nhom cac network va router vao trong tng area. Lun tn tai area 0 (backbone area). Tt ca cac area khac (nu co) u phai ni vao area 0. - S dung giai thut Dijkstra xy dng cy ng i ngn nht n cac ich. - Cho phep cn bng tai trn cac con ng bng co gia thanh bng nhau (equal-cost). - H tr VLSM/CIDR. - Chi gi update khi co s thay i trn mang. - Khc phuc vn lin quan n discontiguous network. - Xy dng va duy tri cac neighbor database, topology database. - Gia tri AD bng 110.

Cu hnh - Kich hoat giao thc inh tuyn OSPF Router(config)#router ospf - Cu hinh OSPF area Router(config-router)#network area - Cac cu lnh troubleshoot: show ip route, show ip ospf, show ip ospf database, show ip ospf interface, show ip ospf neighbor View more latest threads same category: Xin phn mm SecureCRT 64bit 16 Bc Lm Quen Vi Packet Tracer [Practice Labs] 2.3 - Spanning Tree Protocol... [Practice Labs] 2.2 - Virtual Trunking... [Practice Labs] 2.1 - InterVLAN Routing Cn gip mt bi lab M hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP [Practice Labs] 1.3 - IPv6 Addressing [Practice Labs] 1.2 - IPv4 Addressing [Practice Labs] 1.1 - Basic ConfigLast edited by itdongnai; 10-07-2010 at 04:45 PM.

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2. 10-07-2010 04:51 PM#2

itdongnai

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i c ng v nh tuy n(Tham kho thm bi vit ny) Gii thiu v cc giao thc nh tuyn A. i cng v nh tuyn I. Thut ng I. 1. Routing Protocol Routing protocol: l ngn ng mt router trao i vi router khc chia s thng tin nh tuyn v kh nng n c cng nh trng thi ca mng. c ci t ti cc Router, chng c s dng : xy dng nn bng nh tuyn m bo rng tt c cc Router u c bng Routing table tng thch nhau cng nh ng i n cc mng phi c xc nh trong Routing Table. I. 2. Routed Protocol N s dng cc bng Routing Table m Routing Protocol xy dng ln m bo vic truyn d liu qua mng mt cch tin cy. V d: IP v IPX. I. 3. Vng t tr AS (Autonomous System) Mng Internet c chia thnh cc vng nh hn gi l cc vng t tr (Autonomous System AS ). AS bao gm mt tp hp cc mng con c kt ni vi nhau bi Router. Mt h thng AS thng thng thuc quyn s hu ca mt cng ty hay nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). V cc h thng AS ny kt ni c vi nhau, nh qun l phi ng k vi c quan qun tr mng trn Internet (Inter NIC) ly c mt s nhn dng AS cho ring mnh. Bn trong mi AS, cc nh qun l c quyn quyt nh loi Router cng nh giao thc nh tuyn cho h thng ca mnh. I. 4. Bng nh tuyn Mt host hay mt Router phi xem xt bng nh tuyn ca mnh trc khi chuyn gi tin n a ch xa. Bng ny c gn tng ng mi a ch ch vi mt a ch Router cn n chng tip theo.Bng a ch ch trong bng c th bao gm cc a ch mng, mng con, cc h thng c lp. Trong bng nh tuyn c th bao gm mt tuyn mc nh, c biu din bng a ch 0.0.0.0. Bng nh tuyn ca mi giao thc nh tuyn l khc nhau, nhng c th bao gm nhnh thng tin sau : a ch ch ca mng, mng con hoc h thng.

a ch IP ca Router chng k tip phi n. Giao tip vt l phi s dng i n Router k tip. Mt n mng ca a ch ch. Khong cch n ch (th d : s lng chng n ch). Thi gian (tnh theo giy) t khi Router cp nht ln cui. I. 5. Khong cch qun l (Administrative Distance (AD)) Administrative Distance c s dng nh gi tin cy ca thng tin nh tuyn m Router nhn t Router hng xm. AD l mt s nguyn bin i t : 0 n 255; 0 tng ng vi tin cy cao nht v 255 c ngha l khng c lu lng i qua tuyn ny (tc l tuyn ny khng c s dng vn chuyn thng tin ca ngi s dng). Tc l khi mt Router nhn c mt thng tin nh tuyn, thng tin ny c nh gi v mt tuyn hp l c a vo bng nh tuyn ca Router. Thng tin nh tuyn c nh gi da vo AD, gi s Router c ci t nhiu hn mt giao thc nh tuyn th giao thc nh tuyn no c AD nh hn s c Router s dng. Mi giao thc nh tuyn c tng ng mt gi tr AD: Directly 0 Static route 1 RIP 120 OSPF 110 IGRP 100 II. Nguyn tc nh tuyn Cc giao thc nh tuyn phi t c cc yu cu ng thi sau: Khm ph ng mt topo mng. Xy dng cc ng ngn nht. Kim sot tm tt thng tin v cc mng bn ngoi, c th s dng cc metric khc nhau trong mng cc b. Phn ng nhanh vi s thay i topo mng v cp nht cc cy ng ngn nht. Lm tt c cc iu trn theo nh k thi gian. III. Cc thnh phn ca nh tuyn (Components of Routing Data) Routing l qu trnh chuyn tip packet t mt mng ny sang mng khc. Chng chuyn tip packet nh th no? Th nht: bn cn phi bit logical address l g? a ch logic c s dng xc nh host thuc mng no. Th hai: Sau khi nhn packet t mt interface n s quyt nh y packet ra interface tng ng, chuyn tip packet i. a ra quyt nh chnh xc router phi thc hin c 3 nhim v sau: Router xc nh xem lu lng m nhn hoc gi chy giao thc lp mng nao? IP, IPX hay AppleTalk.

Tip theo s kim tra xem a ch mng ch c trong routing table hay khng. Nu khng tm thy ng n mng ch trong routing table, router s discard packet v gi mt gi ICMP network unreachable v host ngun gi packet. Nu tm thy trong routing table tuyn ng ti mng ch router s forward packet ra interface tng ng. Router s y packet ra buffer ca interface . Tip theo kiu encapsulation (ng gi) ca frame lp 2 ca interface . Nu l Ethernet th chy ARP ly a ch lp 2 l MAC, cn nu l Frame-Relay th chy Inverse ARP hoc static map tm DLCI. Cui cng Outbound interface s a frame xung phng tin truyn dn v forward thng tin n next hop. Packet s tip tc c s l cho n ch cui cng. 1. Routing tables Routing table l mt bng cha cc tuyn ng n cc mng m ngi qun tr cu hnh. Cc bng ny c to ra bng tay theo mun ca ngi qun tr hay bng cch trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc router khc. nhn thy routing table trn router, chng ta s dng cu lnh: show ip route.

on Code: xc nh cch m tuyn ng c hc. Dng Gateway of last resort is not set: cho bit routing table khng c default gateway, nu router nhn c mt packet m a mng ch khng tm thy trong routing table th router s drop packet v gi mt bn tin ICMP network unreachable ti ni gi packet . Xt dng thng tin sau: R 175.21.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:00:18, Serial0 R: c ngha tuyn ng c hc bng giao thc RIP. 175.21.0.0/16: a ch mng v s bit 1 trong subnetmask ca mng ch. [120/1]: 120 l administrative distance ca tuyn ng, 1 l metric ca tuyn ng. Vi RIP th y l hop count. via 10.10.10.1: l a ch next-hop ca tuyn. y l a ch m packet cn phi gi ti gi packet ti ch. 00:00 khong thi gian k t khi tuyn ng c update. Trong trng hp ny l 18 second. Serial0: l interface m tuyn ng c hc qua . ng thi cng l interface m packet c gi qua ti ch. 2. Xy dng bng nh tuyn (Populating the Routing Table)

Trc khi tuyn ng c a vo bng nh tuyn, router phi hc v nhng tuyn ng . C hai cch hc tuyn ng: + Statically defining a route + Dynamically learning a route a/ Statically Defined Routes Statically defined route: bng cch ny tuyn ng c nhp bng tay vo router. Static route c nhp vo router vi c php nh sau global configuration mode: ip route prefix mask {address|interface} distance prefix = IP route prefix for the destination. mask = Prefix mask for the destination. address = IP address of the next hop that can be used to reach the destination. interface = Network interface to use. distance = (Optional) Administrative distance. Nu bn mun cu hnh default route, th phn prefix = 0.0.0.0 v mask = 0.0.0.0. Default route s gi bt c packet no m a ch mng ch tng ng khng tm thy trong bng nh tuyn. u im ca static route l ngi qun tr c ton quyn iu khin thng tin lu trong routing table v phi lng ph bng thng xy dng nn routing table. Nhc im ca static route l phc tp ca vic cu hnh tng ln khi kch thc ca mng tng ln. Gi s mt mng c N router th ngi qun tr cn phi cu hnh (N1)*N cu lnh trn tt c cc router. Mt nhc im na ca static route l khng c kh nng thch ng vi nhng mng c cu trc thay i. b/Dynamically Learned Routes Dynamic routing l qu trnh m trong giao thc nh tuyn phi tm ra ng tt nht trong mng v duy tr chng. C rt nhiu cch xy dng ln bng nh tuyn mt cch ng. Nhng tt c u thc hin theo quy tc sau: n s khm tt c cc tuyn ng n ch c th v thc hin mt s quy tc nh trc xc nh ra ng tt nht n ch. u im ca dynamic routing l n gin trong vic cu hnh v t ng tm ra nhng tuyn ng thay th nu nh mng thay i. Nhc im ca dynamic routing l yu cu x l ca CPU ca router cao hn l static route. Tiu tn mt phn bng thng trn mng xy dng ln bng nh tuyn. b.1. Distance-Vector Routing Distance-vector routing c chia lm hai phn: distance v vector. Distance l metric ti ch (tiu chun v khong cch ti ch). Vector l hng ti ch n c xc nh bi next-hop ca tuyn ng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn Distance-vector cp nht v update bng nh tuyn ca mnh bng cch thng xuyn gi thng ip update lin tc theo chu k di dng Broadcast. Thng ip Broadcast bao gm ton b bng nh tuyn. Tuy nhin mt vn chung xy ra i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn Distance-Vector chnh l Routing Loop . Do cc Router khng c update ngay lp tc( m theo chu k), chnh iu khin cho cc Router xy dng ln bng nh tuyn khng ng. Dn n cc gi tin i trn ng m n i qua ri, kt qu l gi tin i lng vng trn mng. Hin tng Routing Loop lm pht sinh lu lng mng v ch gy lng ph bng thng. Chnh v vy ngi ta a vo cc giao thc nh tuyn theo khong cch cc phng php trnh loop l:

b.1.1. Route Poisoning Mt trong nhng phng php ngi ta a vo cc giao thc nh tuyn trnh loop l Route poisoning. Route poisoning bt u hot ng khi Router nhn thy mt mng ni ti n b down. N s qung b ti tt c cc Router ln cn n rng: Mng l khng th ti c. V d vi RIP: n s gi thng bo ti cc Router ln cn ca n vi hop count = 16. Kt qu l mng s c xo khi bng nh tuyn. b.1.2. Split Horizon Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp th Route Poisoning khng th gii quyt c. Nh trng hp di y :

Ngi ta a ra phng php Split Horizon, trnh cc Router khng gi li cc thng tin nh tuyn quay tr li Router m n hc c ng i t Rouer (vn c th xy ra vi cu trc mng vng). b.1.3.Hold-Down Timer gii quyt trng hp m Split Horizon khng gii quyt c ngi ta a ra phng php Hold-Down Timer. Trnh vic thay i tuyn c thc hin trc khi mng hi t t s thay i . Trnh cp nht thng tin t vic thit lp li cc thng tin khng ng. Khi mt Router nhn c mt cp nht m cha mt cu trc thay i, hold-down timer s bt u. Bt c cp nht no trong thi gian ny s b hu b. Thi gian hold-timer c t t nht phi ln hn 3 ln thi gian cp nht thng tin ton b tuyn trong mng. b.1.4. Triggered (Flash) Updates ngn chn tnh trng ht thi gian hold-timer m thng tin update mi ti. Ngi ta a ra phng php Triggered (Flash) Updates tc l ngay sau khi nhnc thng cp nht m cha mt cu trc thay i n s gi ngay lp tc broadcast update ti cc Router ln cn. b.2. Link-State Routing Khc vi Distance-vector routing protocol, router ch bit c next-hop gi packet i ti ch. i vi Link-state routing protocol mi router u xc nh c chnh xc topology ca mng. Chnh v vy router s a ra quyt nh a packet n ch tt hn. Mi router trong mng s bo co trng thi ca n, cc link ni trc tip v trng thi ca mi link. Router s nhn bn thng tin ny ti tt c cc router trn mng. Cui cng tt c cc rouer trn mng u c ci nhn ging nhau v topo mng. Mt im khc na i vi distance-vector routing protocol l cc router khng gi ton b routing table m ch gi s thay i xy ra hay mt bn tin hello vi kch thc nh gn nu nh mng khng c s thay i theo nhng chu ky nht nh. Nn link-state c

mt u im na l tn t bng thng hn distance-vector xy dng nn routing table. Nhc im ca link-state protocol l phc tp hn trong cu hnh so vi distace-vector routing protocol v yu cu phn cng ca router cao hn khi s dng distance-vector routing protocol. Tm li hot ng ca link-state routing protocol c th chia lm 4 bc sau: 1. Cc router tm neighbors ca mnh t cc router ni trc tip. 2. Sau khi tm c neighbors xong, router gi cc LSA ti cc neighbor ca n. Sau khi nhn v copy thng tin t LSA, router s forward hay flood LSA ti cc neighbor ca n. 3. Tt c cc router lu LSA trong database ca n. iu c ngha l tt c cc router u c mt ci nhn ging nhau v topo mng. 4. Mi router s dng thut ton Dijkstra tnh ton ra ng tt nht a vo routing table. c/Quyt nh tuyn ng no s c lu vo Routing table (The Final Decision on What Routes Populate the Routing Table) Administrative distance v metric l hai nhn t quyt nh tuyn ng no s c lu vo routing table. Nhn t u tin xt n l AD, AD l tin cy ca routing protocol m tm ra tuyn ng. Nu c nhiu hn tuyn ng ti ch th tuyn ng no c AD nh hn s c a vo routing table. Nu cc tuyn ng c cng AD th nhn t th 2 c xt n chnh l metric. Metric l gi tr ca tuyn ng c th ca mt giao thc nh tuyn no . Nu c nhiu hn mt tuyn ng n ch c cng AD (cung giao thc nh tuyn) th tuyn no c metric tt hn s c a vo routing table. Nu chng c cng AD v metric th tu tng routing protocol c th m s lng tuyn ng c a vo routing table l khc nhau. 3. Reaching the Destination Sau khi router nhn packet, the router s g b header lp 2 tm a ch ch lp 3. Sau khi c xong a ch ch lp 3 n tm kim trong routing table cho a ch ch . Gi s a ch ch c trong routing table, router s xc nh a ch ca next-hop. Sau packet b y ra buffer ca interface tng ng, router s khm ph loi encapsulation lp 2 no c s dng gia out going interface v next-hop. Packet c ng gi xung lp 2 ri a xung mi trng truyn dn di dng bit, tn hiu in, quangQu trnh ny s tip tc cho n khi packet c a n ch th thi. IV. Hi t (Convergence) Thi gian hi t (convergence time) l thi gian m tt c router ng v topo mng sau mt s thay i ca mng. Cc router phi ng b routing table ca chng.Last edited by itdongnai; 10-07-2010 at 04:56 PM.

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