grammer n 16 tenses

8/6/2019 Grammer n 16 Tenses

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GLOSARY OF

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Writen by

Agustinus Patanda, SPd

About Writer

Agustinus Patanda was born on august 17, 1985 in

a small village whos AoGading Toraja Utara regency,

south Sulawesi.. He was graduated from Manado State

University 2010 and took English education department.

Glossary of English Grammar Terms

This glossary of English grammar terms relates to

the English language. Some terms here may haveadditional or extended meanings when applied to other

languages. For example, "case" in some languages applies

to pronouns and nouns. In English, nouns do not have

case and therefore no reference to nouns is made in its

definition here.


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T

rm D

initi

n

ctiv v ic

n

tw

v

ic

in

ngli

h;

dir

ct

rm

xpr

i

n wh

r

th

u

ctp r

rm r " ct " th v r

; l p

iv

v

ic

eg: "

ny peopleeat rice"

adjective

part of

peech that typically descri

es

or "modifies" a nouneg: "It wasa

igdog."

adjective clause seldom-used term for relative clause

djunct

wordor phrase that adds informationtoasentenceand that can

e removedfrom thesentence without making thesentenceungrammatical

eg: I met John at school.

adver

word that modifies a ver

, anadjectiveor another adver

eg: quickly, really, very

adver

ial clause

dependent clause that acts like anadver

and indicates such things astime, placeor reason

eg:

lthough wearegettingolder, wegrow more

eautiful each day.

affirmativestatement that expresses (or claims toexpress) a truth or "yes" meaning;opposite of negativeeg: Thesun is hot.

ffix

languageunit (morpheme) that occurs

efore or after (or sometimes within)the root or stem of a wordeg: un- in unhappy (prefix), -ness in

happiness (suffix)

agreement(also known as"concord")

logical (in agrammatical sense) links

etween words

asedon tense, caseornum

ereg: this phone, these phones

antecedent

word, phraseor clause that is replaced

y a pronoun (or other substitute)

when mentionedsubsequently (in thesame sentence or later)eg: "

mily is nicebecause shebringsmeflowers."

appositive

noun phrase that re-identifies ordescribes its neighbouring nouneg: "Canada, a multicultural country,is recognizedby its maple leafflag."

articledeterminer that introduces a nounphrase as definite (the) or indefinite(a/an)

aspect

feature of some verb forms thatrelates to duration or completion oftime; verbs can have no aspect(simple), or can have continuous orprogressive aspect (expressing


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conjunction

word that joinsor connects two partsofasentenceeg: Ram likes teaand coffee.

nthony

went swimming although it wasraining.

content word

word that has meaning in asentence,such asa verbor noun (asopposed toa structure word, such as pronoun orauxiliary verb); content words arestressed in speecheg: "Could you BRING my GL

!

because I've L

!

FT them at HO

" !

"

continuous(also called"progressive")

verb form (specifically an aspect)indicatingactions that are in progressor continuingover agiven time period(can be past, present or future);formed with "B

!

" + "V!

RB-ing"eg: "They are watching TV."

contraction

shorteningoftwo (or more) words intooneeg: isn't (is not), we'd've (we wouldhave)

countable noun

thing that you can count, such asapple, pen, tree (see uncountablenoun)eg:oneapple, three pens, ten trees

danglingparticiple

illogical structure that occurs in asentence when a writer intends tomodify one thing but the readerattaches it to anothereg: "Running to the bus, the flowerswere blooming." (In the examplesentence it seems that the flowers

were running.)

declarativesentence

sentence type typically used to makeastatement (asopposed toa question orcommand)

eg: "Tara works hard", "It wasn'tfunny"

defining relativeclause(also called"restrictiverelative clause")

relative clause that containsinformation required for theunderstandingofthesentence; not setoffwith commas; seealso non-definingclauseeg: "Theboy who was wearingablue

shirt was the winner"

demonstrativepronoundemonstrativeadjective

pronoun or determiner that indicatescloseness to (this/these) or distancefrom (that/those) the speakereg: "This isa nice car", "Can you seethose cars?"

dependent clause

part of a sentence that contains a

subject anda verbbut does not form acomplete thought and cannot standonits own; see also independent clauseeg: "

#

hen the water came out of thetap..."

determiner

wordsuch asan articleor a possessiveadjective or other adjective thattypically comes at the beginning ofnoun phraseseg: "It wasan excellent film", "Do youlike my new shirt?", "Let's buy someeggs"

direct speech

saying what someone said by usingtheir exact words; see also indirectspeech

eg: "Lucy said: 'I am tired.'"


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direct object

noun phrase in a sentence thatdirectly receives theaction ofthe verb;see also indirect object

eg: "Joey bought the car", "I like it","Can yousee the man wearinga pinkshirt and wavingagun in theair?"

embeddedquestion

question that is not in normalquestion form with a question mark; itoccurs within another statement orquestion and generally followsstatement structure

eg: "I don't know where he went,""Can you tell me where it isbefore yougo?", "They haven't decided whetherthey should come"

finite verb

verb form that has a specific tense,number and personeg: I work, he works, we learned, theyran

first conditional

"if-then" conditional structureusedforfutureactionsor events that areseenas realistic possibilitieseg: "Ifwe win the lottery we will buy acar"

fragment

incomplete piece of a sentence usedalone as a complete sentence; afragment does not contain a completethought; fragments are common innormal speech but unusual(inappropriate) in formal writingeg: "

$

hen's her birthday? - InDecember", "

$

ill they come? -Probably not"

function purpose or "job" of a word form orelement in a sentence

eg: The function of a subject is toperform theaction. Onefunction ofanadjective is to describe a noun. The

function ofa noun is to name things.

futurecontinuous(also called"futureprogressive")

tense* used to describe things thatwill happen in the future at aparticular time; formed with

$

ILL +B

%

+ V%

RB-ingeg: "I will be graduating in

&

eptember."

future perfecttense*used toexpress the past in thefuture; formed with

$

ILL H'

V%

+V

%

RB-edeg: "I will havegraduatedby then"

future perfect

continuous

tense* used to show that somethingwill beongoinguntil a certain time inthe future; formed with

$

ILL H'

V%

B

% %

N + V%

RB-ing

eg: "$

e will havebeen living thereforthree monthsby the time thebaby isborn"

futuresimple

tense* used to describe somethingthat hasn't happened yet such as aprediction or a sudden decision;formed with

$

ILL + B' & %

V%

RBeg: "He will be late", "I will answer thephone"

gerundnoun form of a verb, formed with

V%

RB-ingeg: "

$

alking isgreat exercise"

gradableadjective

adjective that can vary in intensity orgrade when paired with a gradingadverb ; see also non-gradableadjective


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eg: quite hot, very tall

gradingadverbadverb that can modify the intensityor grade of a gradable adjectiveeg: quite hot, very tall

hangingparticiple

another term for dangling participle

helping verb another term for auxiliary verb

imperative

form of verb used when giving a

command; formed with B

( ) 0

V

0

RBonlyeg: "Brush your teeth!"

indefinitepronoun

pronoun does not refer toany specificperson, thing or amount. It is vagueand "not definite".eg:anything, each, many, somebody

independentclause(also called"main clause")

group of words that expresses acomplete thought and can standaloneas a sentence; see also dependentclauseeg: "Tara iseating curry.", "Tara likesorangesand Joe likesapples."

indirect object

noun phrase representing the personor thing indirectly affected by the

action of the verb; see also directobjecteg: "

)

he showed me her bookcollection", "Joey bought his wife anew car"

indirect question another term for embedded question

indirect speech

(also called

saying what someone said without

using their exact words; see direct

"reportedspeech")

speecheg: "Lucy said that she was tired"

infinitive

baseform ofa verb precededby "to"**;see also bare infinitiveeg: "You need tostudy harder", "Tobe,or not tobe: that is the question"

inflection

change in word form to indicategrammatical meaningeg: dog, dogs (two inflections); take,takes, took, taking, taken (five

inflections)

interjection

common word that expressesemotionbut has no grammatical value; canoften be used alone and is oftenfollowed by an exclamation markeg: "Hi!", "er", "Ouch!", "Dammit!"

interrogative

(formal) sentence type (typically

inverted) normally used when askinga questioneg: "

(

re you eating?", "1

hat are youeating?"

interrogativepronoun

pronoun that asks a question.eg: who, whom, which

intransitive verb

verb that does not takeadirect object;

see also transitive verbe.g. "He is working hard", "

1

heredoyou live?"

inversion

any reversal ofthe normal wordorder,especially placing the auxiliary verbbefore thesubject; used in a variety ofways, as in question formation,conditional clauses and agreement ordisagreement


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eg: "2

here are your keys?","Had wewatched the weather report, wewouldn't havegone to thebeach", "

3

o

did he", "Neither didshe"

irregular verbsee irregularverbs list

verb that has a different ending forpast tense and past participle formsthan the regular "-ed"; seealso regularverbeg:buy, bought, bought; do, did, done

lexicon, lexisall of the wordsand word forms in a

language with meaningor function

lexical verb another term for main verb

linking verbverbs that connect thesubject to moreinformation (but do not indicateaction), such as "be" or "seem"

main clause another term for independent clause

main verb(also called"lexical verb")

any verb in asentence that is not anauxiliary verb; a main verb hasmeaning on its owneg: "Does John like

4

ary?", "I willhavearrivedby 4pm"

modal verb(also called"modal")

auxiliary verb such as can, could,must, shouldetc; paired with thebare

infinitive of a verbeg: "I shouldgofor ajog"

modifier

word or phrase that modifies andlimits the meaning of another wordeg: the house => the white house, thehouse over there, the house we soldlast year

mood sentence type that indicates the

speaker's view towards thedegree ofreality of what is being said, forexample subjunctive, indicative,

imperative

morpheme

unit oflanguage with meaning; differsfrom "word" because some cannotstand alonee.g. un-, predict and -able inunpredictable

multi-word verb

verb that consists of a basic verb +

another word or words (prepositionand/or adverb)eg: get up (phrasal verb), believe in(prepositional verb), get on with(phrasal-prepositional verb)

negative

form which changes a "yes" meaningto a "no" meaning; opposite ofaffirmative

eg: "3

he will not come", "I have neverseen her"

nominative case another term for subjective case

non-definingrelative clause(also called "non-

restrictiverelative clause")

relative clause that adds informationbut is not completely necessary; set offfrom the sentence with a comma orcommas; see defining relative clause

eg: "Theboy, who hada chocolatebarin his hand, wasstill hungry"

non-gradableadjective

adjective that has a fixed quality orintensity and cannot be paired with agrading adverb; see also gradableadjectiveeg:freezing, boiling, dead

non-restrictive another term for non-defining relative


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relative clause clause

noun

part of speech that names a person,place, thing, quality, quantity orconcept; see also proper noun andcompound nouneg: "The man is waiting", "I wasbornin London", "Is that your car?", "Doyou like music?"

noun clause

clause that takes the placeofa nounand cannot stand on its own; often

introduced with words such as "that,who or whoever"eg: "

5

hat the president said wassurprising"

noun phrase(NP)

any wordor group ofwordsbasedon anoun or pronoun that can function ina sentence as a subject, object orprepositional object; can be one word

or many words; can be very simpleorvery complexeg: "

6

he is nice", "5

hen is themeeting?", "The car over therebesidethe lampost is mine"

number

change of word form indicating oneperson or thing (singular) or morethan one person or thing (plural)

eg:onedog/threedogs, she/they

object

thing or person affected by the verb;see also direct object and indirectobjecteg: "The boy kicked the ball", "

5

echose the house with the reddoor"

objective casecase form of a pronoun indicating anobject

eg: "John married her", "I gave it tohim"

part ofspeech

one of the classes into which wordsaredividedaccording to their functionin a sentenceeg: verb, noun, adjective

participleverb form that can be used as anadjective or a noun; see pastparticiple, present participle

passive voice

one of two voices in

7

nglish; anindirect form of expression in whichthe subject receives the action; seealso active voiceeg: "Rice iseaten by many people"

past tense(also called

"simple past")

tense used to talk about an action,event or situation that occurred andwas completed in the past

eg: "I lived in Paris for8

9

years","Yesterday wesaw asnake"

past continuous

tense often used to describe aninterruptedaction in the past; formedwith

5 @ 6

/WERE + VERB-ingeg: "I was reading when you called"

past perfect

tense that refers to the past in the

past; formed with H@

D + VERB-edeg: "We hadstopped the car"

past perfectcontinuous

tense that refers to action thathappened in the past and continued toa certain point in the past; formedwith H

@

D BEEN + VERB-ingeg: "I hadbeen waitingfor three hourswhen hearrived"


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past participle

verb form (V3) - usually made byadding "-ed" to the base verb -typically used in perfect and passive

tenses, andsometimesasan adjectiveeg: "I have finished", "It wasseen bymany people", "boiledeggs"

perfect

verb form (specifically an aspect);formed with H

A

VE/HA B

+ VERB-ed(present perfect) or H

A

D + VERB-ed(past perfect)

person

grammatical category that identifiespeople in a conversation; there arethree persons:

C

st person (pronounsI/me, we/us) is the speaker(s),

D

ndperson (pronoun you) is the listener(s),3rd person (pronouns he/him, she/her,it, they/them) is everybody oreverythingelse

personalpronoun

pronoun that indicates personeg: "He likes my dogs", "They likehim"

phrasal verb

multi-word verbformed with a verb +adverbeg: break up, turn off (see phrasalverbs list)NB: many people and books call all

multi-word verbs "phrasal verbs" (seemulti-word verbs)

phrase

twoor more words that haveasinglefunction and form part ofa sentence;phrases can be noun, adjective,adverb, verbor prepositional

pluralof a noun or form indicating morethan one person or thing; plural nouns

areusually formedby adding "-s"; seealso singular, numbereg:bananas, spoons, trees

position

grammatically correct placement of aword form in a phraseor sentence inrelation to other word formseg: "The correct position for an articleisat thebeginningofthe noun phrasethat it describes"

positive

basic state of an adjective or adverb

when it shows quality but notcomparative or superlativeeg: nice, kind, quickly

possessiveadjective

adjective (also called "determiner")based on a pronoun: my, your, his,her, its, our, theireg: "I lost my keys", "

B

he likes yourcar"

possessive casecase form of a pronoun indicatingownership or possessioneg: "

E

ineareblue", "This car is hers"

possessivepronoun

pronoun that indicates ownership orpossessioneg: "Where is mine?", "These areyours"

predicate

oneofthe two main parts (subject andpredicate)ofasentence; the predicateis the part that is not the subjecteg: "

E

y brother isadoctor", "Whodidyou call?", "The woman wearingabluedress helped me"

prefixaffix that occurs before the root orstem of a word


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eg: impossible, reload

preposition

part of speech that typically comesbeforea noun phraseandshowssometype of relationship between thatnoun phrase and another element(including relationships of time,location, purpose etc)eg: "We sleep at night", "I live inLondon", "This isfor digging"

prepositional

verb

multi-word verb that is formed with

verb + prepositioneg:believe in, lookafter

presentparticiple

-ingform ofa verb (except when it isagerund or verbal noun)eg: "We were eating", "The manshouting at the back is rude", "I sawTara playing tennis"

present simple(also called"simple present")

tense usually used to describe statesandactions that aregeneral, habitualor (with the verb "to be") true rightnow; formed with thebasic verb (+ sfor 3rd person singular)eg: "Canada sounds beautiful", "

F

hewalks toschool", "I am very happy"

presentcontinuous (alsocalled "presentprogressive")

tenseused todescribeaction that is in

process now, or a plan for the future;formed with BE + VERB-ingeg: "We are watching TV", "I ammoving to Canada next month"

present perfect

tense that connects the past and thepresent, typically used to expressexperience, change or a continuingsituation; formed with H

G

VE +VERB-ed

eg: "I have worked there", "John hasbroken his leg", "How long have youbeen in Canada?"

present perfectcontinuous

tenseused todescribe an action thathas recently stopped or an actioncontinuing up to now; formed withH

G

VE + BEEN + VERB-ingeg: "I'm tired because I've beenrunning", "He has been living inCanadafor two years"

progressive another term for continuous

pronoun

word that replaces a noun or nounphrase; there are several typesincluding personal pronouns, relativepronouns and indefinite pronounseg: you, he, him; who, which;somebody, anything

proper noun

noun that is capitalized at all timesand is the nameofa person, placeorthingeg:

F

hakespeare, Tokyo,EnglishClub.com

punctuation

standard marks such as commas,periods and question marks within asentence

eg: , . ? ! - ; :

quantifierdeterminer or pronoun that indicatesquantityeg:some, many, all

question tagfinal part of a tag question; mini-question at end of a tag questioneg: "

F

now isn't black, is it?"


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question word another term for WH-word

reciprocalpronoun

pronoun that indicates that two ormore subjects are acting mutually;thereare two in English - each other,one anothereg: "John and

H

ary were shoutingateach other", "The students accusedoneanother ofcheating"

reduced relative

clause(also called"participialrelative clause")

construction similar to a relativeclause, but containing a participle

instead of a finite verb; thisconstruction is possible only undercertain circumstanceseg: "The woman sittingon thebench ismy sister", "The people arrested bythe police havebeen released"

reflexivepronoun

pronoun ending in -self or -selves,used when the subject andobject are

the same, or when the subject needsemphasiseg: "

I

hedrove herself", "I'll phone hermyself"

regular verbsee regular verbslist

verb that has "-ed" as the ending forpast tense and past participle forms;see also irregular verbeg: work, worked, worked

relativeadverb

adverb that introduces a relativeclause; there are four in English:where, when, wherever, whenever; seealso relative pronoun

relative clause

dependent clause that usually startswith a relative pronoun such as whoor which, or relative adverb such aswhere

eg: "The person who finishes first canleave early" (defining), "Texas, wheremy brother lives, isbig" (non-defining)

relative pronoun

pronoun that startsa relative clause;thereare five in English: who, whom,whose, which, that; see also relativeadverb

reportedspeech another term for indirect speech

restrictive

relative clause

another term for defining relative

clause

secondconditional

"if-then" conditional structureused totalk about an unlikely possibility inthe futureeg: "If we won the lottery we wouldbuy a car"

sentence

largest grammatical unit; a sentence

must always includeasubject (exceptfor imperatives) and predicate; awritten sentencestarts with a capitalletter andends with afull stop/period(.), question mark (?) or exclamationmark (!); a sentence contains acomplete thought such asastatement,question, request or commandeg: "

I

top!", "Do you like coffee?", "I

work."

serieslist of items in a sentenceeg: "The children ate popsicles,popcorn and chips"

singular

of a noun or form indicating exactlyone person or thing; singular nounsare usually the simplest form of the

noun (as found in a dictionary); see


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also plural, numbereg:banana, spoon, tree

split infinitive

situation where a word or phrasecomes between the particle "to" andthe verb in an infinitive; consideredpoor construction by someeg: "He promised to never lieagain"

P

tandardEnglish (

P

.E.)

"normal" spelling, pronunciation andgrammar that is used by educatednativespeakersofEnglish

structure word

word that has no real meaning in asentence, such as a pronoun orauxiliary verb (asopposed toa contentword, such as verbor noun); structurewords are not normally stressed inspeecheg: "Could you BRING my GL

Q P P

ESbecause I've LEFT them at HO

R

E"

subject

oneofthe two main parts (subject andpredicate)ofasentence; thesubject isthe part that is not the predicate;typically, thesubject is the first nounphrase in asentenceand is what therest of the sentence "is about"eg: "The rain water wasdirty", "

R

aryisbeautiful", "Whosaw you?"

subjective casealso called"nominative"

case form of a pronoun indicating asubjecteg: Didshe tell youabout her?

subjunctive

fairly rare verbform typically used totalkabout events that are not certainto happen, usually something thatsomeone wants, hopes or imagineswill happen; formed with B

Q

RE

INFINITIVE (except past of "be")eg: "The President requests that Johnattend the meeting"

subordinateclause

another term for dependent clause

suffixaffix that occursafter the root or stemof a wordeg: happiness, quickly

superlative,

superlativeadjective

adjectiveor adverb that describes the

extreme degree of somethingeg: happiest, most quickly

SVO

subject-verb-object; a common wordorder where thesubject isfollowedbythe verb and then the objecteg: "The man crossed thestreet"

syntaxsentence structure; the rules about

sentencestructure

tag question

special construction with statementthat ends in a mini-question; thewhole sentence is a tag question; themini-question is a question tag;usually used to obtain confirmationeg: "The Earth is round, isn't it?","Youdon't eat meat, do you?"

tense

form ofa verb that showsus when theaction or state happens (past, presentor future). Note that the name of atense is not always a guide to whenthe action happens. The "presentcontinuous tense", for example, can beused to talkabout the present or thefuture.


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third conditional

"if-then" conditional structureused totalkabout a possibleevent in the pastthat did not happen (and is thereforenow impossible)eg: "If we had won the lottery wewould havebought a car"

transitive verb

action verb that has a direct object(receiver of the action); see alsointransitive verbeg: "Thekidsalwayseat asnack whilethey watch TV"

uncountablenouns(also called"mass nouns" or"non-count")

thing that you cannot count, such assubstances or concepts; see alsocountable nounseg: water, furniture, music

usageway in which wordsand constructionsare normally used in any particular

language

VS

, VT

, V3

referring to VerbS

, VerbT

, Verb 3 -being the base, past and pastparticiple that students typically learnfor irregular verbseg:speak, spoke, spoken

verb

word that describes the subject's

action or stateand that we can changeor conjugate based on tense andpersoneg: (to) work, (to) love, (to)begin

voiceform ofa verb that shows the relationof thesubject to theaction; therearetwo voices in English:active, passive

WH-question question using a WH-word and

expectingan answer that is not "yes"or "no"; WH-questions are "open"questions; see also yes-no questioneg:Whereare yougoing?

WH-word(also called"question word")

word that asksa WH-question; thereare

U

WH-words: who, what, where,when, which, why, how

wordorder

order or sequence in which wordsoccur within a sentence; basic wordorder for English issubject-verb-object

or SVO

yes-no question

question to which theanswer is yesorno; yes-no questions are "closed"questions; see also WH-questioneg: "Do you like coffee?"

zero conditional

"if-then" conditional structure usedwhen the result of the condition is

always true (based on fact)eg: "If youdial O, theoperator comeson"

y * note that technically English does not havea realfuture tense** someauthorities consider thebase form of theverb without "to" tobe the true infinitive

TENSES

V

. Simple Present Tense ( S + Infinitive/ Infinitive(s/es))

-W

enyatakan perbuatan yang diakukan karenakebiasaan.


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Sheusually eats noodlefor breakfastX

-Y

enyatakan kebenaran umum yang tidakdapatdibantah.

Thesun rises in theeastX

Note : Infinitive tidak menga;ami perubahan jikadidahului oleh katakerjabantu (can, could,may, might, must, shall, should, will,would, do, does, did).

He can speakenglishX

Pattern: a. Bentuk Verbal

S+TO BE+`

/COY

P.

b.Bentuk Nominal (non verbal)

SHE,HE,IT+S/ES+O/COY

P

THEY,WE, YOa

,I+VERBb

+O/COY

P.

Catatan:katakerjabentuk pertamaditambah dengan esapabila kata kerja berakhiran dengan sala satu huruf:ch,o,sh,ss,x dan y yangdidashului degan konsonan.

c

. Present Continous Tense ( S + to be (am, is, are) +

Present Participle(ing+form))

-Y

enyatakan perbuatan yang sedangberlangsung.I am studyingenglish

X

-

Y

enyatakan perbuatan yangbersifat sementara.

She is reading now, but will writesoonX

-Y

enyatakan perbuatan yang dimaksud padawaktu mendatang.

They are writingagain in afew week

Pattern :S+TOBE(am,is,are)+Verb1-ing+O/CO

Y

P.

3. Present Perfect Tense ( S + have/has + PastParticiple)

-Y

enyatakan kegiatan yan dilakukan masalampau dan masih ada hubungannya denganmasa sekarang, tetapi sudah tidakberlangsung.

I have taught english for one week waktukejadian tidakjelas.

-Y

enyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi.

She haseaten

-Y

enunjukkan suatu perbuatan ulangan padawaktu yang tidak tentu sebelum sekarang.Kata-kata yang sering digunakan: before,already, ever, never, yet.

Ive heardbefore

She has never been therebefore

-Y

enunjukkan perbuatan yangselesai pada wakusingkat. Kata-kata yngseringdipakai :at last,finally,just, recently.

The timeat last arrived

Pattern :a. Bentuk nominal(non verbal)


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S+Hd

S/Hd

VE+BEEN+O/COe

P.

B. Bentuk verbal

S+Hd

S/Hd

VE+VERB III+O/COe

P

Cat:she, he it, use has.

4. Present Perfect Continous Tense ( S + have/has+been + Present Participle)

-e

enyataka perbuatan yang dimulai pada saat

lampau dan masih berlangsung hinggasekarang.

We have been waiting for you since eightoclock

Pattern: S+Hd

S/Hd

VE+BEEN+VERB1-ING+O/CO

e

P.

f

. Past Tense ( S + Past Tense)-

e

enyatakan perbuatan yangselesai pada waktulampau ( waktunyajelas).

They Were Here Yesterday

She came here last month

Pattern :a.Bentuk nominal(non verbal)

S+TOBE(was,were)+g

//COe

P.

B. Bentuk verbal

S+VERBh

+O/COe

P.

6. Past Continous Tense ( She + was/were + PresentParticiple)

-e

enyatakan perbuatan yangsudah dimulai dan

masih berlangsung ketika perbuatan lainmenyusul pada waktu lampau.

When I came to his home, he was playingcomputer

-e

enyatakan perbuatan yangsedang terjadi padawaktu lampau.

He was watching TV all afternoon yesterday

Pattern :S+TOBE(was,were)+VERB1-ING+

g

/Cg e

P.

i

. Past Perfect Tense ( S + had + Past Participle)-

e

enyatakan perbuatan yang telah selesai

sebelum suatu perbuatan lain dilakukan padamasa lampau.

When my mother went, I had cleaned thatroom.

He told me has name after I had asked himtwice

Note: Past Perfect harusdigunakan apabila waktusuatu perbuatan lampau adalah lebihdahuludaripada perbuatan yang lain.

Perbuatan yang pertama selesai, kitagunakan Past Perfect, dan perbuatan yangkeduakitagunakan Past Tense.


16/18

Pattern: a. Bentuk nominal (nonverbal)

S+Hp

D+BEEN+O/COq

P.

B. Verbal

S+Hp

D+VERBIII+O/COq

P.

b. Verbal

S+Hp

D+VERBIII+O/COq

P.

r

. Past Perfect Continous ( S + had + been + PresentParticiple)

-q

enunjukkan perbuatan yangberlangsung teruspadamasa lampau.

When I finished my dinner, he had beenplayingguitar

When I came to Surabaya in 1980, he hadalready been living thereabout five years

PATTERN :S+HAD+BEEN+VERB1+ING+O/CO

q

P.

9. Future Tense ( S + will/shall + Infinitive)-

q

enyatakan perbuatan yangakan dilakukan diwaktu mendatang.

He will be theresoon with me.

The rice will be rotten.

She will review that lesson

I shall go wih you

Pattern :a. Bentuk Nominal(Non Verbal)

S+WILL/SHALL+BE+O/COq

P.

b. Verbal

S+WILL/SHALL+VERB 1+O/COq

P.

Catatan: hanya I/WE yang pakai shall.

Will not^wont:shall not^shant

10.Future Continous Tense ( S + will/shall + be +Present Participle)

-q

enunjukkan perbuatan yang akan sedangterjadi waktunyajelas.

At this time tomorrow, I shall begettingexam

He will bestudyingat eight oclock tomorrow

Pattern :S+WILL/SHALL+BE+VERB1+ING+O/CO

q

P

11.FuturePerfect Tense ( S + will/shall + have + PastParticiple)

-q

enyatakan perbuatan yangsudah dimulai padawaktu lampaudan segera selesai pada waktuakan datang.

Everyone will have been here by tomorrowmorning.

By next week, I shall have read thisbook


17/18

Shinta will havedone this workby theendofthis week

Pattern :a.Nominal(Verbal)

S+WILL/SHALL+HAVE+BEEN+O/COs

P.

b. Verbal

S+WILL/SHALL+HAVE+VERBIII+O/COs

P.

12.FuturePerfect Continous Tense ( S + will/shall +have + been +Present Participle)

- Seperti FuturePerfect, tetapi perbuatan ituadakemungkinan dilanjutkan pada waktu yangakan dating.

By the end of this year, we shall have beenstudying Korean languagefor three years

Pattern:S+WILL/SHALL+HAVE+BEEN+V1+O/CO

s

P.

13.Past Future Tense ( S + would/should + Infinitive) -

s

enyatakan perbuatan yang akan dilakukanpadawaktu lampau.

He wouldbe here now ifyou invited her

They would go to Balik Papan the followingday

He wouldbuy a car the previousday

Pattern:

a. Nominal (non verbal

S+SHOt

LD/WOt

LD+BE+O/COu

P.b. Verbal

S+SOt

LD/WOt

LD+VERB1+O/COu

P

14.Past Future Continous Tense ( S + would/should +be + Present Pariciple)-

v

enyatakan perbuatan yang akan sedangdilakukan pada waktu lampau.

I shouldbe takingan examination at this timethefollowingday

Pattern:

S+SHOw

LD/WOw

LD+BE+VERB1-ING+O/CO

v

P.

15.Past Future Perfect Tense ( S + would/should +have + Past Participle)

-v

enyatakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkinterjadi karena syaratnya yang sudah pastitidak dapat terpenuhi, namun hanya sebagaipengandaian syarat itu terpenuhi pada waktulampau.

He would have graduated, if he had studiedhard

In fact : Hedidnt graduated.

Pattern:a. Nominal(non verbal)

S+WOw

LD/SHOw

LD+HAVE+BEEN+O/COv

P

.

c. Verbal


18/18

S+WOx

LD/SHOx

LD+HAVE+VERBIII+O/CO

y

P

16.Past FuturePerfect Continuous ( S + would/should+ have + been + Present Participle)

- Seperti FuturePerfect Tense, tetapi pada waktulampau.

By last Lebaran, I should have been workingat that officefor five years

By theendof the month last semester, Zahrawould have been studying computeritation atGunadarma

x

niversity for three years

S+WOx

LD=SHOx

LD+HAVE +BEEN+VERB1-ING+O/CO

y

P

BEEN BEING

We've been seen by Dr.

Allen. (present perfect -passive)

We 're being seen by Dr.

Allen (presentprogressive - passive)

We've been quiet. (present

perfect - active)

We're beingquiet. (present

progressive - active)

We've been seeing eachother for a year. (presest

perfect progressive- active)

Being a child, I have no"say". (gerund phrase)

grammer n 16 tenses

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