greening your church and school: energy and climate change

Greening Your Church and School:Energy and Climate Change

What you can do in your Parish, School, and also in your home

to provide a secure, sustainable, low carbon future for our children to inherit?

But what of our future in 10 years?

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Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) Н.К.Тови M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvEnergy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre

School of Environmental Sciences, UEA. Lay Chair: Norwich East Deanery

Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal

• For the average family where are the largest uses of energy?

• Which activities in our lives cause the greatest emission of carbon dioxide?

• What should we do first?• Will we save money?

Greening Your Church and School and Home: Energy and Climate Change

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How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?

5 hot air balloons per person per year.

On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year.

"Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little."

Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

2 family cars• small petrol ~ 10000 miles • medium diesel ~ 12000 miles

Medium size Detached House Gas central heating

•Cavity Insulation•Double Glazing•100mm Loft Insulation•Ordinary (non-condensing) boiler

1 holiday to Mallorca for family of 4


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Carbon Emissions in Norfolk

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The Behavioural Dimension

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

kW

h in

per

iod

No of people in household

Electricity Consumption

1 person

2 people

3 people

4 people

5 people

6 people

Social Attitudes towards energy consumption have a profound effect on actual consumption

Data collected from 114 houses in Norwich

For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER] can vary by as much as 9 times.

When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times

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Electricity Statistics: Each house in Norwich consumes, 3727 kWh per year.

Broadland 5057 kWh Breckland 5612 kWh

North Norfolk 5668 kWh South Norfolk 5797 kWh

Kings Lynn and 5908 kWh Great 5144 kWh West Norfolk Yarmouth

A wind farm the size of Scroby Sands can supply twice domestic demand of Norwich or 66% on average.

(or 22% of total demand)

Saves ~ 70 000 to 75 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide a year or 40 000 hot air balloons each year.

The alternatives:

Persuade 30 000 motorists never to drive the car againOr 300 000 motorists to drive 1000 miles less each year.

Norwich 3727 kWh per year N K Tovey - 2007 – 2008 3000 kWh 2008 – 2009 2150 kWh

Energy use in your Church/ School/Home and our moral responsibilities

• Monitoring your use of energy.• Do you know where the meter(s) is (are)?• Do you know how to read them?• Do you check that your energy company is charging

you for the correct amount of energy?• Can you identify areas where you can cut carbon

emissions and save money at the same time.

The Hard Choices affecting us• Not only Climate Change• But also Energy Security• We need to be acting now

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Case 1

Add extra 200mm Loft insulation

Saving 2.4%

Fit condensing boiler – no change of Loft Insulation saves 20.1%

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Social Awareness of Occupational Impact on Climate Change

6172 . 42

Meters such as this have a label ft3 and they actually measure in hundreds of cubic feet.

The reading here is

6172.42 hundreds of cubic feet

If previous reading was

6160.31A total of 12.11 hundreds of cubic feet have been consumed.

To work out how must energy has been used in kWh multiply figure by 31.86 = 385.8 kWh

Measuring your gas consumption. Note: some gas meters read in hundreds of cubic feet, others in cubic meters.

If the meter reads in cubic metres (m3) then multiply by 11.25 instead 11

How much Energy does your church use?

St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood began taking weekly energy readings in mid July 2009

Gas is used for heating only Meter readings showed that consistently gas was being consumed (~180 kWh per week) costing over £9 each week even though the heating was off.

050

100150200

kWh

per

wee

k

26/07

09/08

02/08

16/0823/08

27/0920/0913/0906/09

30/08N

o

data

3 heaters like this are used to heat church

constant consumption rate of ~ 180 kWh per week ~ £10 per week~35 kg CO2

Pilot lights off

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How much Energy does your church use?

St Paul’s Church, TuckswoodWhat about turning off Pilot Lights in mid May and back on in mid September? Saving would be

~£160 per year, 3100 kWh of gas 600 kg CO2

3 heaters like this are used to heat church

Saving is potentially greaterPilot lights were all kept off until 4th October.

Only one pilot light was turned back on that date

Other heaters will be kept off until needed

One heater now comes on at 08:00 on Sunday to warm up church 13

0

50

100

150

200

Weeks in 2009 ending on date shown

kWh

per w

eek

Deanery SynodTamil Service

Main Servicepilot light

26/07

09/08

02/08

16/08

23/08

04/10

27/09

20/09

13/09

06/09

30/08

11/10

No

d

ata

Pilot Lights on only on 3 heaters – additional

cost £9 per week

Pilot lights

off

Pilot Lights turned off

during week


One heater only on

Weekly Energy Data from St Paul’s Church Tuckswood

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Data from St PaulsSince Pilot has been back on

• 60% of gas consumption has been just for pilot light.

• 40% for actual heating of Church.

• Proportion likely to get better towards mid winter

But experiment.• Keep only one pilot on, but advance preheating on time switch.

• Church Wardens turn on other heaters only if needed when they arrive 30mins before service.

• Could save much more – may be as much as £250 a year


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• How much Energy is there in different fuels?How much


MegaJoules Yogurts kWh

Yogurt 85000 calories (85kcal)

0.365 1 0.1

1 cubic meter gas 39.6 106.8 10.8

1 litre petrol 32.9 90.1 9.1

1 litre diesel 35.7 97.8 9.9

1 litre LPG 25.0 68.6 7.0

1 litre heating oil 35.3 96.6 9.8 16


• How much CO2 is given of by different fuels ?

MJ kg CO2 CO2 to provide 1 kWh of useful heat

Gas 39.6 MJ/m3 2.035 kg/m3 0.21 – 0.26 kg

Petrol 32.9 MJ/litre 2.315 kg/litre

Diesel 35.7 MJ/litre 2.630 kg/litre

LPG 25.0 MJ/litre 1.495 kg/litre 0.24 - 0.31 kg

Heating oil 35.3 MJ/litre 2.518 kg/litre 0.27 – 0.35 kg

Electricity 0.54 kg

Electricity (Heat Pump) 0.12 – 0.18 kg

Figures in RED assume heating is provided by condensing appliances

•A litre of diesel has 8.6% more energy than 1 litre of petrol

•How far does one have to drive in a small family car to emit as much CO2 as heating and old persons room for 1 hour?

1.6 miles 17

• It is not just Climate Change affecting others

• Energy Security issues will affect us in UK in next 10 years.

Our responsibility for future generationsAND our OWN FUTURE

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Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security

Import Gap

Actual Nuclear

Projected Nuclear

Actual Coal with FGD

Opted Out Coal

Renewables

New Nuclear?

New Coal ?

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

MW

There is a looming capacity shortfall

Even with a deployment of

renewables.

A 10% reduction in demand per

house will see a rise of 7% in total demand

- Increased population decreased

household size

Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security

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Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass? Some People say NO!

Our Choices: They are difficult

Swaffham Scroby Sands

Thetford

Uk’s first Advanced Gasifier Combined Heat and Power Plant

UEA

To provide 5% of UK’s Electricity would need to cover whole of Norfolk and Suffolk with energy crops

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Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass?

• Hydro potential in UK is limited

• Photovoltaics, much more expensive than wind/ biomass AND has a much higher embedded carbon than wind, nuclear, etc.


Small scale hydro – Itteringham Mill

34 kW array - ZICER Building UEAProvides electricity for about 5 houses- Cost £500 000

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• Wave power and tidal stream are technically limited and are not options for next 10 years except as small scale demonstration.


Pelamis Wave Power – Orkney half output of Swaffham

Experimental Tidal Stream DevicesLimpet Wave Power, Islay

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• Tidal Barrages could provide ~10% of UK’s electricity needs, but there are many opponents and would not provide energy until at least 2020


Churchill Barriers, Orkney could provide equivalent of 40% of Sizewell B, but people are opposed to power lines through Scotland.

Beauly-Denny controversy

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Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass?.

Photovoltaics, tidal, wave are not options for next 20 years.

If our answer is NO

Do we want to see a renewal of nuclear power ?

Are we happy on this and the other attendant risks?

If our answer is NO

Do we want to return to using coal? •then carbon dioxide emissions will rise significantly

•unless we can develop carbon sequestration within 10 years UNLIKELY

If our answer to coal is NO

Do we want to leave things are they are and see continued exploitation of gas for both heating and electricity generation? >>>>>>


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If our answer is YES

By 2020 • we will be dependent on GAS

for around 70% of our heating and electricity

imported from countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria

Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>>If not:

We need even more substantial cuts in energy use.

Or are we prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of Global Warming? - the North Norfolk Coal Field?

Aylsham Colliery, North Walsham Pit??

Do we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables?

Inaction or delays in decision making will lead us down the GAS option route and all the attendant Security issues that raises.

Through inaction and a coherent energy policy the UK Government is taking us down the Gas Route.

UEA is leading the Way

1990 2006 Change since 1990

Expected 2010

Change since 1990

Students 5570 14047 +152% 16000 +187%Floor Area (m2) 138000 207000 +50% 220000 +159%

CO2 (tonnes) 19420 21652 +11% 14000 -28%

CO2 kg/m2 140.7 104.6 -25.7% 63.6 -54.8%

CO2 kg/student 3490 1541 -55.8% 875 -74.9%

Photo-VoltaicsAdvanced Biomass CHP

using Gasification

Efficient CHP

Low Energy Buildings

Absorption Chilling

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1.33 billion people

0.94 billion people

Raw materials

1.03 billion people

Products: 478 M

tonnes CO 2

increase (2

002-05)

Aid

& E

du

cation

The Unbalanced Triangular Trade

Each person in Developed Countries has been responsible for an extra 463 kg of CO2 emissions in goods imported from China in just 3 years (2002 – 2005)

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WEBSITE www.cred-uk.orgThis presentation will be on WEB from this evening >follow Academic Resources Link

• Need to act now otherwise we might have to make choice of whether we drive 1.6 miles or heat an old person’s room

And Finally

Are you up to the Challenge?: Will you make a pledge?

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher 老子（ 604-531BC ）中国古代思想家、哲学家

“If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading.” （直译）：“如果你不改变，你将止步于原地。”

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Involve the local Community -The BroadSol Project

Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh

Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004

Members of community agreed to purchase Solar Panels at same time. Significantly reduced costs

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12thEastern 39.7 39.8 39.6 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.7 39.6 39.1 39.1 39.6East Midlands 39.7 39.9 39.6 39.7 39.7 39.6 39.6 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.8 39.7Northern 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.4 40.5North East 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.3 40.4 40.4 40.3 40.3 40.3 40.3 38.3North Thames 39.5 39.4 39.4 39.3 39.5 39.7 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.3 39.3 39.3North West 39.9 39.9 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.2 39.5 40 39.8 39.8 40.1Scotland 40.1 40.3 40.1 40 40 39.9 40.1 40 40.1 40.2 40.2 40South East 39.4 39.6 39.2 39.5 39.4 39.6 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.2 39.2 39.3Southern 39.3 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.4 39.2 39.2 39.1 39.1 39.1South West 39 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2West Midlands 39.6 39.6 39.7 39.7 39.4 39.5 39.2 39.6 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5Wales North 40 39.9 40.1 40.2 40.1 40.2 40 40.2 40.1 39.8 39.8 40Wales South 39 39.1 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2

How much Energy is in a cubic meter of gas?

Daily variation in Calorific Value of Gas in early October 2009 MJ/cubic metre

The calorific value does vary on a daily basis

See http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/ukgasdata/services/calval/calval.asp

Unfortunately volume of gas varies depending on temperature and a correction factor is applied which is typically around 1.02 – but see your bill for details

So total energy content of 1 cubic metre of gas at appliance = 40.505 MJ/m3

1.02264

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greening your church and school: energy and climate change

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