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H i r a g a n a Handbook ひらがな読み書き練習帳 by Rafael E. Beermann copyright 2006

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Page 1: H i r a g a n a Handbook - uni-due.de · Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 2 Introduction to Hiragana (reading practice)

H i r a g a n aHandbook

ひらがな読み書き練習帳

by

Rafael E. Beermann

copyright 2006

Page 2: H i r a g a n a Handbook - uni-due.de · Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 2 Introduction to Hiragana (reading practice)

Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 1

Introduction to Hiragana (reading practice)

1. First Step to Read the 46 Basic Hiragana

2. Reading Additional Hiragana2.1 How to read voiced and plosive sounds written in Hiragana2.2 How to read long vowels written in Hiragana2.3 How to read double consonants written in Hiragana2.4 How to read palatal consonants written in Hiragana

Introduction to Hiragana (writing practice)

3. First Step to Write the 46 Basic Hiragana

4. Writing Additional Hiragana 4.1 How to write voiced and plosive sounds in Hiragana

4.2 How to write long vowels in Hiragana4.3 How to write double consonants in Hiragana

4.4 How to write palatal consonants in Hiragana

Page 3: H i r a g a n a Handbook - uni-due.de · Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 2 Introduction to Hiragana (reading practice)

Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 2

Introduction to Hiragana (reading practice)Hiragana (ひらがな or 平仮名) is one of the three main Japanese writing systems along withKatakana (かたかな or 片仮名) and the Kanji (かんじ or 漢字, name for Chinese characters in theJapanese language). Both Hiragana and Katakana belong to the syllabary Kana (かな or 仮名), thegeneric term for these two writing systems. Each symbol of Kana represents one sound like theletters of the alphabet, although it is mostly a combination of a consonant and a vowel, e.g. k + a=/ka/ か, m + o =/mo/ も, p + u = /pu/ ぷ etc., but there are also five vowels a,i,u,e,o あ、い、う、え、おand the consonant /n/ ん.Kana represents every sound in the Japanese language. Therefore, you can theoretically writeeverything in Hiragana (or in Katakana). However, since Japanese is written with no spacesbetween single words, this will create nearly indecipherable texts. So nowadays Hiragana areused only for Japanese words * for which no Kanji exist (particles, suffixes, some adverbs) or forverb and adjective endings (known as Okurigana 送り仮名), and as a reading aid of too difficultKanji (Furigana 振り仮名  or Rubi ルビ). Hiragana are also widely used in materials for children,textbooks, animation and comic books. * Non-Japanese words are written in Katakana.The contemporary system of ordering the basic Hiragana is as follows:

Table of basic Hiraganaあa いi うu えe おo

かka きki くku けke こko

さsa しshi すsu せse そso

たta ちchi つtsu てte とto

なna にni ぬnu ねne のno

はha ひhi ふfu へhe ほho

まma みmi むmu めme もmo

やya ゆyu よyo

らra りri るru れre ろro

わwa          をo

んn

please notice:Although you can learn this table easily and systematically by combining the ten sounds of the vertical rowa,k,s,t,n,h,m,y,r,w together with the vowels a,i,u,e,o (and the last sound n) you must consider following exceptions:s-row: the Hiragana し is to be pronounced /∫i/ and not /si/t-row: the Hiragana ち is to be pronounced /t∫i/ and not /ti/h-row: the Hiragana ふ is to be pronounced /fw/ and not /hw/y-row: there is neither a /ji/ nor a /je/ in contemporary Japanesew-row: there are no /wi/, /wu/, /we/ and instead of /wo/ for the Hiragana を one uses the pronunciation /o /. So thereis no phonetical difference between お /o / of the first row and this を. Do not forget the very last sound ん /N/.

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 3

1. First Step to Read the 46 Basic Hiragana

Exercise 1. Try to read line by line the following Hiragana by using the table of basic Hiragana as a key. Since Japanese is written either horizontally or vertically,

you can read the lines from the left to the right or top-down beginning on the right side.

あ  い  う  え  お  あ  お  う  い  え あ う いお  い  え  あ  う  い  え  お  う  あ お き けえ  あ  う  お  い  え  う  あ  お  い え か きか  あ  い  え  お  う  か  い  お  あ お く かお  い  か  あ  う  か  い  う  え  か こ け こき  あ  え  か  お  あ  き  え  か  う き く かく  か  う  き  え  き  く  え  お  か き こ くけ  あ  え  い  か  け  お  き  え  き く あ うき  く  か  け  え  き  う  い  か  く け こ おあ  か  い  こ  き  く  い  け  こ  う く き あ

Exercise 2. Now read Japanese words composed of あいうえお かきくけ and こ.

え  (絵)picture け  (毛)hair き  (木)treeあさ (朝)morning あか (赤)red あき (秋)autumnいえ (家)house うえ (上)above えき (駅)stationかお (顔)face かこ (過去)past あお (青)blueかい (貝)shell いけ (池)pond こけ (苔)moss Exercise 3. Try to read line by line the following new and already studied Hiragana.

さ  し  す  せ  そ  あ  い  し  せ  う す  そ  か  く  こ  し  さ  い  せ  そせ  す  し  さ  い  お  そ  こ  く  けし  せ  そ  す  さ  き  く  し  い  うす  あ  う  お  え  せ  さ  す  そ  えく  こ  い  し  さ  そ  か  こ  け  すえ  す  さ  お  あ  く  し  い  せ  こう  し  か  こ  そ  す  そ  せ  く  さそ  す  う  い  し  そ  せ  く  さ  せ

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 4

Exercise 4. Now try to read following words composed of あいうえお かきくけこ      さしすせ and そ:

いし (石)stone あさ (朝)morning せき (席)seatくし (櫛)comb こし (腰)hip あし (足)leg, footすいか(スイカ)watermelon すこし(少し)a little うそ (嘘)lieえさ (餌)bait すし (寿司)Sushi あそこ(あそこ)over thereいす (椅子)chair あせ (汗)sweat きそ (基礎)basics

Exercise 5. Here you find ten more Hiragana and fifteen already studied Hiragana. Try to read them all:

た  ち  つ  て  と  ち  し  こ  い  うて  か  た  ち  し  つ  そ  あ  す  ささ  ち  く  し  お  う  す  つ  て  とい  お  か  け  こ  た  て  ち  と  つえ  そ  た  そ  さ  せ  い  こ  し  すと  て  つ  ち  し  す  た  お  せ  くち  さ  し  つ  い  こ  た  て  と  そな  に  ぬ  ね  の  ね  ぬ  に  な  のぬ  お  な  あ  に  こ  し  そ  と  ての  な  つ  に  ね  な  ぬ  の  た  うい  こ  に  ぬ  ね  ぬ  お  の  な  くな  ぬ  の  こ  え  せ  そ  し  こ  いち  た  に  か  た  こ  け  ぬ  な  ねす  し  こ  い  せ  に  つ  な  の  ぬに  な  う  す  せ  ね  の  き  く  おう  た  の  ぬ  つ  し  さ  ち  し  ここ  い  と  て  す  そ  た  あ  お  うた  ち  つ  し  そ  き  か  け  う  すう  い  こ  ち  さ  ね  せ  ぬ  な  にこ  な  つ  た  し  ね  の  す  く  と

 

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 5

Exercise6. Here we have more Japanese words composed of あいうえお かきくけこ さしすせそ たちつてと なにぬね and の. Can you read them all?

て  (手)hand ち  (血)blood あし (足)leg, footなつ (夏)summer てつ (鉄)iron ねつ (熱)feverねこ (猫)cat いぬ (犬)dog うし (牛)cowくし (櫛)comb こし (腰)hip かた (肩)shoulderおなか(お腹)stomach せなか(背中)back かさ (傘)umbrellaたこ (蛸)octopus いか (イカ)cuttlefish なす (茄子)eggplant かい (貝)shell いけ (池)pond こけ (苔)mossなし (梨)pear かき (柿)persimmon すし (寿司)Sushiしお (塩)salt とち (土地)land, ground くち (口)mouth 

Exercise 7. Here you find some more new and already studied Hiragana. Try to read them:

な  ぬ  の  あ  お  い  こ  に  ね  か  し  う  き  は  ひ  ふ  へ  ほ  ひ  は  ほ  け  へ  ふ  は  ぬへ  く  て  こ  に  け  ふ  は  ほ  し  つ  ぬ  ねす  ぬ  な  さ  き  へ  し  こ  は  な  ほ  そ  てと  に  ひ  ほ  は  せ  の  ふ  な  す  ね  な  たの  ね  ぬ  に  な  ち  し  き  い  の  と  そ  こほ  へ  は  ひ  ち  さ  き  く  し  ふ  ほ  は  ひま  み  む  め  も  め  む  み  ま  む  め  も  みめ  ね  ま  は  へ  て  く  み  も  ま  は  へ  せえ  は  と  む  ひ  め  ほ  ま  は  ほ  め  そ  ちも  そ  ぬ  な  み  そ  む  ふ  ほ  ま  も  む  みへ  む  の  も  な  た  み  と  ち  さ  め  ま  もこ  く  ま  は  す  む  ぬ  め  ね  み  に  む  まめ  も  み  ま  む  ほ  へ  ふ  せ  ち  そ  き  あす  つ  ぬ  も  め  み  ま  な  ね  ぬ  め  ち  と

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 6

Exercise 8. You find some more Japanese words here consisting ofあいうえ おかきくけこ さしすせそ たちつてと なにぬねの はひふへほ まみむめand も. Are you able to read them all?

ひ  (火)fire は  (歯)tooth め (目)eyeなみ (波)wave うみ (海)sea はね (羽)featherはは (母)own mother ちち (父)own father あね (姉)own elder sisterむすめ(娘)daughter むすこ(息子)son あに (兄)own elder brotherおはし(お箸)chopsticks ひみつ(秘密)secret はちみつ(蜂蜜)honeyひも (紐)string, cord にもつ(荷物)load, luggage はな(花)flowerほね (骨)bone ほし (星)star むね(胸)breastはなし(話し)story むし (虫)insect もも(桃)peachねむい(眠い)sleepy つち (土)earth ちかい(近い)nearまめ (豆)bean おむつ(おむつ)nappies うむ(産む)to bear

Exercise 9. There are three more Hiragana や ゆ よ among the old ones. Try to read them:

や  ゆ  よ  ゆ  や  む  や  と  よ  ふ  や  ほ  はめ  ぬ  ゆ  つ  ね  や  す  な  ま  よ  む  ゆ  よう  よ  む  ゆ  ま  き  ふ  ひ  つ  そ  し  み  めへ  よ  ぬ  む  す  ゆ  せ  た  な  や  え  せ  やゆ  ね  の  ち  さ  き  ま  や  ち  そ  ひ  よ  まあ  や  お  よ  ゆ  よ  も  め  む  か  そ  み  やと  に  や  ほ  よ  せ  ゆ  ふ  な  や  ね  ゆ  たや  ね  ぬ  よ  な  ち  き  や  い  よ  と  そ  ゆほ  よ  は  ひ  や  さ  き  ゆ  や  ふ  ほ  よ  やま  や  よ  め  す  め  や  み  け  む  や  も  ほめ  ね  ま  は  や  て  ゆ  み  も  ま  は  よ  せち  さ  や  し  つ  ゆ  い  こ  た  よ  て  と  そな  に  ぬ  ね  や  の  ね  ぬ  ゆ  に  な  の  よや  ぬ  お  な  あ  に  ゆ  こ  し  そ  よ  と  ての  な  や  つ  に  ね  や  な  ぬ  の  た  う  よよ  い  ゆ  こ  よ  に  ぬ  ね  ぬ  お  や  よ  く

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 7

Exercise 10. There are more Japanese words including やゆよ :

や  (矢)arrow ゆみ (弓)bow やま (山)mountainなみ (波)wave うみ (海)sea はね (羽)featherよなか(夜中)midnight ゆめ (夢)dream やね (屋根)roofゆき (雪)snow まゆ (眉)eyebrow やすい(安い)cheapふゆ (冬)winter やさい(野菜)vegetable よい (良い)good

Exercise 11. Now we try to read the rest of basic Hiragana all together with the others:

や  ゆ  よ  ら  り  る  れ  ろ  ん  ら  ろ  る  ゆろ  れ  る  り  ら  を  り  ろ  ら  る  ゆ  れ  ろあ  ゆ  ろ  わ  り  ろ  る  ら  れ  ん  ね  ぬ  みわ  を  ん  も  ま  は  わ  ろ  を  ら  ほ  は  くり  い  ね  れ  わ  ん  と  ん  て  り  へ  ろ  るら  を  ん  す  と  つ  て  り  き  さ  れ  り  んを  お  せ  そ  や  ら  ゆ  む  す  ふ  や  を  けぬ  お  な  ら  あ  に  こ  り  し  そ  と  て  りの  な  つ  に  ね  る  な  ぬ  れ  の  た  う  らい  こ  に  ぬ  ね  ぬ  お  の  な  く  ろ  ら  るな  ぬ  わ  の  こ  え  を  せ  そ  し  こ  い  ろち  た  に  か  た  ん  こ  け  ぬ  な  ね  る  らす  し  こ  ら  ん  い  せ  に  つ  な  の  ぬ  わこ  に  れ  ゆ  な  す  ね  ぬ  る  よ  し  い  をり  ん  ひ  つ  ろ  り  い  ち  め  ま  む  る  んほ  ゆ  ん  ら  わ  や  ま  な  た  さ  こ  の  われ  ね  し  み  ひ  に  ち  き  さ  け  は  を  んせ  そ  さ  も  み  り  ん  ら  う  ぬ  め  か  ふわ  み  ね  す  を  お  あ  ぬ  ゆ  わ  め  ね  ぬを  な  す  に  ら  ふ  さ  ち  と  つ  へ  ゆ  もへ  く  て  こ  に  け  ふ  は  ほ  し  つ  ぬ  ねす  ぬ  な  さ  き  へ  し  こ  は  な  ほ  そ  てと  に  ひ  ほ  は  せ  の  ふ  な  す  ね  な  たの  ね  ぬ  に  な  ち  し  き  い  の  と  そ  こひ  を  ん  わ  り  ろ  れ  み  さ  ち  し  さ  かり  ぬ  ゆ  つ  ね  や  ら  な  ま  よ  む  ゆ  んう  を  む  わ  ま  き  り  ひ  る  そ  れ  み  ろ

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 8

Exercise 2. Let’s read Japanese words composed of sounds of 46 basic Hiragana:

わら (藁)straw いわ (岩)rock わに (ワニ)crocodileよる (夜)night はる (春)spring ふゆ (冬)winterくろ(黒)black しろ (白)white わた (綿)cottonわたし(私)me へいわ(平和)peace らいねん(来年)next yearりか(理科)science りす(リス)squirrel れい(例)exampleゆき(雪)snow もり(森)forest こおり(氷)iceひみつ(秘密)secret わらう(笑う)to laugh よわい(弱い)weakみる(見る)to see うしろ(後ろ)back むらさき(紫)purpleれきし(歴史)history れんらく(連絡)contact,inform ほん(本)bookろんり(論理)logic けんさ(検査)inspection れんらく(連絡)liaisonよみかき(読み書き)reading and writing わすれもの(忘れ物)thing left behindせつめい(説明)explanation こくせき(国籍)nationality

Exercise 13. Now read phrases composed of basic Hiragana:

ちちとはは ( 父と母) my father and my motherあにとあね (兄と姉) my elder brother and my elder sisterやまとうみ ( 山と海) the mountain and the seaいぬとねこ (犬と猫) a dog and a catとりとさかな(鳥と魚) a bird and a fishはるとなつ (春と夏) spring and summerあきとふゆ (秋と冬) autumn and winterすきなもの (好きな物) things I likeにほんのうた(日本の歌) Japanese songsきれいなはな(きれいな花) a beautiful flowerしんせんなやさい(新鮮な野菜) fresh vegetablesやさしいせんせい(優しい先生) a friendly teacherきらいなもの(嫌いな物) things I don’t likeおおきなくも(大きな蜘蛛)   a big spiderさむいふゆのよる(寒い冬の夜) a cold winter nightむしあついにほんのなつ(蒸し暑い日本の夏)the stuffy Japanese summer

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 9

2. Reading Additional HiraganaIn addition to these 46 Hiragana, which you should be able to read fluently now, there are somemore Hiragana to learn. They have been derived from the basic syllables.

2.1 How to read voiced and plosive sounds written in Hiragana

がga ぎgi ぐgu げge ごgo

ざza じji ずzu ぜze ぞzo

だda ぢji づzu でde どdo

ばba びbi ぶbu べbe ぼbo

ぱpa ぴpi ぷpu ぺpe ぽpo

As you can easily notice, the unvoiced sound-units become voiced by placing a symbol like aitalicized double quotation mark: ゛. ( か→が, き→ぎ, く→ぐ etc.)Further, there are five p-sounds (plosives) derived from the already mentioned h-soundsはひふへほ. These Hiragana are mentioned in the last row. They are marked by the symbol º (は→ぱ).Please be careful to pronounce じ as /dzi/ and not /zi/. The ぢ in the next row is also pronouncedas /dzi/ and not /di/. The Hiragana づ is to be pronounced as /zu/ and not /du/ ! Anyway, ぢ and づare very rarely used. Instead of them じ and ず are commonly used. Only if the Hiragana ち withthe sound /t∫i/ is changed into /dzi/ in a compound word or the sound /dzi/ is preceded by thesound /t∫i/ in one word, ぢ can be used.ち(血)blood → はなぢ(鼻血)nosebleed; ちぢれげ(縮れ毛)curly hair; ちぢむ(縮む)to shrink;In the same way, the rare Hiragana づ can be used, if the sound /tsú/ is changed into /zú/ in acompound word or the sound /zú/ is preceded by the sound /tsú/ in one word:つき(月)moon →みかづき(三日月)the new moon; つづき(続き)continuation; つきづき(月々)monthly;

Exercise14. Try to read the following additional Hiragana together with basic Hiragana:

が  ぎ  ぐ  げ  ご  げ  ぐ  ぎ  が  ぐ  ご  げが  か  ぎ  き  ぐ  く  げ  け  ご  こ  さ  ぎか  げ  ま  げ  な  ぐ  れ  ご  つ  す  ぬ  がざ  じ  ず  ぜ  ぞ  ぜ  ず  じ  ざ  ぜ  ず  ぞざ  さ  じ  し  ず  す  ぜ  せ  ぞ  そ  が  じぎ  ぜ  ぞ  そ  と  て  げ  ぐ  ず  が  じ  ぞげ る ろ が り ら ぎ よ や ぐ ゆ ご

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 10

Exercise 15. Read now Japanese words including the Hiragana がぎぐげご ざじずぜぞ :

まんが(漫画)comics かぎ(鍵)key かぐ(家具)furnitureまゆげ(眉毛)eyebrows えいご(英語)English language かげ(影) shadowがけ(崖)cliff えいが(映画)movie あご(顎) chinかご(籠)basket ごはん(ご飯)meal, cooked rice うさぎ(兎)rabbitひざ(膝)knee ひじ(肘)elbow みず(水) waterぞう(象)elephant もじ(文字)letter, character かぜ(風) wind

Exercise 16. Now try to read more additional Hiragana together with other Hiragana:

だ  ぢ  づ  で  ど  で  づ  ぢ  だ  づ  で  だだ  た  ぢ  ち  づ  つ  で  て  ど  と  だ  がぐ  ぎ  じ  ぢ  ち  げ  ぞ  ど  ご  だ  ず  づざ  ち  み  う  で  ん  も  を  ど  ぜ  ろ  るや  ぬ  む  よ  ご  の  ざ  ぎ  ぞ  ら  や  ぬん  ぢ  ぜ  ざ  ぎ  ぐ  だ  ど  す  ゆ  ね  じ

Exercise 17. Here are some more Japanese words including the Hiragana だぢづでど :

えだ(枝)branch うで(腕)arm まど(窓)windowかど(角)corner つづき(続き)continuation ともだち(友達)friendひので(日の出)sunrise なみだ(涙)tears こども(子供)child

Exercise 18. There are five more voiced sounds and five p-sounds (plosives) together withothers:ば  び  ぶ  べ  ぼ  べ  ぶ  び  ば  ぱ  び  ぷ  ぺぽ  ぺ  ぷ  ぴ  ぱ  び  ぴ  ぽ  ぼ  べ  ぺ  ぷ  ぶば  ぱ  は  び  ぴ  ひ  ぶ  ぷ  ふ  べ  ぺ  へ  ぼ  ぽ  ほ  ま  ば  ふ  を  ぺ  で  ぼ  ざ  ぎ  ゆ  ぜぷ  ぬ  よ  ん  べ  ま  わ  れ  せ  ぞ  ぐ  ば  ぼゆ  り  ろ  る  う  ぽ  づ  と  ど  ぬ  す  づ  ずぐ  ぴ  そ  ざ  ろ  う  ん  げ  じ  ぞ  ろ  ぱ  ほめ  ぬ  れ  ね  ぐ  ご  ぴ  ゆ  わ  ぱ  そ  か  はぺ  で  の  を  お  り  わ  え  せ  ざ  ち  と  ぽ

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Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 11

2.2 How to read long vowels written in HiraganaAll separate vowels or vowels included in sound-units of the 46 basic Hiragana, and also thosevoiced and plosive sound-units written in Hiragana can be extended to long vowels by addingeither あ,い or う depending on the vowel. え and お areused very rarely to mark long vowels (→ exceptions). As you can see, え and vowels of sound-units けせてねへめれ and げぜで are extended to long vowels by using the い and not え.Correspondingly, one uses the う instead of お to extend おこそとのほもよろ and ごぞどぼぽ.Strictly speaking, they are diphthongs and not real long vowels. (see also: Introduction to theTranscription and Pronunciation of Contemporary Japanese, chapter 2.3 )

ああaa いいii ううuu えいei おうoo

かあkaa きいkii くうkuu けいkei こうkoo

さあsaa しいshii すうsuu せいsei そうsoo

たあtaa ちいchii つうtsuu ていtei とうtoo

なあnaa にいnii ぬうnuu ねいnei のうnoo

はあhaa ひいhii ふうfuu へいhei ほうhoo

まあmaa みいmii むうmuu めいmei もうmoo

やあyaa ゆうyuu ようyoo

らあraa りいrii るうruu れいrei ろうroo

わあwaa         

があgaa ぎいgii ぐうguu げいgei ごうgoo

ざあzaa じいjii ずうzuu ぜいzei ぞうzoo

だあdaa ぢいjii づうzuu でいdei どうdoo

ばあbaa びいbii ぶうbuu べいbei ぼうboo

ぱあpaa ぴいpii ぷうpuu ぺいpei ぽうpoo

Exceptions:As already mentioned above, え and お are used very rarely to mark long vowels. Followingcommon words including a long vowel are written for instance with え or お :ええ yes, おねえさん(お姉さん)elder sister, おおきい(大きい)big, おおい(多い)many, とお(十)ten,とおい(遠い)far away, こおり(氷)ice, とおり(通り)street

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Exercise 19. Try to read the following long vowels:

ああ  ゆう  ろう  わあ  りい  るう  れい  ねい  ほう  りい  れい  とう  てい  はあ  ほう  ろう  きい  せいけい  めい  くう  ちい  すう  ごう  びい  ぽう  ろうのう  きい  けい  さあ  せい  ちい  つう  でい  どうばあ  ひい  びい  ぺい  ぽう  げい  けい  ろう  るうれい  めい  もう  そう  にい  ねい  れい  そう  ああおう  おお  こう  ごう  ぞう  どう  へい  しい  にいのう  ねえ  ぶう  ふう  ぐう  くう  つう  ずう  すういい  ええ  えい  かあ  しい  せい  にい  ひい  ふうへい  ほう  ぼう  めい  もう  ゆう  よう  れい  ろうぐう  げい  ごう  じい  ずう  ぜい  どう  のう  ぺいぶう  ぷう  けい  そう  もう  すう  ちい  こう  とう

Exercise 20. Read now Japanese words including long vowel:

がくせい(学生)student せんせい(先生)teacher くうこう(空港)airportゆうれい(幽霊)ghost  ろうどう(労働)labour  ねんれい(年齢)ageていねい(丁寧)polite ほうりつ(法律)law ぶんぽう(文法)grammarせいとう(政党)political party けいさつ(警察)police ちい(地位)status  すうがく(数学)mathematics こうつう(交通)traffic れい(例)example  こうぞう(構造)structure えいご(英語)English language ろう(蝋)waxどうぞう(銅像)bronze statue  そうぞう(想像) imagination ぞう(象)elephantほうりつ(法律)law ぜいきん( 税金)tax えいが(映画)movie  すもう(相撲) Sumo ゆうびん(郵便)mail へいわ(平和)peaceこうくうびん(航空便)airmail たいふう(台風)typhoon げい(芸)artけいざい(経済)economy せいじ(政治)politics ねんれい(年齢)ageそうじ(掃除)cleaning きのう(昨日)yesterday こうえん(公園)parkせんそう(戦争)war おおきい(大きい)big ちいさい(小さい)small

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2.3 How to read double consonants written in Hiragana

All consonants included in the sound-units of basic Hiragana, with the exception of the last ん,and also those voiced and plosive sound-units written in Hiragana can theoretically be extendedto double consonants (also called long consonants) by adding a little tsu っ(normal tsu: つ littletsu: っ). The little tsu precedes the consonant to be held.Examples: けってん (fault), はっせん (8,000), がっこう (school), めっき (plating), すっぽん (snapping turtle),てっぺん (top), りっぱ (splendid), しんぞうほっさ (heart attack), ふっかつ (revival), いっち (coincidence) etc.Generally speaking, long consonants are consonants held for a beat before being released likefish- show, cat-tail, bad-dream, etc.Only in case of combination of the last Hiragana ん with a syllable starting with a n- or m-sound(i.e. ~ん plus な , に, ぬ, ね ,の, ま , み, む, め or も), there is no addition of this little っ.Examples: みんな (everybody), はんにち (a half day), せんぬき (cap opener), ほんね (real intention),せんのう (brainwash), せんまん (ten million), れんめい (federation), じんみん (people), せんむ (director).

Exercise 21. Read now Japanese words including double consonants:よっか (四日)fourth day  みっか (三日)third day せっけん (石鹸)soapざっし(雑誌)magazine けっこん (結婚)marriage けっか(結果)resultきって(切手)stamp まって(待って)wait けってん (欠点)faultけっせき(欠席)absence こっち(こっち)this side こんなん (困難)difficultyせんにん (専任)exclusive duty せんもん(専門)speciality らっか(落下)fallせっきじだい(石器時代)stone age ほっかいどう(北海道)Hokkaidoあっか(悪化)aggravation ふっかつ(復活)revival ねったい(熱帯)torrid zoneせっきん(接近)approach ふっとう(沸騰)boil せっけい(設計)designほんのう(本能)instinct はっけん(発見)discovery しっしん(失神)faint

Exercise 22. Read now single and double consonant pairs:さか(坂)slope さっか( 作家)writer した(下)down しった( 知った) knownもと( 元) cause もっとmoreかこ(過去) past かっこ( 括弧 ) parenthesisじけん( 事件) occurrence じっけん(実験) experimentかさい( 火災 ) fire かっさい( 喝采) applause にし( 西 ) west にっし(日誌) diaryかた( 肩) shoulder かった (買った) boughtいけん( 意見) opinion いっけん( 一見) first sightじかん( 時間 ) time じっかん( 実感) really feel

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2.4 How to read palatal consonants written in HiraganaThe palatal consonants always consist of a consonant plus semi-vowel “y“ and the vowel a, u oro. The pronunciation is a quick and smooth movement, it is a single sound (e.g. kya and not ki-ya, sha and not shi-ya etc). To show the difference between a palatal single sound like kya andthe non-palatal two sounds like ki-ya, the syllables や , ゆ, and よ are written small (ゃ ゅ ょ).

 きゃ  きゅ  きょ ぎゃ  ぎゅ  ぎょ しゃ  しゅ  しょ じゃ  じゅ  じょ ちゃ  ちゅ  ちょ にゃ  にゅ  にょ ひゃ  ひゅ  ひょ びゃ  びゅ  びょ ぴゃ  ぴゅ  ぴょ みゃ  みゅ  みょ りゃ  りゅ  りょ

Palatal consonants can appear together with long vowels (きょう, しゅう, ぎゃあ etc.) and doubleconsonants (-っきょ, -っしょ, -っぴょ etc).

Exercise 23. Now try to read the following Hiragana with and without palatal consonants:きや — きゃひや — ひゃみゆ — みゅりよ — りょじゆ — じゅしよ — しょぎよ — ぎょりや — りゃみや — みゃりゆ — りゅじゆう — じゅうぎゆう — ぎゅうりゆう — りゅうきよう — きょう

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Exercise 24. Now try to read some words including palatal consonants:

かいしゃ(会社)company    じょしゅ (助手)assistantりょこう(旅行)voyage     きゅう (九)9じゅうしょ(住所)address    ひゃく (百)100さんびゃく(三百)300     きょねん (去年)last yearりょうほう(両方)both     じゅうどう (柔道)Judoおきゃく(お客)guest      きょか (許可)permissionじゃま (邪魔)obstacle     ぎゃく(逆)contraryはっぴょう(発表)announcement きゅうしゅう(吸収)absorptionしゃちょう(社長)president of a company しゃしょう(車掌)conductorしゅっちょう(出張)business trip   ゆにゅう(輸入)importでんしゃ (電車)train じょせい(女性)woman しゅじゅつ(手術)medical operation きゅうじゅうきゅう(九十九)99ちょきん (貯金)savings   いしゃ (医者) doctorきょねん(去年)last year じしょ (辞書)dictionary ひゃく (百) hundred ゆしゅつ(輸出)exportしゅみ(趣味)hobby  ひょう (表)diagramやきゅう(野球) baseball   かいしゃ(会社)company りょうきん (料金)charge りょうり(料理)cooking みゃく (脈)pulse  ぎゅうにゅう (牛乳)milkしゅうにゅう (収入)income きんぎょ(金魚)goldfish はっぴゃく(八百)800 しゅしょう(首相)prime ministerぎょぎょう(漁業)fishing  みょうじ(名字)family nameきょう(今日)today りゅうこう(流行)fashion りゅうがく(留学)studying abroad  おちゃ(お茶)teaちゅうにゅう(注入)pouring   ちゅうしゃじょう(駐車場)parking lot ひょうしょうじょう(表彰状)testimonialしゅうちゅうこうざ(集中講座)intensive courseきゅうひゃくきゅうじゅうきゅう(九百九十九)999

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Introduction to Hiragana (writing practice)

3. First Step to Write the 46 Basic Hiragana

Following sites give good introductions to the stroke order of Hiragana:

www.kanjistep.comwww.thejapanesepage.comwww.japanese.about.com

Exercise 25. Now write the following Hiragana as much as you can. It is very important to observe the right direction of the strokes and the stroke order. Generally speaking, every stroke is going from the top to the bottom and mostly from the left to the right. And all syllables should be written approximately the same size! Please notice that there are minimal variations in writing of some Hiragana caused by different types of font.

あ あ あ

い い い

う う う

え え え

お お お

か か か

き き き

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く く く

け け け

こ こ こ

さ さ さ

し し し

す す す

せ せ せ

そ そ そ

た た た

ち ち ち

つ つ つ

て て て

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と と と

な な な

に に に

ぬ ぬ ぬ

ね ね ね

の の の

は は は

ひ ひ ひ

ふ ふ ふ

へ へ へ

ほ ほ ほ

ま ま ま

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み み み

む む む

め め め

も も も

や や や

ゆ ゆ ゆ

よ よ よ

ら ら ら

り り り

る る る

れ れ れ

ろ ろ ろ

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Exercise 26. Write the following transcribed basic sounds in Hiragana.

わ わ わ

を を を

ん ん ん

a i u u

o ri ni n

te ma mo chi

sa o wa ro

ru ra ki sa

yu ya me ka

ku he shi tsu

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ke ha wa re

se so hi ya

te ro ho mo

mu nu ma ro

to o (w-row) o (vowel) nu

a me no mi

yu ru ne ro

wa re ra sa

ki shi ku i

ke ho he ha

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re wa ne na

ka fu na so

mu o (vowel) re e

n ro mo hi

sa te u chi

tsu ri he tsu

shi ko ku ra

ro wa no me

nu mu o (w-row) mu

na ta ke ho

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ha yo ya ka

ra e fu na

mu ta ho ma

ki mo ko shi

so hi te to

ya tsu na so

su nu re wa

ru ro hi me

wa nu yu a

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Exercise 27. Write the following transcribed words in basic Hiragana. These are all words from our textbook.

ashi atama anata

ani ane ie

ike isu inaka

inu iro ue

ushiro uta uchi

umi eki okashi

okusan okosan otaku

oto otona kao

kasa katakana kanai

kanemochi kami kawa

kita kinu kimono

kusuri kuchi kutsushita

kuni kuruma kokonotsu

saifu sakana saki

sake sara shiken

shita shima seki

senaka senmon soto

sofu tairiku chikaku

chikatetsu tsukue temae

tenki too tikei

tori nanatsu namae

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niku nihon nimotsu

niwa neko nomimono

nomiya norimono hako

hasi hachi hana

hitotsu hitori fuku

hoka hon mae

machi matsuri mikan

mise michi minami

mushi musuko musume

men mono yaoya

yasai yasumi yama

yoko yon rei

roku watakushi iya

iroiro kirei kirai

shinsetsu taisetsu tanoshimi

tokui hima heta

ikutsu ikura nan

anshin imi unten

kaimono kaiwa keikaku

shitsumon sentaku hatsuon

yotei kuru suru

yaseru wareru mitsukeru

kakeru kieru kimeru

tsukareru tsutomeru torikaeru

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4. Writing Additional Hiragana

4.1 How to write voiced and plosive sounds in Hiragana As we already know, the Hiragana sounds become voiced by placing a symbol like an italicized double quotation mark: ゛ ( か→が, き→ぎ, く→ぐ etc.) Further, there are five p-sounds derived from the h-sounds はひふへほ. They are marked by the symbol º ( は→ぱ, ひ→ぴ, ふ→ぷ etc.).

Exercise 28. Write the following voiced and plosive sounds in Hiragana.

が が が

ぎ ぎ ぎ

ぐ ぐ ぐ

げ げ げ

ご ご ご

ざ ざ ざ

じ じ じ

ず ず ず

ぜ ぜ ぜ

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ぞ ぞ ぞ

だ だ だ

ぢ ぢ ぢ

づ づ づ

で で で

ど ど ど

ば ば ば

び び び

ぶ ぶ ぶ

べ べ べ

ぼ ぼ ぼ

ぱ ぱ ぱ

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Exercise 29. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. These are all words from our textbook and include voiced or plosive sounds.

kongetsu kondo konban

dakara dochira aida

anatagata uwagi eigakan

kazoku kaban kudamono

kotoba kodomo jikan

sitagi daigaku daidokoro

chizu tebukuro deguchi

denki denwa tomodachi

hagaki hanbun hidari

hiragana hirugohan hondana

manga mizu miyage

megane mondai anzen

ぴ ぴ ぴ

ぷ ぷ ぷ

ぺ ぺ ぺ

ぽ ぽ ぽ

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4.2 How to write long vowels in Hiragana

As you already know, long vowels are written as follows:- long vowels of a are written with あ like in おかあさん (mother)- long vowels of i are written with い like in おいしい  (tasty)- long vowels of u are written with う like in くうこう (airport)- long vowels of e are mostly written with い like in せいかつ (daily life),

but rarely with え like in おねえさん (elder sister)- long vowels of o are mostly written with う like in こうぎ (lecture),   but rarely with お like in おおきい (big)

Exercise 30. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. These are all words from our textbook including long vowels.

iie imooto eiga

eigo oobei okaasan

ojiisan otoosan oniisan

gakusei kuukoo keisatsu

kooen kookoosei kooban

koomuin sensei tsugoo

denwabangoo doobutsuen hikooki

fuutoo bunpoo bentoo

yoofuku reizooko kekkoo

binboo yuumei atarashii

isogashii oishii kibishii

suzushii tanoshii tooi

hoshii yasashii

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4.2 How to write double consonants in Hiragana You remember that consonants of normal syllables are extended to double consonants by adding a little tsu っ. Only in case of combination of ん with a syllable starting with a n- or m- sound (i.e. ~ん plus な , に, ぬ, ね , の, ま , み, む, め , or も), there is no addition of this little っ.

Exercise 31. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. Since there are not many words in our textbook including double consonants, other words are added.

gakkoo sekken mittsu

muttsu kekkoo yattsu

bikkuri zasshi kippu

motto kissaten massugu

katte damatte itte

ippai ippon kesshin

honne konnan sennin

mattaku hatten sessuru

mikka yokka hakka

hossa hannin honnoo

hassha ressha gesshuu

kekka kokka sakka

issai hossoku kessan

setchaku suppai itta

kottoo jikkan jikkoo

hassei jisshuu hakken

sesshoku bikkuri shippo

teppen teppoo nesshin

chissoku tekkoo ressha

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4.4 How to write palatal consonants in Hiragana We have learnt that palatal consonants always consist of a consonant plus the semi- vowel “y“ and the vowel a, u or o. The sounds ゃ , ゅ, and ょ are written small. 

Exercise 32. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. These are partly words from our textbook including palatal consonants.

ojoosan kaishain gakushoku

kanojo gyuunyuu kyuuri

kyookasho kyoodai kyoomi

koojoo ryooshin jisho

jitensha jagaimo shashin

shachoo juusho juudoo

jugyoo shukudai shujin

shufu shumi shoosetsu

shokudoo chawan chuugoku

chuushajoo densha toshokan

hyaku byooin yuubinkyoku

joobu chairoi benkyoo

junbi sotsugyoo benkyoo

ryoori ryokoo jama

kyooshitsu kyoodoo kyuushuu

kyoka gyaku gyuu-nyuu

gyogyoo shuushuu kyooiku

juukyo happyaku gyakuryuu

ryokyaku chojutsu joosha