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H i r a g a n aHandbook
ひらがな読み書き練習帳
by
Rafael E. Beermann
copyright 2006
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 1
Introduction to Hiragana (reading practice)
1. First Step to Read the 46 Basic Hiragana
2. Reading Additional Hiragana2.1 How to read voiced and plosive sounds written in Hiragana2.2 How to read long vowels written in Hiragana2.3 How to read double consonants written in Hiragana2.4 How to read palatal consonants written in Hiragana
Introduction to Hiragana (writing practice)
3. First Step to Write the 46 Basic Hiragana
4. Writing Additional Hiragana 4.1 How to write voiced and plosive sounds in Hiragana
4.2 How to write long vowels in Hiragana4.3 How to write double consonants in Hiragana
4.4 How to write palatal consonants in Hiragana
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 2
Introduction to Hiragana (reading practice)Hiragana (ひらがな or 平仮名) is one of the three main Japanese writing systems along withKatakana (かたかな or 片仮名) and the Kanji (かんじ or 漢字, name for Chinese characters in theJapanese language). Both Hiragana and Katakana belong to the syllabary Kana (かな or 仮名), thegeneric term for these two writing systems. Each symbol of Kana represents one sound like theletters of the alphabet, although it is mostly a combination of a consonant and a vowel, e.g. k + a=/ka/ か, m + o =/mo/ も, p + u = /pu/ ぷ etc., but there are also five vowels a,i,u,e,o あ、い、う、え、おand the consonant /n/ ん.Kana represents every sound in the Japanese language. Therefore, you can theoretically writeeverything in Hiragana (or in Katakana). However, since Japanese is written with no spacesbetween single words, this will create nearly indecipherable texts. So nowadays Hiragana areused only for Japanese words * for which no Kanji exist (particles, suffixes, some adverbs) or forverb and adjective endings (known as Okurigana 送り仮名), and as a reading aid of too difficultKanji (Furigana 振り仮名 or Rubi ルビ). Hiragana are also widely used in materials for children,textbooks, animation and comic books. * Non-Japanese words are written in Katakana.The contemporary system of ordering the basic Hiragana is as follows:
Table of basic Hiraganaあa いi うu えe おo
かka きki くku けke こko
さsa しshi すsu せse そso
たta ちchi つtsu てte とto
なna にni ぬnu ねne のno
はha ひhi ふfu へhe ほho
まma みmi むmu めme もmo
やya ゆyu よyo
らra りri るru れre ろro
わwa をo
んn
please notice:Although you can learn this table easily and systematically by combining the ten sounds of the vertical rowa,k,s,t,n,h,m,y,r,w together with the vowels a,i,u,e,o (and the last sound n) you must consider following exceptions:s-row: the Hiragana し is to be pronounced /∫i/ and not /si/t-row: the Hiragana ち is to be pronounced /t∫i/ and not /ti/h-row: the Hiragana ふ is to be pronounced /fw/ and not /hw/y-row: there is neither a /ji/ nor a /je/ in contemporary Japanesew-row: there are no /wi/, /wu/, /we/ and instead of /wo/ for the Hiragana を one uses the pronunciation /o /. So thereis no phonetical difference between お /o / of the first row and this を. Do not forget the very last sound ん /N/.
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 3
1. First Step to Read the 46 Basic Hiragana
Exercise 1. Try to read line by line the following Hiragana by using the table of basic Hiragana as a key. Since Japanese is written either horizontally or vertically,
you can read the lines from the left to the right or top-down beginning on the right side.
あ い う え お あ お う い え あ う いお い え あ う い え お う あ お き けえ あ う お い え う あ お い え か きか あ い え お う か い お あ お く かお い か あ う か い う え か こ け こき あ え か お あ き え か う き く かく か う き え き く え お か き こ くけ あ え い か け お き え き く あ うき く か け え き う い か く け こ おあ か い こ き く い け こ う く き あ
Exercise 2. Now read Japanese words composed of あいうえお かきくけ and こ.
え (絵)picture け (毛)hair き (木)treeあさ (朝)morning あか (赤)red あき (秋)autumnいえ (家)house うえ (上)above えき (駅)stationかお (顔)face かこ (過去)past あお (青)blueかい (貝)shell いけ (池)pond こけ (苔)moss Exercise 3. Try to read line by line the following new and already studied Hiragana.
さ し す せ そ あ い し せ う す そ か く こ し さ い せ そせ す し さ い お そ こ く けし せ そ す さ き く し い うす あ う お え せ さ す そ えく こ い し さ そ か こ け すえ す さ お あ く し い せ こう し か こ そ す そ せ く さそ す う い し そ せ く さ せ
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 4
Exercise 4. Now try to read following words composed of あいうえお かきくけこ さしすせ and そ:
いし (石)stone あさ (朝)morning せき (席)seatくし (櫛)comb こし (腰)hip あし (足)leg, footすいか(スイカ)watermelon すこし(少し)a little うそ (嘘)lieえさ (餌)bait すし (寿司)Sushi あそこ(あそこ)over thereいす (椅子)chair あせ (汗)sweat きそ (基礎)basics
Exercise 5. Here you find ten more Hiragana and fifteen already studied Hiragana. Try to read them all:
た ち つ て と ち し こ い うて か た ち し つ そ あ す ささ ち く し お う す つ て とい お か け こ た て ち と つえ そ た そ さ せ い こ し すと て つ ち し す た お せ くち さ し つ い こ た て と そな に ぬ ね の ね ぬ に な のぬ お な あ に こ し そ と ての な つ に ね な ぬ の た うい こ に ぬ ね ぬ お の な くな ぬ の こ え せ そ し こ いち た に か た こ け ぬ な ねす し こ い せ に つ な の ぬに な う す せ ね の き く おう た の ぬ つ し さ ち し ここ い と て す そ た あ お うた ち つ し そ き か け う すう い こ ち さ ね せ ぬ な にこ な つ た し ね の す く と
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 5
Exercise6. Here we have more Japanese words composed of あいうえお かきくけこ さしすせそ たちつてと なにぬね and の. Can you read them all?
て (手)hand ち (血)blood あし (足)leg, footなつ (夏)summer てつ (鉄)iron ねつ (熱)feverねこ (猫)cat いぬ (犬)dog うし (牛)cowくし (櫛)comb こし (腰)hip かた (肩)shoulderおなか(お腹)stomach せなか(背中)back かさ (傘)umbrellaたこ (蛸)octopus いか (イカ)cuttlefish なす (茄子)eggplant かい (貝)shell いけ (池)pond こけ (苔)mossなし (梨)pear かき (柿)persimmon すし (寿司)Sushiしお (塩)salt とち (土地)land, ground くち (口)mouth
Exercise 7. Here you find some more new and already studied Hiragana. Try to read them:
な ぬ の あ お い こ に ね か し う き は ひ ふ へ ほ ひ は ほ け へ ふ は ぬへ く て こ に け ふ は ほ し つ ぬ ねす ぬ な さ き へ し こ は な ほ そ てと に ひ ほ は せ の ふ な す ね な たの ね ぬ に な ち し き い の と そ こほ へ は ひ ち さ き く し ふ ほ は ひま み む め も め む み ま む め も みめ ね ま は へ て く み も ま は へ せえ は と む ひ め ほ ま は ほ め そ ちも そ ぬ な み そ む ふ ほ ま も む みへ む の も な た み と ち さ め ま もこ く ま は す む ぬ め ね み に む まめ も み ま む ほ へ ふ せ ち そ き あす つ ぬ も め み ま な ね ぬ め ち と
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 6
Exercise 8. You find some more Japanese words here consisting ofあいうえ おかきくけこ さしすせそ たちつてと なにぬねの はひふへほ まみむめand も. Are you able to read them all?
ひ (火)fire は (歯)tooth め (目)eyeなみ (波)wave うみ (海)sea はね (羽)featherはは (母)own mother ちち (父)own father あね (姉)own elder sisterむすめ(娘)daughter むすこ(息子)son あに (兄)own elder brotherおはし(お箸)chopsticks ひみつ(秘密)secret はちみつ(蜂蜜)honeyひも (紐)string, cord にもつ(荷物)load, luggage はな(花)flowerほね (骨)bone ほし (星)star むね(胸)breastはなし(話し)story むし (虫)insect もも(桃)peachねむい(眠い)sleepy つち (土)earth ちかい(近い)nearまめ (豆)bean おむつ(おむつ)nappies うむ(産む)to bear
Exercise 9. There are three more Hiragana や ゆ よ among the old ones. Try to read them:
や ゆ よ ゆ や む や と よ ふ や ほ はめ ぬ ゆ つ ね や す な ま よ む ゆ よう よ む ゆ ま き ふ ひ つ そ し み めへ よ ぬ む す ゆ せ た な や え せ やゆ ね の ち さ き ま や ち そ ひ よ まあ や お よ ゆ よ も め む か そ み やと に や ほ よ せ ゆ ふ な や ね ゆ たや ね ぬ よ な ち き や い よ と そ ゆほ よ は ひ や さ き ゆ や ふ ほ よ やま や よ め す め や み け む や も ほめ ね ま は や て ゆ み も ま は よ せち さ や し つ ゆ い こ た よ て と そな に ぬ ね や の ね ぬ ゆ に な の よや ぬ お な あ に ゆ こ し そ よ と ての な や つ に ね や な ぬ の た う よよ い ゆ こ よ に ぬ ね ぬ お や よ く
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 7
Exercise 10. There are more Japanese words including やゆよ :
や (矢)arrow ゆみ (弓)bow やま (山)mountainなみ (波)wave うみ (海)sea はね (羽)featherよなか(夜中)midnight ゆめ (夢)dream やね (屋根)roofゆき (雪)snow まゆ (眉)eyebrow やすい(安い)cheapふゆ (冬)winter やさい(野菜)vegetable よい (良い)good
Exercise 11. Now we try to read the rest of basic Hiragana all together with the others:
や ゆ よ ら り る れ ろ ん ら ろ る ゆろ れ る り ら を り ろ ら る ゆ れ ろあ ゆ ろ わ り ろ る ら れ ん ね ぬ みわ を ん も ま は わ ろ を ら ほ は くり い ね れ わ ん と ん て り へ ろ るら を ん す と つ て り き さ れ り んを お せ そ や ら ゆ む す ふ や を けぬ お な ら あ に こ り し そ と て りの な つ に ね る な ぬ れ の た う らい こ に ぬ ね ぬ お の な く ろ ら るな ぬ わ の こ え を せ そ し こ い ろち た に か た ん こ け ぬ な ね る らす し こ ら ん い せ に つ な の ぬ わこ に れ ゆ な す ね ぬ る よ し い をり ん ひ つ ろ り い ち め ま む る んほ ゆ ん ら わ や ま な た さ こ の われ ね し み ひ に ち き さ け は を んせ そ さ も み り ん ら う ぬ め か ふわ み ね す を お あ ぬ ゆ わ め ね ぬを な す に ら ふ さ ち と つ へ ゆ もへ く て こ に け ふ は ほ し つ ぬ ねす ぬ な さ き へ し こ は な ほ そ てと に ひ ほ は せ の ふ な す ね な たの ね ぬ に な ち し き い の と そ こひ を ん わ り ろ れ み さ ち し さ かり ぬ ゆ つ ね や ら な ま よ む ゆ んう を む わ ま き り ひ る そ れ み ろ
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 8
Exercise 2. Let’s read Japanese words composed of sounds of 46 basic Hiragana:
わら (藁)straw いわ (岩)rock わに (ワニ)crocodileよる (夜)night はる (春)spring ふゆ (冬)winterくろ(黒)black しろ (白)white わた (綿)cottonわたし(私)me へいわ(平和)peace らいねん(来年)next yearりか(理科)science りす(リス)squirrel れい(例)exampleゆき(雪)snow もり(森)forest こおり(氷)iceひみつ(秘密)secret わらう(笑う)to laugh よわい(弱い)weakみる(見る)to see うしろ(後ろ)back むらさき(紫)purpleれきし(歴史)history れんらく(連絡)contact,inform ほん(本)bookろんり(論理)logic けんさ(検査)inspection れんらく(連絡)liaisonよみかき(読み書き)reading and writing わすれもの(忘れ物)thing left behindせつめい(説明)explanation こくせき(国籍)nationality
Exercise 13. Now read phrases composed of basic Hiragana:
ちちとはは ( 父と母) my father and my motherあにとあね (兄と姉) my elder brother and my elder sisterやまとうみ ( 山と海) the mountain and the seaいぬとねこ (犬と猫) a dog and a catとりとさかな(鳥と魚) a bird and a fishはるとなつ (春と夏) spring and summerあきとふゆ (秋と冬) autumn and winterすきなもの (好きな物) things I likeにほんのうた(日本の歌) Japanese songsきれいなはな(きれいな花) a beautiful flowerしんせんなやさい(新鮮な野菜) fresh vegetablesやさしいせんせい(優しい先生) a friendly teacherきらいなもの(嫌いな物) things I don’t likeおおきなくも(大きな蜘蛛) a big spiderさむいふゆのよる(寒い冬の夜) a cold winter nightむしあついにほんのなつ(蒸し暑い日本の夏)the stuffy Japanese summer
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 9
2. Reading Additional HiraganaIn addition to these 46 Hiragana, which you should be able to read fluently now, there are somemore Hiragana to learn. They have been derived from the basic syllables.
2.1 How to read voiced and plosive sounds written in Hiragana
がga ぎgi ぐgu げge ごgo
ざza じji ずzu ぜze ぞzo
だda ぢji づzu でde どdo
ばba びbi ぶbu べbe ぼbo
ぱpa ぴpi ぷpu ぺpe ぽpo
As you can easily notice, the unvoiced sound-units become voiced by placing a symbol like aitalicized double quotation mark: ゛. ( か→が, き→ぎ, く→ぐ etc.)Further, there are five p-sounds (plosives) derived from the already mentioned h-soundsはひふへほ. These Hiragana are mentioned in the last row. They are marked by the symbol º (は→ぱ).Please be careful to pronounce じ as /dzi/ and not /zi/. The ぢ in the next row is also pronouncedas /dzi/ and not /di/. The Hiragana づ is to be pronounced as /zu/ and not /du/ ! Anyway, ぢ and づare very rarely used. Instead of them じ and ず are commonly used. Only if the Hiragana ち withthe sound /t∫i/ is changed into /dzi/ in a compound word or the sound /dzi/ is preceded by thesound /t∫i/ in one word, ぢ can be used.ち(血)blood → はなぢ(鼻血)nosebleed; ちぢれげ(縮れ毛)curly hair; ちぢむ(縮む)to shrink;In the same way, the rare Hiragana づ can be used, if the sound /tsú/ is changed into /zú/ in acompound word or the sound /zú/ is preceded by the sound /tsú/ in one word:つき(月)moon →みかづき(三日月)the new moon; つづき(続き)continuation; つきづき(月々)monthly;
Exercise14. Try to read the following additional Hiragana together with basic Hiragana:
が ぎ ぐ げ ご げ ぐ ぎ が ぐ ご げが か ぎ き ぐ く げ け ご こ さ ぎか げ ま げ な ぐ れ ご つ す ぬ がざ じ ず ぜ ぞ ぜ ず じ ざ ぜ ず ぞざ さ じ し ず す ぜ せ ぞ そ が じぎ ぜ ぞ そ と て げ ぐ ず が じ ぞげ る ろ が り ら ぎ よ や ぐ ゆ ご
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 10
Exercise 15. Read now Japanese words including the Hiragana がぎぐげご ざじずぜぞ :
まんが(漫画)comics かぎ(鍵)key かぐ(家具)furnitureまゆげ(眉毛)eyebrows えいご(英語)English language かげ(影) shadowがけ(崖)cliff えいが(映画)movie あご(顎) chinかご(籠)basket ごはん(ご飯)meal, cooked rice うさぎ(兎)rabbitひざ(膝)knee ひじ(肘)elbow みず(水) waterぞう(象)elephant もじ(文字)letter, character かぜ(風) wind
Exercise 16. Now try to read more additional Hiragana together with other Hiragana:
だ ぢ づ で ど で づ ぢ だ づ で だだ た ぢ ち づ つ で て ど と だ がぐ ぎ じ ぢ ち げ ぞ ど ご だ ず づざ ち み う で ん も を ど ぜ ろ るや ぬ む よ ご の ざ ぎ ぞ ら や ぬん ぢ ぜ ざ ぎ ぐ だ ど す ゆ ね じ
Exercise 17. Here are some more Japanese words including the Hiragana だぢづでど :
えだ(枝)branch うで(腕)arm まど(窓)windowかど(角)corner つづき(続き)continuation ともだち(友達)friendひので(日の出)sunrise なみだ(涙)tears こども(子供)child
Exercise 18. There are five more voiced sounds and five p-sounds (plosives) together withothers:ば び ぶ べ ぼ べ ぶ び ば ぱ び ぷ ぺぽ ぺ ぷ ぴ ぱ び ぴ ぽ ぼ べ ぺ ぷ ぶば ぱ は び ぴ ひ ぶ ぷ ふ べ ぺ へ ぼ ぽ ほ ま ば ふ を ぺ で ぼ ざ ぎ ゆ ぜぷ ぬ よ ん べ ま わ れ せ ぞ ぐ ば ぼゆ り ろ る う ぽ づ と ど ぬ す づ ずぐ ぴ そ ざ ろ う ん げ じ ぞ ろ ぱ ほめ ぬ れ ね ぐ ご ぴ ゆ わ ぱ そ か はぺ で の を お り わ え せ ざ ち と ぽ
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 11
2.2 How to read long vowels written in HiraganaAll separate vowels or vowels included in sound-units of the 46 basic Hiragana, and also thosevoiced and plosive sound-units written in Hiragana can be extended to long vowels by addingeither あ,い or う depending on the vowel. え and お areused very rarely to mark long vowels (→ exceptions). As you can see, え and vowels of sound-units けせてねへめれ and げぜで are extended to long vowels by using the い and not え.Correspondingly, one uses the う instead of お to extend おこそとのほもよろ and ごぞどぼぽ.Strictly speaking, they are diphthongs and not real long vowels. (see also: Introduction to theTranscription and Pronunciation of Contemporary Japanese, chapter 2.3 )
ああaa いいii ううuu えいei おうoo
かあkaa きいkii くうkuu けいkei こうkoo
さあsaa しいshii すうsuu せいsei そうsoo
たあtaa ちいchii つうtsuu ていtei とうtoo
なあnaa にいnii ぬうnuu ねいnei のうnoo
はあhaa ひいhii ふうfuu へいhei ほうhoo
まあmaa みいmii むうmuu めいmei もうmoo
やあyaa ゆうyuu ようyoo
らあraa りいrii るうruu れいrei ろうroo
わあwaa
があgaa ぎいgii ぐうguu げいgei ごうgoo
ざあzaa じいjii ずうzuu ぜいzei ぞうzoo
だあdaa ぢいjii づうzuu でいdei どうdoo
ばあbaa びいbii ぶうbuu べいbei ぼうboo
ぱあpaa ぴいpii ぷうpuu ぺいpei ぽうpoo
Exceptions:As already mentioned above, え and お are used very rarely to mark long vowels. Followingcommon words including a long vowel are written for instance with え or お :ええ yes, おねえさん(お姉さん)elder sister, おおきい(大きい)big, おおい(多い)many, とお(十)ten,とおい(遠い)far away, こおり(氷)ice, とおり(通り)street
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 12
Exercise 19. Try to read the following long vowels:
ああ ゆう ろう わあ りい るう れい ねい ほう りい れい とう てい はあ ほう ろう きい せいけい めい くう ちい すう ごう びい ぽう ろうのう きい けい さあ せい ちい つう でい どうばあ ひい びい ぺい ぽう げい けい ろう るうれい めい もう そう にい ねい れい そう ああおう おお こう ごう ぞう どう へい しい にいのう ねえ ぶう ふう ぐう くう つう ずう すういい ええ えい かあ しい せい にい ひい ふうへい ほう ぼう めい もう ゆう よう れい ろうぐう げい ごう じい ずう ぜい どう のう ぺいぶう ぷう けい そう もう すう ちい こう とう
Exercise 20. Read now Japanese words including long vowel:
がくせい(学生)student せんせい(先生)teacher くうこう(空港)airportゆうれい(幽霊)ghost ろうどう(労働)labour ねんれい(年齢)ageていねい(丁寧)polite ほうりつ(法律)law ぶんぽう(文法)grammarせいとう(政党)political party けいさつ(警察)police ちい(地位)status すうがく(数学)mathematics こうつう(交通)traffic れい(例)example こうぞう(構造)structure えいご(英語)English language ろう(蝋)waxどうぞう(銅像)bronze statue そうぞう(想像) imagination ぞう(象)elephantほうりつ(法律)law ぜいきん( 税金)tax えいが(映画)movie すもう(相撲) Sumo ゆうびん(郵便)mail へいわ(平和)peaceこうくうびん(航空便)airmail たいふう(台風)typhoon げい(芸)artけいざい(経済)economy せいじ(政治)politics ねんれい(年齢)ageそうじ(掃除)cleaning きのう(昨日)yesterday こうえん(公園)parkせんそう(戦争)war おおきい(大きい)big ちいさい(小さい)small
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 13
2.3 How to read double consonants written in Hiragana
All consonants included in the sound-units of basic Hiragana, with the exception of the last ん,and also those voiced and plosive sound-units written in Hiragana can theoretically be extendedto double consonants (also called long consonants) by adding a little tsu っ(normal tsu: つ littletsu: っ). The little tsu precedes the consonant to be held.Examples: けってん (fault), はっせん (8,000), がっこう (school), めっき (plating), すっぽん (snapping turtle),てっぺん (top), りっぱ (splendid), しんぞうほっさ (heart attack), ふっかつ (revival), いっち (coincidence) etc.Generally speaking, long consonants are consonants held for a beat before being released likefish- show, cat-tail, bad-dream, etc.Only in case of combination of the last Hiragana ん with a syllable starting with a n- or m-sound(i.e. ~ん plus な , に, ぬ, ね ,の, ま , み, む, め or も), there is no addition of this little っ.Examples: みんな (everybody), はんにち (a half day), せんぬき (cap opener), ほんね (real intention),せんのう (brainwash), せんまん (ten million), れんめい (federation), じんみん (people), せんむ (director).
Exercise 21. Read now Japanese words including double consonants:よっか (四日)fourth day みっか (三日)third day せっけん (石鹸)soapざっし(雑誌)magazine けっこん (結婚)marriage けっか(結果)resultきって(切手)stamp まって(待って)wait けってん (欠点)faultけっせき(欠席)absence こっち(こっち)this side こんなん (困難)difficultyせんにん (専任)exclusive duty せんもん(専門)speciality らっか(落下)fallせっきじだい(石器時代)stone age ほっかいどう(北海道)Hokkaidoあっか(悪化)aggravation ふっかつ(復活)revival ねったい(熱帯)torrid zoneせっきん(接近)approach ふっとう(沸騰)boil せっけい(設計)designほんのう(本能)instinct はっけん(発見)discovery しっしん(失神)faint
Exercise 22. Read now single and double consonant pairs:さか(坂)slope さっか( 作家)writer した(下)down しった( 知った) knownもと( 元) cause もっとmoreかこ(過去) past かっこ( 括弧 ) parenthesisじけん( 事件) occurrence じっけん(実験) experimentかさい( 火災 ) fire かっさい( 喝采) applause にし( 西 ) west にっし(日誌) diaryかた( 肩) shoulder かった (買った) boughtいけん( 意見) opinion いっけん( 一見) first sightじかん( 時間 ) time じっかん( 実感) really feel
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 14
2.4 How to read palatal consonants written in HiraganaThe palatal consonants always consist of a consonant plus semi-vowel “y“ and the vowel a, u oro. The pronunciation is a quick and smooth movement, it is a single sound (e.g. kya and not ki-ya, sha and not shi-ya etc). To show the difference between a palatal single sound like kya andthe non-palatal two sounds like ki-ya, the syllables や , ゆ, and よ are written small (ゃ ゅ ょ).
きゃ きゅ きょ ぎゃ ぎゅ ぎょ しゃ しゅ しょ じゃ じゅ じょ ちゃ ちゅ ちょ にゃ にゅ にょ ひゃ ひゅ ひょ びゃ びゅ びょ ぴゃ ぴゅ ぴょ みゃ みゅ みょ りゃ りゅ りょ
Palatal consonants can appear together with long vowels (きょう, しゅう, ぎゃあ etc.) and doubleconsonants (-っきょ, -っしょ, -っぴょ etc).
Exercise 23. Now try to read the following Hiragana with and without palatal consonants:きや — きゃひや — ひゃみゆ — みゅりよ — りょじゆ — じゅしよ — しょぎよ — ぎょりや — りゃみや — みゃりゆ — りゅじゆう — じゅうぎゆう — ぎゅうりゆう — りゅうきよう — きょう
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 15
Exercise 24. Now try to read some words including palatal consonants:
かいしゃ(会社)company じょしゅ (助手)assistantりょこう(旅行)voyage きゅう (九)9じゅうしょ(住所)address ひゃく (百)100さんびゃく(三百)300 きょねん (去年)last yearりょうほう(両方)both じゅうどう (柔道)Judoおきゃく(お客)guest きょか (許可)permissionじゃま (邪魔)obstacle ぎゃく(逆)contraryはっぴょう(発表)announcement きゅうしゅう(吸収)absorptionしゃちょう(社長)president of a company しゃしょう(車掌)conductorしゅっちょう(出張)business trip ゆにゅう(輸入)importでんしゃ (電車)train じょせい(女性)woman しゅじゅつ(手術)medical operation きゅうじゅうきゅう(九十九)99ちょきん (貯金)savings いしゃ (医者) doctorきょねん(去年)last year じしょ (辞書)dictionary ひゃく (百) hundred ゆしゅつ(輸出)exportしゅみ(趣味)hobby ひょう (表)diagramやきゅう(野球) baseball かいしゃ(会社)company りょうきん (料金)charge りょうり(料理)cooking みゃく (脈)pulse ぎゅうにゅう (牛乳)milkしゅうにゅう (収入)income きんぎょ(金魚)goldfish はっぴゃく(八百)800 しゅしょう(首相)prime ministerぎょぎょう(漁業)fishing みょうじ(名字)family nameきょう(今日)today りゅうこう(流行)fashion りゅうがく(留学)studying abroad おちゃ(お茶)teaちゅうにゅう(注入)pouring ちゅうしゃじょう(駐車場)parking lot ひょうしょうじょう(表彰状)testimonialしゅうちゅうこうざ(集中講座)intensive courseきゅうひゃくきゅうじゅうきゅう(九百九十九)999
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 16
Introduction to Hiragana (writing practice)
3. First Step to Write the 46 Basic Hiragana
Following sites give good introductions to the stroke order of Hiragana:
www.kanjistep.comwww.thejapanesepage.comwww.japanese.about.com
Exercise 25. Now write the following Hiragana as much as you can. It is very important to observe the right direction of the strokes and the stroke order. Generally speaking, every stroke is going from the top to the bottom and mostly from the left to the right. And all syllables should be written approximately the same size! Please notice that there are minimal variations in writing of some Hiragana caused by different types of font.
あ あ あ
い い い
う う う
え え え
お お お
か か か
き き き
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 17
く く く
け け け
こ こ こ
さ さ さ
し し し
す す す
せ せ せ
そ そ そ
た た た
ち ち ち
つ つ つ
て て て
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 18
と と と
な な な
に に に
ぬ ぬ ぬ
ね ね ね
の の の
は は は
ひ ひ ひ
ふ ふ ふ
へ へ へ
ほ ほ ほ
ま ま ま
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 19
み み み
む む む
め め め
も も も
や や や
ゆ ゆ ゆ
よ よ よ
ら ら ら
り り り
る る る
れ れ れ
ろ ろ ろ
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 20
Exercise 26. Write the following transcribed basic sounds in Hiragana.
わ わ わ
を を を
ん ん ん
a i u u
o ri ni n
te ma mo chi
sa o wa ro
ru ra ki sa
yu ya me ka
ku he shi tsu
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 21
ke ha wa re
se so hi ya
te ro ho mo
mu nu ma ro
to o (w-row) o (vowel) nu
a me no mi
yu ru ne ro
wa re ra sa
ki shi ku i
ke ho he ha
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 22
re wa ne na
ka fu na so
mu o (vowel) re e
n ro mo hi
sa te u chi
tsu ri he tsu
shi ko ku ra
ro wa no me
nu mu o (w-row) mu
na ta ke ho
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 23
ha yo ya ka
ra e fu na
mu ta ho ma
ki mo ko shi
so hi te to
ya tsu na so
su nu re wa
ru ro hi me
wa nu yu a
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 24
Exercise 27. Write the following transcribed words in basic Hiragana. These are all words from our textbook.
ashi atama anata
ani ane ie
ike isu inaka
inu iro ue
ushiro uta uchi
umi eki okashi
okusan okosan otaku
oto otona kao
kasa katakana kanai
kanemochi kami kawa
kita kinu kimono
kusuri kuchi kutsushita
kuni kuruma kokonotsu
saifu sakana saki
sake sara shiken
shita shima seki
senaka senmon soto
sofu tairiku chikaku
chikatetsu tsukue temae
tenki too tikei
tori nanatsu namae
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 25
niku nihon nimotsu
niwa neko nomimono
nomiya norimono hako
hasi hachi hana
hitotsu hitori fuku
hoka hon mae
machi matsuri mikan
mise michi minami
mushi musuko musume
men mono yaoya
yasai yasumi yama
yoko yon rei
roku watakushi iya
iroiro kirei kirai
shinsetsu taisetsu tanoshimi
tokui hima heta
ikutsu ikura nan
anshin imi unten
kaimono kaiwa keikaku
shitsumon sentaku hatsuon
yotei kuru suru
yaseru wareru mitsukeru
kakeru kieru kimeru
tsukareru tsutomeru torikaeru
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 26
4. Writing Additional Hiragana
4.1 How to write voiced and plosive sounds in Hiragana As we already know, the Hiragana sounds become voiced by placing a symbol like an italicized double quotation mark: ゛ ( か→が, き→ぎ, く→ぐ etc.) Further, there are five p-sounds derived from the h-sounds はひふへほ. They are marked by the symbol º ( は→ぱ, ひ→ぴ, ふ→ぷ etc.).
Exercise 28. Write the following voiced and plosive sounds in Hiragana.
が が が
ぎ ぎ ぎ
ぐ ぐ ぐ
げ げ げ
ご ご ご
ざ ざ ざ
じ じ じ
ず ず ず
ぜ ぜ ぜ
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 27
ぞ ぞ ぞ
だ だ だ
ぢ ぢ ぢ
づ づ づ
で で で
ど ど ど
ば ば ば
び び び
ぶ ぶ ぶ
べ べ べ
ぼ ぼ ぼ
ぱ ぱ ぱ
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 28
Exercise 29. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. These are all words from our textbook and include voiced or plosive sounds.
kongetsu kondo konban
dakara dochira aida
anatagata uwagi eigakan
kazoku kaban kudamono
kotoba kodomo jikan
sitagi daigaku daidokoro
chizu tebukuro deguchi
denki denwa tomodachi
hagaki hanbun hidari
hiragana hirugohan hondana
manga mizu miyage
megane mondai anzen
ぴ ぴ ぴ
ぷ ぷ ぷ
ぺ ぺ ぺ
ぽ ぽ ぽ
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 29
4.2 How to write long vowels in Hiragana
As you already know, long vowels are written as follows:- long vowels of a are written with あ like in おかあさん (mother)- long vowels of i are written with い like in おいしい (tasty)- long vowels of u are written with う like in くうこう (airport)- long vowels of e are mostly written with い like in せいかつ (daily life),
but rarely with え like in おねえさん (elder sister)- long vowels of o are mostly written with う like in こうぎ (lecture), but rarely with お like in おおきい (big)
Exercise 30. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. These are all words from our textbook including long vowels.
iie imooto eiga
eigo oobei okaasan
ojiisan otoosan oniisan
gakusei kuukoo keisatsu
kooen kookoosei kooban
koomuin sensei tsugoo
denwabangoo doobutsuen hikooki
fuutoo bunpoo bentoo
yoofuku reizooko kekkoo
binboo yuumei atarashii
isogashii oishii kibishii
suzushii tanoshii tooi
hoshii yasashii
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 30
4.2 How to write double consonants in Hiragana You remember that consonants of normal syllables are extended to double consonants by adding a little tsu っ. Only in case of combination of ん with a syllable starting with a n- or m- sound (i.e. ~ん plus な , に, ぬ, ね , の, ま , み, む, め , or も), there is no addition of this little っ.
Exercise 31. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. Since there are not many words in our textbook including double consonants, other words are added.
gakkoo sekken mittsu
muttsu kekkoo yattsu
bikkuri zasshi kippu
motto kissaten massugu
katte damatte itte
ippai ippon kesshin
honne konnan sennin
mattaku hatten sessuru
mikka yokka hakka
hossa hannin honnoo
hassha ressha gesshuu
kekka kokka sakka
issai hossoku kessan
setchaku suppai itta
kottoo jikkan jikkoo
hassei jisshuu hakken
sesshoku bikkuri shippo
teppen teppoo nesshin
chissoku tekkoo ressha
Intensive Japanese I, Beermann. Hiragana Handbook 31
4.4 How to write palatal consonants in Hiragana We have learnt that palatal consonants always consist of a consonant plus the semi- vowel “y“ and the vowel a, u or o. The sounds ゃ , ゅ, and ょ are written small.
Exercise 32. Write the following transcribed words in Hiragana. These are partly words from our textbook including palatal consonants.
ojoosan kaishain gakushoku
kanojo gyuunyuu kyuuri
kyookasho kyoodai kyoomi
koojoo ryooshin jisho
jitensha jagaimo shashin
shachoo juusho juudoo
jugyoo shukudai shujin
shufu shumi shoosetsu
shokudoo chawan chuugoku
chuushajoo densha toshokan
hyaku byooin yuubinkyoku
joobu chairoi benkyoo
junbi sotsugyoo benkyoo
ryoori ryokoo jama
kyooshitsu kyoodoo kyuushuu
kyoka gyaku gyuu-nyuu
gyogyoo shuushuu kyooiku
juukyo happyaku gyakuryuu
ryokyaku chojutsu joosha