history of it

History/Evolution of Information Technologies

Домашнее задание

Эссе по теме «Будущее ИТ/перспективы развития в будущем»

Остаточные знания лекции 1

Что такое новые информационные технологии?

НИТ – ИТ с «дружественным» интерфейсом работы пользователя, использующая персональные компьютеры и телекоммуникационные средства.

Остаточные знания лекции 1

Три основных принципа НИТ?

Интерактивный (диалоговый) режим работы с компьютером

Интегрированность (стыковка) с другими программными продуктами

Гибкость процесса изменения как данных, так и постановок задач

Остаточные знания лекции 1 Разница между информационной

технологией и информационной системой?

ИТ – процесс, состоящий из четко регламентированных правил выполнения операций, действий, этапов разной степени сложности над данными, хранящимися в компьютерах.

Цель ИТ – получить необходимую пользователю информацию в результате целенаправленных действий по переработке первичной информации

Остаточные знания лекции 1 Разница между информационной

технологией и информационной системой?

ИС – среда, составляющими элементами которой являются компьютеры, компьютерные сети, программные продукты, базы данных, люди, различного рода технические и программные средства связи и т.п. Цель ИС – организация хранения и передачи информации.

ИС = Человеко-компьютерная система обработки информации

“Data leads to information, information leads to knowledge, knowledge leads to wisdom, & wisdom is the key to existence of human civilizations.”

“Our need of accuracy & revolution towards processing of information has led us to ‘Information Revolution’.”

“Computers and IT tools can take humans to the peak of new millennium or destroy human civilization.”

History of IT

Question Bombardment

When was the first computer invented? Who did it?

What enabling technologies of IT do you know?

What are main stages in the history of the IT?

Please name the most prominent names in the history of IT.

Developments in 4 sets of technologies paved the development of ICT

Technologies to aid calculationTechnologies for automation and

controlTechnologies for information

processing and information management

Communication technologies

Other factors that propelled the development of IT

Military usage of computersThe US/USSR space programsDecreases in hardware costsReduction in physical size Large changes in business needs

Video

The history of information technologies

Major activities that expedited the information age

The development of mathematics led to the development of tools to help in computation.

Blaise Pascal, in 17th century France, was credited with building the first calculating machine (pascaline)

Pascal’s arithmetic machine


In 1820’s Charles Babbage invented the ever first computer called Babbage machine - the first "analytical engine.". It was based on mechanical gears & discs.

This was the first step of human mankind towards computer.

Babbage machine

This machine had a mechanical computing "mill" and, like the Jacquard loom of the early 19th century, used punch cards to store the numbers and processing requirements.


From 1890 to 1900, abundant and rapid development of electricity.

The ideas re-emerged with the development of electro-mechanical calculating machines.

In 1890, Herman Hollerith used punch cards to help classify information for the United States Census Bureau.


In 1890 the invention of the telegraph and telephone laid the groundwork for telecommunications and the development of the vacuum tube. This electronic device could be used to store information.


In 1928, electron movement thesis came. Invention of electronic equipments fueled the revolutionary scenario of IT.

In 1943, transistor was developed.

The move from vacuum tubes to transistors significantly reduced the size and cost of the machines, and increased their reliability. Then came integrated circuit technology, which has reduced the size (and cost) of computers.


In 1948, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), the 1st electronic digital computer of modern age was invented for the US Army; it was based on Vacuum Tubes.

John Von Neumann, a Princeton mathematics professor, developed the idea further. He added the idea of a stored computer program. This was a set of instructions stored in the memory of the computer, which the computer obeyed to complete the programmed task.

The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr.; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon.

note vacuum tubes


In the 1960s, the typical computer was a transistor-based machine that cost half a million dollars, and needed a large, air-conditioned room and an on-site engineer.

The same computer power now costs $2,000 and sits on a desk. As computers became smaller and cheaper, they also became faster–made possible by a single integrated circuit called a chip.

The First Stored-Program Computer

The Manchester University Mark I

The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).

Enabling Technologies

a. Data Generation

b. Data Processing

c. Data Transportation

d. Data Storage

e. Data Retrieval (извлечение)

f. Data Representation

Basis of Enabling technologies:

• A Global information infrastructure: Basis is to create information channel i.e. information can move to one-another; information distribution

• A national information infrastructure & static information infrastructure as natural corollaries (следствие) to JIT (Just In Time), can be developed in integrated manner.

Basis of Enabling technologies:

• Information superhighways comprise of satellite links, optical fibre links, microwave networks (3G/4G networks), telephone lines, communication modes (internet modes), cellular phone stations, VSAT terminals.

• Most common hardware in the users premises is a PC with multimedia technology & associated communicator links.

• Operational & Application Software: In a nutshell, system of information to behave in certain manner is necessary.

Ages/ Periods in the History of IT

Premechanical, Mechanical, Electromechanical, Electronic

Premechanical (3000B.C. and 1450A.D.) - petroglyths

Premechanical

When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock.

Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.

Premechanical

people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant.

New ways to keep the information in permanent storage the first books and libraries are developed (eg. Egyptian).

the first numbering systems (around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created, India). Creation of calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.

The First Calculators: The Abacus.

Mechanical (1450 - 1840)

Mechanical

A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area: Technologies like the slide rule (an analog

computer used for multiplying and dividing) William Oughtred

Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer.

Charles Babbage developed the difference engine

Slide Rule.

Pascaline

One of the first mechanical computing machines, around 1642

The Reckoner (reconstruction) by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

The Difference Engine - Babbage's Engines

The Analytical Engine

Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom

Electromechanical (1840 - 1940)

Electromechanical

Beginnings of telecommunication: The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone was created by Alexander Graham

Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in

1894. The first large-scale automatic digital computer in

the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards.

Census Machine

Early punch cards

Punch card workers.

Paper tape stored data and program instructions

Electronic (1940 - right now)

«Каждая смена поколений средств информационной технологии требует переобучения и радикальной перестройки мышления специалистов и пользователей, смена оборудования и создания более массовой вычислительной техники. ИТ, как передовая область науки и техники определяет ритм времени технического развития всего общества.»

Applications of IT

i. Education & training systems

ii. E-governance

iii. Industrial sector

iv. Improvement in social interaction & it is

expected that manufacturing

discrimination will disappear

v. Employment to multitude of people.