信息处理技术信息处理技术Technology of Information Processing Technology of Information Processing

Instructor:Pan Shengmin 潘晟旻潘晟旻Office : Computer Center. Kun Ming University of Science & Technology.

教 师 简 介潘晟旻，昆明理工大学计算中心讲师，

软件工程学硕士。 云南省教育厅计算机考试专家组成员。 教育部剑桥办公管理国际证书培训师。 公安部信息技术培训云南省培训师

Profess：程序设计、数据结构、计算机网络、 O.S、 WEB设计、 NCRE、计算机导论等。

E-mailE-mail ： panshengmin@sohu.companshengmin@sohu.com

QQQQ ：： 27748615

Course information• Textbook: 信息处理技术基础教程 , 清华大学出版

社 ,2007.8

• Duration: 2007.9 — 2008.1 (Fall Semester 13 Weeks)

• Class Time: 08:00-11:00AM

Requirements for success:

• Read the book in detail

• Attend ( 专心 ) class and ACTIVE participation （参与）

• Do well on the homework

• Do well on the exam

Some reference books

• NEW PERSPECTIVES ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS 8th

《计算机文化》机械工业出版社

Computer Confluence 7th

《计算机通论——探索明天的技术》机械工业出版社

About the CoursePurpose

• Introduction Interest

Method

• Class (before teacher )

• Lab (before computer)

• free time (before book)

Requirement

•earnest 认真• active 主动•on time (homework practice…) 准时

◎培養獨立的學習能力及探究

精神

[1]

[1]

王靜安人間詞話 :

古今成大學問者之三種境

界◎學習之觀念:

蝴蝶效應

[2]

[2]1963

年 MIT

氣象學家洛倫茲發表蝴蝶效應之

學說,

有哲學及美學之況味

◎學習之根本:

誠 [3]

、力行

[3]

墨子.

修身「言不信者行不果」孟子.

離婁「

誠者天之道也思誠者人之道也」中庸廿章亦有云

Lecture by :panshengmin

Chapter 1Fundamentals of Information Technology

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Information

• Information - data that is presented in a format people can understand and use– Interpreted data, making data useful

•Information technology (IT)

•Management Information System (MIS)•Decision Support System (DSS)•Expert System

Key Terms

Information Systems

• Systems development is the activity of creating or modifying existing information systems.

COMPL

EXITY /

INTELLIG

ENCE

Information System Types

• Transaction Processing System (TPS)•事务处理系统

• Management Information System (MIS)•管理信息系统

• Decision Support System (DSS)•决策支持系统

• Expert System (ES)•专家系统

Transaction Processing System

• A TPS is an information system used to support and record transactions.

E-commerceTransactions

carried out online, over the

Internet or other telecommunicati

ons network.

E-commerceTransactions

carried out online, over the

Internet or other telecommunicati

ons network.

Management Information System

• An MIS is an information system used to provide useful information to decision makers, usually in the form of a report.

www.lib.fsu.edu

Decision Support System

• A DSS is an information system used to support problem-specific decision-making.

Expert System

• An ES is an information system that utilizes AI techniques to make suggestions and reach conclusions in one particular area of expertise.

http://www.aiinc.ca/demos/whale.html

Using Digital Technologies to Succeed in Your Career

Digital Technologies in… Computer Professions Business & Communications Science and Mathematics Engineering Social Sciences Fine Arts Sports, Nutrition, and Exercise Government & Law Medicine and Health Care Criminology, Law Enforcement, and Security Education and Training

Read on yourown

Using Digital Technologies to Succeed in Your Career - Computer Based Professions

• Software engineers– Design and develop new programming

applications

• Computer scientists – Use computers to help with the software design

process

• Science and Mathematics– Scientists are using computers to analyze string

theory equations

Business and Communications

• Most businesses succeed in using technology to increase revenues or reduce costs

• In factories– Computers are being used to design and

manufacture products, using • Computer-assisted design (CAD) and• Computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)

Science and Mathematics• Scientists are using computers to

– Analyze string theory equations– Forecast weather– Hunt for hurricanes– Analyze the environmental impact of

forest fires, – Make detailed maps using geographic

information systems (GISs)

Engineering

• Engineers use computers– In design and operations– To monitor and control petroleum refinery

operations– To make sure that sophisticated refinery

towers and systems are efficiently and safely operating

– To make complex thermodynamics, power consumption, and circuits and signal

Sports

• Computers – Have been used in all aspects of sports,

nutrition/ 营养 /, and exercise– Used to design football equipment that

reduces the chance of permanent paralysis or brain damage

– Can be used to analyze diet and nutrition for athletes / 运动员 /

Medicine and Health Care

• Electronic health records (EHRs)– Can improve health care– Can reduce health care costs by billions of

dollars annually

• Medical informatics – An area of medicine involved with storing

medical records in a digital format on a national database

Criminology, Law Enforcement, and Security

• Computers – Used extensively in criminology, law

enforcement, and security– Provide crime fighters with invaluable

information on criminals, stolen vehicles, and missing persons

– Can be used to capture facial thermograms

Using Digital Technologies to Achieve Personal Goals

Digital Technologies in…Personal FinancePersonal Information

ManagementPersonal ResearchPersonal Relations

Read on yourown

Information Security

• Information security refers to the protection of information systems and the information they manage against unauthorized access, use, manipulation, or destruction, and against the denial of service to authorized users.

Hackeran individual who subverts computer security without authorization.

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Information technology

• The (especially computerised or electronic) technology related to the gathering, recording and communication of information

• Applied computer systems - both hardware and software, and often including networking and telecommunications, usually in the context of a business or other enterprise

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Why study IT?

• IT has changed the ways in which we communicate and reach decisions

• IT has changed the way in which work is done, which brings benefits but also imposes strains

• IT has created its own job-markets – using IT and making IT

• We need to think a bit about what all this IT is doing, and where it’s leading us

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The future of IT

• The development of products (devices and systems) and concepts (ideas and procedures)

• The application of these products and concepts to specific areas of human activity

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Information systems• “ A set of interrelated / 相关的 /components that sense/ 检

测 /, communicate, analyse, and display information for the purpose of enhancing our perceptions/ 认知 /, understanding, control, and creative ability “(Laudon, Information technology and society, 1996)

Input Processing Output

Sensing &communicating Analysing Output

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Data and Files

• Data - symbols that represent people, events, things and ideas

• Computers store data in digital format as a series of 1s and 0s.– Each 1 or 0 is called a bit

– Eight bits is called a byte

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

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• A named collection of data that exists on a storage medium

• A data file contains data such as the text for a document

• An executable file contains the programs or instructions that tell a computer how to perform a specific task

• A filename extension indicates a file’s contents

– .exe or .EXE

– .gif or .GIF

What is a file?

examples

一、复杂长句多科技文章要求叙述准确，推理谨严，因此一句话里包含三四个甚至五六个分句的，并不少见。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯破成适当数目的分句，才能条理清楚，避免洋腔洋调。这种复杂长句居科技英语难点之首，要学会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便以短代长，化难为易。例如：Factories will not buy machines unless they believe that the machine will produce goods that they are able to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost.这是由一个主句和四个从句组成的复杂长句，只有进行必要的语法分析，才能正确理解和翻译。现试译如下：除非相信那些机器造出的产品卖给消费者的价格足够支付所有成本，否则厂家是不会买那些机器的。节译：要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家是不会买的。后一句只用了 24 个字，比前句 40 个字节约用字 40% ，而对原句的基本内容无损。可见，只要吃透原文的结构和内涵，翻译时再在汉语上反复推敲提炼，复杂的英语长句，也是容易驾驭的。

科技英语的特点

科技英语的特点 二、被动语态多英语使用被动语态大大多于汉语，如莎翁名剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的一句就两次用了被动语态：

Juliet was torn was torn between desire to keep Romeo near her and fear for his life, should his presence be be detecteddetected.

朱丽叶精神上受到折磨，既渴望和罗密欧形影不离，又担心罗密欧万一让人发现，难免有性命之忧。

科技英语更是如此，有三分之一以上用被动语态。如：

No work can be done without energy.

科技英语的特点

三、非谓语动词多英语每个简单句中，只能用一个谓语动词，如果读到几个动作，就

必须选出主要动作当谓语，而将其余动作用非谓语动词形式，才能符合英语语法要求。

非谓语动词有三种：动名词、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）和不定式。例如：

要成为一个名符其实的内行，需要学到老。这句中，有“成为”、“需要”和“学”三个表示动作的词，译成

英语后为：To be a true professional requires lifelong learning.可以看出，选好“需要”（ require ）作为谓语，其余两个动作：

“成为”用不定式形式 to be ，而“学”用动名词形式 learning ，这样才能符合英语语法要求。

科技英语的特点 四、词性转换多英语单词有不少是多性词，即既是名词，又可用作动词、形容词、介

词或副词，字形无殊，功能各异，含义也各不相同，如不仔细观察，必致谬误。例如 , light

名词： (启发 )in (the)light of 由于，根据； ( 光 )high light(s) 强光，精华； ( 灯 )safety light 安全指示灯形容词： ( 轻 )light industry 轻工业； (明亮 )light room 明亮的房间； ( 淡 )light blue 淡蓝色； ( 薄 )light coating 薄涂层动词： （点燃） light up the lamp 点灯副词： （轻快） travel light 轻装旅行 （容易） light come, light go 来得容易去得快诸如此类的词性转换，在科技英语中屡见不鲜，几乎每个技术名词都

可转换为同义的形容词。词性转换增加了英语的灵活性和表现力，读者必须从上下文判明用词在句中是何种词性，而且含义如何，才能对全句得到正确无误的理解。

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Conclusion

• You should now be able to:– Define the term data and identify the

components of Information system– Describe Information &IT