introduction to biodiversity. what is biodiversity??? biological diversity simply means the...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction To Biodiversity
What is Biodiversity??? Biological diversity Simply means the
diversity, or variety, of plants and animals and other living things in a particular area or region
Also means the number, or abundance of different species living within a particular region
Okay, So Why Is It Important? Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of the web
of life, including humans Each species of vegetation and each creature has a place
on the earth and plays a vital role in the circle of life Plant, animal, and insect species interact and depend
upon one another for what each offers, such as food, shelter, oxygen, and soil enrichment
"It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be diminished indefinitely without threatening humanity itself." -Edward O. Wilson (Father of Biodiversity)
Early Classification To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to
name organisms and group them in a logical manner. The field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms is called
Taxonomy. Carolus Linnaeus is the father of Modern Taxonomy (1700’s)
•Linnaeus is considered the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of modern scientific classification of plants and animals
Linneaus’ Findings: Millions of animals and plants How did we keep them in order? Binomial Nomenclature
Hierarchy
S ys tem O f C lass ifica tion
K in g d om P h ylu m C lass O rd er F am ily G en u s S p ec ies
H ie ra rch yR an k in g S ys tem
Binomial Nomenclature
Identifying organisms by their genus and species’ names 2 words First letter of FIRST word is capital, First letter of
SECOND word is lowercase. The word needs to be in italic or underlined Latin Form of the word. Ex: Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Canus lupus Humans, Red Maple, Wolf
Binomial Nomenclature
Used because the common name can sometimes be misleading.
Common names can be different in various parts of the world (for example the British, North American and Australian “Robins”)
Latin is a universal “dead” language
How do Scientist Classify organisms?
You will probably need to add this slide to your notes Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in
its older members are called derived characters. Derived Characters can be used to construct a Cladogram, a
diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organism
This concept was derived from Darwin. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/
Open-This-File.swf
How do Scientist Classify organisms?
Early systems of classification grouped organisms together bases on visible similarities.
That can quickly lead to troubles…. Biologist now group organisms into categories that
represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters.
This concept was derived from Darwin.
How do Scientist Classify organisms?
Similarities at the DNA level in the genes of organisms can be used to help determine classification.
Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time. A model known as a molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.
A dichotomous key is a series of yes/no questions that state the rules for placing items into categories within a system of classification
Ex: Plants, Insects, Trees, People (We could make one for our class!!)
Now, it’s your turn to Practice We will work in groups of 2 Pick someone that is dressed most like
you today Move beside them QUIETLY I will hand out lab materials and
questions and go over the lab You will have 15 minutes to work on this
lab and to finish the questions Go back to your seats and begin on
System of Classification Notes
1. Eubacteria- (Bacteria) 2. Archaebacteria-
(Bacteria) 2. Protists- (Amoeba) 3. Fungi- (Mushrooms) 4. Plants- (Trees) 5. Animal- (Mammals)
2 Kingdoms or 1? Our book lists 6 kingdoms,
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Prior to 1990 most books listed
only 5 kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped together Monera
Either is correct..(I still refer to Monera on my quizzes and test. )
The Three-Domain System
Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientist.
The domain is more inclusive category than any other—larger than a kingdom.
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
Assignment
Copy the chart on page 459 in its entirety.
Plain white paper Due the day of the test!
Eubacteria Single Celled, Prokaryotic, Autotrophic
and Hetrotrophic Most bacteria are in the
EUBACTERIA kingdom. Cell walls with peptidoglycan. Some produce vitamins and foods like
yogurt. Ex: Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Bacteria…ecological diverse Free living soil organisms to deadly
parasites Some need oxygen some do not need
oxygen.
Archaebacteria Single Celled Prokaryotic Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cell walls do NOT contain
peptidogllycan Ex: Methanogens, halophiles
These bacteria live in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud.
Most survive in the absence of oxygen
Protists
Mostly unicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic/Heterotrophic Members have great variety Ex: Amoeba (bottom) and
Paramecium (top) You need to be familiar with
BOTH of these little guys…they will be on your quiz/test.
Fungi
Mostly multicellular but some unicellular. Has a cell wall but does NOT make its own food. Heterotrophic Change dead organic matter into usable nutrients…
Decomposers Ex: Bread mold, mildew, yeast, and mushrooms.
Plant Kingdom
Green- contain chlorophyll
Make food by photosynthesis
Ex: Algae. Moss, Vascular Plants, Trees, Flower, Etc
Animal Kingdom Multi-Cellular Cannot make their own
food Most animals move
(sponge is sessile) Vertebrates: (Backbone)
Ex: Fish, Frogs, Birds, Snakes, and US!!
Invertebrates: (No backbone) Ex: Sponges, Jellyfish, Earthworm
A Mysterious Organism-Virus
Not sure which classification to put viruses under
No cell parts Chromosome-
like structures Do not grow as
living things
A Mysterious Organism-Virus
1. A virus is an infectious organism that reproduces within the cells of an infected host.2.
A virus is not alive until it enters the cells of a living plant or animal.
3.
A virus contains genetic information wrapped in a protein coat.4.
Viruses can be useful as well as harmful.5.
A virus that mutates ensures its own survival by making itself unrecognizable to immune systems and vaccines.
6.
Even viruses engineered for useful purposes can be harmful if unchecked
Body Symmetry Body Symmetry- The
arrangement of body parts. Radial Symmetry- Has
body parts radiating from a central point. Ex: Starfish, Hydra
Bilateral Symmetry- An animal with body parts arranged in pairs on either sides of a central axis. Ex: Humans
Asymmetry- Irregular body shape
Body Symmetry
Parts of the Body
Dorsal- Top of animal (Back Surface)
Ventral- Bottom of animal (Belly)
Anterior- Front of animal
Posterior- End of animal
Metamorphosis A series of changes during which
young insects develop into adults
Complete Metamorphosis
Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult The larva looks
completely different than the adult
Ex: Butterflies, Beetles, Flies
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Egg, Nymph, Adult
A nymph is like a much smaller version of the adult
Ex: Grasshopper, Cockroaches
Biomes
Large areas (ecosystems) with the same type of climax community
Biomes located on land are called terrestrial
Those located in oceans, lakes, streams, or ponds are called aquatic
Biomes Terrestrial biomes include
(out of your book) Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grassland, Deciduous Forest, and Tropical Rain Forest
Other Biomes Savannah, Chaparral, Mountain Zones, etc
Biomes
Aquatic Biomes include ….
Marine, estuary, and freshwater.
Biomes
Tundra
Treeless land. Short soggy summers;
long, cold, dark winters Strong winds Temperature never rises
above freezing for long.
Tundra Permafrost- Permanently
frozen subsoil Only topmost layer of soil
thaws during the summer Poorly developed soil Grasses, shallow-rooted
plants
Tundra
Tundra Mosses, lichens,
sedges, bearberry, and short grasses
Waterfowl, musk ox, arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings
Tundra
Tundra
TundraTundra
TundraTundra
TundraTundra
Tundra Bearberry is a common
plant that can be found in the Tundra.
This is in the warm season.
Tundra
Taiga
Circles the North Pole Land of mixed pine, fir,
hemlock, and spruce trees Warmer and wetter than
Tundra Bears, elk, deer, beavers,
owls, bobcats
Taiga Mild temperatures Abundant
precipitation during fall winter and spring
Relatively cool dry summer
Rocky Acidic soils
Taiga
Taiga
Taiga
Taiga
Desert
Arid region with sparse plant life
Occupy about 1/5 of the Earth’s surface.
Little and unpredictable rainfall..usually 50 cm of rain or less annually
Cold and hot deserts exist Ex: Desert Tortoise,
Diamondback Rattlesnake, Cactus, Aloe
Desert
Deserts may be found throughout the world…Sahara of North Africa, southwestern U.S., Mexico, and Australia as well as in the basin and range area of Utah and Nevada
and in parts of western Asia.
Desert
Desert
Temperate Grasslands
Between 25 and 75 cm of precipitation annually
Large communities covered with grasses and similar small plants
Occupies more area than any other biome
Ex:
Temperate Grasslands
Warm to hot summers’ and cold winters Moderate seasonal precipitation Fertile soils Dominant plants: perennial grasses and herbs
and sunflowers, oats, rye, wheat Dominant wildlife: coyotes badgers, deer, and
rabbits
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Grassland
Savanna
Grassland with scattered trees.
Frequent fires, large mammals.
Many small animals are dormant during dry period.
Savanna
3 distinct seasons: cool and dryhot and drywarm and wet.
Soils are poor.
Savanna
Savanna
Chaparral
Scrubland, regions of dense shrubs along coasts.
Between 30 and 40 degrees latitude.
Chaparral Rainy winters, long
dry summers. Maintained by
periodic fires. Deer, birds, rodents,
snakes, etc.
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Precipitation ranges from 70 to 150 cm annually;
Rains year round Cold to moderate winters
with hot summers Fertile soils
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Broad-leaved hardwood trees that loose their foliage
Ex: Deer, Bears, Oaks, Maples, Salamanders
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tropical Rain Forests
Most biologically diverse Found near the equator Warm, wet weather
dominated by lush plant growth
Receives at least 200 cm of precipitation annually
Dense, tangled vegetation
Tropical Rain Forest Competition for light. Soil is usually poor
due to rapid nutrient recycling.
Animals are often tree dwellers.
Ex. Sloths, Monkeys, Bamboo
Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
AQUATIC BIOMES75% of Earth is covered in water.Divided into two categories freshwater and
marineMarine Biomes: The water is salt water.
Oceans, sea, and some inland lakes contain salt water.
Freshwater is confined to rivers, streams, ponds and most lakes.
Marine Oceans contain the largest
amount of biomass, or living material, of any biome on earth.
Many living organisms are small they cannot even be seen.
Ecologist study marine biomes by separating them into different zones.
Freshwater Ponds, lake, rivers, etc are
also full of life but more so around the shoreline and in shallow areas.
Water temperature and sunlight penetration are factors that limits life in freshwater biomes.
Freshwater In the shallow waters you
will find plants such as cattails and sedges.
These plants serve as food and homes for tadpoles, aquatic insects, worms, crayfish, dragonflies
Minnows, bluegill, and carp also live here.
Estuary An estuary is a coastal
body of water, partially surrounded by land, in which freshwater and saltwater mix.
It may extend many miles inland.
Estuary
Wide range of organisms live here.