Introduction to English Linguistics

英語語言學概論BBI050 Thu. 10:25-12:30 (M208)

Week 17

Review

Phonetics and

Phonology

Are you clear about ..

1. Place and manner of articulation of consonants and Vowels?

2. Natural classes?3. Phoneme and allophones?4. Minimal pair and complementary

distribution?5. Phonological rules?

Place of Articulation (where?)

Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restrictions occur.(p.227-228)

1. Bilabials [p] [b] [m]2. Labiodentals [f] [v]3. Interdentals [θ] [ð]4. Alveolars [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]5. Palatals [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ j ]6. Velars [k] [g] [ŋ]7. Uvulars [ʀ] [q] [ɢ]8. Glottals [h] [ʔ]

Sound of American English

Manner of Articulation (How?)

Stops [p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [ŋ] [ʔ]

Fricatives[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ ʃ ] [ʒ] [h] [x] [ɣ]

Affricates [tʃ ] [dʒ] Liquids [ l ] [r] ([ɹ])

Glides [ j ] [w]

(Approximants [ j ] [w] [ l ] [r])Trills & flaps [ɾ] (alveolar flap), [ʀ] (uvular trill) [r] (alveolar trill)

Clicks [ʘ](bilabial) [ ]ǀ (dental) [ ]ǃ (alveolar) Xhosa song Zulu (p.232-236)

The vowels (monophthongs) of English (p.239)

Consonants- 3 parts description

[d]- voiced alveolar stop[r] -[h] -[j] -[ʔ] -

Major natural classes of English (p.241)

p

s z ʃ

tʃ

ʒ

dʒ

k g

ðt d

Natural classes

Voiced sibilants?

Bilabial obstruents?

Palatal sonorants?

Phonological analysis exercise

Distribution of phonemes （ p.262) (Minimal Pairs analysis) How many vowel phonemes does English have?

11 monophthong vowels + 3 diphthong vowels

b_t

beat [bit] [i] boot [but] [u]bit [bɪt] [ɪ] but [bʌt] [ʌ]bait [bet] [e] boat [bot] [o]bet [bɛt] [ɛ] boug

ht[bɔt] [ɔ]

bat [bæt] [æ] bout [bawt] [aw]bite [bajt] [aj] bot [bat] [a]

b_k book [bʊk] [ʊ] beak [bik] [i] b_y boy [boj] [oj] buy [baj] [aj]

Distribution of Allophones （ p.261,264) (Complementary distribution)Where are English vowels nasalized?

The sounds that do not contrast meaning never occur in the same phonetic environment – particular allophones are determined by where they occur.

Table.7.1 Nasal and Oral Vowels: Words and Nonwords

Words Nonwordsbe [bi] bead [bid] bean [bi n] *[bi ] *[bi d] *[bim]

lay [le] lace [les] lame [lem] *[le] *[les] *[lem]

baa [bæ] bad [bæd] bang [bæŋ] *[bæ] *[bæd] *[bæŋ]

Table 7.2 Distribution of Oral and Nasal Vowels in English Syllables

In Final position Before Oral consonants Before Nasal consonants

Oral vowels Yes Yes No

Nasal vowels No No Yes

Predicable

Summary Phonemes /i/

Contrastive distributionnon-predictable

[ i ] [ i ] before nasal consonants

Elsewhere

Allophones Complementally distribution (It often indicates that tw

o superficially different speech sounds are in fact the same phoneme)

predictable from the phonetic environment No minimal Pairs

Minimal Pairs