The Introduction toThe Introduction toIndian EnglishIndian English

胡庭旖 胡庭旖 9011126090111260

劉怡君 劉怡君 9011120690111206

袁婉馨 袁婉馨 9012301690123016

李毓群 李毓群 8911208689112086

Introduction of the influence by Introduction of the influence by British and AmericanBritish and American

British EnglishBritish English The form of English that Indians are taught The form of English that Indians are taught

in schools is essentially in schools is essentially British EnglishBritish English, , especially especially Scottish EnglishScottish English, which , which influenced Indian dialects with influenced Indian dialects with rhoticityrhoticity ( (ThThe e history of liquid phonemes in the English history of liquid phonemes in the English languagelanguage describes the history of the phon describes the history of the phonemes /r/ and /l/.)emes /r/ and /l/.) and trilledand trilled rr..

American English, due to the burgeoningAmerican English, due to the burgeoning急速發展的 急速發展的 influence of American pop influence of American pop culture on the rest of the world, has begun culture on the rest of the world, has begun challenging traditional British English as challenging traditional British English as the premierthe premier brand of English spoken in the brand of English spoken in the Indian subcontinent, though this is largely Indian subcontinent, though this is largely limited to the youth in the last decade or limited to the youth in the last decade or two.two.

In a survey, it was found that "the majority In a survey, it was found that "the majority of the informants (70%) felt that RP (of the informants (70%) felt that RP (Received PronunciationReceived Pronunciation: : BBC EnglishBBC English; ; Standard English in Britain) would serve Standard English in Britain) would serve as the best model for Indian English, 10% as the best model for Indian English, 10% thought thought General AmericanGeneral American English English (ed. (ed. standard standard American EnglishAmerican English) would be ) would be better, and 17% preferred the Indian better, and 17% preferred the Indian variety of English." Plenty of Indians with variety of English." Plenty of Indians with Received Pronunciation accent still have Received Pronunciation accent still have rhoticity.rhoticity.

Phonology of Indian EnglishPhonology of Indian English

In spite of the great stress on good In spite of the great stress on good English in higher circles, the layman'sEnglish in higher circles, the layman's spoken variety, Indian English, is spoken variety, Indian English, is widespread and well-known for its widespread and well-known for its many eccentricitiesmany eccentricities..

The most ubiquitousThe most ubiquitous 普遍存在的 普遍存在的 instance of instance of modified sounds is the morphing of alveolar modified sounds is the morphing of alveolar English 'd', 't' and 'r' sounds to more retroflexEnglish 'd', 't' and 'r' sounds to more retroflex variants. South Indians tend to curl the tongue variants. South Indians tend to curl the tongue more for 'l' and 'n' sounds, while Bengalis (from more for 'l' and 'n' sounds, while Bengalis (from both India and Bangladesh) and Biharis often both India and Bangladesh) and Biharis often substitute 'j' for 'z' (as in 'jero' instead of 'zero'). substitute 'j' for 'z' (as in 'jero' instead of 'zero'). Subcontinentals, especially those from the Sindh Subcontinentals, especially those from the Sindh (of both India and Pakistan), have the habit of (of both India and Pakistan), have the habit of changing changing 'w' sounds to 'v''w' sounds to 'v' (as in 'ven' instead of (as in 'ven' instead of 'when') and vice versa'when') and vice versa ("I will pay with Weeza" ("I will pay with Weeza" for "...Visa")for "...Visa")

The speech accent archiveThe speech accent archive

The examples of Indian English, The examples of Indian English, BengalisBengalis (from both India and Bangladesh, often (from both India and Bangladesh, often substitute 'j' for 'z' as in 'jero' instead of substitute 'j' for 'z' as in 'jero' instead of 'zero') and the 'zero') and the SindhSindh (of both India and (of both India and Pakistan, have the habit of changing 'w' Pakistan, have the habit of changing 'w' sounds to 'v‘ as in 'ven' instead of 'when' sounds to 'v‘ as in 'ven' instead of 'when' and vice versa, "I will pay with Weeza" for and vice versa, "I will pay with Weeza" for "...Visa")."...Visa").

http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_maps/asia.http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_maps/asia.phpphp

GrammarGrammar in in Indian EnglishIndian English

1.Tag questions: The use of isn’t itisn’t it? and no?

ex:”You’re going, isn’t it?”→”You are going, aren’t you?”

ex:”He’s here,no?”(‘na”often replaces’no’: another influence of Hindi)

2.Yes and no agreeting to the form of a question, not just its content.

Ex:A:You didn’t come on the bus?

B:Yes, I didn’t.

3.Using but or only as intensifier :

Ex:”I was just joking but.”“It was she only who cooked this rice.”

4.Use of the plural 4.Use of the plural ladiesladies for a single lady or a for a single lady or a woman of respect:woman of respect:

ex:”There was a ladies at the phone.”ex:”There was a ladies at the phone.”

5.Use of 5.Use of off itoff it and and on iton it instead of” switch it off” and instead of” switch it off” and “switch it on.”“switch it on.”

6.Use of 6.Use of current wentcurrent went and and current camecurrent came ““The power went out “and “The power came back” The power went out “and “The power came back”

7.Use of the word 7.Use of the word giftgift as a verb:as a verb:ex:”You are gifting me a new cell phone?” ex:”You are gifting me a new cell phone?”

8.Use of 8.Use of “ “ I can able to cook”I can able to cook” instead of I can instead of I can cook. cook.

9.Use of the Latin word9.Use of the Latin word cumcum,, meaning meaning withwith::ex: “Welcome to the gymnasium ex: “Welcome to the gymnasium cumcum swing swing

pool building.”pool building.”

10.Use of 10.Use of baazibaazi or or baaji baaji oror girlgirl for the same purpose: for the same purpose:

Ex: ”business-bazzi” or “cheating-girl” Ex: ”business-bazzi” or “cheating-girl”

11.Use of 11.Use of since since instead ofinstead of for for in conjunction with per in conjunction with periods of time: iods of time:

ex:”I have been working since four years”→”I have ex:”I have been working since four years”→”I have been working for four years.” been working for four years.”

or “I have been working since four yaears ago.”or “I have been working since four yaears ago.”

SyntaxSyntax

1.Use of1.Use of only only andand itselfitself to emphasize time to emphasize time and place:and place:

ex:”I was in Toledo only.”ex:”I was in Toledo only.” “ “Can we meet tomorrow itself?”Can we meet tomorrow itself?”

2.2.KeepKeep is uesd for is uesd for putput:ex:”keep the ball ba:ex:”keep the ball back”ck”

3.The word order of question is often uni3.The word order of question is often unique in Indian English:que in Indian English:

ex:”What you would like to eat?”ex:”What you would like to eat?”

“ “Who you will come with?”Who you will come with?”

““Where are you coming from?”Where are you coming from?” instead instead of ”Where have you come from?”of ”Where have you come from?”

LexiconLexicon

Some lexicon arise through the use of old Some lexicon arise through the use of old and new morphological features.and new morphological features.

Others come from acronyms and Others come from acronyms and abbreviations.abbreviations.

Many terms from Indian languages are Many terms from Indian languages are utilized and new usages for English words utilized and new usages for English words or expressions are created. or expressions are created.

MCP →Male Chauvinist PigMCP →Male Chauvinist Pig FOC →Free Of ChargeFOC →Free Of Charge ILU →I Love You (ee-lu)ILU →I Love You (ee-lu) Princi →principlePrinci →principle Gen.Sec or G.Sec.→ General SecretaryGen.Sec or G.Sec.→ General Secretary Soc.Sec → Social Secretary Soc.Sec → Social Secretary Lab Ass → Laboratory AssistantLab Ass → Laboratory Assistant

Interesting about Indian English: The abbrInteresting about Indian English: The abbreviations is that they are pronounced the eviations is that they are pronounced the way they are spelled after they have been way they are spelled after they have been shortened. shortened.

Vowels which have been dropped by north Vowels which have been dropped by north American and British English speakers are American and British English speakers are typically articulated by Indians. e.g “typicalltypically articulated by Indians. e.g “typically”→ ti-pick-ah-leey”→ ti-pick-ah-lee

Hindi-Influenced Terms and Hindi-Influenced Terms and Expressions in Indian EnglishExpressions in Indian English

""YourYour goodgood name please?name please?": "What is your ": "What is your name?", carryover from name?", carryover from HindiHindi expression. expression.

deadlydeadly: intense, ": intense, "That movie was deadly,yThat movie was deadly,yaar; what an action scene!", aar; what an action scene!",

hi-fihi-fi: stylish, : stylish, "Your shoes are hi-fi. "Your shoes are hi-fi. SexySexy: excellent or extremely cool. ": excellent or extremely cool. "That's That's

a sexy car, man!"a sexy car, man!"

""Hello, What do you want?Hello, What do you want?": used by some ": used by some when answering a phone call, not when answering a phone call, not perceived as impolite by most Indians perceived as impolite by most Indians

""What aWhat a nonsense nonsense//silly silly you are!you are!" or "" or "Don't Don't be doing such nonsense anymore.be doing such nonsense anymore.": ": occasional - idiomatic use of occasional - idiomatic use of nonsense/silly as nounsnonsense/silly as nouns

"pindrop silence""pindrop silence" :such a silence should be :such a silence should be maintained that even a pindrop can be heamaintained that even a pindrop can be heard. rd.

backback" replacing "" replacing "agoago" : "" : "I met him five yearI met him five years backs back" rather than "" rather than "I met him five years aI met him five years agogo.“.“

""freak outfreak out" : to have fun eg:"" : to have fun eg:"let's go to the let's go to the party and freak outparty and freak out." ."

Use of Use of T-KT-K in place of O.K: "Would you lik in place of O.K: "Would you like to come to the movie?" -- "T-K, ("theek he to come to the movie?" -- "T-K, ("theek hai“) ai“)

"Hotel" →"restaurant" (as well as specifical"Hotel" →"restaurant" (as well as specifically "big hotel") in India: "I ate in the hotel“ly "big hotel") in India: "I ate in the hotel“

Use of the verb "sit" in place of "live., e.g.Use of the verb "sit" in place of "live., e.g. "Where are you sitting?" for "Where do yo "Where are you sitting?" for "Where do you live?" u live?"

The verb "repair" in southern India is used The verb "repair" in southern India is used as a noun for a broken object as in, "The as a noun for a broken object as in, "The TV became repair." TV became repair."

The word "stay" used for "live" or reside The word "stay" used for "live" or reside at": "Where are you staying?" meaning not at": "Where are you staying?" meaning not "Where are you temporarily lodging" but "Where are you temporarily lodging" but "Where is your residence?“"Where is your residence?“

Use of "color" to imply "colorful"; Use of "color" to imply "colorful"; oftentimes doubled in usage as in the oftentimes doubled in usage as in the previous item. "Those are color-color previous item. "Those are color-color flowers". flowers".

Today morningToday morning Yesterday nightYesterday night

MorphologyMorphology 1. Compound formation: 1. Compound formation: e.g, chalk-piece, key-bunch, time-pass e.g, chalk-piece, key-bunch, time-pass >>>> nonexciting nonexciting 2. Pluralize English mass nouns: 2. Pluralize English mass nouns: e.g, e.g, litters, furnitureslitters, furnitures Words are not pluralized:Words are not pluralized: e.g, one of my relativee.g, one of my relative 3. Shorten many words to create commonly used term3. Shorten many words to create commonly used term

s:s: e.g, enthusiasm e.g, enthusiasm >> >> enthu ( could be adj.) enthu ( could be adj.) 4. Bring Indian words into English:4. Bring Indian words into English: e.g, roti ( pl. bread) e.g, roti ( pl. bread) >> >> rotirotiss (English) (English)

Add English suffixes to Indian terms:Add English suffixes to Indian terms:

e.g, muska e.g, muska >>>> muska muskafyfy

Add English prefixes to Indian terms:Add English prefixes to Indian terms:

e.g, e.g, postpostpone pone >>>> prepreponepone

Words unique to or originating in Indian Words unique to or originating in Indian EnglishEnglish

Indians frequently take words from Indian languages Indians frequently take words from Indian languages into English. While the currency of such words usualinto English. While the currency of such words usually remains restricted to Indians, there are many whicly remains restricted to Indians, there are many which have been regularly entered into the Oxford English have been regularly entered into the Oxford English Dictionary as their popularity extended into world h Dictionary as their popularity extended into world wide mainstream English.wide mainstream English.

e.g, jungle, bungalow, bandanae.g, jungle, bungalow, bandana Words unique to in Indian English:Words unique to in Indian English:

e.g, funda e.g, funda >> >> short for fundamentalshort for fundamental

opticals opticals >> >> eyeglasseseyeglasses

would-be would-be >> >> fiance/fiancee fiance/fiancee

ResourceResource

http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_maps/asia.http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_maps/asia.phpphp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English

http://www.languageinindia.com/junjul2002/bhttp://www.languageinindia.com/junjul2002/baldridgeindianenglish.htmlaldridgeindianenglish.html