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Page 1: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

固体物理学

(19)

Page 2: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

第四章 能带理论

Page 3: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

二、布里渊区(Brillauin zone)和能带

1、布里渊区的构成

根据 的几何意义,满足在

E~k发生突变。如果把所有倒格矢的中垂面画出,k空间将会划分成许多区域。在每个区域内E~k是连续变化的,而这些区域的边界处E~k发生突变,这些区域称为布里渊区。

①画法:画出倒空间点阵分布,设定任意一点为原点。离原点最近邻倒格点的倒格矢中垂面包围的区域为第一布里渊区。离原点次紧邻倒格点的倒格矢中垂面同第一布里渊区边界围成的区域为第二布里渊区。离原点第三紧邻倒格点的倒格矢中垂面和第一、第二布里渊区边界围成的区域为第三布里渊区。……,即倒格矢中垂面和前面布里渊区边界。

0=)2

1+(• nn GkG

0=)

2

1+(• nn GkG

Page 4: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

②特点:i每个布里渊区体积都相等,等于倒格子原胞体积。

ii每个布里渊区都可以分别移动适当的倒格矢同第一布里渊区重合

iii在图中,布里渊区看起来是不连续的,但实际上能量是连续的,属于同一个布里渊区的能级构成能带,不同的布里渊区对应不同的能带。

2、举例 例1:边长为a平面正方格子的布里渊区

jaaiaa

=,= 21正格子:

ja

bia

b 2

=,2

= 21倒格子:

Page 5: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

①倒格子点阵也为正方格子

② 任选一格点为原点o

③ 最近邻4个,分别为 )1±,0(2

),0,1±(2

aa

Page 6: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

中垂线方程:

轴,记为表示顶角,表示边界中心,表示中心, XMX

,±=,±=a

ka

k yx

Page 7: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

离原点次紧邻也为4个,分别为:),1±,1±(

2

a

Page 8: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

离原点第三紧邻也为4个,分别为: )2±,0(2

),0,2±(2

aa

Page 9: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

第三紧邻中垂线和第1、2布里渊区边界围城第三布里渊区,共有8部分,包围第二布里渊区边界。各部分平移一个倒格矢G10

或者G01与第一布里渊区重合

Page 10: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20
Page 11: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

例2:立方晶格的布里渊区

kaa

jaa

iaa

=

=

,=

3

2

1

ka

bja

b

ia

b

2=,

2=

,2

=

32

1

)1±,0,0(),0,1±,0(),0,0,1±(6aaa

个点:最近邻

)1±,0,1±(),1±,1±,0(),0,1±,1±(12aaa

个点:次近邻

Page 12: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

例2:立方晶格的布里渊区

重要的点:

)0,0,0(a

)0,0,1(a

X

)1,1,1(a

M

轴轴: X

轴轴: M

Page 13: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

例3:体心立方晶格的布里渊区

)-(2

)(-2

)-(2

3

2

1

kjia

a

kjia

a

kjia

a

原胞基矢:

);+(2

=

),+(2

=

),+(2

=

3

2

1

jia

b

kja

b

kia

b

)1±,0,1±(),1±,1±,0(),0,1±,1±(12aaa

个点:最近邻

)2±,0,0(),0,2±,0(),0,0,2±(6aaa

个点:次近邻

knnjnninna

bnbnbnGn

)+(+)+(+)+[(

2=++= 213132332211

Page 14: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

例3:体心立方晶格的布里渊区

)0,0,0(2

a

)0,0,1(2

aX

菱形面中心

: )0,2

1,

2

1(

2

aN

]100[X轴:

]110[N轴:

菱形另外的顶点

: )2

1,

2

1,

2

1(

2

aP

]111[P轴:

Page 15: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

例4:面心立方晶格的布里渊区

原胞基矢:

ika

a

kja

a

jia

a

(2

)(2

)(2

3

2

1

)+-(2

=

)++-(2

=

)-+(2

=

3

2

1

kjia

b

kjia

b

kjia

b

)2±,0,0(),0,2±,0(),0,0,2±(6aaa

个点:次近邻

)1±,1±,1±(),1±,1±,1±(),1±,1±,1±(8aaa

个点:最近邻

])-+(+)+-(+)++-[(2

=++= 321321321332211 knnnjnnninnna

bnbnbnGn

Page 16: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

例4:面心立方晶格的布里渊区

八面体是不是布里渊区?

Page 17: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

例4:面心立方晶格的布里渊区

)0,0,0(2

a

四面形中心

: )0,0,1(2

aX

六面形中心

: )2

1,

2

1,

2

1(

2

aL

]100[X轴:

]111[L轴:

Page 18: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

习题:P.582, 4-8

补充:对于原子间距为a的由同种原子构成的二维密排结构,

画出第一、二、三布里渊区;

)2

3,

2( aa

)0,(a

Page 19: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

4-3 三维周期场中电子运动的近自由电子近似(NFE)

主要内容是从一维模型拓展到三维模型并介绍三维布里渊区的构造。

一、模型和计算

Page 20: Introduction to Solid State Physicshpc.seu.edu.cn/yazhai/download/SolidStatePhysics2017-43.pdf · Introduction to Solid State Physics Author: 默认 Created Date: 6/8/2017 3:08:20

Thank you

For your attention