ISCP2010Symposium 1:

What is animal intelligence? -　 Ability to generate novel adaptive behavior in

humans and animals -

Tohru Moriyama, Masao Migita, Shin Maruyama, Nobuhiro Furuyama

1. Timetable

Presentations

10:10-10:30 Tohru Moriyama (Pill bug) 10:30-10:50 Masao Migita (Starfish) 10:50-11:10 Shin Maruyama (Human)

Discussion and Questions

11:10-11:30 Nobuhiro Furuyama

Problem-solving experiment: good method.

Animal that can solve problem also solved by human cannot always be called intelligent.

2. Problem

Pill bug,Armadillidium vulgare,Isopoda, Crustacea

“Thinking”

“Mechanical process”

Different mechanisms

Pill bug

Fast

Slow

Slow

Fast

Mechanical process:Bilaterally asymmetrical leg movement (BALM) (Hughes, Anim. Learn. Behav., 1985)

3. Mechanical process and conventional adaptive behavior in pill bugs

Conventional adaptive behavior: Turn alternation (Kupfermann, Anim. Behav., 1966)

How can we determine intelligence in such mechanical animals?

4. Question

5. AnswerSetting unfamiliar situation

6. Elicitation of novel adaptive behavior

Novel detouring

Sensing of wall’s texture

(Moriyama, Int’l. J. Comp. Psychol., 1999)

7. Mechanism of elicitation of novel adaptive behaviors

Leg movementsetc. etc

.

Choose Ignore

Stimuli sensed

Pill bug

Autonomous choice of

stimuli

Leg movements Others

Choose Ignore

Stimuli sensed

Pill bug

Wall’s texture

Unfamiliar situation

Wall’s texture

a, b, c, ・・・

β, γ, ・・・

Choose Ignore

Stimuli sensed

Human or

animals

Autonomous choice of

stimuli

α

8. Autonomous choice of stimuli: common mechanism for “us”

Capacity

In consecutive T-maze (unfamiliar situation)

Common mechanism

Intelligentin encountering stimuli eliciting novel adaptive behaviors

Autonomous choice of stimuli

Novel sensory organs in pill bugs: artificial tubes attached to antennae

Tohru Moriyama

Young Researchers Empowerment Center, Shinshu University

1. The antennae

flagellum

?

2. Problem-solving situation

3. Stair descent experiment

Maximum step

L (mm)

Rm (mm)

L: Body lengthRm: Maximum riser height

①

②

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

9.6 9.8 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11 11.2 11.4

Rm (m

m)

L (mm)

rs= 0.325 rs= -0.470 Rm= 1.27*L

4. Results for normal antennae

L

1.27L

L 　≤ 10.5 mm

L 　 > 10.5 mm

Short

Long

5. Unfamiliar situation

Teflon tube clamped on

Can pill bugs use sense experienced through the tube?

aa

a aab b

ba b

b

b

ab a

c

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

10.2 10.5 10.8 11 11.2

Rm (m

m)

L (mm)

Nude Short Long

6. Results for antennae with tubes

Normal

Sense at tip of antennae

Choose Ignore

Stimuli sensed

Pill bug

Autonomous choice of

stimuli

Sense from tubes

7. Autonomous choice of stimuli through antennae

Capacity

Short

Long

NormalDescent

Suspending descent

Artistic falling

8. Novel adaptive behavior

Sensation at tips of tubes?

In humans:Sensation at tips of invisible tools (Yamamoto & Kitazawa, Nature, 2001)

Sense from tubes

Turn alternation

Variant

Variant

Variant

Turn alternation

Variant

Variant

Variant

Variant behaviors:

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5

Freq

uenc

y

L (mm)

MaleN=260, 11.55± 0.08mm

y = 2.1433x2 - 29.794x + 146.81R² = 0.9288

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

W (m

g)

L (mm)

Antennal cleaning apparatus situated on first walking leg (Schmalfuss, J. Crust. Biol., 1998).